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1
Miller, William L. "Religion, Risk and Legal Culture: Balancing Human Rights against a ‘War on Terror’." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 13, no. 4 (April 8, 2011): 514–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2011.00453.x.
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‘Legal cultures’ in European countries have been under the twin pressures of moves towards ‘European and international standards’ on the one hand, and the ‘war on terror’ on the other—the first exerting pressure in a liberal direction, the second exerting pressure in an authoritarian direction. Data from focus groups and interviews with the general public and Muslim minorities provide insight into how the public in general, and Muslims in particular, have responded to the pressure of terrorism and the ‘war on terror’ in a spectrum of five countries ranging across Europe. Muslims have very different attitudes towards paying the price of the so-called ‘war on terror’, but our study suggests that attitudes towards that price are directly influenced more by ‘risk assessment’ than by religion.
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Flere, Sergej, and Miran Lavric. "Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox religiosity in Central Europe in contrast to American Protestant religiosity." Sociologija 47, no. 3 (2005): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0503213f.
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Four religious cultural settings, a Slovenian Catholic one, a Bosnian Muslim one, a Serbian Orthodox one and an American Protestant one, are compared on the basis of a variety of measures of religiosity, resulting from a survey carried out on large student samples in 2005. Certain cultural peculiarities of the groups emerge: e.g., the particular Muslim stress on the concept of God as austere judge. These peculiarities, indicative of a more pronouncedly rigid and authentic religiosity do not add up to a qualitatively different religiosity among the Muslims. Nevertheless, clear differences appeared in the structure of religiosity, which are of particular relevance to the two more intensively religious groups: the American Protestants and the Bosnian Muslims. The former group's religiosity is more dependent on social pressure, and its religious practice is more frequent, whereas the latter group's religiosity seems better linked to their personality set-up and integrated in personality. The American Protestants are slightly more inclined to sacrifice their life both for religious purposes and for their country.
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Tesser, Lynn M. "The Geopolitics of Tolerance: Minority Rights Under EU Expansion in East-Central Europe." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 17, no. 3 (August 2003): 483–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325403255310.
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Post-communist states aiming to join European organizations such as the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the European Union felt pressure early on after 1989 to adopt emerging European norms on minority rights. Though scholars have already noted frequent acceptance of these standards, the question remains of how European norms actually affect the political salience of identity. Pressure to adhere to them undoubtedly reigned in potential conflict over the Hungarian minority in Slovakia as well as over Russians in Latvia and Estonia. Yet such beneficial results can be offset, first, when political elites' strategic acceptance of European standards undermines the legitimacy of liberal values, and second, when such norms create friction by unintentionally encouraging ethnic groups such as Moravians in the Czech Republic and Silesians in Poland to transform themselves into “nationalities.”
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Liesen, Andrea, Andreas G. Hoepner, Dennis M. Patten, and Frank Figge. "Does stakeholder pressure influence corporate GHG emissions reporting? Empirical evidence from Europe." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 28, no. 7 (September 21, 2015): 1047–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2013-1547.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to seek to shed light on the practice of incomplete corporate disclosure of quantitative Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and investigates whether external stakeholder pressure influences the existence, and separately, the completeness of voluntary GHG emissions disclosures by 431 European companies. Design/methodology/approach – A classification of reporting completeness is developed with respect to the scope, type and reporting boundary of GHG emissions based on the guidelines of the GHG Protocol, Global Reporting Initiative and the Carbon Disclosure Project. Logistic regression analysis is applied to examine whether proxies for exposure to climate change concerns from different stakeholder groups influence the existence and/or completeness of quantitative GHG emissions disclosure. Findings – From 2005 to 2009, on average only 15 percent of companies that disclose GHG emissions report them in a manner that the authors consider complete. Results of regression analyses suggest that external stakeholder pressure is a determinant of the existence but not the completeness of emissions disclosure. Findings are consistent with stakeholder theory arguments that companies respond to external stakeholder pressure to report GHG emissions, but also with legitimacy theory claims that firms can use carbon disclosure, in this case the incomplete reporting of emissions, as a symbolic act to address legitimacy exposures. Practical implications – Bringing corporate GHG emissions disclosure in line with recommended guidelines will require either more direct stakeholder pressure or, perhaps, a mandated disclosure regime. In the meantime, users of the data will need to carefully consider the relevance of the reported data and develop the necessary competencies to detect and control for its incompleteness. A more troubling concern is that stakeholders may instead grow to accept less than complete disclosure. Originality/value – The paper represents the first large-scale empirical study into the completeness of companies’ disclosure of quantitative GHG emissions and is the first to analyze these disclosures in the context of stakeholder pressure and its relation to legitimation.
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Carrle, Dorothe, Tobias Dantonello, and Stefan S. Bielack. "Pan-European Sarcoma Trials: Moving Forward in a Climate of Increasing Economic and Regulatory Pressure." Sarcoma 2007 (2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/76405.
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Advances in sarcoma treatment are largely based on investigator-initiated, multicentric and interdisciplinary clinical trials. The EU's Good Clinical Practice Directive 2001/20/EC, effective since 2004, was meant to harmonize the conditions for clinical trials across Europe, but, instead, the challenge of initiating and running multinational, noncommercial clinical trials has become greater than ever. Institutions participating in existing noncommercial Pan-European studies are struggling to cope with increased administrative and financial burdens, and few new studies are initiated any more. The aim of a conference entitled “Pan-European Sarcoma Trials: Moving Forward in a Climate of Increasing Economic and Regulatory Pressure,” held in Stuttgart, Germany, 30 November–2 December 2006 as part of the European Science Foundation's ECT-program, was not only to provide an overview of currently active and planned multinational studies on osteo-, Ewing's, and soft tissue sarcoma, but also to draw on areas of synergy between various established sarcoma groups in Europe to define plausible survival strategies for collaborative, interdisciplinary, patient-oriented research.
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Perrin, Thomas, Tiphaine Dachy, Colas Guéret, David Lubell, Yasmina Chaïd-Saoudi, and William Green. "Pressure Knapping and the Timing of Innovation: New Chrono-Cultural Data on Prehistoric Groups of the Early Holocene in the Maghreb, Northwest Africa." Radiocarbon 62, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): e1-e51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.157.
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ABSTRACTThe early Holocene in North Africa remains a poorly known period, documented unequally by region. Eastern Algeria and Tunisia have the greatest number of deposits, but most were excavated decades ago without the controls and recording required for modern interpretation. The chronological framework is based on radiocarbon (14C) dates that are also old, for the most part. Recent work on Mesolithic lithic industries of Western Europe has enabled us to revive the hypothesis of the existence of contacts between the northern and southern shores of the western Mediterranean at least by the 6th millennium cal BC. A collective research program was conducted in 2016–2017 to test this hypothesis with a particular focus on documenting the technological traditions in the lithic industry and situating them precisely in time. We have 46 new radiocarbon dates that were recently carried out on previously excavated Algerian sites, some of which contain several levels, allowing the construction of Bayesian models. These new measures reinforce the hypothesis of contacts between Europe and Africa by demonstrating the contemporaneity of similar technological processes. Above all, they make it possible to accurately refine the chronology of the main cultural entities of the Maghreb at the beginning of the Holocene.
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Stein, Jürgen. "Die Zweite Soziale Dimension- Chancen und Verpflichtungen der Diakonie im europäischen Einigungsprozeß." Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik 34, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/zee-1990-0133.
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Abstract In spite of accelerated economical growth disadvantaged groups (p. e. handicapped or unemployed people, refugees) might be »non-winners« of a European Single Market now determinating the structures of any future »European House«. The responsibility of diaconia is to prevent a split between those citizens who are able to of T er mobility and flexibility and rely on effective multinational pressure-groups and those who do not. With help from concerned organs of the E. C. diaconia might benefit from an enhanced exchange of experiences, define the social responsibility of the churches in Europe and participate in the shaping of a common future.
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Holló, Gábor, Doreen Schmidl, and Anton Hommer. "Referral for first glaucoma surgery in Europe, the ReF-GS study." European Journal of Ophthalmology 29, no. 4 (August 13, 2018): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118791937.
