Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pressure box

Academic literature on the topic 'Pressure box'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Pressure box"

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Oshati, Olajide Samuel, Arun J. Valsangkar, and Allison B. Schriver. "Earth pressures exerted on an induced trench cast-in-place double-cell rectangular box culvert." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 11 (November 2012): 1267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-093.

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Earth pressure data from the field instrumentation of a cast-in-place reinforced rectangular box culvert are presented in this paper. The instrumented culvert is a 2.60 m by 3.60 m double-cell reinforced cast-in-place rectangular box buried under 25.10 m of fill constructed using the induced trench installation (ITI) method. The average earth pressure measured across the roof was 0.42 times the overburden pressure, and an average of 0.52 times the overburden pressure was measured at mid-height of the culvert on the sidewalls. Base contact pressure under the rectangular box culvert was also measured, providing field-based data demonstrating increased base pressure resulting from downward drag forces developed along the sidewalls of the box culvert. An average increase of 25% from the measured vertical earth pressures on the roof plus the culvert dead load (DL) pressure was calculated at the culvert base. A model culvert was also tested in a geotechnical centrifuge to obtain data on earth pressures at the top, sides, and base of the culvert. The data from the centrifuge testing were compared with the prototype structure, and the centrifuge test results agreed closely with the measured field prototype pressures, in spite of the fact that full similitude was not attempted in centrifuge testing.
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Davis, M. J. "Microvascular control of capillary pressure during increases in local arterial and venous pressure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 254, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): H772—H784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1988.254.4.h772.

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The extent to which capillary hydrostatic pressure might be protected from increases in local arterial and venous pressure was examined in the wing microcirculation of unanesthetized pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus). Arterial inflow and venous outflow pressures to the wing were elevated using a box technique to increase pressure around the body of the animal in steps of 12 mmHg between 0 and +60 mmHg for 3-min periods. During this time, hydrostatic pressure, diameter, and red cell velocity in single microvessels were continuously recorded. All branching orders of arterioles constricted significantly during increases in box pressure (Pb), while capillaries and venules dilated. First-order arteriole and venule pressures increased 1:1 with Pb. Capillary pressures increased by only a fraction of Pb up to +36 mmHg, but at higher Pb, the change in capillary pressure was equivalent to the change in Pb. Calculations of vascular resistance indicate that changes in both pre- and postcapillary resistance in this tissue act to prevent increases in capillary pressure during moderate, but not during large, increases in arterial and venous pressure.
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Zhang, Yunlong, Xin Feng, Hao Zhou, Peng Zhang, Baosong Ma, Lixin Tan, and Jianfeng Wang. "Pressure characteristics of rectangular box jacking considering box-soil-lubricant interaction." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 126 (August 2022): 104569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104569.

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McGuigan, Benjamin L., and Arun J. Valsangkar. "Centrifuge testing and numerical analysis of box culverts installed in induced trenches." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 2 (February 2010): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-085.

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Induced trench construction is routinely used for circular conduits, but its application for box culverts is less common. To understand the complex soil–structure interaction issues related to the design of induced trench box culverts, centrifuge tests were performed to measure earth pressures on a model box culvert installed in several induced trench configurations. These tests were modelled with FLAC and good agreement was achieved. A parametric study performed with FLAC identified a preferred compressible zone geometry having a width of 1.2 times the culvert width and a thickness of 0.5 times the culvert height. For this geometry, the earth pressure on the top was 0.28 times the overburden, the lateral earth pressure on the sides was 0.47 times the mid-height overburden, and the contact pressure at the base was 0.73 times the overburden plus the pressure from the dead load of the culvert. The average base contact pressures for the induced trench geometry were 35% lower than those for the corresponding positive projecting case. The induced trench method, therefore, appears to be a viable option for box culverts installed under high embankments.
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Alam, Miah, Omar Chaallal, and Bertrand Galy. "Soil-Structure Interaction of Flexible Temporary Trench Box: Parametric Studies Using 3D FE Modelling." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2021 (September 20, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9949976.

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This paper presents the results of two parametric finite-element studies that were carried out using the PLAXIS-3D finite element (FE) computer code. The following objectives and corresponding parameters were considered: (i) to evaluate the soil pressure on the steel trench box shield; the parameters studied were related to soil type and material, and the study considered till, dry sand, wet sand, and sensitive clay soil; (ii) to assess the effect of trench box material and geometry on earth pressure; the parameters studied were related to trench box material (steel versus aluminum) as well as geometry (plate thickness and strut diameter). These studies included simulation of two steel (or aluminum) trench box shields stacked upon each other to cover the total 6 m (20 ft) deep trench. A Mohr-Coulomb (MC) constitutive material model was chosen for FE analysis (FEA). The FEA results were compared to empirical apparent earth pressure diagrams for a sensitive clay. Comparisons showed that the parameters related to the soil and the trench box have a significant influence on earth pressures.
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Liu, Guo Dan, Xin Xin Wang, Xuan Wang, Feng Qi, Gang Wang, and Song Tao Hu. "Large Size Static Pressure Box Airflow Distribution." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4433.

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This paper mainly studies at the different way of ventilation to the influence of air distribution in the large size plenum. The model is a grand theatre stalls. To model the plenum which under the grand theatre stalls,and took out the size of large mutations alone modeling and studying it. the six different way of ventilation: small plenum with four directions supply air; Take a duct with four tuyere on supply air; Single tuyere withside air supply; Tuyere parallel supply air; Single tuyere with air supply under; Take a duct with four draught under supply air have influence of air distribution.And combined with the well of heat insulation in the large size plenum.It can use the standard RNG turbulence model, and the pressure interpolation adopt standard discrete format, the convection item of the momentum equations, k equation, ε equation adopt with second order the format. the pressure speed coupling adopt Simple algorithm. Finally through the FLUENT software were used. It can use the air balance coefficient wich is one evaluation index to analyz Simulation results of the Six air distribution mode . Through the analysis and comparison with a wind that four tuyere air supply under Static pressure boxair supply the best effect, the static pressure air distribution most evenly
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Smith, Thomas R., and M. Bonner Denton. "A High-Pressure Inductively Coupled Plasma Torch." Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 4 (May 1987): 654–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702874448607.

