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Books on the topic 'Preservice primary'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Thomas, Kellaghan, ed. Preparing teachers for the 21st century: Report of the Working Group on Primary Preservice Teacher Education. Dublin: Stationery Office, 2002.

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2

Roger, Verhey, ed. What expert teachers say about teaching mathematics, grades K-8: A resource and discussion book for preservice and inservice teachers. Palo Alto, CA: Dale Seymour Publications, 1986.

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3

P, Hawk Parmalee, ed. Developing a teaching portfolio: A guide for preservice and practicing teachers. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Merrill Prentice Hall, 2005.

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4

P, Hawk Parmalee, ed. Developing a teaching portfolio: A guide for preservice and practicing teachers. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Merrill Prentice Hall, 2001.

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5

P, Hawk Parmalee, ed. Developing a teaching portfolio: A guide for preservice and practicing teachers. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 2010.

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6

L, Zimpher Nancy, ed. Profiles of preservice teacher education: Inquiry into the nature of programs. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

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7

Waring, Scott Monroe. Preserving history: The construction of history in the K-16 classroom. Charlotte, N.C: Information Age Pub., 2011.

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8

Dessì, Giuseppe. Per le riviste di Vecchietti negli anni ’30-’40. Edited by Francesca Bartolini. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-398-8.

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Ripercorrere la collaborazione di Dessí alle riviste «L’Orto», «Primato» e «Cronache» dirette da Giorgio Vecchietti, tra racconti, saggi e recensioni in gran parte inediti, significa approfondire il percorso di formazione dello scrittore scavando nella laboratorio creativo dei suoi esordi. I 36 testi raccolti e commentati da Francesca Bartolini permettono di analizzare predilezioni tematiche e stilistiche poi sviluppate e approfondite nella produzione successiva. Al tempo stesso consentono di indagare il costituirsi, durante gli anni della dittatura fascista, di una coscienza intellettuale impegnata in un antifascismo di fronda tipico di molti scrittori di quella generazione. Intessendo il discorso critico con la lettura dell’epistolario si dà nota dei complessi rapporti che legarono Dessí alle tre redazioni, a testimonianza della passione di un giovane artista desideroso di seguire la propria inclinazione, ma anche cosciente della difficoltà di preservare la propria libertà e identità nelle limitazioni del regime.
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9

Harlen, Wynne. Making Progress in Primary Science: A Handbook for Inservice and Preservice Course Leaders. RoutledgeFalmer, 2003.

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10

Wynne, Harlen, ed. Making progress in primary science: A handbook for inservice and preservice course leaders. 2nd ed. London: RoutledgeFalmer, 2003.

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11

Wynne, Harlen, ed. Making progress in primary science: A handbook for professional development and preservice course leaders. 2nd ed. London: RoutledgeFalmer, 2003.

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12

Hawk, Parmalee P., and Ann Bullock. Developing a Teaching Portfolio: A Guide for Preservice and Practicing Teachers. Prentice Hall, 2000.

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13

Adams-Bullock, Ann, and Parmalee P. Hawk. Developing a Teaching Portfolio: A Guide to Preservice and Practicing Teachers (2nd Edition). 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, 2004.

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14

(Introduction), Timothy Rasinski, ed. Primary Source Fluency Activities-Expanding & Preserving the Union (Primary Source Fluency Activities) (Primary Source Fluency Activities). Shell Education, 2007.

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15

Freilich, Charles D. Primary Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190602932.003.0012.

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Chapter 11 presents the primary conclusions derived from the proceeding chapters, as a basis for the national security strategy proposed in chapter 12. The conclusions are divided into four categories, general, politico-military, military, and domestic policy. The chapter also discusses the pitfalls involved in recommending a national security strategy, such as physical and political feasibility; limitations stemming from the absence of classified information; and possible normative biases. The chapter begins by setting out Israel’s vital national security objectives, that is, a core set of fundamental, essentially immutable interests, and then a variety of lesser, though still highly important, ones, some relatively permanent, others that change with circumstances. It further presents a number of “policy instruments” of such importance, for example, preserving the strategic relationship with the United States, that they can be considered vital objectives in their own right and are thus part of the basis for the proposed strategy.
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16

Rasinski, Timothy. Primary Source Fluency Activities: Expanding and Preserving the Union. Shell Educational Publishing, 2005.

