Academic literature on the topic 'Presidents' writings, American'

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Journal articles on the topic "Presidents' writings, American"

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May, Glenn Anthony. "Father Frank Lynch and the Shaping of Philippine Social Science." Itinerario 22, no. 3 (November 1998): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300009621.

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Although the United States granted the Philippines formal independence in 1946, American influence in the former colony did not disappear overnight. In the decades following independence, American policymakers continued to play key roles in Philippine politics; American businessmen, presidents, legislators, and bureaucrats and US-based international money lending agencies continued to have a considerable impact on the Philippine economy; and American popular culture continued to penetrate Philippine society and culture (as it did elsewhere). But perhaps no sector of Philippine society was as profoundly influenced by Americans as the academic one, and no subdivision of the Philippine academy bore the American imprint as visibly as Philippine social science. This paper examines the academic career, writings, institution-building efforts, and scholarly agenda of the US-born scholar who arguably had the greatest impact on post-war Philip- pine social science: Father Frank Lynch, a Jesuit professor of anthropology and sociology at Ateneo de Manila University.
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Thompson, Kenneth W. "The Literature of Decline." Ethics & International Affairs 3 (March 1989): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1989.tb00225.x.

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This article compares reflections from four sources on the state of the American democracy in the international community (The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, by Paul Kennedy; 1999: Victory Without War, by Richard Nixon; “Communism at Bay,”The Economist; Long Cycles in World Politics, by George Modelski) within the framework of the 1980s, which was portrayed by leaders as “an era of good feelings.” Yet drastically different positions on American rise or decline are propounded by historians and officeholders, former presidents and scholars, journalists and aspiring candidates for political office. These four writings reveal the complexity of the analysis of the American decline. Yet, it is crucial for leaders to maintain public devotion to their nation, not through passion, but rather, in the words of Abraham Lincoln, through “the solid quarry of sober reason,”. America's capacity to preserve a strong and healthy resilience, the author concludes, is the exceptional value it continues to offer the world.
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Mooney, T. Brian, and Damini Roy. "Politeness and Pietas as Annexed to the Virtue of Justice." Dialogue and Universalism 30, no. 1 (2020): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du20203013.

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“Politeness” appears to be connected to a quite disparate set of related concepts, including but not limited to, “manners,” “etiquette,” “agreeableness,” “respect” and even “piety.” While in the East politeness considered as an important social virtue is present (and even central) in the theoretical and practical expressions of the Confucian, Taoist and Buddhist traditions, (indeed politeness has been viewed in these traditions as central to proper education) it has not featured prominently in philosophical discussion in the West. American presidents Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and George Washington all devoted discussion to politeness within the broader ambit of manners and etiquette, as too did Erasmus, Edmund Burke and Ralph Waldo Emerson but on the whole sustained philosophical engagement with the topic has been lacking in the West. The richest source for philosophical investigation is perhaps afforded by the centrality of the concept of respect in Immanuel Kant.However in this paper we will instead draw on the writings of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas to defend the centrality of “politeness” as an important and valuable moral virtue. Starting with an analysis of the broader Aristotelian arguments on the virtues associated with “agreeableness,” namely, friendliness, truthfulness and wit I will argue that “politeness” should be thought of as an important moral virtue attached to social intercourse (and by extension the vice of impoliteness). I then move to identify an even broader and more important account of politeness, drawing on the work of Aquinas, as intimately connected to the notion of pietas (piety) as a fundamental part of the virtue of justice.
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Tinshe, Sonia, and Junaidi Junaidi. "WHO ARE AMERICANS? ANALYSIS OF OBAMA AND TRUMP’S POLITICAL SPEECHES ON IMMIGRATION." Celtic: A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching, Literature and Linguistics 6, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/celtic.v6i2.9947.