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An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch utilizing an extended coolant tube that tapers down to a small exit orifice designed to increase the pressure within the ICP torch is described. This torch design makes use of the advantages associated with higher torch operating pressures (including improved detection limits, increased sensitivity, and better plasma stability), without requiring major modifications to existing commercially available ICP torch box and matching networks. Detection limits obtained with the use of the new torch design are compared with those obtained from several commonly used torch designs using a commercially available torch box and spectrometer. A two- to sevenfold improvement in detection limits is observed through increasing torch operating pressure from 101.325 KPa (760 Torr, or atmospheric pressure) to 120 KPa (900 Torr).
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Lee, Kicheol, Joonyoung Kim, and Sang Inn Woo. "Analysis of Horizontal Earth Pressure Acting on Box Culverts through Centrifuge Model Test." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12041993.

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Underground space is being utilized due to the saturation of surface ground. The box culvert, as a representative infrastructure that has moved underground, is installed to protect such fixtures as electricity and gas. Because buried box culverts are necessarily affected by soil, it is important to study the earth pressure according to soil type. Herein, the horizontal earth pressure of the buried box culvert was analyzed. Accordingly, a precisely simulated centrifuge model test was performed. Additionally, the coefficient of earth pressure was analyzed. The results had significant variability because, in the existing theory, the horizontal earth pressure acting on the side of the box culvert was only calculated using the coefficient of earth pressure and the friction angle of the soil. Therefore, a correction factor was deemed necessary for calculating the horizontal earth pressure acting on the side of the box culvert.
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Ni, Weixiang, Jian Zhang, and Sheng Chen. "Optimal Location of Energy Dissipation Box in Long Distance and High Drop Gravitational Water Supply System." Water 13, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040461.

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In the long-distance and high-drop gravitational water supply systems, the water level difference between the upstream and downstream is large. Thus, it is necessary to ensure energy dissipation and pressure head reduction to reduce the pipeline pressure head. The energy dissipation box is a new type of energy dissipation and pressure head reduction device, which is widely used in the gravitational flow transition systems. At present, there is still a dearth of systematic knowledge about the performance of energy dissipation boxes. In this paper, a relationship between the location of the energy dissipation box and the pressure head amplitude is established, a theoretical optimal location equation of the energy dissipation box is derived, and numerical simulations using an engineering example are carried out for verification. The protective effects of an energy dissipation box placed at the theoretical optimal location and an upstream location are compared. The results indicate that for the same valve action time, the optimal position allows effectively reducing the total volume of energy dissipation box. The oscillation amplitudes of the water level in the box and the pressure head behind the box are markedly reduced. Under the condition that the water level oscillation of the energy dissipation box is almost the same, the optimal location offers better pressure head reduction protection performance than the upstream location.
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Zhang, Wei Jing. "Study on the Control Strategy and Algorithm for Head-Box." Applied Mechanics and Materials 738-739 (March 2015): 1086–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.738-739.1086.

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This paper introduces the work process and mechanism of the head-box, from the experimental point of view, analyzed the relationship between the head-box control parameters. The relationship between the level and the total pressure and the relationship between the fan pressure and total pressure is give. Through various experimental results, the control algorithm and strategy of the head-box is proposed. The practice shows that the total pressure control precision is about 3%.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pressure box"

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Kinney, Landon Scott. "Pore Pressure Generation and Shear Modulus Degradation during Laminar Shear Box Testing with Prefabricated Vertical Drains." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7709.

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Liquefaction is a costly phenomenon where soil shear modulus degrades as the generation of excess pore pressures begins. One of the methods to mitigate liquefaction, is the use of prefabricated vertical drains. Prefabricated vertical drains provide a drainage path to effectively mitigate the generation of pore pressures and aid in shear modulus recovery. The aims of this study were to define shear modulus degradation vs. shear strain as a function of excess pore pressure ratio; define the effects of prefabricated vertical drains on the behavior of pore pressure generation vs. shear strain; and to define volumetric strain as a function of shear strain and excess pore pressure ratios. A large-scale laminar shear box test was conducted and measured on clean sands with prefabricated vertical drains spaced at 3-feet and 4-feet. The resulting test data was analyzed and compared to data without vertical drains. The results show the effect of increasing excess pore pressure ratios on shear modulus and curves where developed to encompass these effects in design with computer programing like SHAKE or DEEPSOIL. The data also suggests that prefabricated vertical drains effectively mitigate excess pore pressure build-up, thus increased the shear strain resistance before pore pressures were generated. Regarding volumetric strain, the results suggests that the primary factor governing the measured settlement is the excess pore pressure ratio. This indicates that if the drains can reduce the excess pore pressure ratio, then the resulting settlement can successfully be reduced during a shaking event. The curves for shear modulus vs. cyclic shear strain as function of pore pressure ratio were developed using data with high strain and small strain which leaves a gap of data in the cyclic shear strain range of 0.0001 to 0.01. Further large-scale testing with appropriate sensitivity is needed to observe the effect excess pore pressure generation on intermediate levels of cyclic shear strain.
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Ulgen, Deniz. "An Experimental Study On The Behavior Of Box-shaped Culverts Buried In Sand Under Dynamic Excitations." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613706/index.pdf.

