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Holló, Gábor, Doreen Schmidl, and Anton Hommer. "Referral for first glaucoma surgery in Europe, the ReF-GS study." European Journal of Ophthalmology 29, no. 4 (August 13, 2018): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118791937.
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Purpose: To analyze the appropriateness of referrals for incisional glaucoma-surgery in Europe. Methods: Referrals for the first open-angle glaucoma surgery between January and October 2017 were analyzed in 18 countries: 8 “old” European Union, 7 “new” European Union and 3 non-European Union European countries. Results: Most eyes had primary open-angle or exfoliative glaucoma. The average mean deviation was −13.8 dB with split fixation in 44.3%. No structural progression analysis was made before the referrals. The most common medications were the combination of a prostaglandin analog, timolol and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (30.0%), and all other combinations comprising ⩾ 3 molecules (33.8%). Laser trabeculoplasty was reported in only 18.4%. Of the 294 referrals, 41.5% were appropriate and timely, 35.0% appropriate but later than optimal, and 17.6% appropriate but too late (minimal vision maintained). The treatment period was significantly longer (median: 7 years) in the “old” European Union countries than in the other groups (3 and 2 years, respectively). No between-group differences were seen in intraocular pressure and mean deviation, but the non-European Union group referred the patients at significantly lower cup/disk ratio and eye drop usage than the other groups. Split fixation was significantly more common in the “old” (60.6%) than the “new” European Union countries (38.7%), and in both EU country-groups than in the non-European Union countries (13.6%). Conclusions: Of 294 European open-angle glaucoma referrals for first glaucoma-surgery, 41.5% were completely satisfactory. The damage was typically advanced, and the care varied considerably among the countries. This suggests that further efforts are necessary to improve glaucoma care in Europe.
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Kesel, Juraj. "European Security in the Context of Migration - Measures to Protect Borders and Security Aspects Connected with Migration." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 35 (December 31, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n35p62.
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The aim of this article is to assess the existing development of migrant crisis in connection with the divided member states of the European Union. Based on the comparison of migrant flows, study of the measures adopted in order to prevent migration and analysis of security risks of migration presented in the article it has been proven that there is a direct correlation between migration and an increased rate of terrorist attacks in Europe. The elimination of smuggling groups and the support of migrants' countries of origin have helped to mitigate migration pressure. The outcomes of the article confirm that despite the adoption of legal and technical measures by the European Union in order to secure the external border of the Schengen Area, European countries do not share the same view of how to solve the migrant crisis. The outcome of migration issue solution is to provide relevant information to the expert public in order to support a stable and safe European Union. It is an equal partnership of all the European Union member states in all the areas that is of the highest priority in order to guarantee the above state.
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Mazur-Wierzbicka, Ewa. "Measurement of Progress in the Environmental Area: Poland against the Countries of the European Union." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010563.
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The initiatives taken by the European Union (EU) and the strategies it adopts aim to achieve sustainable development in a long-term perspective. This, however, requires continuous and consistent efforts to minimise the pressure on the natural environment. By obliging and encouraging Member States to take action in the environmental area, the EU wants to be a leader in conducting the green energy transformation. The main aim of the article is to assess the level of advancement of the EU countries (taking into account their division into two groups: EU-13 and EU-15) in making efforts to preserve the natural environment, with a particular emphasis on the position of Poland among the EU countries. An environmental index (EI) was used to make comparisons between EU countries. This index was designed on the basis of selected indicators during a statistical analysis. The Principal Component Analysis and the cluster analysis are employed in the article. This analysis puts forward a claim that it was mainly the countries of the EU-15 (Denmark and Sweden, in particular) that ranked highest in the environmental area in the period analysed and thus are the most advanced in terms of taking action for environmental protection—they took leaders’ positions. Romania and Bulgaria took the lowest positions in these comparisons. Poland’s score was low for the EI in the period analysed compared to the EU-28 countries. Establishing a more effective environmental policy in Member States with the lowest results is most crucial. The consistency of ordering countries according to the EI was noticeable in the period investigated. This proves the stability of the positions occupied by the EU-13 and the EU-15 group. Even though the European Union has made great progress with regard to the protection of the natural environment and green transformation, there is still much more to be done to increase the efficiency of resource use, waste recycling, energy efficiency or RES sharing in energy mixes.
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Rybakov, Andrew Vyacheslavovich. "The Pact on Migration and Asylum as a the foundation of the new migration policy of the European Union." Право и политика, no. 10 (October 2021): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2021.10.36576.
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The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by the fact that in modern world migration has become a significant factor in the development of both accepting countries and countries of origin. Europe hosts the largest number of migrants. Since 2015, the EU member-states have been experiencing strong migration pressure. The existing migration stands in need for reform. The New Pact on Migration and Asylum should be a significant step towards creating a reliable and effective system for regulation of migration. The subject of this research is the institutional and legal characteristics of the EU New Pact on Migration and Asylum. The article analyzes the proposals of the European Commission regarding the migration policy reform, as well as the political-legal mechanism for their implementation; contradictions between the member-states in the course of the relevant discussions. The following conclusions are made: 1) It must be admitted that the new approach of the European Commission is comprehensive and aimed at integration of the internal and external aspects of migration policy. 2) The structure of the Pact corresponds to the goals of migration policy and consists on three levels – external, namely relations with the countries of origin and transit of migrants; control over the external borders of the EU; a new system of permanent solidarity. 3) As an annex to the New Pact on Migration and Asylum, the European Commission has presented a roadmap for implementation of various proposals. However, by the end of 2021, the schedule for the adoption of legal documents is not being maintained. 4) The only common denominator between the different groups of countries is the orientation towards external actions aimed at curbing migration movements prior to their arrival to Europe. 5) The plan of the European Commission on adoption of rules obligatory for all member-states currently seems untenable, considering the clashing interests.
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Danko, Jakub, and Erik Suchý. "The Financial Integration in the European Capital Market Using a Clustering Approach on Financial Data." Economies 9, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9020089.
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In 2009, when the effects of the economic crisis were fully felt, countries around the world experienced negative impacts, starting from the USA, where the crisis began, through Europe to Asia. Economic cycles, fluctuations, and crises are a common part of the financial market, for example, the crisis in 1929 and the crisis in 2000. The recovery of the economy is a key factor in this process. Due to the increasingly powerful process of globalization and the growth of the interconnectedness of individual economies to each other, not to mention an increasing pressure on the formation of integration clusters, the creation and emergence of new financial crises with supranational and transnational character are highly likely in the future. It is possible that a one-day crisis reaches and expands with global reach, but it is important for us to be prepared through effective tools. In this article, we will be dealing with financial indicators within the European Union that define and create the capital market. Based on cluster analysis, we create groups of countries that are similar to each other. We determine which countries are the leaders and which, on the contrary, lag behind the rest of Europe.
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Rose-Ackerman, Susan. "From Elections to Democracy in Central Europe: Public Participation and the Role of Civil Society." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 21, no. 1 (February 2007): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325406297132.