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Immigration has been a crucial discussion in the American politics ever since the nation was still writing its constitution. Seeing how immigrants have shaped the American society, it is important to see how they are perceived, as minorities, by significant political figures, such as the president. The objective of this paper is to understand the ideology behind Obama and Trump’s political speeches about immigration, as well as its relevance to the political discourse and social context in America. Five political speeches from Obama (2009-2014), as well as two political speeches from Trump (2016-2017) are analyzed, as the primary data, using Critical Discourse Analysis, particularly Fairclough’s (1993) three-dimensional framework. The finding shows that Obama’s and Trump’s ideology on immigration is related with their idea of the immigrant’s identity in American society. It is shown through their word choice, such as pejorative adjective, and the theme related with the issue of immigration. Seen from the political discourse, the speeches are showing perceived superiority that the presidents have over immigrants. Moreover, from the social perspective, it dehumanizes and reduces the identity of immigrants.
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Tinshe, Sonia, and Junaidi Junaidi. "WHO ARE AMERICANS? ANALYSIS OF OBAMA AND TRUMP’S POLITICAL SPEECHES ON IMMIGRATION." Celtic: A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching, Literature, & Linguistics 6, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/celticumm.vol6.no2.73-87.

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Immigration has been a crucial discussion in the American politics ever since the nation was still writing its constitution. Seeing how immigrants have shaped the American society, it is important to see how they are perceived, as minorities, by significant political figures, such as the president. The objective of this paper is to understand the ideology behind Obama and Trump’s political speeches about immigration, as well as its relevance to the political discourse and social context in America. Five political speeches from Obama (2009-2014), as well as two political speeches from Trump (2016-2017) are analyzed, as the primary data, using Critical Discourse Analysis, particularly Fairclough’s (1993) three-dimensional framework. The finding shows that Obama’s and Trump’s ideology on immigration is related with their idea of the immigrant’s identity in American society. It is shown through their word choice, such as pejorative adjective, and the theme related with the issue of immigration. Seen from the political discourse, the speeches are showing perceived superiority that the presidents have over immigrants. Moreover, from the social perspective, it dehumanizes and reduces the identity of immigrants.
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Maru, Mister Gidion, Gin Gin Gustine, Slamet Setiawan, Julio Juniver Tadete, and Tirza Kumajas. "Interpreting repetition expressions in the writing of Trump’s addresses during the Covid-19 pandemic." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 12, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 708–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v12i3.49511.

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The emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic has driven a world crisis that requires world leaders to respond by voicing their policies and solutions. The political addresses serve to be the path for these purposes. This creates the need for effective rhetorical strategies or forms used by leaders, particularly presidents, to address the current issues which are not commonly beheld. This study shares the result of the inquiry on the use of repetition in President Donald Trump’s speeches during the Covid-19 Pandemic in America. The study attempts to interpret the type of repetition found in the speeches and their general meaning implications. As a textual study, this research gained data from three speeches of Trump specifically addressing the issue of the Covid-19 pandemic delivered during his attempt to handle the emergence and spread of the Coronavirus in the U.S. since in American literature, an address is also viewed as a literary work, this study deployed Goffman’s frame analysis which is also regarded as double hermeneutic for the analysis process. The findings, then, designate that Trump, in his addresses, applied seven types of repetition; from anaphora to root repetition. Further, the study found that anaphora serves to be the most used repetition, which means the main rhetorical instrument in the addresses. In terms of meaning implications, the repetitions apparently imply the reawakening of the jeremiad structure in the address and the affirmation of the American sense of greatness and role in the world. The findings of this inquiry are hoped to add more theoretical constructions and strategies for rhetoric texts for both crisis and socio-political communication contexts. Its practical contribution goes toward defining and exemplifying language expressions and functions in communicative text writing.
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Kharchenko, Oleg. "LITERARY JOURNALISM. PUBLIC SPEECHES. BIBLICAL MOTIFS." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 49, no. 6 (January 18, 2022): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4905.