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Seismic safety of underground structures (culvert, subway, natural gas and water sewage systems) plays a major role in sustainable public safety and urban development. Very few experimental data are currently available and there is not generally accepted procedure to estimate the dynamic pressures acting on underground structures. This study aims to enhance the state of prevalent information necessary in understanding the dynamic behavior of box culverts and the stresses acting under dynamic excitations through experimental analyses. For this purpose, a series of shaking table tests were conducted on box-type culverts buried in dry sand. To simulate the free-field boundary conditions, a laminar box was designed and manufactured for use in a 1-g shake table. Four culvert models having different rigidities were tested under various harmonic motions in order to examine the effect of flexibility ratio on dynamic lateral soil pressures. Based on the tests results, a simplified dynamic pressure distribution acting on sidewalls of the culvert model was suggested. Then, a dynamic lateral coefficient was defined for the proposed peak pressure value in the distribution. The values of this coefficient were obtained as a function of shear strain and relative stiffness between the soil and underground structure. Finally, a simplified frame analysis approach was suggested for the assessment of the forces on the structure, to help to carry out a preliminary design of box-type culverts. In this approach, it was assumed that the culvert was fixed at bottom and subjected to lateral stresses on sidewalls and shear stresses on the upper face. For the confirmation of the method, centrifuge tests were conducted on a box-type culvert model under the Seventh Framework Programme of European Union with Grant Agreement No.227887. Results show that the proposed simplified procedure can be used in reasonable accuracy as a practical approach for the preliminary assessment of box-type culverts buried in dry sand under seismic action.
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Alshawmar, Fahad Abdulaziz. "Shaking Table Testing of Geotechnical Response of Densified Fine-Grained Soils to Cyclic Loadings: Application to Highly Densified Tailings." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41892.

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Liquefaction is a major challenge in geotechnical engineering in which soil strength and stiffness are compromised due to earthquake activity. Understanding and predicting the behaviour and liquefaction susceptibility of soils under cyclic loading is a critical issue in civil engineering, mining and protective engineering. Numerous earthquake-induced ground failure events (e.g., substantial ground deformation, reduced bearing capacity) or liquefaction in natural fine-grained soils or manmade fine-grained soils (i.e., fine tailings) produced by mining activities have been observed and reported in the literature. Tailings are manmade soils that remain following the extraction of metals and minerals from mined ore in a mine processing plant. Traditionally, such tailings are stored in surface tailings impoundments at the mine’s surface. However, geotechnical and environmental risks and consequences related to conventional tailings impoundments have attracted the attention of the engineering community to develop novel methods of tailings disposal and management to minimize geotechnical and environmental risks. Thus, engineers have introduced and implemented innovative tailings technologies—thickened tailings and paste tailings—as cost-effective means for tailings management in mining operations. As both thickened tailings and paste tailings have lower water content and higher solid content than tailings in conventional impoundments, these tailings may be more resistant to liquefaction. However, it should be noted that the seismic or cyclic behaviour of these thickened and paste tailings, with and without heavy rainfall effects, are not fully understood. There is little technical information or data about the behaviour and liquefaction of thickened and paste tailings under seismic or cyclic loading conditions. The objective of the present PhD research is to investigate the response of layered thickened and paste tailings deposits, with and without heavy rainfall effects, to cyclic loads by conducting shaking table tests. To simulate the field deposition of thickened and paste tailings, tailings were deposited in three thin layers in a flexible laminar shear box (FLSB) attached to the shaking table equipment. A sinusoidal seismic loading at a frequency of 1 Hz and peak horizontal acceleration of 0.13g was applied at the bottom of the layered tailings deposits. Acceleration, displacement and pore water pressure responses to the cyclic loading were monitored at the middle depth of each layer of the tailings deposits. Regarding the acceleration response of these thickened and paste tailings deposits (without the effect of heavy rainfall), there was no difference between the middle of the bottom and middle layers or at the base of the shaking table. However, the acceleration at the middle of the top layer differed from the acceleration at the base of the shaking table. Throughout shaking, the layered tailings deposits (with and without the effect of heavy rainfall) exhibited contraction and dilation responses. The excess pore water pressure ratios of the layered thickened tailings deposit that was not exposed to heavy rainfall prior to shaking were found to exceed 1.0 during shaking. However, for the layered paste tailings deposit that was not exposed to the effect of heavy rainfall prior to shaking, the excess pore water pressure ratios were found to be lower than 0.85 during shaking. This reveals that without the effect of heavy rainfall, the layered thickened tailings deposit was susceptible to liquefaction, whereas the layered paste tailings deposit was resistant to liquefaction during shaking. The excess pore water ratios of the layered thickened and the paste tailings deposits that were exposed to heavy rainfall prior to shaking were found to be lower than 0.8 during shaking. This reveals that with the effect of heavy rainfall, the layered thickened and paste tailings deposits were resistant to liquefaction during shaking. The results and findings of this PhD research thus provide valuable information for the implementation of tailings in earthquake-prone areas.
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Азаров, Є. С. "Дoслiджeння прoцeсу гeрмeтизaцiї нoвих кoнструкцiй тoрцeвих сaльникoвих ущільнень." Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/71906.