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17

West, Chad, and Mike Titlebaum, eds. Teaching School Jazz. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462574.001.0001.

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Teaching School Jazz: Perspectives, Principles, and Strategies is an edited collection of suggested practices in school jazz education authored by a seasoned and diverse lineup of jazz educators with supporting research-based case studies woven into the narrative. It provides not only a wealth of school jazz teaching strategies but also, and perhaps as important, the jazz perspectives and principles from which they are derived. The first part of the book describes the current landscape of school jazz education and offers an overview of basic jazz concepts through the lenses of two expert, yet very different, school jazz educators. Parts II–VI constitute the heart and soul of the book, covering a vast and comprehensive set of topics central to school jazz education. Included throughout each chapter are references and links to audio, visual, and print resources for teaching school jazz that are downloadable from a related website. This text is an invaluable resource for preservice and in-service music educators who have no prior jazz experience, as well as for those who wish to expand their knowledge of jazz performance practice and pedagogy. The book may serve as a primary text for collegiate-level jazz pedagogy courses or as a supplemental text for general instrumental methods and pedagogy classes. Chapters begin with jazz case studies and contain a wealth of jazz-specific teaching material, lists of recommended artists for listening, and visual demonstrations of each chapter’s material.
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18

Dane, Andrew V. Program integrity in primary and early secondary prevention: Preserving what works across diverse settings. 1997.

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19

Manton, Walter Porter. Taxidermy Without a Teacher: Comprising a Complete Manual of Instruction for Preparing and Preserving Birds, Animals and Fishes ... ... - Primary Sourc. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2014.

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20

Manton, Walter Porter. Taxidermy Without a Teacher: Comprising a Complete Manual of Instruction for Preparing and Preserving Birds, Animals and Fishes ... ... - Primary Sourc. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2014.

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21

Prusin, Alexander. Resistance Movements. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041068.003.0006.

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Examines the emergence, make-up, and activities of the two resistance movements – the nationalist Chetniks and the communist Partisans - and the complexity of their relationship. Initially, they collaborated with one another, but their ultimate goals were mutually exclusive. The Chetniks under Draža Mihailović considered themselves a part of the Yugoslav royal army and saw their primary objective in preserving the old political and social order. Headed by Josip Broz Tito, the Partisans were equally determined to destroy that order and build a new one, modelled after the Bolshevik regime in Russia. After a short period of cooperation, such divergence of interests prompted the Chetniks and the Partisans to embark upon mutual destruction.
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22

Stanley, Matthew E. “The War Fattens on the Blood of Western Men”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040733.003.0004.

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This chapter argues that Union soldiers from the Lower Middle West fought primarily to preserve the Union, rather than primarily for black liberation. Yet despite the refusal of many Lower Middle Western volunteers to embrace or even accept liberal war aims, conservative Unionism in the region proved flexible throughout 1863 and 1864 just as it was eroding in Kentucky. Inasmuch as many Union soldiers pushed emancipation, abundant dissenters, especially in the Lower Middle West, used both rhetorical and active means to pull the revolution backward and rein in its perceived radicalism. Countless “pullers”—conservatives who often had roots in the slaveholding South—never accepted the war’s liberalizing measures, and revealed their discontent by a spectrum of means, from personal protest to mass desertion.
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23

Frisch, Michael, and Douglas Lambert. Case Study: Between the Raw and the Cooked in Oral History: Notes from the Kitchen. Edited by Donald A. Ritchie. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195339550.013.0024.

