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Journal articles on the topic "Pressure groups Victoria"
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Castle, David J. "Letter from Australia: mental healthcare in Victoria." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 17, no. 1 (January 2011): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.110.008375.
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SummaryMental health services in the state of Victoria, Australia, have undergone enormous change over the past 15 years, with the closure of all stand-alone psychiatric hospitals and a shift of resources and services into the community. Although successful overall, various areas cause concern, including pressure on acute beds, a paucity of alternative residential options, and suboptimal integration of government and non-government agencies concerned with the care of people with mental illnesses. Certain groups, notably those with complex symptom sets such as substance use and mental illness, intellectual disability and forensic problems, remain poorly catered for by the system. Finally, community stigma and lack of work inclusion for mentally ill individuals are ongoing challenges.
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Clay, Fiona J., and Joan Ozanne-Smith. "Private hospital insurance status among a state-wide injured population." Australian Health Review 30, no. 2 (2006): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah060252.
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Injury is a leading cause of inpatient hospital episodes. Over a 4-year period (1997?2000) the Australian Government introduced measures to support the private health insurance industry by providing incentives for people to take up private health insurance (PHI) in order to take the pressure off public hospitals. This study examined the levels of PHI for moderately and severely injured people in Victoria as a way of determining the effectiveness of government incentives. The method involved an analysis of all Victorian public and private hospital injury admissions between July 2000 and June 2003. We found that people with injuries, either unintentional or intentional, had lower levels of PHI than state norms. While numbers of injured patients occupying private hospital beds initially increased, levels then dropped below the levels before the introduction of the incentives. The burden of injury is substantial and suggests that incentives need to be targeted towards at-risk groups.
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Renzaho, Andre. "Re-visioning cultural competence in community health services in Victoria." Australian Health Review 32, no. 2 (2008): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah080223.
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There are few studies exploring the need to develop and manage culturally competent health services for refugees and migrants from diverse backgrounds. Using data from 50 interviews with service providers from 26 agencies, and focus group discussion with nine different ethnic groups, this paper examines how the Victorian state government funding and service agreements negatively impact on the quest to achieve cultural competence. The study found that service providers have adopted ?one approach fits all? models of service delivery. The pressure and competition for resources to address culturally and linguistically diverse communities? needs allows little opportunity for partnership and collaboration between providers, leading to insufficient sharing of information and duplication of services, poor referrals, incomplete assessment of needs, poor compliance with medical treatment, underutilisation of available services and poor continuity of care. This paper outlines a model for cultural consultation and developing needs-led rather than serviceled programs.
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Kwena, Zachary, Raphael Ondondo, Catherine Makokha, and Elizabeth Bukusi. "PO 8550 NATURE AND PREVALENCE OF MULTI-MORBIDITY IN FISHING COMMUNITIES ON LAKE VICTORIA, KENYA." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A52.2—A52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.137.
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IntroductionMultimorbidity, coexistence of two or more chronic conditions, is becoming more common across different demographic groups in sub-Saharan Africa. We investigate the nature and prevalence of multimorbidity in fishing communities on Lake Victoria in Kenya.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey enrolling 679participants in the fishing communities to establish theprevalence of HIV and non-communicable diseases (NCDs)and associated risk factors. The NCDs targeted included diabetes mellitus detected by random blood glucose (RBG) and kidney dysfuction detected by serum creatinine level and proteniuria. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg. Diabetes mellitus was defined as RBG >7.8 mmol/L and renal dysfunction was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min or proteinuria. HIV was tested using rapid Determine assays and reactive results confirmed with UniGold assays. Additionally, participants were determined as having the condition if they reported being on medication for the condition. We analysed the results using descriptive statistics and used Chi-square test to discern if there were statistically significant differences by gender.ResultsOverall, HIV prevalence was 36% while 15%, 12% and 8% of the participants were suspected to have kidney dysfuction, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively. Overall, 12% of the participants had multimorbidity. The most common multimorbidity among those with any of the four chronic conditions was HIV and kidney dysfunction (29%), followed by hypertension and kidney dysfuction (22%), HIV and hypertension (20%), HIV and diabetes (18%), diabetes and kidney disease (6%) and, lastly, diabetes and hypertension (5%). Apart from HIV, we observed no statistically significant gender differences for any of the NCDs or various multimorbidity conditions.ConclusionThese fishing communities have a high burden of both HIV and NCDs resulting in high prevalence of different multimorbidities.