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The new European Union member states in Eastern Europe do not have fully consolidated democracies. True, popularly elected legislatures are responsible for lawmaking, and citizens can challenge the case-by-case implementation of the law. But most statutes are not self-implementing. Before they can be put into effect, governments need to issue general regulations and guidelines that add specificity to the statutory scheme. At present, this type of government policy making often is not democratically accountable. Procedures inside government lack transparency and accountability, and organized civil society groups that are engaged in advocacy and oversight are few in number and often weakly institutionalized. The Central European experience has lessons for countries further to the east that are poorer and less democratic. Here, full-fledged public participation in the government rule making may not be feasible, but other aspects of the transition to democracy in Central Europe may provide relevant models—for instance, external pressure, government oversight institutions, and grassroots democracy.
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Rotar, Laura Južnik, and Sabina Krsnik. "Analysing the relationship between unemployment benefits and unemployment duration." Society and Economy 42, no. 3 (September 2020): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00009.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between unemployment benefits and durations of unemployment with respect to different approaches in social policy. The hypothesis of the research is that unemployment benefits negatively affect the duration of unemployment. An analysis of the relationship concerning unemployment benefits and duration of unemployment within the European Union Member States (EU-28) between 2006–2018 using panel data regression approach was conducted. The sample was split into sub-samples in order to get more homogeneous groups of EU-28 countries. Estimation results suggest that the more generous a social policy, the more prevalent the negative relationship between unemployment duration and unemployment benefits. Our results also revealed that the better the economic situation, the less pressure is put on unemployment benefits and on the duration of unemployment.
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Watt, D. Cameron. "Documents on the history of European integration. Vol. 1: Continental plans for European union 1939–1945, Documents on the history of European integration. Vol. 2: Plans for European union in Great Britain and in exile 1939–1945 and Documents on the history of European integration. Vol. 3: the struggle for European union by political parties and pressure groups in Western European countries 1945–1950." International Affairs 66, no. 2 (April 1990): 392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621409.
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della Porta, Donatella, and Manuela Caiani. "Europeanization From Below? Social Movements and Europe." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.12.1.j48p252t414qu05x.
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Although the process of European integration is proceeding speedily and social movements are often interacting transnationally, research on the Europeanization of social movement actors is far from developed. Some scholars, focusing especially on public interest groups active at EU level, expect that civil society actors, due among other reasons to the flexibility of their organizational structures, will be able to adapt quickly to integration. Others, especially scholars looking at protest activities, are skeptical on three accounts: (1) will actors endowed with scarce material resources be able to build transnational organizations; (2) will they be able to stage supranational protest events; and (3) will the European Union be accountable to pressure from below. In this article, we focus on the degree and forms of social movement participation in the public discourse and collective action concerning Europe—that is, their capacity to take part in the debate and mobilization referring to European issues, targets, and actors. On the basis of a comparative dataset that includes content analyses of daily press and interview data from seven European countries, we argue that various forms of Europeanization of the public discourse and mobilization by social movements are indeed on the rise, with a growing presence not only of purely European actors but also of European targets and frames, as well as transnational movement networks. Changes across time emerge, with the development of (conflictual) forms of "Europeanization from below."
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Freeman, Gary P. "Modes of Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic States." International Migration Review 29, no. 4 (December 1995): 881–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900401.
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The politics of immigration in liberal democracies exhibits strong similarities that are, contrary to the scholarly consensus, broadly expansionist and inclusive. Nevertheless, three groups of states display distinct modes of immigration politics. Divergent immigration histories mold popular attitudes toward migration and ethnic heterogeneity and affect the institutionalization of migration policy and politics. The English-speaking settler societies (the United States, Canada, and Australia) have histories of periodically open immigration, machineries of immigration planning and regulation, and densely organized webs of interest groups contesting policies. Their institutionalized politics favors expansionary policies and is relatively immune to sharp swings in direction. Many European states (France, Britain, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Belgium) experienced mass migration only after World War II and in a form that introduced significant non-European minorities. Their immigration politics is shaped by what most see as the unfortunate consequences of those episodes and are partially institutionalized and highly volatile and conflictual. European states until recently sending countries (Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece) deal with migration pressures for the first time in their modern histories, under crisis conditions, and in the context of intensifying coordination of policies within the European Union. We should expect the normalization of immigration politics in both sets of European states. Although they are unlikely to appropriate the policies of the English-speaking democracies, which should remain unique in their openness to mass immigration, their approach to immigration will, nevertheless, take the liberal democratic form.
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Gombkötő, Nóra. "Effect of international trade relations on agri-food trade." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 6, no. 1-2 (July 12, 2018): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2017.1-2.136-142.
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Nowadays, production of goods increases hugely all over the world, resulting an enormous increasing in international trade. Trade in industrial goods grows at a large rate due to trade liberalization, while agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sectors all over the world. However, barriers of agri-food trade were reduced or eliminated; there are still many obstacles to the totally free trade of agricultural products (e.g. restrictions, safeguards, bans, limitations, etc), especially in the European Union. Besides the WTO’s liberalization pressure and its multilateral negotiations, there are a lot of countries that have signed bilateral agreements. In this study, it was examined, what kind of bilateral agreements were entered into force by the EU and how was international agri-food trade influenced by these bilateral agreements as well as by restrict measures. For this, secondary data were analyzed by different statistical methods and the effect of trade measures was characterized by using this results. From the results it can be concluded that EU has preferred different agreements with the various country groups as well as EU has applied different kind of agreements in different eras. The EU’s average growth rate of food trade and average share of food trade is highly variable by partner countries. Bilateral agreements have not always caused trade growth between the two partner regions. The EU’s restrict measurements effect the EU’s foreign trade, because these restrictions are applied to meat products and these commodities are imported the less in the EU.
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Strat, Vasile Alecsandru, and Cristian Stefan. "The growth poles and the lagging regions of Romania – a county level approach for 2015 –." Management & Marketing 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 456–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmcks-2017-0028.
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AbstractIn nowadays European context the challenges started from the severe disparities among countries, regions and socio-economic groups are increasing the pressure on both national and EU level authorities, leading to the conclusion that the current socio-economic systems have reached their limits. Thus, the social market economy (SME), “third path” which mixes the purely liberal market economy with the social economic model might be one viable solution. Historically, the model corresponds to the real economic policy of the German Federal Republic after the 1950s, thus it is sometimes called Rhine capitalism. Such a model might be both the solution for national-level European economies and for the entire Union and thus, for a successful implementation a two-step approach should be considered appropriate. Thereby, in the first stage an SME might be implemented at national level in as many as possible EU member states and in the second phase a SME might be created at the level of EU by aggregating the smaller national SMEs. Due to the fact that in a SME the weaker geographical regions and industries are encouraged so that “fair” distribution of wellbeing is reached, it is highly probable that such a socio-economic model might be the appropriate alternative to fuel a sustainable growth of the Romanian economy. Using county level data, from the National Institute of Statistics and from the National Office of the Trade Register, for the year 2015, and an aggregated index, we show that the Romanian economy is highly polarized with a few growth poles (islands) and a large number of underdeveloped units. Thus, it becomes obvious that these important disparities will hinder a future sustainable development and by consequence a clear “road-map” represented by the SME model might prove to be a viable solution for the Romanian economy.