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For a long time, oral history documents have been encountered and understood in two polar dimensions, not inaccurately described as “raw” and “cooked.” Considering oral history as primary source material, many discussions focus on the conducting, collecting, preserving, transcribing, and organizing of interviews as the basic “stuff” of work in the field. Alternatively, oral history has been often been approached from the vantage of its use—as selectively “cooked” and presented as History—in or as an exhibit, a film, a book, an article, a website, a text sidebar, and so on. These dimensions are each vitally important, of course, and much of the discourse of the field has been oriented to one or the other of these poles. This article further discusses the method of intra-interview passage in recording oral history. Importance of history makers in recording oral history and making them accessible is demonstrated in this article.
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24

Freilich, Charles D. Israeli National Security. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190602932.001.0001.

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This book is the most comprehensive study to date of Israel’s national security. It combines an exhaustive analysis of the military, diplomatic, demographic, and societal challenges Israel faces, with the responses it has developed, to present a detailed proposal for an overall new national security strategy, the first such proposal ever published on Israel. The book argues that Israel’s national security strategy has been highly successful, that Israel can manage the major military threats that remain, and that delegitimization, the Palestinian issue, and demography are the greatest challenges Israel faces today. It thus proposes a more long-term approach, with greater emphasis on restraint, defense, and diplomacy, and in which resolving the Palestinian issue, ensuring Israel’s Jewish and democratic character, preventing Iran from going nuclear, maintaining the “special relationship” with the United States, and preserving the resolve of Israeli society are the primary objectives.
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25

Hausenloy, Derek, and Derek Yellon, eds. Coronary No-Reflow and Microvascular Obstruction. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199544769.003.0005.

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• Following an AMI, the restoration of TIMI III coronary blood flow using thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention does not guarantee actual myocardial perfusion• In 40–60% of reperfused AMI cases, myocardial perfusion is impeded at the level of the capillaries due to microvascular obstruction (MVO)- a phenomenon termed coronary no-reflow• The presence of coronary no-reflow can be detected as impaired myocardial perfusion using non-invasive imaging modalities such as nuclear myocardial perfusion scanning, myocardial contrast echocardiography or contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging• The presence of microvascular obstruction post-AMI is associated with a larger infarct size, impaired LV ejection fraction, adverse LV remodelling and poorer clinical outcomes• Current treatment strategies include; vasodilator therapy such as adenosine, calcium-channel blockers, and nitrates; distal protection to prevent microemboli; and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors• Novel treatment strategies are required to prevent and treat coronary no-reflow, thereby improving myocardial perfusion, reducing myocardial infarct size, preserving LV ejection fraction, preventing LV remodeling and improving clinical outcomes.
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26

Reffelmann, Thorsten, and Robert Kloner. Adjunctive Reperfusion Therapy Post-AMI. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199544769.003.0009.

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• Reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery in an ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction is the most effective approach for reducing infarct size, preserving left ventricular ejection fraction, lowering the incidence and severity of congestive heart failure and improving prognosis• Hence, several pharmacologic agents intended to improve target vessel patency as an adjunct to thrombolysis or primary percutaneous coronary intervention have been shown to be beneficial in patients with reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction, namely antiplatelet and anticoagulation agents• Animal investigations have suggested that coronary reperfusion may also result in undesirable cardiac alterations, termed ‘reperfusion injury’, such as reversible contractile dysfunction (‘stunning’), microvascular obstruction (‘no-reflow’), and in several studies the progression of myocardial necrosis (‘lethal reperfusion injury’)• Clinical investigations of various pharmacologic interventions as an adjunctive therapy to reperfusion to reduce final infarct size, the amount of contractile dysfunction and to improve prognosis have been mostly inconsistent; only a few interventions, e.g. adenosine and atrial natriuretic peptide seem to show promise at least in certain subgroups.
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27

Freilich, Charles D. Policy Recommendations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190602932.003.0013.