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Oб'єкт дoслiджeння: тoрцeвe сaльникoвe ущiльнeнь. Прeдмeт дoслiджeння: прoцeс гeрмeтизaцiї тoрцeвoгo сaльникoвoгo ущiльнeння. Мeтa рoбoти: дoслiджeння прoцeсу гeрмeтизaцiї в нoвих кoнструкцiях тoрцeвих сaльникoвих ущiльнeнь зa дoпoмoгoю числoвих мeтoдiв. Мeтoди дoслiджeння: aнaлiз i узaгaльнeння дaних джeрeл нaукoвo тeхнiчнoї iнфoрмaцiї; числoвe рiшeння зaдaчi гiдрoпружнoстi тoрцeвoгo сaльникoвoгo ущiльнeння числoвими мeтoдaми; eкспeримeнтaльнi дoслiджeння прoцeсу гeрмeтизaцiї тoрцeвих сaльникoвих ущiльнeнь. У рoбoтi були рoзглянутi нoвi кoнструкцiї тoрцeвих сaльникoвих ущiльнeнь (ТСУ), їх пeрeвaги i нeдoлiки. Був прoвeдeний oгляд нaукoвo- тeхнiчнoї лiтeрaтури. Викoнaний рoзрaхунoк тoрцeвoгo сaльникoвoгo ущiльнeння (ТСУ), який звoдиться дo рoзв'язaння зaдaчi гiдрoпружнoстi зa дoпoмoгoю прoгрaмнoгo кoмплeксу ANSYS Student. Прoвeдeнo пoрiвняльний aнaлiз рeзультaтiв числoвих рoзрaхункiв.
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Туцька, Світлана Анатоліївна. "Цех з виробництва газетного паперу в системі Відкритого акціонерного товариства «Жидачівський целюлозно-паперовий комбінат» з розробленням технологічного потоку." Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2019. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/29111.

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Дипломний проект: 87 стор., 7 табл., 4 рис., 15 першоджерел, 1 додаток Здійснено обґрунтування розробки технологічного потоку з виробництва газетного паперу в системі Відкритого акціонерного товариства «Жидачівський целюлозно-паперовий комбінат» продуктивністю 95 тис. т/рік. Наведено основні вимоги до сировини та готової продукції. Розроблено та описано технологічну схему виробництва газетного паперу зниженої маси марки ПГ-1. Виконано розрахунки матеріального балансу води та волокна, а також теплового балансу контактного сушіння. Наведено теоретичні відомості про основні технологічні процеси. Наведено об’ємно-планувальне рішення будівлі цеху та заходи щодо охорони навколишнього середовища на підприємстві.
Graduation project: 87 p., 7 tab., 4 fig., 15 primary sources, 1 appendix The substantiation of the development of the technological flow for the production of newsprint in the system of an open joint-stock company "Zhidachivsky pulp and paper plant" with a productivity of 95 thousand tons/year is grounded. The basic requirements for raw materials and finished products are given. The technological scheme of production of the pressed paper of the lower mass PG-1 is developed and described. The calculations of the material balance of water and fibers, as well as the thermal balance of contact drying, have been fulfilled. Theoretical information about the main technological processes is given. The volume-planning decision of the building of the shop and measures on environmental protection at the enterprise are presented.
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Melin, Carl. "Makten över trafikpolitiken korporatism, lobbying och opinionsbildning inför 1998 års transportpolitiska beslut : en bok från PISA-projektet /." Uppsala : [s.n.], 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/47748948.html.

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Smělý, Jakub. "Automatizované pracoviště pro měření vzduchotechnických veličin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230521.

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This thesis describes the design work for the measurement of air values. The first part describes the airflow, pressure build-up in pipes and losses due to airflow losses. There is also a description of fans and explain their characteristics depending on the pressure generated by airflow. The next part describes the design of the measuring chamber, electronics and control for fully automatic measurement of air quantities.
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Ribas, Ana Claudia. "A boa imprensa e a Sagrada Familia: sexualidade, casamento e moral nos discursos da imprensa católica em Florianópolis (1929-1959)." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2009. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/2212.

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Cette dissertation a l'objectif de analyser, à l'intérieur d'une perspective historiographique, le contenu des discours de la presse catholique catarinense, via son représentant, le journal O Apóstolo . Établi en 1929 par l'Apostolat de la Prière de la Cathédrale Métropolitaine de Florianópolis, avec le support officiel de l'Église Catholique, et ultérieurement en s'établissant comme agence de la Congrégation Mariana de Florianópolis, O Apóstolo etait utilisé comme instrument de propagation de discours normalisateurs. Au cours de la période entre 1929 et 1959, les représentations normatives concernant à la famille et aux identité de genre, présents dans les pages de O Apóstolo , se construisaient non seulement formés dans des règles religieuses, mais ils dialoguaient avec des intérêts politiques et avec des intentions du clergé catarinense, sans perdre de vue les intérêts et les projets du Vatican. Ces discours normatifs, formés dans une perspective traditionnelle du Catholicisme, voulaient réagir contre une modernisation de la société qui menaçait sa vision de monde et qui proposait autres représentations et modèles de conduite. Des valeurs morales et de civilité, la préoccupation avec la conservation du corps, avec la lecture et avec le cinéma, la formation de modèles de sainteté féminine, étaient des sujets récurrents dans ces discours de O Apóstolo . Discours qui dialoguaient et résistaient aux dynamiques sociales, dans un jeu de stratégies, qui lui a rendues possible jouer un important rôle dans le processus de normalization de l'Église Catholique pendant première moitié du siècle XX
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar, dentro de uma perspectiva historiográfica, o conteúdo dos discursos da imprensa católica catarinense, através de seu representante, o jornal O Apóstolo. Fundado em 1929 pelo Apostolado da Oração da Catedral Metropolitana de Florianópolis, com apoio oficial da Igreja Católica, e posteriormente estabelecendo-se como órgão da Congregação Mariana de Florianópolis, O Apóstolo atuou como instrumento de propagação de discursos normatizadores. Dentro do período compreendido entre 1929 e 1959, as representações normativas referentes à família e a identidades de gênero, presentes nas páginas de O Apóstolo, construíam-se não apenas pautados em preceitos religiosos, mas dialogavam com interesses políticos e com anseios do clero catarinense, sem perder de vista os interesses e projetos do Vaticano. Estes discursos normativos, pautados em uma perspectiva tradicional do catolicismo, buscavam reagir contra uma modernização da sociedade que ameaçava sua visão de mundo e que propunha outras representações e modelos de conduta. Valores morais e de civilidade, a preocupação com a preservação do corpo, com a leitura e com o cinema, a construção de modelos de santidade feminina, eram temas recorrentes nestes discursos de O Apóstolo. Discursos que dialogavam e resistiam às dinâmicas sociais, em um jogo de estratégias, que lhe possibilitou desempenhar importante papel no processo normatizador da Igreja Católica durante a primeira metade do século XX
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Moerman, Ellen Ruth. "L'abbé Prévost traducteur, ou la tyrannie du bon goût : L'époque du "Pour et Contre" (1733-1740)." Montpellier 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON30011.