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Purpose: To analyze the appropriateness of referrals for incisional glaucoma-surgery in Europe. Methods: Referrals for the first open-angle glaucoma surgery between January and October 2017 were analyzed in 18 countries: 8 “old” European Union, 7 “new” European Union and 3 non-European Union European countries. Results: Most eyes had primary open-angle or exfoliative glaucoma. The average mean deviation was −13.8 dB with split fixation in 44.3%. No structural progression analysis was made before the referrals. The most common medications were the combination of a prostaglandin analog, timolol and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (30.0%), and all other combinations comprising ⩾ 3 molecules (33.8%). Laser trabeculoplasty was reported in only 18.4%. Of the 294 referrals, 41.5% were appropriate and timely, 35.0% appropriate but later than optimal, and 17.6% appropriate but too late (minimal vision maintained). The treatment period was significantly longer (median: 7 years) in the “old” European Union countries than in the other groups (3 and 2 years, respectively). No between-group differences were seen in intraocular pressure and mean deviation, but the non-European Union group referred the patients at significantly lower cup/disk ratio and eye drop usage than the other groups. Split fixation was significantly more common in the “old” (60.6%) than the “new” European Union countries (38.7%), and in both EU country-groups than in the non-European Union countries (13.6%). Conclusions: Of 294 European open-angle glaucoma referrals for first glaucoma-surgery, 41.5% were completely satisfactory. The damage was typically advanced, and the care varied considerably among the countries. This suggests that further efforts are necessary to improve glaucoma care in Europe.
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della Porta, Donatella, and Manuela Caiani. "Europeanization From Below? Social Movements and Europe." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.12.1.j48p252t414qu05x.
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Although the process of European integration is proceeding speedily and social movements are often interacting transnationally, research on the Europeanization of social movement actors is far from developed. Some scholars, focusing especially on public interest groups active at EU level, expect that civil society actors, due among other reasons to the flexibility of their organizational structures, will be able to adapt quickly to integration. Others, especially scholars looking at protest activities, are skeptical on three accounts: (1) will actors endowed with scarce material resources be able to build transnational organizations; (2) will they be able to stage supranational protest events; and (3) will the European Union be accountable to pressure from below. In this article, we focus on the degree and forms of social movement participation in the public discourse and collective action concerning Europe—that is, their capacity to take part in the debate and mobilization referring to European issues, targets, and actors. On the basis of a comparative dataset that includes content analyses of daily press and interview data from seven European countries, we argue that various forms of Europeanization of the public discourse and mobilization by social movements are indeed on the rise, with a growing presence not only of purely European actors but also of European targets and frames, as well as transnational movement networks. Changes across time emerge, with the development of (conflictual) forms of "Europeanization from below."
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Schutte, Aletta E., Ruan Kruger, Lebo F. Gafane-Matemane, Yolandi Breet, Michél Strauss-Kruger, and J. Kennedy Cruickshank. "Ethnicity and Arterial Stiffness." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 40, no. 5 (May 2020): 1044–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.120.313133.
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Early vascular aging reflects increased arterial stiffness of central blood vessels at young chronological ages and powerfully predicts cardiovascular events and mortality, independent of routine brachial blood pressure and other risk factors. Since ethnic disparities exist in routine blood pressure, in hypertension and cardiovascular outcomes, this review evaluates major studies comparing arterial stiffness through the life course between different ethnic groups or races (which have no biological definition)—in children, adolescents, young, and middle-aged adults and the very elderly. Most report that compared with white European-origin samples, populations of black African descent have increased central arterial stiffness throughout different life stages, as well as a more rapid increase in arterial stiffness at young ages. Exceptions may include African Caribbean origin people in Europe. Differences in vascular structure and function are clearest, where obesity, socioeconomic, and psychosocial factors are most marked. Few studies evaluate a wider spectrum of ethnic groups or factors contributing to these ethnic disparities. Genetic effects are not obvious; maternal risk and intergenerational studies are scarce. Nevertheless, across all ethnic groups, for given levels of blood pressure and age, some people have stiffer central arteries than others. These individuals are most at risk of vascular events and mortality and, therefore, may benefit from early, as yet untested, preventive action and treatment.
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Magnani, Natalia. "Immigration control in Italian political elite debates: Changing policy frames in Italy, 1980s–2000s." Ethnicities 12, no. 5 (January 10, 2012): 643–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796811432693.
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This work provides an analysis of the structure and transformations of the official political debate over immigration control within the Italian political elite over the last three decades. Through a close historical reading of the Italian political scene based primarily on parliamentary debates, this article charts the key policy frames articulated in different periods of Italian immigration history in relation to the nature of the immigration control problem (cognitive dimension) and the suggested policy solutions (normative dimension). Moreover, it highlights the various factors – from party competition and political ideologies to the pressure of interest groups, the characteristics of national political institutions and the normative pressure from Europe and European institutions – that have influenced immigration policy frames and have interacted with them in shaping policy goals.
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Panu, Mihai Adrian. "The biopolitics of violence: Instances of Anti-Semitism in interwar Romania." Journal of Education Culture and Society 6, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20152.43.52.
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The primacy of totalitarian ideologies in interwar Europe represents even nowadays a major historiographical challenge due to its multicausal character and various forms of appearance. This paper attempts to analyze the anti-Semitic phenomenon in interwar Romania primarily by taking into account its determinant factors. We assume that the emergence of radical ideologies in Central and Eastern Europe can optimally be understood if both regional and systemic causes are properly highlighted. The regional causes include local societal predispositions, ethno-cultural cleavages and specific political movements. On the other hand the systemic causes imply predominantly geopolitical factors and the repartition of power in the international system. Moreover we assume that the emergence and manifestations of extremism can be considered a direct result of political disputes between ethno-cultural groups which were systematically exposed to ideological and propaganda pressure.
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Starling, N. J. "Colonization and Succession: The Earlier Neolithic of Central Europe." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 51, no. 1 (December 1985): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00007027.
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Models of population and resource pressure to explain developments such as technological innovation, increasing cultural complexity and competition and warfare, have been commonly used in studies of the earlier neolithic (Bandkeramikand early TRB) of Central Europe, in the fifth and fourth millennia bc. The usefulness of such models is questioned for this period, with reference in particular to Central Germany. After initial colonization, there was no simple pattern of continuous settlement expansion; rather, initially widespread settlement developed generally into a more aggregated pattern, with a contraction of the settlement area and virtually no internal or external expansion of settlement. Models of environmental change or resource exhaustion to explain these developments are also challenged, and emphasis placed on social and subsistence changes which provided the impetus for the dynamics of the settlement pattern. Changes in settlement, with the emergence of larger villages and enclosures, culminating in the appearance of major enclosure sites and a break in settlement continuity in the early TRB, are linked with other developments; the regionalization of culture, changes in material culture and burial types, and social organization. The origins of the settlement and social patterns in this period can be seen, not in the changes forced by external factors, but in the internal developments of the neolithic groups themselves.
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Riedel, Rafał, and Szczepan Czarnecki. "Europeizacja zorganizowanych grup interesu w wybranych państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 18, no. 4 (December 2020): 147–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2020.4.7.
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In democratic countries, advocacy organizations and other organized interest groups play an important role in the process of creating public policies and as a consequence, they influence the final shape of the implemented development models. The inclusive decision-making process enables interest groups to fulfill a variety of functions. Interest groups are very important legitimation channel, they provide expert knowledge, and also they are major channel through which citizens can express their opinions to the decision-makers. Through their activities, advocacy organizations may influence specific policies as well as the overall direction of the evolution of the development model. This paper describes and explains the Europeanization process and its pressure on interest groups in Central and Easter Europe, also answering the question to what extent the Europeanization process enables interest groups to access the political process at the state level. Article relies on data from a large-scale survey of organised interests operating in four CEE countries (Poland, Hungary, Slovenia and Czech Republic) in three policy sectors i.e. health care, higher education and energy policy. Based on the collected data, a linear regression analysis was performed.
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Slavov, Atanas. "Democratic Consolidation in Southeast Europe – A Step Forward?" Southeastern Europe 39, no. 3 (December 16, 2015): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03903004.
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Strengthening the rule of law and consolidating democracy is still a challenge facing countries in Southeastern Europe (see). Despite the prospective for eu accession for the Western Balkan states and full eu membership for others, issues regarding the quality of democratic institutions and the efficiency of legal procedures are still at stake. There are multiple factors that contribute to the weakened state of constitutional democracy in see countries while also blocking their political and social development. This article offers a sober view on the democratic consolidation process, emphasizing that a decline from democratic politics may happen at any moment. For one, defective democracies in Southeastern Europe are exposed to nationalism and populism, suffering from weak institutional performance and a burdensome communist legacy. Furthermore, negative stereotypes and practices of exercising political power in see countries hamper the development of the rule of law, efficient democratic systems, and accountable governments. Corruption and clientelism likewise seem embedded in the social structures. Thus, in the absence or inefficiency of the rule of law, the political situation in see countries is often described in terms of a ‘state capture’, not democratic consolidation. However, according to a mid-term perspective, positive change is still possible, but it requires active civil society participation as well as eu institutional commitment to the rule of law and democracy building in the region. In some cases, moreover, coordinated endeavors between active civil society groups and eu institutions could exercise effective pressure on the national political elites to introduce necessary institutional reforms.