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Farooq, Sajid, Muhammad Farhan Ali Rizvi, Sana Urooj Hashmi, Mirza Ahmad Raza Baig, Hafiz Syed Muhammad Irfan Yousaf, and Tasadduq Munir. "A prospective randomized study to see the effects of combined administration of dexmedetomidine plus propofol versus propofol alone in cardiac surgical patients." Professional Medical Journal 28, no. 04 (April 10, 2021): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.04.5815.
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Objective: To compare the hemodynamics changes, intraoperative awareness and postoperative delirium after combined administration of dexmedetomidine plus propofol versus propofol alone in cardiac surgical patients. Study Design: Randomized Clinical Trial. Setting: Cardiac Center, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Period: 1st December 2018 to January 2020. Material & Methods: Sixty-two (62) patients who underwent different cardiac surgical procedures were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided in group 1 {Dexmedetomidine (DEX) +Propofol} and group 2 {propofol alone}. Induction in group 1 was done by loading dose of DEX (0.7 microgram/kg) while induction in group 2 was done by Lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg. Heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded at different time intervals. Intraoperative awareness and post-operative delirium was also assessed. Results: All hemodynamic parameters (HR, SAP, DAP, MAP) were statistically significant lower in group 1 in comparison to group 2 at different intervals indicating a more stable hemodynamic profile in group 1. End tidal CO2, pH, and peak airway pressures were not statistically significant between both groups. Intra-operative awareness was diagnosed in 1 (3.2%) patients in group 1 and in 5 (16.1%) patients in group 2 (p-value 0.08). Delirium was diagnosed in 3 (9.6%) patients in group 1 and in only 1 (3.2%) patients in group 2 (p-value 0.30). Conclusion: Combined administration of DEX and propofol produces more stable hemodynamics, less intraoperative awareness but more incidence of delirium as compared to propofol alone in cardiac surgical patients.
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Wang, Jennifer, Zyg Chapman, Emma Cole, Satomi Koide, Eldon Mah, Simon Overstall, and Dean Trotter. "Use of Closed Incision Negative Pressure Therapy (ciNPT) in Breast Reconstruction Abdominal Free Flap Donor Sites." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 5176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215176.
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Background: Closed incision negative pressure therapy (ciNPT) may reduce the rate of wound complications and promote healing of the incisional site. We report our experience with this dressing in breast reconstruction patients with abdominal free flap donor sites. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all patients who underwent breast reconstruction using abdominal free flaps (DIEP, MS-TRAM) at a single institution (Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria) between 2016 and 2021. Results: 126 female patients (mean age: 50 ± 10 years) were analysed, with 41 and 85 patients in the ciNPT (Prevena) and non-ciNPT (Comfeel) groups, respectively. There were reduced wound complications in almost all outcomes measured in the ciNPT group compared with the non-ciNPT group; however, none reached statistical significance. The ciNPT group demonstrated a lower prevalence of surgical site infections (9.8% vs. 11.8%), wound dehiscence (4.9% vs. 12.9%), wound necrosis (0% vs. 2.4%), and major complication requiring readmission (2.4% vs. 7.1%). Conclusion: The use of ciNPT for abdominal donor sites in breast reconstruction patients with risk factors for poor wound healing may reduce wound complications compared with standard adhesive dressings; however, large scale, randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm these observations. Investigation of the impact of ciNPT patients in comparison with conventional dressings, in cohorts with equivocal risk profiles, remains a focus for future research.
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Betts, Juliana, Elizabeth M. Dewar, Dion Stub, Caroline X. Gao, David W. Brown, Jillian F. Ikin, Berihun M. Zeleke, Sinjini Biswas, Michael J. Abramson, and Danny Liew. "Markers of Cardiovascular Disease among Adults Exposed to Smoke from the Hazelwood Coal Mine Fire." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041587.