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La traduction est une lecture de texte, ni plus, ni moins. Elle renseigne a la fois sur la reception et la fortune du texte original a l'etranger et sur le traducteur. Defiant les normes etablies dans la culture de reception, le texte traduit s'integre au patrimoine et merite ainsi d'etre etudie. Lorsqu'elle est contemporaine du texte original, elle peut en plus fournir des renseignements sur la genese de celui-ci. Journaliste, romancier et traducteur a la fois, l'abbe prevost (1687-1763) se sert de la traduction pour introduire la pensee anglaise en france a partir de 1733. Les textes publies dans le pour et contre montrent un gout varie et un choix souvent audacieux. Ainsi, le lecteur francais est invite a reflechir sur la hierarchie des arts, les avantages d'une plus grande variete au theatre et les moyens d'y parvenir, l'humour anglais, le bienfonde de l'esclavage, le fonctionnement d'une democratie parlementaire et la liberte d'expression. Neuf textes tires du pc signes swift, lillo, hill, caleb d'anvers, hamilton, etc. Presentes sous forme bilingue et accompagnes d'une iconographie, permettent de suivre la demarche deliberement informative qu'adopte ce traducteur, contraire a la pratique etablie. Maitre du defi bien renseigne, poli et elegant, prevost prepare la voie au drame bourgeois, a richardson et a hume autant qu'il s'exerce a de nouvelles formes d'ecriture qu'il incorpore dans son oeuvre originale
Translation is one way of reading a text and as such is a source of valuable information on both the history and fortunes of a foreign text abroad, and the translator. In becoming part of the recipient culture, the translated text challenges the accepted norms and deserves to be studied more closely. Where the translation is contemporary to its original, it may also be a source of valuable information on the creation of the original. The abbe prevost (1697- 1763) was a journalist, novelist and translator. His work in the latter capacity enables him to introduce english thinking into france from 1733 onwards. The texts that appear his periodical, the pour et contre (1733-1740) , show an editor with an eclectic taste, unafraid of introducing new, foreign ideas. His reader is made to think about the hierarchy in the arts, greater variety on the stage and the means of achieving this, english humour, slavery, parliamentary democracy and the freedom of expression. Nine texts from the pc by swift, lillo, caleb d'anvers, hamilton etc. Are reproduced in bi-lingual format together with their iconography, thus showing the deliberately informative approach this translator adopts, contrary to current practice. He is a master of the polite, well-informed and elegant challenge and paves the way to domestic tragedy, richardson and hume whilst also practising new forms of writing which he incorporates in his own work
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Cassam-Chenaï, Arnaud. "Représentations et réception des films sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale en France à la Libération (1944-1950) : la concurrence des victimes." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30023.

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Dès les premiers jours de la Libération, de nombreux films sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale vont être projetés dans les salles de cinéma françaises. Entre la fin de l’année 1944 et 1950, ce sont 302 films qui prennent le conflit comme sujet. Pourtant, ces films qui sortent en France ne sont pas issus des mêmes pays, ne datent pas tout à fait de la même période, et n’abordent pas la guerre de la même façon. Surtout, ces films ne vont pas traiter des mêmes victimes de la guerre. Il y a des différences importantes entre une chronique française de l’Occupation, un film de guerre américain, la vision du retour des prisonniers italiens, une histoire de résistants soviétiques ou le récit de vie de citoyens britanniques. Le public français et la presse de l’époque qui commente ces sorties ne reçoivent pas ces différentes visions de la Seconde Guerre mondiale de la même façon. Étudier ces films et l’accueil qui leur a été réservé au lendemain du conflit permet de mieux comprendre la mise en place d’une mythologie de l’évènement en France. Mon étude analyse en trois parties ces représentations des différentes victimes de la guerre, et leur réception dans l’immédiat après-guerre. La première présente les concepts théoriques de l’histoire au cinéma, et l’histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale telle qu’elle est visible durant la période, en prenant en compte des statistiques générales élaborées pour cette étude. Les deux parties suivantes proposent des études de cas, sélectionnés pour leur représentativité. On se concentre d’abord sur les différents types de victimes combattantes – les militaires à la guerre, les militaires hors du front, les résistants et enfin les espions et assimilés. Ensuite, on étudie les victimes non-combattantes – les civils occupés, les civils libres, les prisonniers et déportés, les prisonniers de retour, les Juifs et victimes de l’antisémitisme et enfin les enfants
In the immediate aftermath of the French liberation, theaters across the country began to project movies centered around the recent conflict. Between 1944 and 1950, World War II was the central theme of more than 302 films. However, these films came from different countries; they were not produced at the exact same time; they did not depict the conflict through the same angle; and more importantly, they did not cover the same class of war victims. Wide differences exist between a French chronicle of the Occupation and a U.S. war movie, a depiction of the homecoming of Italian prisoners and the story of soviet resistance or a narration of British citizens’ everyday life during the war. At the time, the response of the French audience and critics to these diverse movie releases varied greatly too. By studying these movies and their reception at the time of their releases, the present study informs our understanding of the emergence of the French mythology surrounding this major conflict. In three chapters, I analyze the cinematographic depictions of various groups of war victims in movies of this era, as well as the audience and critics’ response at the time. In the first chapter, I describe the theoretical underpinnings of the cinema history, as well as the narration of World War II as presented by these movies, using statistics specifically collected for this study. The two following chapters offer a series of representative case studies. I first focus on different groups of victims actively involved in the conflict: militaries on and off the front-lines, members of the resistance, and spies and assimilated individuals. I then study the non-fighting victims: civilians under the occupation, civilians living in the free zone, homecoming prisoners, members of the Jewish community and other victims of antisemitism, and finally, the children
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Books on the topic "Pressure box"

1

Warden, Bob. Bob Warden's slow food fast: Over 120 quick and hearty pressure cooker recipes. [Philadelphia]: Dynamic Housewares, Inc., 2009.