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Rose-Ackerman, Susan. "From Elections to Democracy in Central Europe: Public Participation and the Role of Civil Society." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 21, no. 1 (February 2007): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325406297132.
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The new European Union member states in Eastern Europe do not have fully consolidated democracies. True, popularly elected legislatures are responsible for lawmaking, and citizens can challenge the case-by-case implementation of the law. But most statutes are not self-implementing. Before they can be put into effect, governments need to issue general regulations and guidelines that add specificity to the statutory scheme. At present, this type of government policy making often is not democratically accountable. Procedures inside government lack transparency and accountability, and organized civil society groups that are engaged in advocacy and oversight are few in number and often weakly institutionalized. The Central European experience has lessons for countries further to the east that are poorer and less democratic. Here, full-fledged public participation in the government rule making may not be feasible, but other aspects of the transition to democracy in Central Europe may provide relevant models—for instance, external pressure, government oversight institutions, and grassroots democracy.
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Klotz, Maren. "Genetic Knowledge and Family Identity: Managing Gamete Donation in Britain and Germany." Sociology 47, no. 5 (October 2013): 939–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038513501729.
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Reproductive technologies involving donated eggs or sperm continue to elicit questions regarding family identity and the accessibility of genetic information in Europe. Both policy-makers and affected parents are faced with decisions about how to manage donor-data. Using ethnographic findings and policy analysis, this article compares modes of regulation in Germany and Britain, which variously authorise actors to manage kinship information and family formation. I consider the role of interest groups for affected parents and analyse how they contribute to a moral framing of the decision – if, when and how to tell a child about the donor. This ‘moralisation’, reflecting wider contemporary endorsement of information sharing within family life, tends to encourage early disclosure practices among so-called families-by-donation. German parents expressed greater anxiety about disclosure than British parents, which I attribute to greater regulatory uncertainty and to tensions between clinical pressures of secrecy and the moral pressure for information sharing.
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Carlucci, Daniela. "Fostering excellence in business model management in arts and cultural organisations: insights from focus group research across Europe." Measuring Business Excellence 22, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbe-12-2017-0094.
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PurposeIn today’s business landscape, arts and cultural organisations are challenged to search for excellence of their business model management to create and deliver value in a more sustainable way. This study develops exploratory focus groups aimed to capture insights into the practical challenges, wants and needs that arts and cultural organisations across Europe address and face in managing and developing their business models. Design/methodology/approachThe focus groups method has been applied. The methodology included seven focus groups involving arts and cultural organisations operating in different European countries. FindingsThe overall feeling emerging from focus groups is that there is an increasing pressure to prove the value of culture, e.g. economic, social and civic, progressively more in quantitative figures. Arts and cultural organisations are greatly concerned about their financial health, and their ability to continue creating and presenting great arts and cultural events. At the same time, there is an acceptance that gaining financial resilience and sustainability can no longer be put off. Organisations are conscious that it is crucial to rethink their way of operating and to improve their value creation mechanisms to get sustainability. Nevertheless, the challenges to face and issues of change to get a more effective business model management are numerous and various. Originality/valueThe study sheds more light on “business dimensions” perceived by arts and cultural organisations across Europe, as particularly crucial for their survival and requiring proper management attention. In doing this, it offers fresh and valuable knowledge about aspects, factors and dimensions to take into account in the managing business model.
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Papathanasiou, George, Dimitris Georgakopoulos, George Georgoudis, Panagiotis Spyropoulos, Despina Perrea, and Angelos Evangelou. "Effects of chronic smoking on exercise tolerance and on heart rate-systolic blood pressure product in young healthy adults." European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 14, no. 5 (October 2007): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjr.0b013e3280ecfe2c.
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Background Smoking is a major cause of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Smoking-related deaths in Greece account for 23%, whereas 41% of young Greeks are smokers, the highest percentage in Europe. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of chronic smoking on the rate-pressure product and exercise tolerance in young, healthy male smokers. Design and methods Forty-two smokers and 51 nonsmokers were selected from a population of 543 students based on their age, sex, body mass index, physical fitness, smoking habit and health status. All participants were tested with the standard Bruce treadmill protocol. The rate-pressure product was obtained at rest and during exercise at a given submaximal workload. The evaluation of exercise tolerance was based on peak workload achieved and maximal exercise test duration. Results The smokers had a higher rate-pressure product at rest ( P < 0.001) due to their higher resting heart rate ( P < 0.001). Resting values of blood pressure did not differ significantly between the two groups. During exercise, smokers had a greater rate-pressure product ( P < 0.001), mainly due to their significantly higher systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.008). The smokers had a higher submaximal heart rate ( P = 0.005), but the differences in heart rate between groups were reduced for smokers during exercise when compared to rest. The smokers' exercise tolerance was impaired and their maximal exercise test duration time was significantly shorter ( P < 0.001). Conclusions Chronic smoking was found to affect young male smokers' cardiovascular fitness, impairing the economy and decreasing the capacity of their circulatory system. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 14:646-652 © 2007 The European Society of Cardiology
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De Schrijver, Lotte, Tom Vander Beken, Barbara Krahé, and Ines Keygnaert. "Prevalence of Sexual Violence in Migrants, Applicants for International Protection, and Refugees in Europe: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of the Evidence." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (September 11, 2018): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091979.
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(1) Background: Sexual violence (SV) is a major public health problem, with negative socio-economic, physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health consequences. Migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees (MARs) are vulnerable to SV. Since many European countries are seeing high migratory pressure, the development of prevention strategies and care paths focusing on victimised MARs is highly needed. To this end, this study reviews evidence on the prevalence of SV among MAR groups in Europe and the challenges encountered in research on this topic. (2) Methods: A critical interpretive synthesis of 25 peer-reviewed academic studies and 22 relevant grey literature documents was conducted based on a socio-ecological model. (3) Results: Evidence shows that SV is highly frequent in MARs in Europe, yet comparison with other groups is still difficult. Methodologically and ethically sound representative studies comparing between populations are still lacking. Challenges in researching SV in MARs are located at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, societal, and policy levels. (4) Conclusions: Future research should start with a clear definition of the concerned population and acts of SV to generate comparable data. Participatory qualitative research approaches could be applied to better grasp the complexity of interplaying determinants of SV in MARs.
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Schirpke, Uta, and Erich Tasser. "Trends in Ecosystem Services across Europe Due to Land-Use/Cover Changes." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 7095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137095.
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The growing pressure on society due to global change requires better integration of ecosystem services (ES) into decision-making. Despite a growing number of ES assessments, Europe-wide information on recent changes of multiple ES is still rare. This study aimed at analysing changes in ES values between 2000 and 2018 across Europe based on land use/land cover (LULC) distribution. We mapped 19 ES for 52 ecoregions and identified six major groups of ecoregions with similar LULC distribution and trends. Our results indicated that provisioning ES mainly increased in the forest-dominated region (G2), decreasing in the near-natural grassland region (G1), the region with agricultural mixed systems (G3), and the intensively-used steppic region (G6). Regulating ES slightly decreased in G1 and G6, but increased in G2 and the wetland-dominated region (G5). Cultural ES had generally low negative trends for most ecoregions. In addition, our results revealed ecoregions with differing trends in ES that could be related to specific socioeconomic developments. Our findings provide spatial and quantitative information that can be used for policy development at European national and regional levels—as well as for monitoring of ES.
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Figus, Alessandro. "Internationalization and interaction in the time of covid 19." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2021-0001.
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Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has made interdependence globally relevant. Communication channels provide us with technological advances; they can make our lives easier, but they can also bring us viruses. In this session, we aim to explore the impact of Covid-19 on relationships between states and other global actors. To what extent will the pandemic affect international relations? What role will emerging actors such as large corporations, pressure groups or multilateral organizations take on? What impact will the possible reconfiguration of global relations have on Europe, but also on the world? This article aims to analyze the consequences of Covid-19 in our societies.
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Dag, Veysi. "The Implications of Turkish Interventions in Rojava for US and EU Foreign Policies." Commentaries 3, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/tc.v3i1.2951.