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This article focuses its attention on the functioning of the biblical motifs in American fiction and their penetration in American public speeches and non-fiction through literary journalism techniques. The findings of this work illustrate that biblical motifs and religious lexicon as a whole have been used steadily in the speeches of all U.S presidents. Taking into account that the majority of Americans (73%) relates to Christians, the biblical motifs belong to important rhetorical and stylistic tools of all U.S. presidents in their search for the support of voters. Since Ronald Reagan (1981-1989), there has been an apparent tendency to employ more religious words and biblical motifs. The most active users of them were Donald Trump, George H.W. Bush, and Barack Obama who applied 7.3, 4.8, and 4.1 religious words per one thousand in their speeches. While monitoring the biblical motifs in American mass media and multimedia, we identified the most periodically applied: God, All-Mighty, Lord, Supreme Being; Satan, Devil, Lucifer, Beelzebub, Baphomet; Saint Mary; Archangels; Angels; Four Horsemen of Apocalypses; The Three Wise Men; Messiah, the Chosen One; All-loving hero; Cain and Abel; Samson and Delilah; False prophet; Nephilim, giants. According to our findings 136 names of angels were determined in American fiction and non-fiction. As for the theological angels, whose names differ sometimes, their number is 123. The total number of Archangels, mentioned in America mass media, is 17. However, in the Bible and Enoch book just only seven archangels are named. The research results could be used by the specialists in media studies, journalism and philology, as well as by practical journalists and multimedia authors, including Ukrainian students, who plan to sharpen their skills in writing English content.
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El Besomey, Dina Ali Mohamed El-Besomey. "The comparative study of advertising American presidency election campaign for both "Barack Obama"- "Donald Trump "via advertising animation film with multimedia." European Journal of Education 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/204tqe93.

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The role of advertising animation film as a political motivate in the contemporary reality strategy through multimedia in the research scale of universal unilateral force" America". and this reflection on the animation industry, which made the US authorities and capital owners as a political motivate towards political trends and political changes within and outside America worldwide , And this impact and reflection of our country Egypt and monitoring the effects and results of modern political changes in the contemporary Egyptian reality, and the need to presence of an national Egyptian defensing resistant to Western ideologies, especially the American ideology, which push the changes towards her interests and her advantages as well as the need for writing the history of our contemporary reality by Ourselves via all multimedia forms until they are not forging for the facts or the history with different ideology of the good Egyptian thought. Referring to the futurology, which was concentered with it by the century . As "Dr./ salah Qunsoua "pointed at introduction Book, entitled" the clash of Civilizations" Composed by: Samuil Hentgton - In response to what the current events causes in the world ,like problems and questions, do not find their solutions, or responses in previous models, samples, tribes, familiar and accepted theories until recently. As the contemporary world status, which America - Western Europe present the motivate of what facts happen and destroy the theories stabilized from the analysis of an interpretation.Keywords: Advertisement –Animation-multimedia -Advertising American presidency election campaign, – the USA president-"Barack Obama"- "Donald Trump "- the Simpsons- propaganda- Video clip entitled "He's Barack Obama He's Come to Save the Day"-advertising animation film"Donald Trump will destroy America".
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Neely, Mark E. "The Presidents Politics Made." Journal of Policy History 8, no. 2 (April 1996): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600005133.

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At one time, political science greatly influenced the writing of American history. Pioneers of “the new political history” brought critical elections theory, roll-call analysis, the idea of party systems, and a model of ethno-cultural voting to bear on the Jacksonian era, the problem of the coming of the Civil War, Gilded Age politics, and Progressivism in ways that permanently altered interpretation. The influence of political science is not very great now. Political history itself shriveled before the New Social History. Massive energies were applied to writing the history of people who could not vote during most or all of the nineteenth century. The old political models soon had a nonbehaviorist rival, born and bred within the discipline of history itself, the idea of a persistent and transforming “republican ideology,” first and most powerfully described by Bernard Bailyn in 1967. Even within political history, the old models of voting behavior borrowed from political science left an implausible and unsatisfying gulf between voting and platform, political behavior and belief, practice and ideology. The disciplines turned inward again.
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Martin, Richard C. "From the Editor." Review of Middle East Studies 50, no. 2 (August 2016): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2016.160.