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Warden, Bob. Bob Warden's slow food fast: Over 120 quick and hearty pressure cooker recipes. [Philadelphia]: Dynamic Housewares, Inc., 2009.

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Christian, Stella, ed. Best of the best presents great food fast: BoB Warden's ultimate pressure cooker recipes. Brandon, MS: Quail Ridge Press and Great Chefs International, 2012.

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Melin, Carl. Makten över trafikpolitiken: Korporatism, lobbying och opinionsbildning inför 1998 års transportpolitiska beslut : en bok från PISA-projektet. Uppsala: [s.n.], 2000.

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Koja, Kathe. Buddha Boy. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2003.

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Koja, Kathe. Buddha boy. New York: Frances Foster Books, 2003.

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Koja, Kathe. Buddha boy. New York: Speak, 2004.

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Bellenger, Lionel. Du bon usage des médias: Vers une nécessaire remise en cause. Issy-les-Moulineaux: Éditions Stratégies, 2000.

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Holm, Jan. Opprør!: En bok om blitzere, pønkere, politi, presse og politikere i Oslo. [Oslo]: Cappelen, 1989.

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Duflos-Priot, Marie-Thérèse. L' apparence et son bon usage dans la vie quotidienne et la presse magazine. [Nantes]: L.E.R.S.C.O., Université de Nantes-C.N.R.S. ; Paris : Centre d'ethnologie française, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pressure box"

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Haeder, Corey L. "History of Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe Design." In Concrete Pipe and Box Culverts, 50–58. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp160120160121.

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Haeder, Corey L. "Structural Design of ASTM C361 Low Head Pressure Pipe Joints." In Concrete Pipe and Box Culverts, 89–117. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp160120160109.

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Shi, Bingjie, and Xiaohui He. "Effect of Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Polypropylene Tape on Performance of Corrugated Box." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 599–605. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3530-2_75.

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Asawarungsaengkul, Krisada, and Supreecha Yathiphat. "Quality Improvement in a Low Pressure Die Casting Process of Alloy Wheels by Applying Box-Behnken Design." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering 2015 (DaEng-2015), 375–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1799-6_39.

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Murray, Gabrielle. "Censorship, Film Festival Classifications and Pressure Groups." In Bad Boy Bubby, 25–41. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-36307-7_2.

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Ahuja, Amit, and Susan Ostermann. "The Election Commission of India: Guardian of Democracy." In Guardians of Public Value, 37–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51701-4_2.

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AbstractThis chapter tells the story of how the Election Commission of India (ECI) became one of the most awe-inspiring electoral regulatory bodies in the world. One of the most widely celebrated and trusted public institutions in India, it has ensured the integrity—free and fair—of 17 national and more than 370 state elections since 1947, in what is not only the most populous but also one of the most potentially fractious democracies in the world. Ever under pressure from the executive branch and governing parties to bow to demands fed by their desire for electoral windfalls, the ECI managed to strengthen its autonomy through assertive leadership by a series of Chief Electoral Commissioners following the decline of the Congress Party’s political dominance. The rise of the Hindu Nationalist BJP as the new dominant force in Indian politics provides a crucial test for the endurance of the ECI’s role as India’s guardian of electoral integrity.
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Brady, Anne-Marie, and Hiromichi Higashi. "How to Give China Face Yet Not Bow to Pressure: Albania’s Delicate Balancing Act with China." In Small States and the New Security Environment, 41–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51529-4_4.

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Armstrong, Sarah, Barry Clifton, and Lionel Davis. "Simple Mechanics and Pressure." In Primary FRCA in a Box, 39–48. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429200359-4.

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Imre, E., K. Rajkai, Z. Czap, T. Firgi, G. Telekes, and L. Aradi. "Comparative measurements with sand box, pressure membrane extractor and pressure plate extractor." In Unsaturated Soils for Asia, 287–91. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003078616-47.

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Kelly, Catriona. "“Serious” Cinema and the Box Office." In Soviet Art House, 77–128. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548363.003.0003.

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Ideological pressure continued to bedevil film editing and production in the 1970s. This decade saw increasing financial pressure and an emphasis on budgetary control. A scandal about Aleksei German’s Operation “New Year” was related to the film’s representation of the “Great Patriotic War,” but also to the failure to comply with production targets. The fuss led to the sacking of Ilya Kiselev and the appointment of Communist Party apparatchik Viktor Blinov. Yet Blinov continued to subscribe to Lenfilm’s core values of artistic quality and respect for talent, with the result that conflicts with regulatory bodies persisted. This was exacerbated by the policies of Leningrad’s Party leader, Grigory Romanov, who kept the studio’s activities under tight scrutiny. In 1978, Blinov was dismissed. The next appointment as general director was Vasily Provotorov, and most of his short tenure of office was occupied with issues of work discipline, with the liveliest work done for TV rather than the big screen. But under his successor, Vitaly Aksenov, filmmakers had the opposite problem of autocratic control that paid little heed to the studio’s artistic ethos. The main development of Aksenov’s time as director, which ended after only three years, was a successful line in blockbuster romantic comedies, such as Vladimir Bortko’s The Blonde from around the Corner and Igor Maslennikov’s Winter Cherries. Otherwise, signs of discontent and malaise became ever stronger. The studio entered the Gorbachev years in a diminished condition, having sacrificed the artistic prestige that reached its heights in the mid-1970s.
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Conference papers on the topic "Pressure box"

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Diany, Mohammed, and Abdel-Hakim Bouzid. "Short Term Relaxation of Stuffing Box Packings." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26094.