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Chapter 12 proposes a comprehensive new Israeli national security strategy. The overall thrust is that Israel has become fundamentally secure and can adopt a long-term approach of greater “strategic patience,” with a heightened emphasis on defense, including building a national rocket and missile shield, and diplomacy. Separation from the Palestinians should be Israel’s foremost national objective. Israel should define relations with the United States as a fundamental national security pillar, adapt to the reality of dependence, and seek a defense treaty, but also aspire to independence where possible. Israel must maintain robust conventional and strategic capabilities, maintain nuclear ambiguity, ensure Iran never crosses the nuclear threshold, but prepare for an era in which the “Begin Doctrine” may no longer be feasible. The strategy further emphasizes the need to preserve and strengthen Israel’s domestic sources of power and thus the need for socioeconomic and electoral reform as primary national security objectives.
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28

Scheffler, Samuel. Why Worry About Future Generations? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798989.001.0001.

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Why should we care about what happens to human beings in the future, after we ourselves are long gone? Much of the contemporary philosophical literature on future generations has a broadly utilitarian orientation, and implicitly suggests that our primary reasons for concern about the fate of future generations are reasons of beneficence. This book proposes a different answer. Implicit in our existing values and evaluative attachments are a variety of powerful reasons, which are independent of considerations of beneficence, for wanting the chain of human generations to persist into the indefinite future under conditions conducive to human flourishing. These attachment-based reasons include reasons of love, reasons of interest, reasons of valuation, and reasons of reciprocity. Although considerations of beneficence, properly understood, also have a role to play in our thinking about future generations, some of our strongest reasons for caring about the future of humanity depend on our existing evaluative attachments and on our conservative disposition to preserve and sustain the things that we value.
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29

Jeffery, Commission, and Moloo Rahim. 3 Provisional Measures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198729037.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses the provisional measures used to preserve the integrity of an investment arbitration. It first reviews the applicable rules and standards utilized by arbitral tribunals to determine whether to grant a request for provisional measures, including before tribunals applying the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), ICSID Additional Facility, and UNCITRAL rules. In particular, it outlines five criteria that must generally be met to grant a request for provisional measures: prima facie jurisdiction, prima facie establishment of the case, urgency, imminent danger of serious prejudice (necessity), and proportionality. The chapter proceeds by considering case examples of the types of provisional measures requested by parties, namely: security for costs, specific performance, stop parallel domestic proceedings, preservation of documents, preservation of status quo, and non-aggravation of the dispute.
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30

Ryder, Andrew. Britain and Europe at a Crossroads. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200515.001.0001.

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Britain and Europe at a Crossroads: The Politics of Anxiety and Transformation dissects the complex social, cultural and political factors that led the UK to take its decision to leave the EU and examines the far-reaching consequences of that decision. Developing the conceptual framework of securitization, the book uses primary sources and a focus on rhetoric and discourse analysis to examine the ways that political elites engineered a politics of fear, insecurity and Brexit nationalism before and after the Brexit vote. The book situates Brexit within a wider shift in international political ideas, traces the resurgence in popularity of far-right politics and explores how Britain and Europe now face a choice between further neoliberal reform or radical democratic and social renewal. The book posits a number of policy responses that might serve as antidotes to the causes of Brexit and radical right populism centred on a new Social Europe, redistribution and social justice and forms of deliberative democracy that extend participation and preserve representative judgement in the British tradition of ‘pouring new wine into old bottles’.
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31

Johnson-Weiner, Karen. The Mohawk Valley Amish. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501707605.003.0005.

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This chapter examines how other Amish began to think about settling in the Mohawk Valley region—they were motivated primarily by the need for farmland, but were partly attracted by idyllic reports of life in the Fort Plain settlement. Meanwhile, non-Amish in the area began to think about how they could attract Amish settlers. Whether Amish life is truly slower, calmer, or as often depicted, simpler, is debatable. Nevertheless, having to earn a living, feed numerous children, build homes and barns, milk cows, grow much of one's own food, do laundry, and preserve gallons of fruit and vegetables each year, all without the aid of many of the labor-saving devices that mainstream America deems essential, makes for a challenging and sometimes complicated life.
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32

Ritchie, James, Darren Green, Constantina Chrysochou, and Philip A. Kalra. Renal artery stenosis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0215.