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Leesland, Aslak. "The Norwegian Workers’ Education Association: A Midwife of Labor's Breakthrough in Norway." International Labor and Working-Class History 90 (2016): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000181.
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Norway in the year 1900 would be more easily recognizable to a person from the global South than to a citizen of present-day Norway. One of Europe's smallest countries, with a population of 2.2 million, it was also one of the poorest. Still a predominantly agrarian country, it suffered from the side effects of early industrialization that other European countries had known for decades. Under pressure from a growing labor movement and an increasingly restive citizenry, the Liberal Party was spearheading reformist social policies and further democratization in Norway, whereas the Conservative Party resisted such reforms. A third party—the Norwegian Labour party—was founded by some local trade unions in 1887, but remained a marginal influence at the turn of the century even if the party won sixteen percent of the votes cast in the election of 1900. However, it was about to begin its meteoric rise from obscurity to political dominance. In 1899 a number of trade unions came together to found a national superstructure—the LO—with 1,500 registered members. This prompted employers to do the same. The Employers’ Association dates back to the year 1900. Next, the right to vote was extended to new groups of voters. Before 1898 only men with an income above a certain minimum could participate in elections, but universal suffrage for men was introduced in 1898. Women were then given the right to vote in local elections in 1910 and in parliamentary elections in 1913. These reforms were introduced by the Liberal Party.
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Stevanovic, Zoran, Vesna Ristic-Vakanjac, and Sasa Milanovic. "Conception to set up a new groundwater monitoring network in Serbia." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique, no. 76 (2015): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp1576047s.
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The Water Framework Directive of the European Union (WFD) adopted in year 2000. outlines number of water policy and management actions, where monitoring is of primary importance. Following WFD principles Serbia adopted new legislation in water sector aiming to conserve or achieve good ecological, chemical and quantitative status of water resources. Serbia, as most of the countries of former Yugoslavia mostly uses groundwater for drinking water supply (over 75%). However, the current situation in monitoring of groundwater quality and quantity is far from satisfactory. Several hundred piezometers for observation of groundwater level under auspices of the Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia are located mostly in alluviums of major rivers, while some 70 piezometers are used by the Serbian Environmental Protection Agency for controlling groundwater quality. Currently only 20% of delineated groundwater bodies are under observation. This paper evaluates current conditions and proposes to expand national monitoring network to cover most of groundwater bodies or their groups, to raise number of observation points to a density of ca. 1 object /200 km2 and to include as much as possible actual waterworks in this network. Priority in selecting sites for new observation piezometers or springs has to be given to groundwater bodies under threats, either to their water reserves or their water chemical quality. For the former, an assessment of available renewable reserves versus exploitation capacity is needed, while to estimate pressures on water quality, the best way is to compare aquifers? vulnerability against anthropogenic (diffuse and punctual) hazards.
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Matis, Jozef, and Lenka Nagyová. "Possible Integration of the Security System of the Member Countries of the European Union." Politické vedy 25, no. 3 (November 22, 2022): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2022.25.3.110-126.
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The processes of globalization and postmodernism are important determinants of the integration of the European Union countries in the field of ensuring security. Ensuring security of the European Union countries requires the creation of an integrated security system of these countries. This study is concerned with the theoretical analysis of an important factor - disponible (available) groups - in ensuring security of the European Union. These groups were defined as professional or volunteer response forces of a military, paramilitary and non-military nature.Two possible ways of integrating national disponible groups into the developing security system of the European Union ensuring its military as well as non-military security were analyzed. The success of integration of the national security systems of the European Union countries into the security system of the European Union depends not only on the elites - national (local) and transnational, but also on the transformation of citizens of national (member) states into citizens of the European Union - European citizens.
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Neumayer, Eric. "Improvement without Convergence: Pressure on the Environment in European Union Countries." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 39, no. 5 (December 2001): 927–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00338.
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Žmuk, Berislav. "Quality of Life Indicators in Selected European Countries: Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Approach." Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics 1, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2015): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/crebss-2016-0004.
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Abstract The average expected duration of human life is rising because of different reasons. On the other hand, not only the duration, but the quality of life level is important, too. The higher the quality of life level, the citizens’ happiness and satisfaction levels are higher, which has positive impact on the development and operating of an economy. The goal of this paper is to identify groups of European countries, using statistical hierarchical cluster analysis, by using the quality of life indicators, and to recognise differences in quality of life levels. The quality of life is measured by using seven different indicators. The conducted statistical hierarchical cluster analysis is based on the Ward’s clustering method, and squared Euclidean distances. The results of conducted statistical hierarchical cluster analysis enabled recognizing of three different groups of European countries: old European Union member states, new European Union members, and non-European Union member states. The analysis has revealed that the old European Union member states seem to have in average higher quality of life level than the new European Union member states. Furthermore, the European Union member states have in average higher quality of live level than non-European Union members do. The results indicate that quality of life levels and economic development levels are connected.
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Skvarciany, Viktorija, Daiva Jurevičienė, and Gintarė Volskytė. "Assessment of Sustainable Socioeconomic Development in European Union Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051986.
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There are still debates in the scientific literature about the factors influencing countries’ sustainable socioeconomic development. Therefore, the current article aims at determining the factors of sustainable socioeconomic development and assessing its level in the EU countries. The following methods were employed for the research: an evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). EDAS was used to reveal which countries have the highest level of sustainable socioeconomic development, and which have the lowest. The ranking was done based on the appraisal score, which is an outcome of EDAS. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used for clustering the countries based on the appraisal scores in order to distinguish groups of countries having a similar level of sustainable socioeconomic development. The results revealed that the highest level of sustainable socioeconomic development is in Germany, and the lowest in Portugal. Based on HCA, the countries were divided into three groups. The first cluster’s countries have the weakest sustainable socioeconomic development, and countries assigned to the third cluster have the best. In the current research, the third cluster consists of one country, Germany, which supports the results obtained with the EDAS method, i.e., Germany is the country with the highest level of sustainable socioeconomic development in the EU.
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Vasanicova, Petra, Sylvia Jencova, Beata Gavurova, and Radovan Bacik. "Coopetition of European Union Countries within Destination Management." Journal of Tourism and Services 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2022): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29036/jots.v13i24.368.
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Coopetition has been the issue of various studies in different fields, but there is a research gap in examining coopetition within the tourism sector and destination management. This paper aims to determine whether there are internally homogeneous and externally heterogeneous groups of European Union countries regarding indicators of natural and cultural resources of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), and thus subsequently identify the importance and possibilities of competition among countries within the tourism sector. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis are used to verify the research hypothesis, along with ten indicators of the fourth sub-index (Natural and Cultural Resources) of TTCI. The results of the cluster analysis led to a six-group solution. Italy, Spain, and France have the best position in terms of tourism competitiveness. The results show space for competition in the international tourism market. Even though EU countries are competitors at a global level, their cooperation could be beneficial to tourism development. The findings of this study can be helpful in planning and strategy development for tourism policymakers and destination management organizations but can also be used to develop various marketing strategies. Furthermore, cooperation between destinations will support the need for strategic flexibility in the tourism sector, as the diversity of tourism attractions will increase.