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This paper examines how Turkish invasions into Northern Syria’s Kurdish enclave undermine US and European policy objectives. It argues that the Turkish state, obsessed with Kurdish hostility, endangers American and European foreign policies by further destabilising war-torn Syria, facilitating the empowerment of Islamist extremist groups, impeding a peaceful resolution to Syria’s protracted conflict, and assisting Russia’s anti-Western interests. The paper suggests that the US and Europe could rather deploy a dual strategy aimed at exerting pressure on Turkey to discontinue its disruptive and belligerent actions. To cease targeting anti-ISIS Kurdish forces, Turkey must either resume the Kurdish-Turkish peace process or risk being designated as a rival state, analogous to Russia, and subjected to punitive sanctions.
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Srivastava, Sonakshi, Vikram Thakur, Radha Kanta Ratho, and Shailendra K. Saxena. "Association between Adaptive Evolution of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein and Geographically Distinct Virus Epidemiology During the Initial Wave of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 16, no. 1 (February 5, 2022): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.16.1.21.
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The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, putatively caused by the widespread transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in significant mortality worldwide. The highly varied epidemiology of the disease both temporally and geographically has garnered much attention. The present study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the varied geospatial disease epidemiology during the first wave of the pandemic. The highly mutable spike (S) protein, which confers fitness to SARS-CoV-2 for its survival and spread was studied using representative sequences determined from the initial phase of the pandemic. Adaptive evolution and selection pressure analysis of 311 whole-genome sequences from across the world including Asia (n=105), Europe (n=101), and the United States (n=105) was performed. A high selection pressure at position 614 of the S protein with a dN/dS (non-synonymous/synonymous substitutions per site) ratio of 124.3 for Asia and 867.9 was predicted for Europe. This positively selected site (i.e. 614) was located in the S1 domain (amino acids 14-680), which acts in binding to the angiotensin-converting co-enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The US strains did not exhibit significant positive selection at position 614. In addition, 10 sites (144, 241, 255, 262, 263, 276, 439,517, 528, and 557) in domain 1 and 19 sites (692, 709, 723, 752, 862, 864, 877, 892, 939, 951, 1015, 1060, 1076, 1114, 1116, 1128, 1176, 1235 and 1240) in domain 2 of the S protein mediating viral entry into host cells, exhibited significant negative selection among European strains of (SARS-CoV-2), however, no negative selection was observed in the Asian and US groups. The D614G spike protein variant has been correlated with fatal outcomes in European population and countries including Italy, France, Belgium, and Spain. D614G variants under high selective pressure in the Asian and European strains were also observed. In addition, the presence of 29 negatively selected codon sites under low selection pressure in the European group may imply improved viral fitness compared with strains circulating in other continents. In conclusion, selective pressure on the S protein, with maximum substitution rate, may have facilitated adaptive evolution of the virus and contributed to the worldwide spread of the virus.
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Danko, Jakub, and Erik Suchý. "The Financial Integration in the European Capital Market Using a Clustering Approach on Financial Data." Economies 9, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9020089.
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In 2009, when the effects of the economic crisis were fully felt, countries around the world experienced negative impacts, starting from the USA, where the crisis began, through Europe to Asia. Economic cycles, fluctuations, and crises are a common part of the financial market, for example, the crisis in 1929 and the crisis in 2000. The recovery of the economy is a key factor in this process. Due to the increasingly powerful process of globalization and the growth of the interconnectedness of individual economies to each other, not to mention an increasing pressure on the formation of integration clusters, the creation and emergence of new financial crises with supranational and transnational character are highly likely in the future. It is possible that a one-day crisis reaches and expands with global reach, but it is important for us to be prepared through effective tools. In this article, we will be dealing with financial indicators within the European Union that define and create the capital market. Based on cluster analysis, we create groups of countries that are similar to each other. We determine which countries are the leaders and which, on the contrary, lag behind the rest of Europe.
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MacFarlane, S. Neil. "Democratization, Nationalism and Regional Security in the Southern Caucasus." Government and Opposition 32, no. 3 (July 1997): 399–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00777.x.
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FOR SOME YEARS NOW, WESTERN ACADEMICS AND POLICY-MAKERS HAVE embraced the cause of democratic reform in Central and Eastern Europe. To take but one well-known example, President Clinton in the 1994 State of the Union Address cited the absence of war among democracies as a reason for promotion of democracy around the world. Assistance to former Warsaw Pact and newly independent states has been made conditional to varying degrees on the acceptance of democratic change. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, the United States Agency for International Development and associated non-governmental organizations have unleashed armies of promoters of democracy throughout the region to: observe elections; monitor human rights; draft new constitutions and laws defending civil and political rights; train judges and police personnel; and organize and assist political parties, media and non-governmental pressure groups. In short, they have sought to transplant the fabric of civil society and democratic institutions. These armies have landed on terrain often quite foreign to them and have often displayed little sensitivity to the social, economic and political context in which they are operating. This may have contributed to results other than those intended.
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Rund, Deborah G., Adir Shaulov, and Dvora Filon. "Haplotype Analysis of -α3.7 Chromosomes in Israeli Ethnic Groups Reveals Unexpected Heterogeneity and Demonstrates Ashkenazi Founder Groups in Carriers of α-Thalassemia." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1591.1591.
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Abstract α-thalassemia (α-thal) is among the world’s most common single gene disorders, whose prevalence in the “malaria belt” is attributed to a selective advantage of carriers. Our previous studies demonstrated a high frequency of deletional α-thal (nearly all heterozygotes or homozygotes for -α3.7) in Ashkenazi Jews (carrier frequency of 7.9%, allele frequency of 0.04) (Rund et al, 2004). Ashkenazim resided in temperate climates for centuries and were not subject to malarial selection pressure, and their carriership for β-thalassemia is very low (estimated <0.1%). To elucidate the genetic mechanism(s) responsible for this high frequency of α-thal, we performed α-globin haplotype analysis on 170 chromosomes (chromos) of 85 homozygotes for -α3.7. We compared chromos of several ethnic groups: Jews (Ashkenazim: 54 chromos, Yemenites: 54 chromos, Iraqis: 14 chromos, others: 14 chromos), Arabs (28 chromos), and Druze (6 chromos). Using PCR and digestion with ApaI and RsaI, it was determined that all but three of the chromos are of the -α3.7I type. Haplotype analysis was performed for polymorphic sites identified by Higgs (1986), using PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. Altogether, 13 haplotypes were found. Unexpectedly, at least 5 haplotypes were found among the Ashkenazim with a large number of chromos carrying unknown haplotypes. Interestingly, 26/54 of Ashkenazi chromos carried haplotype IIIb which is found rarely in Europe and Saudi Arabia but most commonly in Melanesia and Papua New Guinea (Flint, 1992). In contrast, only 3/116 nonAshkenazi chromos carried haplotype IIIb. Interestingly there was little overlap in haplotypes between Ashkenazim and the various ethnic groups studied including the other Jewish groups, with 2 exceptions. First, Arabs and Yemenite Jews each were found to have around 50% chromos which carried haplotype Ia. Additionally, 10% of Ashkenazim and 20% of Yemenites had chromos carrying haplotype IIh, which is a haplotype originally described in an Australiam Aboriginal tribe (Roberts-Thomson, 1996). There was no overlap between Arabs and Druze. In conclusion, α-globin haplotype analysis demonstrates diversity within an apparently homogeneous ethnic group (Ashkenazim homozygous for -α3.7) and demonstrates founder effects in Ashkenazim carrying α-globin gene rearrangements.
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Walsh, Marianne C., Gerard A. McLoughlin, Helen M. Roche, Jane F. Ferguson, Christian A. Drevon, Wim H. M. Saris, Julie A. Lovegrove, et al. "Impact of geographical region on urinary metabolomic and plasma fatty acid profiles in subjects with the metabolic syndrome across Europe: the LIPGENE study." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 3 (September 19, 2013): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513002602.
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The application of metabolomics in multi-centre studies is increasing. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of geographical location on the metabolic profiles of individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Blood and urine samples were collected from 219 adults from seven European centres participating in the LIPGENE project (Diet, genomics and the metabolic syndrome: an integrated nutrition, agro-food, social and economic analysis). Nutrient intakes, BMI, waist:hip ratio, blood pressure, and plasma glucose, insulin and blood lipid levels were assessed. Plasma fatty acid levels and urine were assessed using a metabolomic technique. The separation of three European geographical groups (NW, northwest; NE, northeast; SW, southwest) was identified using partial least-squares discriminant analysis models for urine (R2X: 0·33, Q2: 0·39) and plasma fatty acid (R2X: 0·32, Q2: 0·60) data. The NW group was characterised by higher levels of urinary hippurate and N-methylnicotinate. The NE group was characterised by higher levels of urinary creatine and citrate and plasma EPA (20 : 5 n-3). The SW group was characterised by higher levels of urinary trimethylamine oxide and lower levels of plasma EPA. The indicators of metabolic health appeared to be consistent across the groups. The SW group had higher intakes of total fat and MUFA compared with both the NW and NE groups (P≤ 0·001). The NE group had higher intakes of fibre and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids compared with both the NW and SW groups (all P< 0·001). It is likely that differences in dietary intakes contributed to the separation of the three groups. Evaluation of geographical factors including diet should be considered in the interpretation of metabolomic data from multi-centre studies.