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Little research has examined the effects of high concentration, medium-duration smoke exposure on cardiovascular health. We investigated whether six weeks of exposure to smoke from the 2014 Hazelwood coal mine fire in Victoria (Australia), was associated with long-term clinical or subclinical cardiovascular disease approximately four years later, in adult residents of the towns of Morwell (exposed, n = 336) and Sale (unexposed, n = 162). The primary outcome was serum high sensitivity (hs) C-reactive protein (CRP). Blood pressure, electrocardiogram, flow mediated dilatation and serum levels of hs-troponin, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide and lipids were secondary outcomes. There was no significant difference in weighted median hsCRP levels between exposed and unexposed participants (1.9 mg/L vs. 1.6 mg/L, p = 0.273). Other outcomes were comparable between the groups. hsCRP was associated in a predictable manner with current smoking, obesity and use of lipid-lowering therapy. Four years after a 6-week coal mine fire, this study found no association between smoke exposure and markers of clinical or subclinical cardiovascular disease in exposed adults.
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Vianney, Tushabe John, Duncan J. Berger, Stephen R. Doyle, Geetha Sankaranarayanan, Joel Serubanja, Prossy Kabuubi Nakawungu, Fred Besigye, et al. "Genome-wide analysis of Schistosoma mansoni reveals limited population structure and possible praziquantel drug selection pressure within Ugandan hot-spot communities." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): e0010188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010188.
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Populations within schistosomiasis control areas, especially those in Africa, are recommended to receive regular mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel (PZQ) as the main strategy for controlling the disease. The impact of PZQ treatment on schistosome genetics remains poorly understood, and is limited by a lack of high-resolution genetic data on the population structure of parasites within these control areas. We generated whole-genome sequence data from 174 individual miracidia collected from both children and adults from fishing communities on islands in Lake Victoria in Uganda that had received either annual or quarterly MDA with PZQ over four years, including samples collected immediately before and four weeks after treatment. Genome variation within and between samples was characterised and we investigated genomic signatures of natural selection acting on these populations that could be due to PZQ treatment. The parasite population on these islands was more diverse than found in nearby villages on the lake shore. We saw little or no genetic differentiation between villages, or between the groups of villages with different treatment intensity, but slightly higher genetic diversity within the pre-treatment compared to post-treatment parasite populations. We identified classes of genes significantly enriched within regions of the genome with evidence of recent positive selection among post-treatment and intensively treated parasite populations. The differential selection observed in post-treatment and pre-treatment parasite populations could be linked to any reduced susceptibility of parasites to praziquantel treatment.
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Wong, Clarence, Leonid Churilov, Dean Cowie, Chong Oon Tan, Raymond Hu, David Tremewen, Brett Pearce, et al. "Randomised controlled trial to investigate the relationship between mild hypercapnia and cerebral oxygen saturation in patients undergoing major surgery." BMJ Open 10, no. 2 (February 2020): e029159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029159.
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ObjectivesThe effects of hypercapnia on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) during surgery are unclear. We conducted a randomised controlled trial to investigate the relationship between mild hypercapnia and rSO2. We hypothesised that, compared with targeted normocapnia (TN), targeted mild hypercapnia (TMH) during major surgery would increase rSO2.DesignA prospective, randomised, controlled trial in adult participants undergoing elective major surgery.SettingA single tertiary centre in Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.Participants40 participants were randomised to either a TMH or TN group (20 to each).InterventionsTMH (partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, PaCO2, 45–55 mm Hg) or TN (PaCO235–40 mm Hg) was delivered via controlled ventilation throughout surgery.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary endpoint was the absolute difference between the two groups in percentage change in rSO2from baseline to completion of surgery. Secondary endpoints included intraoperative pH, bicarbonate concentration, base excess, serum potassium concentration, incidence of postoperative delirium and length of stay (LOS) in hospital.ResultsThe absolute difference between the two groups in percentage change in rSO2from the baseline to the completion of surgery was 19.0% higher in both hemispheres with TMH (p<0.001). On both sides, the percentage change in rSO2was greater in the TMH group than the TN group throughout the duration of surgery. The difference between the groups became more noticeable over time. Furthermore, postoperative delirium was higher in the TN group (risk difference 0.3, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.5, p=0.02). LOS was similar between groups (5 days vs 5 days; p=0.99).ConclusionTMH was associated with a stable increase in rSO2from the baseline, while TN was associated with a decrease in rSO2in both hemispheres in patients undergoing major surgery. This resulted in a clear separation of percentage change in rSO2from the baseline between TMH and TN over time. Our findings provide the rationale for larger studies on TMH during surgery.Trial registration numberThe Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000320459).