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Grabevnik, M. V. "REGIONALIST LOBBYISM IN EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTION." Вестник Пермского университета. Политология 15, no. 4 (2021): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2021-4-63-74.
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The research subject is the representation of regionalist lobbying organizations in the European Union institutions. Based on the analysis of the Transparency Register Data author characterizes the structure of regionalist lobby in the institutions of the European Union. The analysis demonstrates that the regional and municipal authorities of European countries, with their formal status as lobbying groups in the institutions of the European Union, actually remain incapable of influencing the political decision-making process at the supranational level, while the dominant position among the regionalist lobbying groups is occupied by organizations representing of associations of regions. The dominance of associations as the main regionalist actors in European lobbying is due to the administrative conveniences of mediated communication, in which associations act as mediators between regional and European elements of multilevel governance.
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Vlahinić Lenz, Nela, and Barbara Fajdetić. "Does Economic Globalisation Harm Climate? New Evidence from European Union." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186699.
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The issue of globalisation-induced greenhouse gas emissions is an ongoing topic and a major challenge to the EU climate goals of achieving non-zero emissions by 2050. In the light of this ongoing debate on the globalisation–environment nexus, the paper examines the impact of economic globalisation on climate in EU countries over the period 2000–2019 and provide some new empirical evidence. After applying the panel cointegration analysis and the Granger causality test, the dynamic panel analysis is performed for 26 EU countries using the Arellano–Bond estimator. For the policy perspective, the analysed sample of countries is grouped into two subpanels according to their level of development—EU countries with above-average and below-average GDP per capita. After testing the effects of different dimensions of economic globalisation and environmental taxes on GHG emissions, the results revealed the following: (1) Trade globalisation is detrimental to the climate, as trade openness significantly increases emissions in both country groups. Financial globalisation has a weaker impact and increases emissions only in below-average countries, suggesting that FDI inflows could be important for the transfer of green technologies when a country reaches higher development level. (2) Passenger transport reduces GHG emissions in both groups of countries, while FDI are beneficiary for the climate in above-average countries. (3) Environmental taxes as a proxy for environmental policy show statistically significant results, but with different outcomes in the two groups; they have a negative impact on emissions in countries that are below the GDP p/c average, indicating the shortcomings of the tax system in addressing climate change. (4) The total energy consumption increases emissions in both country groups and, thus, harms the climate. Therefore, despite the current unfavourable circumstances, EU countries should continue to expand the green economy, increase energy consumption from renewables, and develop low-carbon technologies that do not depend on imported fossil fuels.
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Leifman, Håkan. "Homogenisation in alcohol consumption in the European Union." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 18, no. 1_suppl (February 2001): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250101801s06.
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Håkan Leifman: Homogenisation in alcohol consumption in the European Union This article examines the trends in aggregate alcohol consumption in 15 European countries (14 European Union or EU member states and Norway) from 1950 to 1995. One of the aims is to outline the general trends in total consumption and beverage preferences, focusing on the dispersion over time between all the countries involved, another to look more closely behind these trends and to analyse the development for different groups of countries. Evidence points to a clear homogenisation for the whole study period in qualitative terms, that is, in beverage preferences. In terms of quantity, the homogenisation of the last 15–20 years is less distinct and can be explained mainly by a drastic reduction in wine consumption in the Mediterranean wine-drinking countries. As to the remaining countries (beer and former spirits-drinking countries), there has not been any quantitative homogenisation from the mid-1970s onwards. The results are discussed in the light of the on-going globalisation of economy, politics and culture, not least between the EU member states.
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Rollnik-Sadowska, Ewa. "YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION LABOUR MARKET." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 8 (October 24, 2016): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2016vol1.8.1482.
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In an era of aging of the European Union population, it is crucial to take care of human resources in various spheres of their life. The potential of young people is particularly important, as their economic activity creates the basis of maintaining the European welfare state model. However, the labour market situation of young people is difficult. Moreover, the phenomena, which have recently attracted increasing attention, are remaining for young people without employment, education or training (NEET). The occurrence of NEET's resources is harmful at micro level - due to pauperization of European households as well as for the whole economy due to insufficient usage of human resources. The paper aim is to compare how the situation of young people differs in the European Union labour markets.The paper was based on both the desk-research of literature as well as the analysis of selected economic indicators of young people (aged 15-29 years). The indicator analysis was made through the usage of cluster analysis (Ward's method and k-means method). The data was gathered from the databases of Eurostat. The selected indicators determine the labour market situation of young people in the EU countries and they are derived from two years – 2006 and 2014.Ward's and k-means methods allowed for dividing the EU countries into three groups. It occurred that the groups in 2006 have a completely different composition of countries than in 2014, which was mainly determined by crisis influences on the labour markets as well as directions of conducted reforms. Additionally, the k-means method allowed for comparison of selected groups on the basis of chosen variables and determination of countries with the best and the worst situation of young people.
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STRIELKOWSKI, Wadim, and Felix HÖSCHLE. "EVIDENCE FOR ECONOMIC CONVERGENCE IN THE EU: THE ANALYSIS OF PAST EU ENLARGEMENTS." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 22, no. 4 (May 21, 2015): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2014.890138.
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This paper discusses the evidence of economic convergence in the European Union during the past several decades and consecutive EU enlargements. We cluster different member states of the European Union by groups representing countries that joined the EU together and analyze whether these clusters converge against each other. In addition, we analyse whether there is a convergence within different groups of countries. We employ real GDP per capita in its seasonally adjusted version as the measure of convergence. Our results reveal that there is not much evidence about the existence of economic convergence within the European Union.
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Grecu, Robert-Adrian. "Synchronization of Business Cycles in European Union Countries." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0021.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has affected economic activity worldwide. Despite the progress made by vaccination campaigns, important uncertainties still linger amid persistent global value chains disruptions and the ongoing energy crisis. A proper understanding of the behavior of the economy is therefore essential for future policy decisions. While there are plenty of studies regarding business cycles, using various methods from univariate filters to more complex methods, less papers focus on large scale comparisons. In this paper, we provide an overview of business cycles in European Union countries. We use the Hodrick-Prescott filter in order to measure the cyclical component of the gross domestic product and the Bry-Boschan-Quarterly algorithm for further analysis, namely the duration and the amplitude of the business cycles. Our results show that their size in European Union countries varies from 2.7 to 6 years and their amplitude is between 1.6 and 5.6 percentage points. We show that in developed economies, business cycles are more stable. Furthermore, strong correlations in terms of business cycles are found in the case of certain groups of countries, such as the Baltic ones or Belgium, Austria and France. In the case of Romania, its business cycle is more similar to the one of Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia. These results could provide useful information for policymakers in terms of future policy decisions conditional on both the current state of the economy and its structural characteristics. Under these circumstances, support measures should also take into consideration such properties of the economy.