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Carballeira, Rafael, and Xabier Pontevedra-Pombal. "Diversity of Testate Amoebae as an Indicator of the Conservation Status of Peatlands in Southwest Europe." Diversity 13, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060269.
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Testate amoebae are one of the most studied groups of microorganisms in Sphagnum peatland ecosystems and, therefore, one of the most reliable bioindicators of their ecological status. Peatland ecosystems are supported by a delicate biogeochemical balance that leads to the formation of peat, one of the main sinks of C, as a result of soil–atmosphere interaction, but currently they are one of the most threatened wetland types at their southern distribution limit. In the European continent, where climatic conditions limit peat formation, they have endured significant anthropic pressure for centuries, and the risk of loss of biodiversity linked to these ecosystems is critical. In addition, peatlands are poorly known ecosystems in the Iberian Peninsula compared with other wetlands; therefore, we have studied the chemical parameters of water and the diversity patterns of testate amoebae in the western Iberian Peninsula to better understand the current status of these ecosystems. The analysis of testate amoeba communities showed an inverse relationship between the diversity and conservation status of these peatlands, both in relation to chemical parameters (i.e., pH, electrical conductivity, phosphates) and to the proportion of anthropized area, with a marked geographical pattern in the degree of anthropogenic disturbance.
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Bieler, Andreas. ""Sic Vos Non Vobis" (For You, But Not Yours): The Struggle for Public Water in Italy." Monthly Review 67, no. 5 (October 4, 2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-067-05-2015-09_4.
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Against the background of global and Eurozone financial crises, as well as the austerity sweeping across Europe, the pressure for governments to privatize public services is immense. Efforts to combat this are ever more necessary. This article examines one such effort, the Italian Water Movements Forum (also called just "the Forum"), a broad alliance of trade unions, social movements, development NGOs and environmental groups, and its successful 2011 mobilization supporting a referendum against water privatization. The article seeks to answer two questions. First, how was the Forum able to bring together such a wide range of different groups into a successful campaign? Second, why, despite the overwhelming success in the referendum, was there only a partial implementation of the results?<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-5" title="Vol. 67, No. 5: October 2015" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>
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Kulesza, Kinga. "Influence of Air Mass Advection on the Amount of Global Solar Radiation Reaching the Earth’s Surface in Poland, Based on the Analysis of Backward Trajectories (1986–2015)." Meteorology 2, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/meteorology2010003.
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The paper aims to analyse the relationship between the amount of global solar radiation (GSR) reaching the Earth’s surface in Poland and the direction of air mass advection, using 72-h backward trajectories (1986–2015). The study determined average daily sums of GSR related to groups of trajectories with certain similarities in shape. It was found that the average daily sums of GSR during air mass inflow from all the directions (clusters) identified were significantly different from the average daily sum in the multi-year period. A significant increase in the amount of GSR over Poland is accompanied by air mass inflow from the north and east. The frequency of these advection directions is 27% of all days. The western directions of advection prompt different GSR sums: from slightly increased during advection from the north-west, to significantly decreased during advection from the west (from the central and western part of the North Atlantic). Special attention was given to days with extremely large (above the 0.95 percentile) and with the largest (above the 0.99 percentile) GSR sums. These are prompted by two main types of synoptic conditions: the Azores High ridge covering Central and Southern Europe; and the high-pressure areas which appear in Northern and Central Europe.
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Kvitka, S. A. "Public administration of the interaction between government and business: European experience for Ukraine." Public administration aspects 6, no. 4 (May 16, 2018): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/15201823.
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The role that business plays in the life of modern Ukrainian society could not but attract close attention from the scientific community and, above all, representatives of the sciences of public administration. This topic has become especially relevant with the intensification of Ukraine’s participation in globalization processes and the need to strengthen the role of the state in the socio-economic life of society.
The most widespread European concepts of the state governance of power and business interaction have been studied in the article, in particular corporatism, pluralism, instrumentalism, etc. An analysis of the peculiarities of the interaction between the power and business in Ukraine has been conducted on their basis. Various theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of business as a political actor have been considered. Groups of interests and pressure groups are the types of protectionist groups that influence the actions of modern governments both in Europe and in Ukraine.
The society consists of a large number of such groups of interests and pressure groups, which represent all significant interests of the population and compete for the influence over the state power. This competition takes place within the framework of the cross-sectoral partnership, that is, the consensus reached on the basic foundations of the economic and political system and the permissible level of conflict. In developed democracies, competition between groups and between sectors of society ensures a situation in which none of the groups dominates and the balance of interests is kept. This balance plays a crucial role for the stability of the existing social system.
The author has come to the conclusion that among the concepts of the interaction of power and business, which had been studied in the article, the liberal corporatism is the most acceptable for Ukrainian realities. Understanding the state as a separate corporation, which has its own, different from the business structures and civil society’s interests, but which builds partnership relations with them, provides opportunities for a more detailed analysis of the organizational forms of the interaction between the authorities and business, the peculiarities of the state administration in this sphere, and in addition takes into account the tendencies of globalization, which impose their restrictions on this interaction.
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Adamczuk, Marcin, Piotr Zaleski, Lukasz Dziewit, Renata Wolinowska, Marta Nieckarz, Pawel Wawrzyniak, Piotr Kieryl, Andrzej Plucienniczak, and Dariusz Bartosik. "Diversity and Global Distribution of IncL/M Plasmids Enabling Horizontal Dissemination ofβ-Lactam Resistance Genes among the Enterobacteriaceae." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/414681.
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Antibiotic resistance determinants are frequently associated with plasmids and other mobile genetic elements, which simplifies their horizontal transmission. Several groups of plasmids (including replicons of the IncL/M incompatibility group) were found to play an important role in the dissemination of resistance genes encodingβ-lactamases. The IncL/M plasmids are large, broad host range, and self-transmissible replicons. We have identified and characterized two novel members of this group: pARM26 (isolated from bacteria inhabiting activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant) and pIGT15 (originating from a clinical strain ofEscherichia coli). This instigated a detailed comparative analysis of all available sequences of IncL/M plasmids encodingβ-lactamases. The core genome of these plasmids is comprised of 20 genes with conserved synteny. Phylogenetic analyses of these core genes allowed clustering of the plasmids into four separate groups, which reflect their antibiotic resistance profiles. Examination of the biogeography of the IncL/M plasmids revealed that they are most frequently found in bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae originating from the Mediterranean region and Western Europe and that they are able to persist in various ecological niches even in the absence of direct antibiotic selection pressure.
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Nesheim, Ingrid, Frode Sundnes, Caroline Enge, Morten Graversgaard, Cors van den Brink, Luke Farrow, Matjaž Glavan, et al. "Multi-Actor Platforms in the Water–Agriculture Nexus: Synergies and Long-Term Meaningful Engagement." Water 13, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 3204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223204.
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Solutions to current complex environmental challenges demand the consultation and involvement of various groups in society. In light of the WFD’s requirements of public participation, this paper presents an analysis of the establishment and development of nine different multi-actor platforms (MAPs) across Europe set up as arenas for long-term engagements to solve water quality challenges in relation to agriculture. The MAPs represent different histories and legacies of engagement; some are recent initiatives and some are affiliated with previous government-initiated projects, while other MAPs are long-term engagement platforms. A case study approach drawing on insights from the nine engagement processes is used to discuss conditions for enabling long-term multi-actor engagement. The perceived pressure for change and preferred prioritization in complying with mitigating water quality problems vary within and among the MAPs. The results show that governmental and local actors’ concern for water quality improvements and focusing on pressure for change are important for establishing meaningful multi-actor engagement when concerns translate into a clear mandate of the MAP. Furthermore, the degree to which the MAPs have been able to establish relationships and networks with other institutions such as water companies, agricultural and environmental authorities, farmers, and civil society organizations influences possibilities for long-term meaningful engagement.
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Tomczak, Sebastian Klaudiusz. "Comparison of the Financial Standing of Companies Generating Electricity from Renewable Sources and Fossil Fuels: A New Hybrid Approach." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2019): 3856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203856.
