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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Questions and answers, levels I, II, III, pressure change measurement testing. [United States]: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 2003.

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2

Orenbuch-Harroch, Efrat, and Charles L. Sprung. Pulmonary artery catheterization in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0133.

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Haemodynamic monitoring is a significant component in the management of critically-ill patients. Flow-directed pulmonary artery catheters (PAC) are a simple and rapid technique for measuring several continuous or intermittent circulatory variables. The PAC is helpful in diagnosis, guidance of therapy, and monitoring therapeutic interventions in various clinical conditions, including myocardial infarction and its complications, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and severely ill patients.The catheter is inserted through a large vein. The PAC is advanced, after ballooninflation with 1.5 mL of air, through the right ventricle across the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery (PA). Finally, the catheter is advanced to the ‘wedge’ position. The pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) is identified by a decrease in pressure combined with a characteristic change in the waveform. The balloon should then be deflated and the PA tracing should reappear. Direct measurements include central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and PAWP, which during diastole represents the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and reflects left ventricular preload. Cardiac output can be measured by thermodilution technique. Other haemodynamic variables can be derived from these measurements. Absolute contraindications are rare. Relative contraindications include coagulopathy and conditions that increase the risk of arrhythmias.
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3

Magder, Sheldon. Central venous pressure monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0132.

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Central venous pressure (CVP) is at the crucial intersection of the force returning blood to the heart and the force produced by cardiac function, which drives the blood back to the systemic circulation. The normal range of CVP is small so that before using it one must ensure proper measurement, specifically the reference level. A useful approach to hypotension is to first determine if arterial pressure is low because of a decrease in vascular resistance or a decrease in cardiac output. This is done by either measuring cardiac output or making a clinical assessment blood flow. If the cardiac output is decreased, next determine whether this is because of a cardiac pump problem or a return problem. It is at this stage that the CVP is most helpful for these options can be separated by considering the actual CVP or even better, how it changed with the change in cardiac output. A high CVP is indicative of a primary pump problem, and a low CVP and return problem. Understanding the factors that determine CVP magnitude, mechanisms that produce the components of the CVP wave form and changes in CVP with respiratory efforts can also provide useful clinical information. In many patients, CVP can be estimated on physical exam.
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4

Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. Physics in anaesthesia. Edited by Antony R. Wilkes and Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0023.

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This chapter covers the basic science of physics relevant to anaesthetic practice. Equipment and measurement devices are covered elsewhere. Starting with fundamentals, atomic structure is introduced, followed by dimensions and units as used in science. Basic mechanics are then discussed, focusing on mass and density, force, pressure, energy, and power. The concept of linearity, hysteresis, and frequency response in physical systems is then introduced, using relevant examples, which are easy to understand. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow is then described, using flow measurement devices as applications of this theory. The concept of pressure and its measurement is then discussed in some detail, including partial pressure. Starting with the kinetic theory of gases, heat and temperature are described, along with the gas laws, critical temperature, sublimation, latent heat, vapour pressure and vaporization illustrated by the function of anaesthetic vaporizers, humidity, solubility, diffusion, osmosis, and osmotic pressure. Ultrasound and its medical applications are discussed in some detail, including Doppler and its use to measure flow. This is followed by an introduction to lasers and their medical uses. The final subject covered is electricity, starting with concepts of charge and current, voltage, energy, and power, and the role of magnetism. This is followed by a discussion of electrical circuits and the rules governing them, and bridge circuits used in measurement. The function of capacitors and inductors is then introduced, and alternating current and transformers are described.
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5

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Neurological monitoring. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0008.

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Intracranial pressure monitoring 130Intracranial perfusion 132EEG and CFAM monitoring 134Other forms of neurological monitoring 138In adults, the normal resting intracranial pressure (ICP) is 0–10mm Hg. ICP may rise to 50mm Hg or so during straining or sneezing, with no impairment in function. It is not, therefore, ICP alone that is important but rather the interpretation of the measurement in pathological conditions. Many of the clinicopathological changes associated with brain injury are the result of pressure differences between the intracranial compartments, with consequent shift of brain structures, rather than the absolute level of ICP....
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6

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Temperature and heat. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0003.