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In fibromuscular disease (FMD), renal artery occlusion seems to be rare. Balloon angioplasty appears moderately successful in the medium term in controlling hypertension, at least in younger patients. In more complicated circumstances, medical therapy may be preferred. Similar approaches have been used in Takayasu disease but with less information about lasting outcomes.In atherosclerotic renal disease, the risk of renal artery occlusion and loss of renal function seems higher, but so are the complications of invasive management. Randomized clinical studies have not shown better blood pressure control or renal outcomes between medical therapy and percutaneous revascularization. As a consequence, modern management of atherosclerotic renovascular disease is primarily pharmacological, with interventional techniques reserved for selected presentations such as rapidly declining therapy, acute occlusion, or characteristic ‘flash’ pulmonary oedema.Whilst this approach is widely accepted, long-term outcome data are scant and there is ongoing research interest into specific disease phenotypes, refined interventional techniques, and novel treatment strategies aimed at preserving the renal microcirculation.
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33

Livermore, Roy. Plate Tectonics by Creeps. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717867.003.0006.

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Earthquakes are caused primarily by the movement of plates. Plates move over the mantle, and the mantle is solid rock. So why aren’t there earthquakes beneath the plates? If all plates are moving (and they are), there should be earthquakes just about everywhere, at a depth corresponding to the base of the plates. The answer is that, while plate boundaries are the natural home of jerks, the mantle beneath the plates is the preserve of creeps. Except where cold slabs penetrate to depths of 650 km or more, the mantle moves only very gradually by creep, a phenomenon that occurs in many solids, including metals, when subjected to stress. Creep can be very inconvenient, particularly where a metal happens to form part of, say, a turbine blade in an aero engine. On the other hand, creep is the process that transformed the Earth into a living world.
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34

Lippert, Amy K. DeFalco. From the Cradle to the Grave: Visualizing the Life Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190268978.003.0005.

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Images were so bound up with the concept of mortality, and such potent reminders of the unceasing and irreversible onslaught of time, that they soon came to play a critical role as markers along the key junctures of both individual and family lifespans in nineteenth-century America. They commemorated births, deaths, and everything in between. The residents of a far-flung city like San Francisco were all the more reliant on two-dimensional substitutes for their absent kin. Painted portraits and miniatures had previously served similar functions as documentation of significant events or achievements, but only as mediated by an artist’s hand, with a limited replication and distribution capacity, and primarily for a small upper echelon of the population. It was fitting that photography, the most democratic of all media, should preserve memories of loved ones after their demise—death being among the most democratic of life experiences.
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35

Martin, Scheinin, and Åhrén Mattias. Part I The UNDRIP’s Relationship to Existing International Law, Ch.3 Relationship to Human Rights, and Related International Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673223.003.0004.

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This chapter analyses how the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) fits within the broader picture of international legal instruments, with specific reference to related human rights norms. In many respects, the general approach the UNDRIP takes towards indigenous rights is natural. Largely from the very day indigenous peoples' representatives started to address the UN in order to claim recognition of and respect for their rights, the focus of such claims has been on allowing indigenous peoples the possibility to preserve, maintain, and develop their own distinct societies, existing side by side with the majority society. In other words, political rights — or sovereign rights — have always been at the forefront of the indigenous rights regime. In that way, indigenous peoples' rights distinguish themselves from those that apply to minority groups that are primarily individual rights. Thus, when placing emphasis on peoples' rights, the UNDRIP follows in the tradition of the indigenous rights discourse in general, as reflected in Article 3 of the Declaration.
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36

Post, Robert. Concluding Thoughts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465544.003.0013.