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Hussain, Wajahat, Samina Badar, Huda Abbas, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Arif Khan, and Muhammad Ramzan Soomra. "Obesity: A Risk Factor of Preeclampsia." International Journal of Frontier Sciences 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37978/tijfs.v3i2.55.
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Background: Obesity is a major epidemic of developed world that is now extending to developing countries and is the risk factor of pre-eclampsia which is the major contributor to maternal and foetal morbidity & mortality.
Objective: To determine the frequency of preeclampsia in obese primigravida women visiting the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Outpatient Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Outpatient Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan from January 2018 to December 2018. All the Primigravida women with singleton pregnancy of gestational age ≥ 26 weeks assessed by ultrasound between 20-35 years of age were included in the study by non-probability consecutive method. After obtaining ethical approval from hospital ethical committee and informed written consent from all the study subjects, relevant data were documented in a predefined data sheet and body mass index (BMI) was calculated by using the formula: Weight (kg) / Height2 (m). Women having blood pressure (BP) of 140/90 mmHg or above in third trimester of gestation measured on at least two occasions, 6 hours or more apart accompanied by proteinuria of 300 mg per 24 hours or above in previously normotensive were labelled as preeclampsia and first-time pregnant women having BMI ≥ 30 were taken as obese. Statistical analysis was performed by using computer-based software, Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for windows version 17.0. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for numerical data like age. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. Chi-square test was performed to find the statistical difference regarding preeclampsia distribution between groups and ‘p’ value <0.05 was considered as a lowest level of significance.
Results: Mean age of the respondents in the study was 27.08±3.59 years. Majority of the women were between the ages of 26-30 years (53.30%). The mean gestational age of the respondents was 34.50±4.33 weeks and most of the women had gestational age ≥ 36 weeks (46.70%). Frequency of obesity in pregnancy was 15.4% and frequency of preeclampsia in obese primigravida was 55.3%. Conclusion: It is concluded that frequency of preeclampsia is higher in obese primigravida compared to non-obese primigravida.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pressure groups Victoria"
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Thompson, Andrew Stuart. "Thinking imperially? : Imperial presssure groups and the idea of Empire in late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260092.
Full textBooks on the topic "Pressure groups Victoria"
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Moral victories: How activists provoke multilateral action. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.
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Harford, Ian. Manchester and its ship canal movement: Class, work and politics in late-Victorian England. Straffordshire, England: Ryburn Pub., 1994.
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Agitators and Promoters in the Age of Gladstone and Disraeli: A Biographical Dictionary of the Leaders of British Pressure Groups Founded Between 1865 And 1886. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Burgerman, Susan D. Moral Victories: How Activists Provoke Multilateral Action. Cornell University Press, 2018.
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The New Victorians: Poverty, Politics, and Propaganda in Two Gilded Ages. New Press, 2004.
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Metelits, Michael D. The Arthur Crawford Scandal. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199498611.001.0001.
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The Arthur Crawford Scandal explores how nineteenth century Bombay tried a British official for corruption. The presidency government persuaded Indians, government officials, to testify against the very person who controlled their career by offering immunity from legal action and career punishment. A criminal conviction of Crawford’s henchman established the modus operandi of a bribery network. Subsequent efforts to intimidate Indian witnesses led to litigation at the high court level, resulting in a political pressure campaign in London based on biased press reports from India. These reports evoked questions in the House of Commons; questions became demands that Indians witnesses against Crawford be fired from government service. The secretary of state for India and the Bombay government negotiated about the fate of the Indian witnesses. At first, the secretary of state accepted the Bombay government’s proposals. But the press campaign against the Indian witnesses eventually led him to order the Government of India, in consultation with the Government of Bombay, to pass a law ordering those officials who paid Crawford willingly, to be fired. Those whom the Bombay government determined to be extorted were not to be fired. Both groups retained immunity from further actions at law. Thus, Bombay won a victory that almost saved its original guarantee of immunity: those who were fired were to receive their salary (along with periodic step increases) until they reached retirement age, at which time they would receive a pension. However, this ‘solution’ did little to overcome the stigma and suffering of the fired officials.
Book chapters on the topic "Pressure groups Victoria"
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Poling, Gregory B. "Arbitration and Artificial Islands." In On Dangerous Ground, 207–33. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197633984.003.0010.