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Concepts of temperature, temperature scales and temperature measurement. The ideal gas law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure. Assumptions underlying the ideal gas, and distinction between ideal and real gases. Introduction to equations-of-state such as the van der Waals, Dieterici, Berthelot and virial equations, which describe real gases. Concept of heat, and distinction between heat and temperature. Experiments of Rumford and Joule, and the principle of the conservation of energy. Units of measurement for heat. Heat as a path function. Flow of heat down a temperature gradient as an irreversible and unidirectional process. ‘Zeroth’ Law of Thermodynamics. Definitions of isolated, closed and open systems, and of isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and isothermal changes in state. Connection between work and heat, as illustrated by the steam engine. The molecular interpretation of heat, energy and temperature. The Boltzmann distribution. Meaning of negative temperatures.
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7

Marone, Eduardo, Ricardo de Camargo, and Julio Salcedo Castro. Coastal Hazards, Risks, and Marine Extreme Events. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676889.013.34.

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This article describes the threat costal hazards pose to existing life in light of climate change and natural disaster. It includes an overview of flooding, extreme waves, and other water-related stressors. The article discusses how human-induced risks in the coastal zone, resulting from mismanaged urbanization, persistent pollution, and overexploitation of resources, exacerbate matters and pose extra pressure on the environment, science, and society. Ways of measurement and reaction to these events, as well as best practices for preparedness, are discussed. Businesses, individuals, and ecosystems are under threat of destruction from these circumstances. The article also emphasizes the need to make scientific work in this field accessible and understandable to society and decisión makers.
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8

Marone, Eduardo, Ricardo de Camargo, and Julio Salcedo Castro. Coastal Hazards, Risks, and Marine Extreme Events. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699420.013.34.

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This article describes the threat costal hazards pose to existing life in light of climate change and natural disaster. It includes an overview of flooding, extreme waves, and other water-related stressors. The article discusses how human-induced risks in the coastal zone, resulting from mismanaged urbanization, persistent pollution, and overexploitation of resources, exacerbate matters and pose extra pressure on the environment, science, and society. Ways of measurement and reaction to these events, as well as best practices for preparedness, are discussed. Businesses, individuals, and ecosystems are under threat of destruction from these circumstances. The article also emphasizes the need to make scientific work in this field accessible and understandable to society and decisión makers.
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9

Changes in CW-Doppler aortic blood flow responses with passive tilting in normo- and borderline hypertensive men. 1990.

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10

Changes in CW-Doppler aortic blood flow responses with passive tilting in normo- and borderline hypertensive men. 1990.

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11

Changes in CW-Doppler aortic blood flow responses with passive tilting in normo- and borderline hypertensive men. 1990.

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12

Changes in CW-Doppler aortic blood flow responses with passive tilting in normo- and borderline hypertensive men. 1989.

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13

Changes in CW-Doppler aortic blood flow responses with passive tilting in normo- and borderline hypertensive men. 1990.

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14

Changes in CW-Doppler aortic blood flow responses with passive tilting in normo- and borderline hypertensive men. 1990.

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15

N, Matossian J., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. High-power ion thruster technology. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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16

N, Matossian J., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. High power ion thruster technology. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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17

N, Matossian J., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. High-power ion thruster technology. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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18

High-power ion thruster technology. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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19

N, Matossian J., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. High-power ion thruster technology. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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20

Isbister, Geoffrey, and Colin Page. Management of β‎-blocker and calcium channel blocker poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0325.

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β‎-blocker and calcium channel-blockers can cause life-threatening toxicity due to cardiogenic shock. Both β‎-blockers and calcium channel-blockers are heterogenous groups of drugs and particular drugs, such as propranolol, diltiazem, and verapamil are far more toxic than the others in their class. The most important investigations in β‎-blocker and calcium channel-blocker overdose are an electrocardiogram, blood glucose measurement, and electrolytes. Like most overdoses, supportive treatment is the most important, with emphasis on the primary pathophysiology. Early decontamination should be considered based on the severity of the poisoning. Treatment of β‎-blockers and calcium channel-blockers poisoning, using absolute blood pressure as an endpoint can be misleading and measuring cardiac output can be more informative in gauging response to treatment. There are no specific antidotes, although β‎-agonists may be effective in β‎-blocker overdose and calcium has been shown to be effective in calcium channel-blocker overdose. The choice of inotropes and/or vasopressors will differ for β‎-blockers and calcium channel-blockers. These include isoprenaline, high dose insulin euglycaemia, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and other catecholaminergic inotropes for β‎-blocker poisoning and adrenaline, high dose insulin euglycaemia and vasopressors for calcium channel-blocker poisoning.
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