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The long term tightness performance of stuffing box packings, used in valves, is conditioned by the capacity of its material to maintain a contact pressure to a predetermined minimal threshold value. Due to creep, this contact pressure decrease with time depending on the creep properties and the stiffness of the housing. Assessing relaxation is a key parameter in determining the tightness performance of the stuffing box packing over time. Using Ansys software, an axisymmetric 2D finite element model is developed to assess the contact pressures between the packing material and the stem and the housing and its variation with time. The assessment of the packing relaxation is a major obstacle to the good leakage performance of the Stuffing Box Packing.
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Liu, Guodan, Xinxin Wang, Xuan Wang, Feng Qi, and Gang Wang. "Large Size Static Pressure Box Airflow Distribution." In 2nd International Conference on Computer and Information Applications (ICCIA 2012). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccia.2012.125.

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Diany, Mohammed, and Abel-Hakim Bouzid. "Evaluation of Contact Stress in Stuffing Box Packings." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93083.

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The evaluation of the radial contact stress in a gland packing and its distribution in the axial direction at both the stem and housing interfaces is of major importance when predicting leakage. The method that uses direct measurement of this stress through the use of strain gages installed at the outer surface of the housing is not straightforward. The complexity of the problem is caused by the complex axisymmetric problem with a load variation in the axial direction. The use of analytical and numerical FE modeling can be feasible. This paper examines the contact stress distribution in a gland packing. It shows how strains measurements fixed outside a gland housing coupled with FEM could be used to characterize the compression capacity of packings. The proposed method is used in a stuffing box packing rig under development.
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Feng, Rui, Quanyi Liu, Runhe Tian, Kewei Chen, Rui Yang, and Hui Zhang. "Solid Fuel Fire Behavior Under Fixed Pressure in a Low-Pressure Chamber." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51441.

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To comprehensively reveal the difference of solid fuel fire characteristics at different altitudes, fire experiments of cardboard boxes at multiple static pressures with two configurations filled with shredded office paper were conducted in a low-pressure chamber. The measured parameters are mass burning rate, radiative heat flux, oxygen concentration and heat release rate (HRR) etc. The mass burning rate divided by fire base dimension ṁ/D is correlated against the production of pressure-squared times length-cubed (P2L3) to the power of 0.29 based on current cardboard boxes fire test data. HRR of two boxes fire tests are higher than that of one box fire tests under fixed pressures. However, there are a higher peak of HRR under a fixed higher pressure for one-box fire tests while a lower peak of HRR under a higher pressure for two-box fire tests. The HRR would decrease sharply after reaching the peak.
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Kurosawa, Ryou, Toshiyuki Sawa, Yuya Omiya, and Kentaro Tenma. "The Sealing Performance Evaluation of Bolted Flexible Box-Shaped Flange Joints Under Thermal Conduction Conditions." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77292.

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Bolted joints with gaskets such as flexible box-shaped flange joints have been used in mechanical structures. The joints are usually used under internal pressure as well as other loadings such as thermal, impact loadings and so on. In designing the bolted flexible box-shaped flange joint with gaskets, it is important to evaluate the sealing performance of the joints under internal pressure and thermal conduction conditions. In this paper, the contact gasket stress distributions and changes in bolt load in the bolted flexible box-shaped flange joint with joint sheet gaskets subjected to internal pressure and thermal conduction condition are analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The leakage tests were conducted using an actual box-shaped flange connection with a joint sheet gasket. Using the contact gasket stress distributions under internal pressure at an elevated temperature (Helium gas) obtained from the FEM calculations and the amount of the gas leakage measured in the experiment, the sealing performances are evaluated experimentally and numerically. In addition, the effect of the thermal conduction condition on the sealing performance is examined. Furthermore, a method how to determine the bolt preload of the flexible box-shaped flange joint at an elevated temperature for a given tightness parameter is demonstrated. Discussion is made on the sealing performance.
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Jegley, Dawn C., Marshall Rouse, Adam Przekop, and Andrew E. Lovejoy. "Testing of a Stitched Composite Large-Scale Pressure Box." In 57th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-2175.

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Veiga, Jose´ C., Andre´ S. Carmo, Carlos D. Gira˜o, and Carlos Cipolatti. "The Influence on the Stuffing Box of the Forces Generated by Packing Thermal Expansion." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57751.

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This paper introduces a test device and a protocol that simulates a stuffing box to evaluate the packing expansion under different temperatures. This test device enables the measurement of axial forces at the bottom of the stuffing box and at the gland follower, the torque generated upon shaft turning and the influence of the thermal expansion on these measurements. It also enables comparisons between different braiding yarns materials such as e-PTFE, e-PTFE with fillers, Flexible Graphite and others. Test results showing these comparisons and correlations are reported.
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Diany, Mohammed, and Abdel-Hakim Bouzid. "An Experimental-Numerical Procedure for Stuffing Box Packing Characterization." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25012.