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This chapter traces the new dynamics introduced to the South China Sea disputes by the dual Chinese provocations of 2014: the deployment of a deep-water drilling rig over the continental shelf claimed by Vietnam and the launch of a massive island-building campaign in the Spratly Islands. These activities accelerated tensions that had been building for several years between China and the United States, and between China and its Southeast Asian neighbors. But despite belatedly recognizing the scale of the challenge, the Obama administration became trapped in the rhetoric of “freedom of navigation” and only managed to effectively rally international pressure against Beijing in early 2016. That progress was quickly undermined by the election of Rodrigo Duterte as president of the Philippines and his decision to set aside his country’s landmark arbitration victory over China.
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Kramer, Elisabeth. "Standing His Ground." In The Candidate's Dilemma, 68–90. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501764028.003.0004.
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This chapter follows the campaign of Ambo, a candidate running in 2014 for the national legislature, who was determined to win without resorting to payments (in cash, club goods, or local projects) to voters or establishing patronage relationships based on promises of kickbacks once in office. By following his campaign journey—the development of his strategy, the challenges he encountered, and his responses—the chapter reveals how an election campaign played out for one self-described “anticorruption candidate” (caleg antikorupsi). It describes what factors guided Ambo as he resisted turning to money politics in order to win in a context where the practice is not only normalized but seemingly demanded by voters. It also examines how his relationship with his party, his own values, and his ties within his electoral district shaped his response to these pressures. The chapter glimpses the victory of this candidate, who did his utmost to maintain his commitment to anticorruptionism until election day.
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Goldman, Lawrence. "Manchester: The Manchester Statistical Society." In Victorians and Numbers, 57–80. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847744.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the other major statistical society created in the 1830s in Manchester. The industrial and urban context of the city is sketched as background to the institutional events. Historians have generally seen the society’s origins as responsive to purely local conditions. They have emphasized the commercial identity of the founders of the Society who have been depicted as capitalists hostile to the regulation of their factories by the state. This chapter advances different views. It is demonstrated that key figures in Manchester were involved in the events in Cambridge and London also, suggesting more of a common origin to the Statistical Movement. The bond uniting these men was affiliation to a branch of Christian non-conformity (i.e. non-Anglicanism), Unitarianism. Most were Unitarians or came from historically Unitarian families. This explains why the Manchester Statistical Society devoted much of its attention to elementary education in the 1830s, which was largely controlled by the Anglican Church, and which therefore failed to reach many English communities. In its campaign for a system of unsectarian public education in the 1830s, and its focus on free trade and the repeal of the Corn Laws in the 1840s, the Manchester Society is better conceived as a political pressure group than a learned society. The chapter argues that the famous text of 1832, The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes, by one of its founding members, James Kay-Shuttleworth, is best read as a manifesto for the Society’s ideas.
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Cooper, John. "Conclusion." In Pride Versus Prejudice, 397–406. Liverpool University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774877.003.0017.
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This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings on the history of the entry of Jews into the medical and legal professions. During the late Victorian age and the Edwardian era, it was possible for a few Jews from patrician or wealthy merchant families to rise to the top of the Bar, or the front rank of the medical profession, while retaining a Jewish identity. Between the two world wars, English society was much less open than in the late Victorian and Edwardian years. This was a time of heavy unemployment and economic malaise, disfigured by sharpening antisemitism which did not abate until a decade after the Second World War. During the 1950s and 1960s, there was a predominance of Jewish doctors over Jewish lawyers in England, but by the 1990s this situation had been reversed and Jewish lawyers were in a majority. Since the 1990s, there has been a decline generally in the number of applicants for medical schools in England. Among these professionals today, there is on the one hand an imperceptible drift by some out of the community, without pressure from the necessity for radical assimilation, and a switch by another group of professionals from the Orthodoxy of their fathers to Reform Judaism, which they find more compatible with the daily rhythm of their careers.
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Sorkin, David. "War." In Jewish Emancipation, 102–17. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164946.003.0009.
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This chapter addresses how France's victories and occupations resulted in varied forms of emancipation. In Italy, equal rights came (1796–99) and went and came again (1800) with Napoleon Bonaparte's occupations. Under pressure from the French occupation, the Batavian Republic's Assembly engaged in a comprehensive eight-day debate before voting to grant Jews political rights (1796). The characteristically fragmented German states divided into three groups over the issue of Jews' rights. In the territories France occupied, the government granted full rights, for example, in the Kingdom of Westphalia and Hamburg. Allied states such as Baden and Bavaria struggled to reconcile French law with corporate structures. They granted partial rights by moving Jews “into” estates; they legislated regeneration, imposing a state-supervised quid pro quo. Baden granted state but not local citizenship. Bavaria imposed harsh quotas on residence and moved Jews “out of” estates by dismantling the corporate Jewish community. In competition with France, Prussia granted basic civil rights by shifting Jews “out of” estates (1812). It withheld the political right of state service and kept Judaism in an inferior status.