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This issue of RoMES has been edited in a national atmosphere of anti-Muslim rhetoric, openly expressed by several candidates during the presidential primaries. Now the election campaign has moved to the appointment, by President-Elect, Donald J. Trump, of cabinet members and close advisors, many of whom share his views of the Middle East and its diverse population. And it does not look good for Muslims in America, including Muslims who are U.S. citizens. Along with Hispanics, African Americans, and Jews, Muslims—and indeed the Middle East as such—are regarded as problems that President-Elect Trump seems intent on doing something about. It is a view of Islam and the Middle East shared increasingly in word and deed by a sizeable and vocal portion of the electorate. What are we to make of the possibility of foreign and domestic policy being crafted by the likes of John R. Bolton, who associates Islam with jihadism and is an admirer of the Islamophobic writings of Robert Spencer? Will there be any tolerance in the new Trump administration of debate and the free exchange of ideas on the need for education about and understanding of the Middle East? The importance of this question relates to the growing population of naturalized and second generation citizens of Middle Eastern origins now living in the U.S. The Middle East is here, and contributing to American culture, religious life, economy, and citizenship.
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Books on the topic "Presidents' writings, American"

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Greenberg, Judith E. Young people's letters to the president. New York: Franklin Watts, 1998.

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M, Nixon Richard. Richard Nixon: Speeches, writings, documents. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2008.

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E, Hample Stuart, and Karas G. Brian, eds. Dear Mr. President. New York: Workman Pub., 1993.

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Seabrook, Lochlainn. The Quotable JEFFERSON DAVIS: Selections From the Writings & Speeches of the Confederacy's First President. FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE: SEA RAVEN PRESS, 2011.

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Judy, Goldberg, ed. Dear Chelsea. New York: Scholastic, 1994.

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Theodore, Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt: An American mind : a selection from his writings. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.

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Abraham, Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln: Political writings and speeches / edited by Terence Ball. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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H, Taft William. William Howard Taft: Essential writings and addresses. Madison, N.J: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2009.

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Abraham, Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln: Selections from his speeches and writings. Birmingham, Ala: Palladium Press, 2003.

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Oldenburg, Don, and Peggy Hackman. Dear Mr. President. New York: Avon Books, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Presidents' writings, American"

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Dichter, Heather L. "Afterword." In Sports and the American Presidency, 300–314. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781399507943.003.0015.

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This final chapter in the book is an afterword that explores the broader themes which emanate from the contributions. The book’s authors demonstrate how presidents’ experiences with various sports shaped their views about sport and physical fitness broadly, which they promoted in speeches, writings, and occasionally policies. This chapter argues that sport and the presidency is also centrally tied to the media. It also suggests areas for future research on the intersection of sport and the presidency.
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"My President Was Black." In The Best American Magazine Writing 2018, 295–346. Columbia University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/asme18999-011.

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"Fear of a Black President." In The Best American Magazine Writing 2013, 1–33. Columbia University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/asme16225-002.

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Stokes, Melvyn. "Transforming the American Movie Audience." In D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation, 111–27. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195336788.003.0006.