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Companies operating in the energy sector are under pressure to boost the level of green energy production. The use of renewable energy sources will have a positive impact on the environment, but the basic question is whether power plants that produce electricity using renewable energy sources are in better financial condition than those that use only traditional energy sources. We address the latter using a new hybrid approach that extends prior research by combining three analyses: ratio analysis with a large set of indicators, the Altman model and cluster analysis. To test the statistical significance of differences between groups, Student’s t-test is applied. The sample concerns companies from the Baltic States and Central Europe in the years 2008–2017. The results indicate that in most cases there is no statistical difference in the financial standing of companies that use renewable energy sources and those that generate only fossil fuel-based energy.
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Humbert, Xavier, Sophie Fedrizzi, Emmanuel Touzé, Joachim Alexandre, and Paolo-Emilio Puddu. "White-coat hypertension: management and adherence to guidelines by European and Canadian GPs. A cross-sectional clinical vignette study." BJGP Open 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): bjgpopen19X101664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen19x101664.
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BackgroundWhite-coat hypertension (WCH) is also referred to as 'isolated clinic hypertension'. While it is a frequently encountered phenomenon, WCH is not systematically evoked, and its management remains unclear due to the contradictory guidelines provided by professional societies.AimTo examine WCH management by GPs in Europe and Canada.Design & settingA clinical vignette of a possible case of WCH was created from the literature, and the responses of GPs to WCH-specific questions in a cross-sectional electronic questionnaire were compared.MethodComplete electronic questionnaire responses from Europe and Canada were systematically analysed.ResultsAmong 770 eligible questionnaires (useful response rate: 10.6%), 43.5% were from France, 19.2% from Belgium, 7.8% from England, 19.5% from Switzerland, and 10.0% from Canada. Based on the clinical information provided in the vignette, GPs overall diagnosed hypertension and WCH equally (50.7% versus 49.3%, respectively). Canadian GPs suggested hypertension more frequently than European GPs in general (64.2% versus 46.1%, P<10–4), and more frequently used ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ([ABPM] 42.3% versus 26.1%, P = 0.01). In both groups of GPs, WCH was managed similarly (no treatment, 100% versus 97.3%, P = 0.39). Generally, the GPs all followed WCH patients for 3–6 months (51.3% versus 66.2%, P = 0.1), and they were not aware of the WCH guidelines (47.3% versus 52.1%, P = 0.54).ConclusionAlthough WCH guidelines are different, WCH management by GPs is very similar except for diagnosis. Homogeneity in WCH guidelines is required and should be systematically implemented in hypertension guidelines to avoid inappropriate management of the condition.
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Varga, Bálint. "The Two Faces of the Hungarian Empire." Austrian History Yearbook 52 (April 7, 2021): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237820000545.
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AbstractThis article investigates the uses of the term “Hungarian Empire” during the long nineteenth century. It argues that the term “empire” emerged in the Hungarian political discourse in the Vormärz era and it was used to denote the imagined integrity of Hungary proper, Transylvania, Croatia, Slavonia, and eventually Dalmatia on the grounds of the historic rights of the Holy Crown of Hungary in the form of a composite nation-state. This usage of the term became ubiquitous after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise. A second meaning pertaining to imperialist foreign policy entered the dictionary of Hungarian political discourse in the late nineteenth century. Fed by the recently created memory of the medieval Hungarian great power, several pressure groups in fin-de-siècle Hungary lobbied for a Hungarian (informal) empire in Southeastern Europe and beyond. While several lobby groups were firmly embedded in the framework of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, some of these visionaries imagined a Hungarian empire independent from the Habsburg structures. A short comparison with the Croatian and Czech political discourses illuminates that the first meaning of empire (composite nation-state) did not differ in substance from contemporary terminology in other Habsburg lands but the second meaning (imperialism) was indeed a unique phenomenon in the Habsburg monarchy.
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Cruz, Jesus. "Building Liberal Identities in 19th Century Madrid: The Role of Middle Class Material Culture." Americas 60, no. 3 (January 2004): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2004.0007.
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In recent years, most historians have abandoned the idea that the revolutions that shook the Atlantic world between 1776 and 1848 were the work of a single social class. A number of studies on the social composition of the groups that ignited and propelled the different revolutionary processes demonstrate the diversity of conditions and social backgrounds of the revolutionaries. However, this revisionism is posing new questions as to why these contingencies in Europe and the Americas decided to mobilize, to construct new liberal national states, and how they carried it out.Spain is a good sample case for this historiographical inquiry. At present, few historians accept the idea that the series of upheavals that brought about a new liberal state during the 19th century resulted from the exclusive pressure of a national bourgeoisie. Recent scholarship has revisited the classic bourgeois revolution paradigm by presenting liberalism as an ideology that captivated the imagination of Spaniards of a variety of social ranks, with special impact among urban middle and popular groups. But if Spanish scholars are providing better explanations regarding who embraced liberal ideas and facilitated their spread, the answers for the “why” and “how” this process occurred are, in my opinion, less convincing.
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Saharso, Sawitri. "Hymen ‘repair’: Views from feminists, medical professionals and the women involved in the middle east, North Africa and Europe." Ethnicities 22, no. 2 (January 3, 2022): 196–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14687968211061582.
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In Europe, hymen ‘repair’ is controversial because it is often seen as a concession to immigrant groups that do not respect women’s sexual autonomy. But how is hymen ‘repair’ viewed in societies in which the norm is that women should not have premarital sex? And why do women want hymen ‘repair’? Hymen ‘repair’ is also controversial in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries because it is seen as undermining social mores about women and premarital sex. However, some Islamic leaders have defended the procedure. Women request hymen ‘repairs’ for a variety of reasons. Some have been sexually abused and may desire the surgery to overcome trauma. Some have had consensual sex and may fear sanctions, while others may see the surgery as a covert act of rebellion against the virginity rule. Still others may choose it to please their future husband. Hymen ‘repair’ is extensively discussed in MENA countries and in Europe. Feminists in MENA countries are divided over whether the surgery promotes sexual autonomy while, in the European debate, an important issue is whether the choice itself is an autonomous one that doctors should respect. Inspired by a relational approach to autonomy, I see the women involved as individuals with culturally informed identities and interests who may feel pressure to get the surgery yet are still capable of autonomy. I argue for a policy to stimulate debate in communities about the virginity norm and to make hymen ‘repair’ available to women. However, it should be combined with an attitude of sympathetic distrust, recognising that hymen ‘repair’ harms women’s dignity and authenticity.
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Khokhlov, V., О. Umanska, and I. Deriabina. "Objective classification of atmospheric processes for the East European region." Physical Geography and Geomorphology 90, no. 2 (2018): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/phgg.2018.2.10.
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The article describes the objective classification, involving the automated systems application to section the atmospheric processes by types. The objective of typing is to split a collection of objects of a certain sample according to the maximum-distance-separable groups. The basis for objective classification includes several methods: correlation, cluster analysis, nonlinear methods, neural network method, etc. One of the analysis methods for the characteristics of synoptic processes is typing, or the classification of synoptic processes by types, which allows finding common features of development of atmospheric processes in a large variety of synoptic situations. The objective of typing is to split a collection of objects of a certain sample by maximum-distance-separable groups. Since the beginning of the XIX century, when the classification of synoptic processes was introduced to the practice of weather forecasting, there were published a large number of works that differ in specific methodological approaches, in a number of selected types of weather, etc. Currently, only on the territory of Europe, according to various estimates, researchers allocate from 4 to 40 types of atmospheric processes and account for up to 209 subtypes, 84 % of which is obtained by analyzing the data of surface atmospheric pressure, geopotential heights and wind characteristics. On-scale data from 6 to 12 hours (9 %), daily (84 %) and monthly data(7 %) are used as an output information. The spatial range varies from mesoscale (5% of classifications), regional (3 %), on an individual nationwide scale (20 %), as part of the continent (22 %) and the continent as a whole (50 %) The second half of the XX century and the beginning of XXI century are characterized by high rates of changes in climatic and circulation conditions. An occurrence of rare weather extremums is a manifestation of the transition state of the atmosphere and its instability. Often regional changes have more significant variations than global. Therefore, progress, in the understanding of current trends of climate change, is impossible without taking into account spatiotemporal dynamics of atmospheric processes. The author considers the main principles of GWL classification and investigates regional characteristics of synoptic processes in the territory of Europe based on the characteristics of the surface baric field and displacement trajectories of the main baric systems. The purpose of this paper is to explore one of the most popular classifications for the European region and to establish the possibility of its further application to the territory of Ukraine. Research methods: a statistical description of the synoptic types for Europe for the period from September 1957 up to August 2002. Results of the study confirm the fact, that the addressed classification is aimed at creation of seasonal and interannual forecasts of synoptic processes and works better in the central, western and southern directions of Europe.