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Gardiner, Michael. "The Anglosphere as a Principle of Progress." In The Anglosphere, 21–37. British Academy, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266618.003.0002.
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The Anglosphere is not only a linguistic entity, it is more fundamentally based in a binding of linguistic improvement, commerce, and historical advance, and it can be read in linguistic aspirations specifically set against the improving background of the Scottish Enlightenment. Enlightenment rhetoric guides answered the imperative of adjustment to British union and a desire to level the ground for individual public advance, and they define the language area in terms of a teleology, pointing inevitably towards commercial society. For literati like Adam Smith, linguistic improvement was the raw material of exchange, exchange was a clear historiographical good, and this good can moreover be demonstrated more or less empirically. The Anglosphere should be understood as a space that is simultaneously linguistic, economic, and historiographic, remaining readable in Victorian statecraft, and in Greater Britain’s ‘linguistic ethnicity’, and in the lost colonies of Britain’s ‘first empire’. It is doubtful, however, whether the Anglosphere in this understanding has retained its direction after the attenuations of the late twentieth century, the new pressures on property creation, and the undoing of the original ethical knot of language, economy, and historiography.
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Wedig, Karin. "Transformation Governance for Sustainable Development." In Science, Technology, and Innovation for Sustainable Development Goals, 471–88. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949501.003.0023.
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Aquaculture is instrumental for increasing global fish production, but its ecological effects can create new pressures on the fishing grounds that small-scale fisheries (SSFs) depend on. As a result, achievement of SDGs 1 (end poverty) and 2 (end hunger) in societies of the Global South is compromised, and that of SDG14 (sustainable marine resources) is complicated. Using new evidence from Lake Victoria, which harbors Africa’s largest inland SSFs and a fast-growing aquaculture industry, this chapter examines how science, technology, and innovation (STI) can support ecologically and socially sustainable governance of fisheries resources. The author argues that a sustainable expansion of aquaculture needs to protect the natural resources that small fishers depend on while maximizing their ability to benefit from fish-farming. STI-based solutions, if integrated in a transformation governance approach, can secure and expand contributions from capture fisheries and aquaculture to help achieve SDGs 1, 2, and 14. The concept of transformation governance is based on a threefold structure: to increase eco-efficiency, redistribute access to natural resources, and recognize eco-sufficiency as a guiding principle. By applying this threefold resource-governance approach, the potential for STI-based solutions to provide greater overall eco-efficiency is utilized, restrictions on total resource use prevent rebound effects, and the principle of redistribution promotes a focus on appropriate technologies for small-scale resource users.
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Cheeseman, Nic. "How Could We Design Democracy to Make it Work in the African Context?" In Democracy, Elections, and Constitutionalism in Africa, 36–60. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894779.003.0003.
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Politics in Africa is becoming increasingly contested. This is true both in terms of electoral politics, with the margin of victory of ruling parties falling in many countries, and in terms of the capacity of citizens to access diverse sources of information with which to hold their governments to account. In turn, the continent’s more authoritarian political leaders—particularly those in resource-rich states insulated from international pressure to reform—have responded by employing new strategies to manipulate elections and restrict the flow of information. Taken together, these two trends help to explain why parts of sub-Saharan Africa has experienced democratic stagnation, and why so many recent elections have been controversial and, in a number of high-profile cases, violent. It is therefore more important than ever to understand how to design democratic constitutions in a way that manages the centrifugal forces that electoral competition can generate. This chapter discusses two strategies for achieving this goal: integration (the promotion of a single unified national identity through more centralized institutions), and accommodation (the recognition of subnational group identities through their formal inclusion in the political system). Although Alan Kuperman has recently made a strong case in favour of integration, this chapter comes to a different conclusion. While recognizing the risk that rapid institutional change will destabilize fragile political systems, I argue that we have good reason to encourage more inclusive political systems and so need to give greater thought to how they can be safely introduced.