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TEUNIS, P. F. M., G. FALKENHORST, C. W. ANG, M. A. STRID, H. DE VALK, M. SADKOWSKA-TODYS, L. ZOTA, et al. "Campylobacterseroconversion rates in selected countries in the European Union." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 10 (December 11, 2012): 2051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812002774.
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SUMMARYAs a major foodborne pathogen,Campylobacteris frequently isolated from food sources of animal origin. In contrast, humanCampylobacterillness is relatively rare, but has a considerable health burden due to acute enteric illness as well as severe sequelae. To study silent transmission, serum antibodies can be used as biomarkers to estimate seroconversion rates, as a proxy for infection pressure. This novel approach to serology shows that infections are much more common than disease, possibly because most infections remain asymptomatic. This study used antibody titres measured in serum samples collected from healthy subjects selected randomly in the general population from several countries in the European Union (EU). Estimates of seroconversion rates toCampylobacterwere calculated for seven countries: Romania, Poland, Italy, France, Finland, Denmark and The Netherlands. Results indicate high infection pressures in all these countries, slightly increasing in Eastern EU countries. Of these countries, the differences in rates of notified illnesses are much greater, with low numbers in France and Poland, possibly indicating lower probability of detection due to differences in the notification systems, but in the latter case it cannot be excluded that more frequent exposure confers better protection due to acquired immunity.
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Kudła, Janusz. "Determinants of Public Indebtedness in European Union Countries." e-Finanse 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fiqf-2018-0021.
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AbstractThe paper strives to determine the impact of fiscal variables on factors determining the dynamics of public debt in European Union countries. Based on the literature, the dynamics of public debt are determined by changes of three elements: the primary balance, interest-rate-growth-differential and the change of government assets. Therefore, it seems reasonable to estimate the dynamics of these three values to find the variables crucial for limiting the growth of public debt. Three groups of dynamic panel regressions were estimated based on the one-step Generalized Method of Moments. The data was collected for the 1995-2015 period for 27 EU countries. Dependent variables included: primary balance, interest-rate-growth-differential and change of government assets. Independent variables consisted of: interest payable to GDP ratio, unemployment rate, squared unemployment rate, FDI stock to GDP, net FDI inflow to GDP, general government expenditures to GDP, share of social security expenditures and openness of the economy measured by the ratio of export and import to GDP. On the basis of statistical data, three components of debt changes were distinguished, and estimations of the dynamic panel regressions were applied to find the impact of independent variables. According to the basic models, the primary balance is lower for: countries with higher unemployment, greater FDI stock and higher general government expenditures. The interest-rate-growth-differential is lower in the case of: high subsidies and for a more open economy. However, unemployment and FDI remain the most important determinants of this variable. The change of government’s assets ratio decreases as FDI net inflows or the share of expenditures to GDP increase as well as in the case of very high unemployment.
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Tutak, Magdalena, Jarosław Brodny, Dominika Siwiec, Robert Ulewicz, and Peter Bindzár. "Studying the Level of Sustainable Energy Development of the European Union Countries and Their Similarity Based on the Economic and Demographic Potential." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 6643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246643.
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The concept of sustainable economic development takes into account economic, social and environmental aspects and strives to achieve balance between them. One of the basic areas where it is required to revalue the current views on sustainable development is energy. The growing public awareness of environmental protection forces changes in this industry. Despite the global nature of this problem, its solution is perceived differently in various regions of the world. The unquestionable leader in introducing the idea of sustainable development economy is the European Union, where the energy sector is of key importance for the effectiveness of this process. In order to assess the sustainable energy development of the European Union countries, studies were conducted based on 13 selected indicators characterizing this sector in terms of energy, economy and environment. In order to assess the specificity of the European Union countries, these indicators were additionally compared to the gross domestic product value and the number of inhabitants of individual countries. For these cases, multi-criteria analyses were carried out using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. It allowed the authors to rank the European Union countries in terms of their adaptation to a sustainable energy economy. Based on the determined values of indicators versus the gross domestic product and the number of inhabitants of the countries in question, these countries were also divided into similar groups with the use of the Kohonen artificial neural networks. These groups can pursue a common energy policy in the field of sustainable development. The aim of the research was to present a new approach to the assessment of sustainable energy development of the European Union countries. The extensive ratio analysis (13 indicators of the sustainable energy development), including the economic and demographic potential of individual countries, and the use of modern tools made it possible to acquire new knowledge in the field of sustainable energy development in the European Union countries. The results should be utilized for more effective sustainable energy development of the European Union countries.
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Tutak, Magdalena. "Analysis of Gas and Dust Emissions From the Mining and Quarrying Sector in the European Union Countries." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2020-0006.
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AbstractDespite the ongoing changes in the energy and economic structure of the European Union countries, mineral and energy resources such as hard coal, brown coal, natural gas, copper ores, zinc ores and many other minerals continue to be extracted. Each year, the mining and extraction sector emits thousands of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere, in the form of greenhouse and other air-polluting gases, as well as harmful dusts. These substances include, amongst others, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, as well as PM2.5 and PM10. The European Union climate policy clearly recommends that the exploitation of mineral resources be carried out in full respect of the principles of their rational, economical and environmentally neutral acquisition, which is confirmed by the promoted strategy of sustainable development economy. Therefore, this means the necessity to undertake actions aimed at limiting the emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants into the atmosphere. To assess the actions taken by the European Union countries to date with respect to limiting those emissions, a comparative analysis was carried out for the particular countries. This analysis encompassed the emission of harmful substances from the mining and quarrying sector by the European Union countries in the years 2008 and 2017. The purpose of the analysis was to show the diversity of those countries in terms of the emission of harmful gases and dusts, as well as to divide them into similar groups. Such a division paves the way for developing a common climate policy and exchanging experiences between the countries from the particular groups. The European Union countries were divided into similar groups using the k-means grouping method. Comparison was also made for the emissions of the substances under analysis for the particular countries over the research years. The results obtained unequivocally demonstrate that this emission has been limited in the European Union, but there are countries where the emission of certain substances has increased.
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Kersan-Škabić, Ines. ""Core-Periphery" in the European Union – An Economic Perspective." Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences 28, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppso.13979.
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The heterogeneity of economic performances in the EU member states is one of the main reasons for the existence of a “core-periphery” relationship. The goal of this research is to examine various economic indicators to reveal possible divisions between the EU members. This issue emphasized the contribution of rich “core” countries to the imbalances in poorer “peripheral” EU members. By applying cluster methodology and considering the most recent data, two groups of countries were identified, the first comprising 11 countries that form the “centre” or the “core”, and the rest of the EU forming the “periphery”. Considering differences between these countries is necessary and justified for discussions about the future development of the EU that will involve differences between member states.
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GHETU, Raluca Andreea, Cristina-Simona CĂPĂȚÎNĂ, and Petre BREZEANU. "THE EVOLUTION OF FISCAL PRESSURE IN DEVELOPED E.U. COUNTRIES AND ITS DETERMINANTS." ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA. ECONOMIC SCIENCES 30, no. 2 (December 2021): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes30(2)025.