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Campo-Arias, Adalberto, Jenny Lorena González-Guerrero, Cindy Peñaloza-Vásquez, and Jhon Freddy Tatis-González. "Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among university students: A systematic review." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 66, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v66n4.60658.
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Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined as a set of conditions including high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and visceral obesity. In recent years, an increase of obesity in university students has been observed, although the accurate prevalence of MS is unknown.Objective: To determine the prevalence of MS in university students between January 2000 and January 2016.Materials and methods: A systematic review of studies published in the PubMed, LILACS, ScienceDirect, UpToDate, Imbiomed, SciELO and Google Scholar databases was performed. To ensure the highest number of papers, different combinations of words related to MS were used in Spanish, English, and Portuguese.Results: A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. Students from different health, social and human sciences careers from America, Asia and Europe participated in said studies. The prevalence of MS ranged from 0 to 19.2% according to NCEP-ATP III.Conclusions: The prevalence of MS varies widely across studies. It is important to expand MS research, as this would allow designing specific interventions for high-risk groups in the university context.
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Xu, Ru, Xia Rong, Elihu Aranday-Cortes, Sreenu Vattipally, Joseph Hughes, John McLauchlan, and Yongshui Fu. "The Transmission Route and Selection Pressure in HCV Subtype 3a and 3b Chinese Infections: Evolutionary Kinetics and Selective Force Analysis." Viruses 14, no. 7 (July 11, 2022): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14071514.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 (GT-3) represents 22–30% of all infections and is the second most common genotype among all HCV genotypes. It has two main subtypes, GT-3a and GT-3b, that present epidemiological differences in transmission groups. This report generated 56 GT-3a and 64 GT-3b whole-genome sequences to conduct an evolutionary kinetics and selective force analysis with reference sequences from various countries. Evolutionary analysis showed that HCV GT-3a worldwide might have been transmitted from the Indian subcontinent to South Asia, Europe, North America and then become endemic in China. In China, GT-3a may have been transmitted by intravenous drug users (IDUs) and become endemic in the general population, while GT-3b may have originated from IDUs and then underwent mutual transmission between blood donors (BDs) and IDUs, ultimately becoming independently endemic in IDUs. Furthermore, the spread of GT-3a and GT-3b sequences from BD and IDU populations exhibit different selective pressures: the proportion of positively selected sites (PPSs) in E1 and E2 from IDUs was higher than in BDs. The number of positive selection sites was higher in GT-3b and IDUs. These results indicate that different selective constraints act along with the GT-3a and GT-3b genomes from IDUs and BDs. In addition, GT-3a and GT-3b have different transmission routes in China, which allows us to formulate specific HCV prevention and control strategies in China.
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Berdnyk, Inna. "EFFECTIVENESS OF APPLICATION OF TELEMONITORING OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN PATIENTS WITH NORMAL WEIGHT AND OVERWEIGHT." Ukrainian Scientific Medical Youth Journal 121, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/usmyj.1(121).2021.32-42.
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The article summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the methods of diagnosing hypertension and features of blood pressure control. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of blood pressure monitoring in patients with normal weight and overweight and to determine their level of adherence to treatment. The relevance of the study about this pathology is that hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide. The prevalence of hypertension among the adult population is 30-45%, in 2018 the number of patients with hypertension in the world was about 1.38 billion, with more than 165 million living in Central and Eastern Europe. Systematization of literature data showed that despite the widespread use of antihypertensive drugs, only about 30% of patients have optimal blood pressure. The methodology of the study is to evaluate the use of telemedicine technologies for self-monitoring of blood pressure in patients with normal weight and overweight and increase their compliance. The study was conducted in Kyiv, Ukraine during 2018-2020, and included 111 patients aged 18 to 65 years with a previously diagnosed hypertension. By randomization, they were divided into the main group (used blood pressure monitoring) and the control group (used office and home blood pressure monitoring). The article presents the results that in the patients of the main group at the end of the study the average daily systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower in comparison with both the initial level of the group and in comparison with the control. The baseline adherence to treatment in patients in both groups was low. However, at the end of the study, the adherence of patients in the main group to treatment increased by 40.3%, while in the control group no significant changes were detected. In addition, a correlation was found between patients with overweight and less adherence to regular medication, more frequent skipping of the drug and self-withdrawal with improvement compared to patients with normal body weight. It was also noted that the patients in the main group at the end of the study significantly reduced the level of anxiety compared with the control. The study empirically confirms and theoretically proves that the use of blood pressure telemonitoring can be considered as an alternative to the standard approach that increases adherence to treatment. The results of the study will be useful for primary care physicians, cardiologists, therapists.
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Prantl, L., N. Moellhoff, U. von Fritschen, R. E. Giunta, G. Germann, A. Kehrer, D. Lonic, F. Zeman, P. N. Broer, and P. I. Heidekrueger. "Immediate versus secondary DIEP flap breast reconstruction: a multicenter outcome study." Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 302, no. 6 (September 7, 2020): 1451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05779-w.
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Abstract Purpose Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) at the time of mastectomy is gaining popularity, as studies show no negative impact on recurrence or patient survival, but better aesthetic outcome, less psychological distress and lower treatment costs. Using the largest database available in Europe, the presented study compared outcomes and complications of IBR vs. delayed breast reconstruction (DBR). Methods 3926 female patients underwent 4577 free DIEP-flap breast reconstructions after malignancies in 22 different German breast cancer centers. The cases were divided into two groups according to the time of reconstruction: an IBR and a DBR group. Surgical complications were accounted for and the groups were then compared. Results Overall, the rate of partial-(1.0 versus 1.2 percent of cases; p = 0.706) and total flap loss (2.3 versus 1.9 percent of cases; p = 0.516) showed no significant difference between the groups. The rate of revision surgery was slightly, but significantly lower in the IBR group (7.7 versus 9.8 percent; p = 0.039). Postoperative mobilization was commenced significantly earlier in the IBR group (mobilization on postoperative day 1: 82.1 versus 68.7 percent; p < 0.001), and concordantly the mean length of hospital stay was significantly shorter (7.3 (SD3.7) versus 8.9 (SD13.0) days; p < 0.001). Conclusion IBR is feasible and cannot be considered a risk factor for complications or flap outcome. Our results support the current trend towards an increasing number of IBR. Especially in times of economic pressure in health care, the importance of a decrease of hospitalization cannot be overemphasized.
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Scanlon, Peter H. "The contribution of the English NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme to reductions in diabetes-related blindness, comparisons within Europe, and future challenges." Acta Diabetologica 58, no. 4 (April 2021): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-021-01687-w.
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AbstractThe aim of the English NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (DESP) is to reduce the risk of sight loss amongst people with diabetes by the prompt identification and effective treatment if necessary of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy, at the appropriate stage during the disease process, with a long-term aim of preventing blindness in people with diabetes.For the year 2009–2010, diabetic retinopathy (DR) was no longer the leading cause of blindness in the working age group. There have been further reductions in DR certifications for WHO severe vision impairment and blindness from 1,334 (5.5% of all certifications) in 2009/2010 to 840 (3.5% of all certifications) in 2018/2019. NHS DESP is a major contributor to this further reduction, but one must also take into account improvements in glycaemic and blood pressure control, timely laser treatment and vitrectomy surgery, improved monitoring techniques for glycaemic control, and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor injections for control of diabetic macular oedema. The latter have had a particular impact since first introduced in the UK in 2013.Current plans for NHS DESP include extension of screening intervals in low-risk groups and the introduction of optical coherence tomography as a second line of screening for those with screen positive maculopathy with two dimensional markers. Future challenges include the introduction of automated analysis for grading and new camera technologies.
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Kesel, Juraj. "European Security in the Context of Migration - Measures to Protect Borders and Security Aspects Connected with Migration." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 35 (December 31, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n35p62.
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The aim of this article is to assess the existing development of migrant crisis in connection with the divided member states of the European Union. Based on the comparison of migrant flows, study of the measures adopted in order to prevent migration and analysis of security risks of migration presented in the article it has been proven that there is a direct correlation between migration and an increased rate of terrorist attacks in Europe. The elimination of smuggling groups and the support of migrants' countries of origin have helped to mitigate migration pressure. The outcomes of the article confirm that despite the adoption of legal and technical measures by the European Union in order to secure the external border of the Schengen Area, European countries do not share the same view of how to solve the migrant crisis. The outcome of migration issue solution is to provide relevant information to the expert public in order to support a stable and safe European Union. It is an equal partnership of all the European Union member states in all the areas that is of the highest priority in order to guarantee the above state.