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This chapter reflects on the volume as a whole. It asks how we should imagine and deal with hatred within a legal order that is both liberal and democratic. The chapter traces the traditional treatment of hatred in the Anglo-American legal tradition, focusing on concepts of malice and libel. It discusses how contemporary concepts of hate crime and hate speech differ from this treatment: the former primarily seeks to achieve socio-political integration of groups rather than to preserve forms of respect that individuals owe each other. Trading on traditional ideas of hatred, modern legal sanctions may themselves contribute to the polarization and intolerance that they aim to destroy. Persons branded as “haters” are effectively excommunicated from the polity, and so have little to lose from a politics of resentment. The chapter suggests that antidiscrimination law may be a better model for achieving socio-political integration than contemporary evocations of “hatred.”
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37

Alborn, Timothy. All That Glittered. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190603519.001.0001.

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From the early eighteenth century into the 1830s, Great Britain was the only major country in the world to adopt gold as the sole basis of its currency, in the process absorbing much of the world’s supply of that metal into its pockets, cupboards, and coffers. During the same period, Britons forged a nation by distilling a heady brew of Protestantism, commerce, and military might, while preserving important features of its older social hierarchy. All That Glittered argues for a close connection between these occurrences, by linking justifications for gold’s role in British society—starting in the 1750s and running through the mid-nineteenth century gold rushes in California and Australia—to contemporary descriptions of that metal’s varied values at home and abroad. Most of these accounts attributed British commercial and military success to a credit economy pinned on gold, stigmatized southern European and subaltern peoples for their nonmonetary uses of gold, or tried to marginalize people at home for similar forms of alleged misconduct. This book tells a primarily cultural origin story about the gold standard’s emergence after 1850 as an international monetary system, while providing a new window on British exceptionalism during the previous century.
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38

Gale, William G. Fiscal Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645410.001.0001.

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America faces two distinct but related economic challenges. Steadily rising federal debt—largely fueled by rising healthcare costs and an aging population that will boost spending on Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid—will make it harder to grow the nation’s economy, boost living standards, respond to wars or recessions, address social needs, and maintain the US role as a global leader. At the same time, an increasingly fractured society has left many people behind and let critical investments lag, even as overall prosperity has grown. How and when US citizens address these challenges will help determine the future they build for themselves and their children. This book proposes a remedy with three core elements: controlling entitlement spending in ways that preserve and enhance the programs’ anti-poverty and social insurance roles; betting on the future by stipulating major new public investments in human and physical capital; and raising and reforming taxes to pay for government services fairly and efficiently. Together, these changes would control federal borrowing, strengthen the economy, increase opportunity, reduce inequality, and build better lives for current and future generations. There is no need to kill popular programs or starve government. Indeed, a primary goal of fiscal reform is to maintain and enhance the vital functions that government provides. The country needs to act responsibly, pay for the government it wants, and shape that government in ways that serve it best.
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39

Bugyis, Katie Ann-Marie. The Care of Nuns. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851286.001.0001.

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This book recovers the liturgical and pastoral ministries performed by Benedictine nuns in England from 900 to 1225. Three ministries are examined in detail—liturgically reading the gospel, hearing confessions, and offering intercessory prayers for others—but they are prefaced by profiles of the monastic officers most often charged with their performances—cantors, sacristans, prioresses, and abbesses. This book challenges past scholarly accounts of these ministries that either locate them exclusively in the so-called Golden Age of double monasteries headed by abbesses in the seventh and eighth centuries, or read the monastic and ecclesiastical reforms of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries as effectively relegating nuns to complete dependency on priests’ sacramental care. This book shows instead that, throughout the central Middle Ages, many nuns in England continued to exercise primary control over the cura animarum of their consorors and others who sought their aid. Most innovative and essential to this study are the close paleographical, codicological, and textual analyses of the surviving liturgical books from women’s communities. When identified and then excavated to unearth the liturgical scripts and scribal productions they preserve, these books hold a treasure trove of unexamined evidence for understanding the lives of nuns in England during the central Middle Ages. These books serve as the foundational documents of practice for this study because they offer witnesses not only to the liturgical and pastoral ministries that nuns performed, but also to the productions of female scribes as copyists, correctors, and even creators of liturgical texts.
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