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The sealing of valve stems is ensured by the traditional systems of packed stuffing boxes. The performance of this type of sealing system used also in rotating equipment is dependent on the radial contact pressures generated by the packing axial compression. The mechanical behavior of a packing seal is characterized by the transmission ratio of the axial stress over the radial stress known as the lateral pressure coefficient which is one of the required characteristic used to select packing seals. However, the modeling of the packed stuffing box requires the knowledge of some mechanical characteristics other than the lateral pressure coefficient. In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of packing seals are obtained using a hybrid experimental-numerical procedure. The experimental study is carried out on an instrumented stuffing box packing test bench. The tests results of the experiments are coupled to the ones obtained by a finite element simulation of the test rig to determine the packing seal mechanical characteristics. Two packing types are used; one based on Teflon and the other one based on flexible graphite.
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May, Cecil G., Charles A. McKeel, and Erich K. Opperman. "Drop Tests Results of Revised Closure Bolt Configuration of the Standard Waste Box, Standard Large Box-2, and Ten Drum Overpack Packagings." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25449.

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The Transuranic (TRU) Disposition Project at Savannah River Site will require numerous transfers of radioactive materials within the site boundaries for sorting and repackaging. The three DOT Type A shipping packagings planned for this work have numerous bolts for securing the lids to the body of the packagings. In an effort to reduce operator time to open and close the packages during onsite transfers, thus reducing personnel exposure and costs, an evaluation was performed to analyze the effects of reducing the number of bolts required to secure the lid to the packaging body. The evaluation showed the reduction to one-third of the original number of bolts had no affect on the packagings’ capability to sustain vibratory loads, shipping loads, internal pressure loads, and the loads resulting from a 4-ft drop. However, the loads caused by the 4-ft drop are difficult to estimate and the study recommended each of the packages be dropped to show the actual effects on the package closure. Even with reduced bolting, the packagings were still required to meet the 49 CFR 178.350 performance criteria for Type A packaging. This paper will discuss the effects and results of the drop testing of the three packagings.
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Schaaf, Manfred, Thomas Klenk, Ralf Vogel, and Jaroslav Bartonicek. "Tightness Characteristics of Packings." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71471.

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The demands on industry to reduce fugitive emissions are increasing, steadily /1/, /2/. On this background it is necessary to improve function and tightness of tightening joints like flanged joints and stuffing box packings. Function and tightness can only be guaranteed if the entire chain of parameters involved is taken in to account (design criteria, gasket factors, calculation, mounting procedure). On the field of flanged joints there are standardization projects on the way that address the topics of the new regulatory demands. Only few work is done regarding stuffing box packings, however. Similar to flanged joints a reliable function and tightness of stuffing box packings can only be achieved if the behaviour of the parts (bolts, gland, stuffing box) is known and their interaction is understood. Regarding the behaviour of stuffing box packing materials it is necessary to determine characteristics like deformation capability, relaxation, friction and leak rate. These characteristics have to be used to prove function and tightness. Some attempts to define these characteristic values have already been made; test procedures and test rigs to determine these values have been developed. Parallel to that, gasket manufacturers are developing new packing materials and entire packing sets in order to meet the more stringent requirements on tightness. One of these newly developed products are nonwoven packing sets which should be applicable up to temperatures of 280 °C in the processing and chemical industry. In the paper the most relevant packing material characteristics and the necessary tests to determine these characteristics are reviewed, first. Then the results of extensive tests with new nonwoven packing sets regarding tightness characteristics, friction, wear and gap extrusion are presented.
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Reports on the topic "Pressure box"

1

Mertz, G. E. Structural response of the ITP failed filter transportation box to impact and internal pressure, Task 93-034-1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10192083.

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Garner, Roy. Performance Oriented Packaging (POP) Test of Wirebound Box, Part Number 7553347 for Pressure Cartridge Packed in a M2A1 Metal Container. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada267141.

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Mehmood, Hamid. Bibliometrics of Water Research: A Global Snapshot. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/eybt8774.

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This report examines the various dimensions of global water-related research over the 2012-2017 period, using extensive bibliographic data. The review covers trends in water-related publications and citations, the relative importance of water-related research in the overall body of scientific research, flows of water-related knowledge between countries and the dynamics of water research publishing opportunities. In summary, it shows that: less than 50% of all countries are publishing water-related research, that China and USA are the two top publishers, and that China’s publishing rate has been growing steadily over the study period. More than 70% of water related publications originating in USA are being cited globally, while China’s water research output appears to be primarily internally cited at present. Analysis of the global water knowledge flows suggests that research is hardly addressing a range of regional water challenges. Countries with protracted water problems – for example in infrastructure, environment, agriculture, energy solutions – do not seem to be at the forefront of water research production or knowledge transfer. Instead, global water research is reliant on Western, particularly US-produced, scientific outputs. A disconnect is also observed between the percentage increase in the publication and the number of citations, suggesting low quality or a narrow focus of many publications. Among other factors, this may reflect the pressure on researchers to contribute a certain number of publications per year, or of the progressively increasing role of grey literature in scientific discourse that ‘diverts’ some citation flow. Analysis of the number of research publications per million people suggests that water research does not necessarily emerge as a reaction to water scarcity in a specific country, but may be driven by the traditional economic value of water supply, geopolitical location, a focus on regional development - including cross-border water management - or development aid spending, or globally applicable research in water management. The proportion of water research in the overall research output of a country is small, including for some of the top-publishing countries. The number of water-related journals that create opportunities for publishing water research, has grown dramatically in absolute terms since 2000, and is now close 2100 journals. The metrics used in this report are based on readily available bibliographic data. They can be further focused to better understand a specific thematic domain, geographical region or country, or to analyze a different period. To help accelerate solutions to global and national water challenges that many of these research papers are highlighting, the water research community needs to look beyond the research ‘box’ and identify ways to measure development impact of water research programmes, rather ‘impact’ based solely on academic impact measured in citations. The research findings, learning and knowledge in these research publications needs to be conveyed in a practical way to the real users of this knowledge – stakeholders who are beyond research circles.
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