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Abstract On February 18, 1915, The Birth of a Nation became the first motion picture ever to be shown in the White House. Operators wearing full evening dress utilized two Simplex machines to project the film onto the white wooden panels of the East Room. The screening was a personal favor by President Woodrow Wilson to Thomas Dixon Jr., a former classmate and longtime friend. Invited by Dixon to view Griffith’s film, the president had only one objection, and that was practical: he could not accept social invitations because he was still officially in mourning for his wife, Ellen Axson Wilson, who had died a few months earlier. To get around this difficulty, Dixon suggested exhibiting the film at the White House, where the president, his daughters, and some members of the cabinet would be able to view it. There is a legend (one of many that would grow up around this movie) that at the end of the showing, Wilson remarked: “It is like writing history with lightning. And my only regret is that it is all so terribly true.” He may have said this. After all, the film’s view of the Civil War and Reconstruction periods was not too different from Wilson’s own (his historical writings were several times quoted in the film’s intertitles). Moreover, it is unlikely that the Southern-born Wilson (who, as president, had extended segregation to all departments of the federal government) was bothered by the film’s rampant racism. But there seems to be no contemporary reference for the remark. In 1977, when the only survivor of the White House screening was interviewed, she recalled that the president “seemed lost in thought during the showing” and “walked out of the room without saying a word when the movie was over.”
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Einboden, Jeffrey. "“The Runners”." In Jefferson's Muslim Fugitives, 123–34. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844479.003.0012.

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This chapter describes the fanciful character “Mustapha Rub-a-Dub Keli Khan” created by early America’s leading fiction writer, Washington Irving. Mustapha is a Tripoli ship captain “held prisoner in New York.” Trapped behind enemy lines, he spies on the land of his captivity, writing home to his friend Asem. Mustapha’s concern, however, is America’s own “Bashaw”: Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson is pictured as a “grand” Sultan who “governs” a New World “empire.” Although Irving’s letters were facetious, they capitalized on serious anxieties confronting Jefferson’s America. Interweaving Islam and imprisonment, while sending covert reports of an American President to a “slave-driver” in North Africa, Irving’s parody cuts rather close to home, even though framed through a Muslim lens.
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Noll, Mark A. "Naming, Writing, and Speaking in a Hebrew Republic." In America's Book, 115–29. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197623466.003.0007.

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During the first generation after passage of the U.S. Constitution, the prominence of the Bible, especially public references to the Old Testament, made the nation appear to many of its citizens like “a Hebrew Republic.” Names for children and places newly encountered were often taken from the Old Testament, especially during the early nineteenth century in initial white settlement of the Midwest. The many biblical names of the presidents (and even more of the presidents’ wives) illustrated this naming pattern. Writing often reflected deep or reflexive immersion in Scripture, especially among African American women and men. The diction and vocabulary of the King James Version also strongly shaped public utterance, as can be seen clearly in the presidential inaugural addresses of the era.
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Fruscione, Joseph, and Jay Watson. "“The President Has Asked Me”: Faulkner, Ellison, and Public Intellectualism." In Faulkner and the Black Literatures of the Americas. University Press of Mississippi, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496806345.003.0009.

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This chapter discusses how Ralph Ellison actively dealt with Faulkner’s influence on his work and public image. Ellison valued Faulkner both as a racially attuned novelist and as a publicly active critic refining his intellect throughout the civil rights era. Ellison’s connection with Faulkner was partly direct, partly indirect: there was shared correspondence, at least two brief meetings, and a lot of reading and writing on Ellison’s part. The chapter examines two related threads: (1) the authors’ exchange of letters in 1956–57 about the White House’s People-to-People Program; (2) Ellison’s interest in Faulkner as literary model and racial critic. Throughout his career as novelist, essayist, and educator, Ellison “had accepted the challenge of William Faulkner’s complex literary image of the South,” in Albert Murray’s words, as his writings and archival documents spanning forty-odd years indicate.
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White, Richard. "The Sitting President Looks On—Uncomfortably." In The Organization of American Historians and the Writing and Teaching of American History, 331. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199790562.003.0036.

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"Fixing the System: An Interview with President Obama on Prison Reform." In The Best American Magazine Writing 2016, 1–8. Columbia University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/asme16957-003.

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Butterworth, Michael L., and Shawn N. Smith. "Sport, Merit, and Respectability Politics in the Election of Barack Obama." In Sports and the American Presidency, 256–77. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781399507943.003.0013.