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Since 1970, the intensity of implementing budgetary policies in the two categories of states, developed states, and emerging states, has been observed in Europe. These policies had the effect of increasing the levels of taxation, also called progressive taxation, at that time. To stop this phenomenon of progressive taxation, the Maastricht Treaty and then the Stability and Growth Pact have had the effect of forcing states to adopt different fiscal policies to reduce the feeling of fiscal pressure made necessary by budgetary deficiencies and public debt accumulated over time. In fact, since the 1990s, each Member State of the European Union has interpreted the treaties mentioned above separately; some states reduced spending, while others preferred to impose more significant fiscal pressure on citizens by raising taxes and fees. In our article, we analyze and disseminate the general fiscal pressure of some developed countries in the European Union. We identify the economic priority indicators that influence the phenomenon of fiscal pressure, such as the level of direct taxes, indirect taxes, the growth rate of gross domestic product, and the level of public debt, providing an overview of economic development over the last three decades.To this end, the authors have developed an econometric model that captures the factors that influence the fiscal pressure in several developed countries of the European Union in the period 1995-2018.
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Muszyńska, Joanna, Jarosław Oczki, and Ewa Wędrowska. "Convergence of household incomes in the European Union countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 63, no. 11 (November 28, 2018): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0722.
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The aim of the study is to verify the hypothesis of a tendency towards levelling of household income in the EU countries in the years 2007—2015. Convergence process of the level and the distribution of household disposable income was analysed. The basic source of information were Eurostat’s data from EU-SILC database. The convergence analysis of income levels was carried out for the mean, median and first decile of annual equivalised household disposable incomes, weighted by country population. To examine their convergence, regression models used in economic convergence analyses were adapted and the concept of absolute ß convergence was used. In the study of income distributions convergence the income distribution in households by decile groups was used, and the degree of their discrepancy was assessed using the generalised form of the Jensen-Shannon divergence measure. The study was conducted for 27 EU countries, 15 of the old EU states and 12 new member states. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that there was no convergence of the distributions of income by quantiles. However, the convergence of the considered characteristics of income distributions (mean, median, first decile) was observed.
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Hoffmann, Tomasz. "The Status of the European Institutions Officials." Polish Political Science Yearbook 36, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2007015.
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The European Union increasingly inuences the member states, their political institutions, business groups, commercial business sector and the citizens. The institutions, politics and legal regulations of the Communities inuence also countries and human beings from outside the Union. is inuence means that each member state of the European Union has its own representative in the European Institutions such as European Parliament, European Commission, the Court of Justice and the Court of Auditors
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Nagy, Raluca. "Migrants and healthcare within the European Union." International Review of Social Research 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2011-0003.
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Abstract The investigation of migration can help us understand how the types of migration interact with each other as well as with the various local/national ‘immobilities’. Migrants pose special challenges to healthcare systems, in their origin as well as destination countries. Available data on this topic, following EU interests and policies, focuses on health problems of vulnerable migrant groups, often directed exclusively to issues that can affect the local population. This paper aims to set some explanatory contexts when it comes to the relationship between migration and healthcare within the European context.
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Stavytskyy, A., and M. Kozub. "Modeling of income inequality in the European Union countries." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Economics, no. 205 (2019): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2019/205-4/5.
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The article describes the current tendencies of the development of income differentiation processes in the countries of the European Union during the last 10 years. According to the analysis of the i mpact of income inequality on the economy of the countries, there is an inverse relationship between the growth of the gap between the income of different groups of people and the economic development. In order to confirm this conclusion and calculate the real index of income inequality, the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model has been developed. The authors analysed three macroeconomics objects (household, firm, government), relationships between them and made their own model of eight equations. After that, the index of income inequality of all 27 current members of the European Union has been calculated for the last 10 years. The result shows in the general negative tendency. That is why it is important to choose the right strategic direction for the future development of the country. This DSGE model is a universal model and can be applied to other regions of the world after calibration of the parameters. The improvement of the model is about its expansion by adding other sources of income to get more accurate results. As a conclusion of the article, there was analysed the main directions of reforming the European economy in order to achieve sustainable development.
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Lopes, Helena, Sérgio Lagoa, and Teresa Calapez. "Work autonomy, work pressure, and job satisfaction: An analysis of European Union countries." Economic and Labour Relations Review 25, no. 2 (May 12, 2014): 306–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304614533868.
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Bruyndonckx, Robin, Niels Adriaenssens, Ann Versporten, Niel Hens, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, et al. "Consumption of antibiotics in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii7—ii13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab172.
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Abstract Objectives Data on antibiotic consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/EEA countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of the main antibiotic groups. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of antibiotics, i.e. antibacterials for systemic use (ATC group J01), in the community, aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Antibiotic consumption was analysed based on ATC-3 groups, and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, antibiotic consumption in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor 3.6 between countries with the highest (Greece) and the lowest (the Netherlands) consumption. Antibiotic consumption in the EU/EEA did not change significantly over time. Antibiotic consumption showed a significant seasonal variation, which decreased over time. The number of DDD per package significantly increased over time. The proportional consumption of sulphonamides and trimethoprim (J01E) relative to other groups significantly decreased over time, while the proportional consumption of other antibacterials (J01X) relative to other groups significantly increased over time. Conclusions Overall, antibiotic consumption in the community in the EU/EEA did not change during 1997–2017, while seasonal variation consistently decreased over time. The number of DDD per package increased during 1997–2017.
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Kozlovskij, Viktor. "SMART GROWTH PROGRESS IN EUROPEAN UNION: A COHESION APPROACH." Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Series: Economic sciences 133, no. 2 (August 19, 2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2413-0117.2019.2.3.
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Economic development and socioeconomic cohesion have always been an object of scientific research. In particular, this issue had become a focus of attention after EU enlargement in 2004 and Great Recession in 2007–2009. The above changes have given way to a certain slowdown in economic growth in most EU countries along with triggering a range of divergence processes between EU countries and regions. As a response to situation, the EU offered a Europe 2020 strategy, in which smart growth was mentioned as one of critical instruments to deal with increasing menaces. The objective of the study is to evaluate the progress of the main smart growth indicators (investment in research and development (R&D), employment rate and share of population obtaining tertiary education) in the EU over the period 2001–2017 within the framework of the economic cohesion concept. The paper seeks to explore the EU from different perspectives. First, the EU new member states (EU-10) and the old ones (EU-14) were compared. Second, the EU countries were divided by economic development level (calculated by GDP per capita in PPP): highly developed (H-7), medium developed (M-7) and less developed (L-7) countries. Finally, aggregate cohesion indices of all three smart growth indicators were calculated for the entire EU (EU-28). The research findings have revealed some interesting trends. First, each smart growth indicator’s progress depends on countries’ economic development level. Aggregate values for more developed countries (EU-14, H-7 and G-3) are always higher than the EU average (EU-28) and aggregate values for less developed economies are basically lower. Second, cohesion progress of smart growth indicators was influenced by economic recession in 2007–2009. It is argued that cohesion is evident in times of economic growth, but its progress ceases or divergence might occur in case of economic hazards. However, despite the expanding cohesion between the new and the old member states, a gap between certain groups of countries is even growing. This is clearly evident when the EU member states are divided into groups subject to the level of their economic development.