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Ezer, Tamar, Alphia Abdikeeva, and Martin McKee. "Legal advocacy as a tool to advance Roma Health." Health Economics, Policy and Law 13, no. 1 (September 7, 2017): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133117000238.
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AbstractRoma in central Europe face many violations of their rights, including those that impede their access to high-quality health care. Legal frameworks have the potential to address these violations, whereas legal advocacy services offer a means for enforcement of rights. We undertook key informant interviews with Roma civil society organisations and selected knowledgeable individuals in Macedonia, Romania and Serbia to identify lessons from the development of these services. Achievements were reported in four areas. Legal empowerment, with employment of Roma paralegals was especially effective, increasing awareness of the ability to challenge violations. Documentation of human rights violations is an important basis for advocacy, but does not guarantee redress, and may work best in combination with legal empowerment or international pressure. Strategic litigation can play a key role in removing bureaucratic obstacles that prevent Roma from exercising their right to access to health care. Progress in changing the narrative on Roma in the mainstream media has been limited but examples of good practice exist. Although much remains to be done, Roma groups report that legal advocacy has strengthened their ability to challenge rights violations, thereby enhancing their ability to access effective and responsive care.
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Simmons, Rebecca K., Knut Borch-Johnsen, Torsten Lauritzen, Guy EHM Rutten, Annelli Sandbæk, Maureen van den Donk, James A. Black, et al. "A randomised trial of the effect and cost-effectiveness of early intensive multifactorial therapy on 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: the Anglo–Danish–Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen-Detected Diabetes in Primary Care (ADDITION-Europe) study." Health Technology Assessment 20, no. 64 (August 2016): 1–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta20640.
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BackgroundIntensive treatment (IT) of cardiovascular risk factors can halve mortality among people with established type 2 diabetes but the effects of treatment earlier in the disease trajectory are uncertain.ObjectiveTo quantify the cost-effectiveness of intensive multifactorial treatment of screen-detected diabetes.DesignPragmatic, multicentre, cluster-randomised, parallel-group trial.SettingThree hundred and forty-three general practices in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Cambridge and Leicester, UK.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 40–69 years with screen-detected diabetes.InterventionsScreening plus routine care (RC) according to national guidelines or IT comprising screening and promotion of target-driven intensive management (medication and promotion of healthy lifestyles) of hyperglycaemia, blood pressure and cholesterol.Main outcome measuresThe primary end point was a composite of first cardiovascular event (cardiovascular mortality/morbidity, revascularisation and non-traumatic amputation) during a mean [standard deviation (SD)] follow-up of 5.3 (1.6) years. Secondary end points were (1) all-cause mortality; (2) microvascular outcomes (kidney function, retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy); and (3) patient-reported outcomes (health status, well-being, quality of life, treatment satisfaction). Economic analyses estimated mean costs (UK 2009/10 prices) and quality-adjusted life-years from an NHS perspective. We extrapolated data to 30 years using the UK Prospective Diabetes Study outcomes model [version 1.3;©Isis Innovation Ltd 2010; seewww.dtu.ox.ac.uk/outcomesmodel(accessed 27 January 2016)].ResultsWe included 3055 (RC,n = 1377; IT,n = 1678) of the 3057 recruited patients [mean (SD) age 60.3 (6.9) years] in intention-to-treat analyses. Prescription of glucose-lowering, antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medication increased in both groups, more so in the IT group than in the RC group. There were clinically important improvements in cardiovascular risk factors in both study groups. Modest but statistically significant differences between groups in reduction in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, blood pressure and cholesterol favoured the IT group. The incidence of first cardiovascular event [IT 7.2%, 13.5 per 1000 person-years; RC 8.5%, 15.9 per 1000 person-years; hazard ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 1.05] and all-cause mortality (IT 6.2%, 11.6 per 1000 person-years; RC 6.7%, 12.5 per 1000 person-years; hazard ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.21) did not differ between groups. At 5 years, albuminuria was present in 22.7% and 24.4% of participants in the IT and RC groups, respectively [odds ratio (OR) 0.87, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.07), retinopathy in 10.2% and 12.1%, respectively (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.10), and neuropathy in 4.9% and 5.9% (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.34), respectively. The estimated glomerular filtration rate increased between baseline and follow-up in both groups (IT 4.31 ml/minute; RC 6.44 ml/minute). Health status, well-being, diabetes-specific quality of life and treatment satisfaction did not differ between the groups. The intervention cost £981 per patient and was not cost-effective at costs ≥ £631 per patient.ConclusionsCompared with RC, IT was associated with modest increases in prescribed treatment, reduced levels of risk factors and non-significant reductions in cardiovascular events, microvascular complications and death over 5 years. IT did not adversely affect patient-reported outcomes. IT was not cost-effective but might be if delivered at a reduced cost. The lower than expected event rate, heterogeneity of intervention delivery between centres and improvements in general practice diabetes care limited the achievable differences in treatment between groups. Further follow-up to assess the legacy effects of early IT is warranted.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00237549.Funding detailsThis project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full inHealth Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 64. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Rybakov, Andrew Vyacheslavovich. "The Pact on Migration and Asylum as a the foundation of the new migration policy of the European Union." Право и политика, no. 10 (October 2021): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2021.10.36576.
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The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by the fact that in modern world migration has become a significant factor in the development of both accepting countries and countries of origin. Europe hosts the largest number of migrants. Since 2015, the EU member-states have been experiencing strong migration pressure. The existing migration stands in need for reform. The New Pact on Migration and Asylum should be a significant step towards creating a reliable and effective system for regulation of migration. The subject of this research is the institutional and legal characteristics of the EU New Pact on Migration and Asylum. The article analyzes the proposals of the European Commission regarding the migration policy reform, as well as the political-legal mechanism for their implementation; contradictions between the member-states in the course of the relevant discussions. The following conclusions are made: 1) It must be admitted that the new approach of the European Commission is comprehensive and aimed at integration of the internal and external aspects of migration policy. 2) The structure of the Pact corresponds to the goals of migration policy and consists on three levels – external, namely relations with the countries of origin and transit of migrants; control over the external borders of the EU; a new system of permanent solidarity. 3) As an annex to the New Pact on Migration and Asylum, the European Commission has presented a roadmap for implementation of various proposals. However, by the end of 2021, the schedule for the adoption of legal documents is not being maintained. 4) The only common denominator between the different groups of countries is the orientation towards external actions aimed at curbing migration movements prior to their arrival to Europe. 5) The plan of the European Commission on adoption of rules obligatory for all member-states currently seems untenable, considering the clashing interests.
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Chub, O. I., O. V. Bilchenko, O. M. Godlevska, and S. V. Teslenko. "Treatment of urinary tract infections in condition of growing antibiotic resistance: Antimicrobial Stewardship program." Ukrainian Journal of Nephrology and Dialysis, no. 3(63) (June 1, 2019): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31450/ukrjnd.3(63).2019.09.
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Resistance to common groups of antibiotics has been increasing in the treatment of urinary tract infections worldwide. In the United States, CDC has estimated that more thаn 2 million infections and 23,000 deaths are due to antibiotic resistance each year. In Europe, an еstimated 25,000 deaths are attributable to antibiotic-rеsistant infections. By 2050, it is estimated that antibiotic resistance will cause 10 million deaths every year.At the EU/EEA level, more than half (58.2%) of the E. coli isolates reported to EARS-Net for 2017 were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobial groups under regular surveillance, i.e. aminopenicillins, fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and carbapenems. A majority (87.4%) of the third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli isolates from 2017 were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive.
Use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials is a known risk factor for colonization and spread of resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including E. coli. The high levels of ESBLs and increasing resistance to key antimicrobial groups might also lead to an increased consumption of carbapenems, which in turn can increase the selection pressure and facilitated the spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. According to annual reports of CDC, WHO, EARS-Net and others,estimate that 30 percent of all antibiotics prescribed in outpatient clinics and 40 percent of all antibiotics prescribed in inpatient clinics were unnecessary. Improving the way we use antibiotics, often referred to as «antibiotic stewardship», is part of the National Action Plan. Appropriate antibiotic use means using the right antibiotic, at theright dose, for the right duration, and at the right time.
The article reflects the recommendations of the European Association of Urology 2019 on the management and treatment of urinary tract infections in accordance with the principles of Antimicrobial Stewardship Program.