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The nomination and election of Barack Obama as the first African American president invited numerous references to sport, especially through comparisons to historically significant athletes such as Jackie Robinson and Tiger Woods. Such references relied on mythic notions of merit and liberal progress that have long underscored the narrative of the American Dream. For the most optimistic of observers, Obama’s election signaled that the nation had cleared the final hurdle in the quest for racial equality. Yet, declarations of a “post-racial” society failed to account for both the persistence of racism in U.S. culture and the unique constraints facing a Black president. This chapter attends to those constraints by examining the influence of respectability politics and uplift ideology. It revisits the analogical associations made between Obama and figures such as Robinson and Woods to identify the limits of sport as a political metaphor. Through a critical examination of contemporary writing about sport as a site for equality and inclusion, the chapter argues that the common narrative of racial progress through sport serves as a rhetorical means for deflecting political conflict and celebrating the triumph of liberal democracy.
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Conference papers on the topic "Presidents' writings, American"

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Saritoprak, Zeki. "GÜLEN AND HIS GLOBAL CONTRIBUTION TO PEACE-BUILDING." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/hsrv7504.

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Fethullah Gülen is one of the most influential scholars and thinkers in the contemporary Islamic world, particularly in Turkey. Although recent studies have put forward Gülen’s ideas on various topics, Gülen’s approach to peace building is one of the less studied. Given the contemporary reality of wars and ethnic/religious strife, this is a neglect that needs to be corrected. Fethullah Gülen stands up for peace and for the prevention of any clash of civilisa- tions, not only through his speeches and writing, but through his actions as well. This paper examines the concept of peace building through Gülen’s writings and activities with refer- ence to the main sources of Islam and Gülen’s commentary on them. In focusing on Gülen’s activities, the paper emphasises certain American institutions, notably the Washington D.C. based Rumi Forum for Interfaith Dialogue (of which Gülen is the honorary president), and its contribution to peace-building through interfaith activities.
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Reports on the topic "Presidents' writings, American"

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Lazonick, William, and Matt Hopkins. Why the CHIPS Are Down: Stock Buybacks and Subsidies in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp165.

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The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) is promoting the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) for America Act, introduced in Congress in June 2020. An SIA press release describes the bill as “bipartisan legislation that would invest tens of billions of dollars in semiconductor manufacturing incentives and research initiatives over the next 5-10 years to strengthen and sustain American leadership in chip technology, which is essential to our country’s economy and national security.” On June 8, 2021, the Senate approved $52 billion for the CHIPS for America Act, dedicated to supporting the U.S. semiconductor industry over the next decade. As of this writing, the Act awaits approval in the House of Representatives. This paper highlights a curious paradox: Most of the SIA corporate members now lobbying for the CHIPS for America Act have squandered past support that the U.S. semiconductor industry has received from the U.S. government for decades by using their corporate cash to do buybacks to boost their own companies’ stock prices. Among the SIA corporate signatories of the letter to President Biden, the five largest stock repurchasers—Intel, IBM, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, and Broadcom—did a combined $249 billion in buybacks over the decade 2011-2020, equal to 71 percent of their profits and almost five times the subsidies over the next decade for which the SIA is lobbying. In addition, among the members of the Semiconductors in America Coalition (SIAC), formed specifically in May 2021 to lobby Congress for the passage of the CHIPS for America Act, are Apple, Microsoft, Cisco, and Google. These firms spent a combined $633 billion on buybacks during 2011-2020. That is about 12 times the government subsidies provided under the CHIPS for America Act to support semiconductor fabrication in the United States in the upcoming decade. If the Congress wants to achieve the legislation’s stated purpose of promoting major new investments in semiconductors, it needs to deal with this paradox. It could, for example, require the SIA and SIAC to extract pledges from its member corporations that they will cease doing stock buybacks as open-market repurchases over the next ten years. Such regulation could be a first step in rescinding Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-18, which has since 1982 been a major cause of extreme income inequality and loss of global industrial competitiveness in the United States.
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