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Szczepańska-Woszczyna, Katarzyna, Dainora Gedvilaitė, Joanicjusz Nazarko, Andrius Stasiukynas, and Aleš Rubina. "ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC CONVERGENCE AMONG COUNTRIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 28, no. 5 (November 7, 2022): 1572–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.17518.
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The debate on the presence of economic benefits in the European Union (EU) is not over. The study responds unequivocally to this question, with the intensity of economic development in the countries that joined the European Union in 2004 and beyond twice as high as that of the countries that joined it this year, i.e. the EU’s old ones compared to the new ones; smoothness – 1.1 times and dynamics – 1.6 times. Another important trend for further development is that, as the level of economic development increases, its smoothness is diminishing. In respect of the context of the EP of all EU Members, it turned out that the higher intensity of enlargement was characterised by higher economic levels, with similar homogeneity and almost identical values for the dynamic indicator. The introduction to the article presents the context of the studies, i.e. two groups of EU Community countries are formed according to their level of economic development and the year of their accession to the Community, as well as a survey scheme. The literature review reveals the methods used to analyse the convergence of economic development in these countries, as members of the Community. The research methodology introduces the indicator of economic development of countries and provides a methodology for assessing its dynamics. The empirical part assesses the dynamics of economic development of both groups of countries and identifies trends in terms of convergence. The discussion section summarises the consolidation and destabilising factors in the EU and the importance of the study carried out in this context. The conclusions present the main results of the studies and outline their further directions. The results of the study can be used both in the EU and for the purpose-oriented decisions of its members on further economic development.
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Collin, Simon M., Gerard de Vries, Knut Lönnroth, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Ibrahim Abubakar, Sarah R. Anderson, and Dominik Zenner. "Tuberculosis in the European Union and European Economic Area: a survey of national tuberculosis programmes." European Respiratory Journal 52, no. 6 (October 11, 2018): 1801449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01449-2018.
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How many European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) countries have national tuberculosis (TB) control plans/strategies, and what are the priority actions/populations and barriers to implementation?In order to answer this question, a survey of EU/EEA national TB programme leads was undertaken.The response rate was 100% (31 countries). 55% of countries reported having a national TB strategy, all of which were in implementation; five countries were preparing a strategy. 74% had a defined organisational TB control structure with central coordination and 19% had a costed programme budget; few organisational structures included patient/civil society representation. The most frequently mentioned priority TB control actions were: reaching vulnerable population groups (80%), screening for active TB in high-risk groups (63%), implementing electronic registries (60%), contact tracing and outbreak investigation (60%), and tackling multidrug-resistant TB (60%). Undocumented migrants were the most commonly (46%) identified priority population. Perceived obstacles to implementation included barriers related to care recipients (lack of TB knowledge, treatment seeking/adherence), care providers (including need for specialist training of nurses and doctors) and health system constraints (funding, communication between healthcare and social care systems).This survey has provided an insight into TB control programmes across the EU/EEA that will inform the development of a TB strategy toolkit for member states.
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Slavinskaite, Neringa. "Fiscal decentralization in Central and Eastern Europe." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 7, no. 1 (April 12, 2017): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v7i1.1236.
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The paper analyses the level of fiscal decentralization (FD) in selected countries of European Union for 2014 year. The empirical analysis was based on the method of multicriteria decision-making. Method of Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) was used as framework for the analysis. In order to evaluate the different level of fiscal decentralization, the same analysis was applied to subsets of countries categorized into two groups - Central and Eastern Countries. The empirical results show that developed countries of European Union has higher degree of fiscal decentralization than countries of Eastern andCentral Europe. These results show that local government of developed countries (such like Sweden or Denmark) has more power for financial solutions then developing countries (Estonia o rPoland). Fiscal decentralization index in Lithuaniais the lowest among 14 countries of European Union. Originality of this article that was used new fiscal decentralization index, which consists of 26 indicators.
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Civín, Lubomír, and Luboš Smutka. "Vulnerability of European Union Economies in Agro Trade." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 5210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125210.
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The European Union (EU) is characterized by a high level of openness to trade, consequently increasing its member countries’ vulnerability to external shocks coming from the rapidly changing global environment. The paper’s objective was to compare and evaluate the factors of the EU agribusiness, its vulnerability and its measurement tools, and consequently to create subgroupings within EU member countries with different levels of vulnerability to exogenous shocks. The study hypothesized that the EU is not a homogenous unit regarding its trade sensitivity and vulnerability. It analyzed this phenomenon using data of recognized international institutions. Its method was a multi-criteria analysis with summative scaling. The assessment of the analysis was provided by the linear aggregation of 19 relevant vulnerability-influencing parameters, including climate change risk and political stability. The study results confirmed the hypothesis of the EU heterogeneity and identified four groups of member countries with different levels of the vulnerability to global shocks. It can improve an understanding of the agrarian sector position within the EU economy and a more precise re-formulation of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) priorities under the new conditions requiring the comprehensive resilience of the sector.
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Tasente, Tanase, and Mihaela Rus. "Exitomania, the propaganda machine that can destroy the European Union." Technium Social Sciences Journal 1 (December 1, 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v1i1.28.
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Euroscepticism has worsened among the member countries, and an opinion poll conducted by the Pew Research Center, on a sample of 10,491 respondents from 10 EU countries and published shows that in 2 member countries - France and Greece - 61% and 71% of the citizens regard the European Union in a negative sense. This unfavorable perception regarding the future of the European Union has spread and was immediately exploited by political parties from different countries that have been voted in the European Parliament. Thus, we can see that the Euro-Parliamentary groups with Eurosceptic ideologies started to grow fast and according to the configuration of the 2019 European Parliament, we can see that the eurosceptics gain more strength. Through this research, we set out to analyze the degree of online interest regarding keywords related to EU leaving, in 8 countries of the European Union: The Netherlands (Nexit), United Kingdom (Brexit), France (Frexit), Greece (Grexit), Ireland (Irexit), Spain (Spexit), Italy (Italexit) and Sweden (Swexit). In order to reach the research objectives, we collected the data on the online interest from the Google Trends website (the evolution over time regarding Euroscepticism in the European Union, the maps regarding the regions of the 8 countries monitored with the highest degree of online interest for "EU leaving", and the most searched keywords in each country regarding leaving the European Union). The monitoring period is January 2004 – July 2019.
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Finke, Daniel, and Stefanie Bailer. "Crisis bargaining in the European Union: Formal rules or market pressure?" European Union Politics 20, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116518814949.
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To what extent did the European Monetary Union crisis alter the logic of European Union decision making? We analyze the relevance of asymmetric market pressures as compared to that of formal voting and agenda setting rules by applying three established bargaining models to the ‘EMU Positions’ data. Accounting for the interdependence between issues and agreements, we locate actors’ positions on three reform dimensions, namely the level of fiscal discipline, transfer payments and institutionalization. We find that market pressure during the height of the Eurozone crisis was particularly relevant, and that debtor countries were weakened by their difficulty in refinancing their public debt. Our finding shows that formal rules determining agenda setting and veto rights remain relevant even in times of crisis.
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Trishch, Roman Mikhailovich, Alexander Sichinava, Vojtěch Bartoš, Andrius Stasiukynas, and Martin Schieg. "COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Journal of Business Economics and Management 24, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2023.18320.
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Investment, the entry of foreign firms depends of a large extent on the country’s goodwill, which is reflected in various ratings. This representation of the situation is approximate, as it does not estimate the differences between the values of the indicators with adjacent grades. This can be avoided by dividing countries into homogeneous groups. It is appropriate to do so on the basis of non-linear grouping rather than linear grouping. It is based on the transformation of data into a dimensionless scale and linear grouping. In the case, its homogeneity increases thanks to the levelling of the most distinctive values and the alignment of the statistical characteristics of the groups. The aim of the article is to propose in principle, a new approach to the ranking of countries on the basis of their level of economic development. It was found that the nonlinear decision of countries into homogenous groups and compared to the linear grouping more accurately reflect the current situation.
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Maryniv, Ivanna. "The European Union security policy." Law and innovations, no. 1 (29) (March 31, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-1(29)-13.
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Problem setting. In spite of the presence of numerous conventions, treaties and organizations in the world today, the issue of security is still a very acute issue for the world community. There are many reasons for this: the presence of nuclear powers, serious disputes between countries that are justly considered world leaders, the existence of numerous local conflicts and wars of a more global nature across the globe. These and other factors are pushing states around the world to allocate budget funds to ensure effective security policies. Given today’s realities, one can trace the tendency of several countries to pool their own efforts and resources to pursue a common security policy. The European Union is one of the clearest examples of this behavior. This intergovernmental organization is committed to maintaining peace, diplomacy, trade and development around the world. The EU also promotes cooperation with neighboring countries through the European Neighborhood Policy. Target research. The aim of the research is to study the role of the European Union’s institutional mechanism in the exercise of its powers to ensure the defense and foreign policy cooperation of the Member States. Analysis of recent research and publication. Many domestic and foreign scholars, including B. Tonro, T. Christiansen, S. Morsch, G. Mackenstein, and others. The institutional basis of foreign and security policy is analyzed in detail by J. Peterson, questions related to the European Union’s security policy. M. Shackleton. K. Gill, M. Smith and others study the general features of the development of a common EU security policy. Some contribution to the study of various problems related to European and Euro-Atlantic integration has been made by such national scientists as V. Govorukh, I. Gritsyak, G. Nemyrya, L. Prokopenko, O. Rudik, V. Streltsov, O. Tragniuk, I. Shumlyaeva, I. Yakovyuk and others. Article’s main body. The article examines the emergence and development of the European Union’s security policy from the date of the Brussels Covenant to the present. Particular attention is paid to the role of the European Union’s institutional mechanism in the exercise of its powers to ensure the defense and foreign policy cooperation of the Member States. A study of the officially adopted five-year global foreign and security policy of the EU is being done to improve stability in Europe and beyond, analyzing EU conflict resolution and crisis management activities. Conclusions and prospect of development. In view of the above, it can be concluded that the EU’s foreign and security policy institutional framework is an extensive system in which all the constituencies are endowed with a certain range of general and specific powers and are called upon to cooperate with one another to achieve a common goal. It cannot be said that such close cooperation puts pressure on Member States. Yes, a Member State has the right to refrain from voting for any decision that requires unanimity and such abstention will not prevent the above decision being taken. In this case, the mechanism of so-called “constructive retention” is triggered: the abstaining country is not obliged to comply with the decision, however, accepts the fact that it is binding on other Member States and takes this into account when concluding treaties, which should not contradict the said decision.
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Bojnec, Štefan, and Imre Fertő. "Meat export competitiveness of European Union countries on global markets." Agricultural and Food Science 23, no. 3 (October 8, 2014): 194–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.9373.
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The purpose of this research is to provide insight into the export competitiveness of meat products of the European Union (EU-27) member states on global markets. The revealed comparative advantage index is used to analyze the levels, compositions, and evolutions in patterns of development in the export competitiveness of meat products and their levels of stability at the product level. Except for some niche meat products, a larger number of the EU-27 member states have experienced comparative disadvantages on global markets over the analysed years of 2000 to 2011. The revealed comparative advantages on the global markets are the most robust for Ireland, Spain, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Cyprus and Hungary. The revealed comparative advantage indices and their survival rates differ across the meat product groups. The heterogeneity in export competitiveness of the EU-27 member states suggests the importance of the differentiation of meat products in competitive export specialization on global markets.
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Rychtaříková, Jitka. "Length of life, health and attitudes in the European Union." Geografie 120, no. 4 (2015): 542–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2015120040542.
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The contribution addresses three fields of investigation: mortality, health, and attitudes in the countries of EU28, Norway and Iceland. The data of EUROSTAT and EUROBAROMETER 378 were analyzed. In 2011, life expectancy at the age of 65 was shorter in post-Communist countries and there was also a smaller share of years lived in self-perceived good health. Two-level regression modelling has shown that the higher the age, the lower the satisfaction with health and with life. Higher-educated people and those living in a partnership are generally happier than the rest. Compared with other age and gender groups, young people and men perceive someone as old much sooner. Pessimistic attitudes are, to a smaller extent, intensified by living in former Communist countries.
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Bárcena-Martín, Elena, Luis Imedio-Olmedo, and Guillermina Martín-Reyes. "Inequality and deprivation within and between groups: An illustration of European union countries." Journal of Economic Inequality 5, no. 3 (March 28, 2007): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10888-006-9046-4.
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Kohlenberg, A., C. Ködmön, M. van den Boom, and M. J. van der Werf. "Tuberculosis surveillance in adolescents: what to learn from European Union/European Economic Area data?" International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 24, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.19.0547.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe tuberculosis (TB) characteristics in the adolescent 10–19 years age group that is often underrepresented in surveillance and studies despite the high global TB burden estimated for this group.SETTING AND DESIGN: We use the case-based data reported to the European Surveillance System (TESSy) from European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) countries between 2007 and 2016 to describe notification rates, TB characteristics and treatment outcomes among adolescent TB cases. We also compare TB characteristics in young adolescents (10–14 years) and older adolescents (15–19 years).RESULTS: For the period 2007 to 2016, 705 826 TB cases were reported to TESSy by 29 EU/EEA countries, 38 054 (5.4%) of which were adolescents. The overall EU/EEA notification rate among adolescents was 6.9 per 100 000 population, 3.5 among young adolescents and 10.1 among older adolescents. The two adolescent groups had differences regarding sex distribution, site of disease, sputum smear microscopy positivity, laboratory confirmation and treatment outcome.CONCLUSION: Younger and older adolescents should be analysed as separate groups when studying and reporting TB, particularly to inform better targeting of TB prevention and care interventions in the future, in order to improve outcomes.