Academic literature on the topic 'Preserved organisms'
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Journal articles on the topic "Preserved organisms"
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Kenchington, Charlotte G., and Philip R. Wilby. "Of Time and Taphonomy: Preservation in the Ediacaran." Paleontological Society Papers 20 (October 2014): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002825.
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The late Neoproterozoic witnessed a revolution in the history of life: the transition from a microbial world to the one known today. The enigmatic organisms of the Ediacaran hold the key to understanding the early evolution of metazoans and their ecology, and thus the basis of Phanerozoic life. Crucial to interpreting the information they divulge is a thorough understanding of their taphonomy: what is preserved, how it is preserved, and also what is not preserved. Fortunately, this Period is also recognized for its abundance of soft-tissue preservation, which is viewed through a wide variety of taphonomic windows. Some of these, such as pyritization and carbonaceous compression, are also present throughout the Phanerozoic, but the abundance and variety of moldic preservation of body fossils in siliciclastic settings is unique to the Ediacaran. In rare cases, one organism is preserved in several preservational styles which, in conjunction with an increased understanding of the taphonomic processes involved in each style, allow confident interpretations of aspects of the biology and ecology of the organisms preserved. Several groundbreaking advances in this field have been made since the 1990s, and have paved the way for increasingly thorough analyses and elegant interpretations.
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McKinney, Frank K. "Taphonomic Effects and Preserved Overgrowth Relationships among Encrusting Marine Organisms." PALAIOS 10, no. 3 (June 1995): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3515258.
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Garcia, Lynne S., and Robyn Y. Shimizu. "Evaluation of Intestinal Protozoan Morphology in Human Fecal Specimens Preserved in EcoFix: Comparison of Wheatley’s Trichrome Stain and EcoStain." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 7 (1998): 1974–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.7.1974-1976.1998.
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As a result of disposal problems related to the use of mercury compounds, many laboratories have switched from mercuric chloride-based Schaudinn’s and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) stool preservatives to other, non-mercury-based preservatives. A comparison of organism recoveries and morphologies of the intestinal protozoa was undertaken with PVA containing the EcoFix zinc-based Schaudinn’s preservative (Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.); both Wheatley’s modification of Gomori’s trichrome stain (WT) and EcoStain (ES) were used to stain 51 human fecal specimens. Morphology, clarity of nuclear and cytoplasmic detail, overall color differences, and the ease or difficulty in detecting intestinal protozoa in fecal debris were assessed for the two permanent stained smears. Overall, organism morphology of the intestinal protozoa stained with WT and that of protozoa stained with ES were not equal in nuclear and cytoplasmic detail or range of color. However, the same organisms were identified in stained fecal smears with either WT or ES, with the exception of situations in which organism numbers were characterized as rare. Included were 67 protozoan challenges (number of organisms): Entamoeba histolytica-Entamoeba dispar (5), Entamoeba coli (9),Entamoeba hartmanni (6), Endolimax nana (12),Iodamoeba bütschlii (8), Blastocystis hominis (19), Giardia lamblia (6), Dientamoeba fragilis (2), yeast (2), and leukocytes (2). Five specimens were negative for parasites but contained fecal debris that was compared for morphologic detail and color range. The ES produces a more gray-green monotone with very little pink or red tone; contrast among the various colors is less than that seen with WT. Stain intensity for all organisms was acceptable, and there were no problems with stain deposition. The quality of the protozoan morphology with ES was often comparable to that with WT (36 of 67 [53.7%]) and, in some cases, better (24 of 67 [35.8%]). Organisms on the WT-stained smear exhibited better morphology in a few instances (4 of 67 [6%]), and in three instances, there were discrepant organism numbers.
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Key, Marcus M., Gregory A. Schumacher, Loren E. Babcock, Robert C. Frey, William P. Heimbrock, Stephen H. Felton, Dan L. Cooper, Walter B. Gibson, Debbie G. Scheid, and Sylvester A. Schumacher. "Paleoecology of commensal epizoans fouling Flexicalymene (Trilobita) from the Upper Ordovician, Cincinnati Arch region, USA." Journal of Paleontology 84, no. 6 (November 2010): 1121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-018.1.
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Commensal epizoozoans and episkeletozoans are rarely preserved attached to the external exoskeleton of the Late Ordovician trilobite Flexicalymene. Of nearly 15,000 Flexicalymene specimens examined, 0.1% show epizoozoans or episkeletozoans. Factors limiting Flexicalymene fouling include a shallow burrowing life style, frequent molting of the host, larval preference for other substrates, observational bias caused by overlooking small fouling organisms, and the loss of the non-calcified, outermost cuticle prior to fossilization or as the trilobite weathers from the encasing sediment. Trepostome bryozoans, articulate and inarticulate brachiopods, cornulitids, and a tube-dwelling/boring nonbiomineralized organism represent the preserved members of the Late Ordovician marine hard substrate community fouling Flexicalymene. This assemblage of organisms is less diverse than the hard substrate community fouling Late Ordovician sessile epibenthic organisms. Fouling is not restricted to only large Flexicalymene specimens as observed in previous studies but occurs in medium to large individuals interpreted as early to late holaspid specimens.Epizoozoans fouling the carcasses or molt ensembles of 16 Flexicalymene specimens provide insight into the life habits of the host and these fouling organisms. Trepostome bryozoans, articulate and inarticulate brachiopods, and cornulitids preferentially attached to elevated portions of the dorsal exoskeleton, and preferentially aligned in either the direct line or lee side of currents generated by Flexicalymene walking on the sea floor or swimming through the water column.
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Wilson, Mark A., and Timothy J. Palmer. "A Review of Evolutionary Trends in Carbonate Hardground Communities." Paleontological Society Special Publications 5 (1990): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200005475.
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Ancient and modern marine carbonate hardgrounds offer unusual opportunities to study the evolution of communities from the Early Cambrian into the Holocene. Throughout this time the general physical conditions of a hardground community have been similar. The substrate is hard so sessile organisms must either attach to its surface, nestle in cavities, or bore into it for occupation. These organisms are thus preserved in situ. Since space is often the limiting physical resource, organisms must have ways of obtaining and defending it, and these competitive hierarchies are often preserved in the spatial relationships of the species. Scouring and/or burial in sediment usually marks the end of the brief habitation.
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Poinar, George. "Associations between Fossil Beetles and Other Organisms." Geosciences 9, no. 4 (April 21, 2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040184.
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The present work reveals plant and animal associates of 16 families and subfamilies of fossil beetles that have been preserved in amber from Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and Myanmar. The associates include mites, pseudoscorpions, spiders, insect parasites and predators, fungi, angiosperm parts, vertebrates, and nematodes. The presence of these fossil associates can be attributed to the rapid preservation of organisms in resin, thus maintaining natural associations almost “in situ”. Examples of present-day associations similar to those of the fossils show that specific behavioral patterns are often far more ancient than the specific lineages involved.
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Xiao, Shuhai, Zhe Chen, Ke Pang, Chuanming Zhou, and Xunlai Yuan. "The Shibantan Lagerstätte: insights into the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic transition." Journal of the Geological Society 178, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): jgs2020–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-135.
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The Shibantan Lagerstätte (551–543 Ma) in the Yangtse Gorges area in South China is one of the best-known examples of terminal Ediacaran fossil assemblages preserved in marine carbonate rocks. Taxonomically dominated by benthic organisms, the Shibantan Lagerstätte preserves various photoautotrophs, biomineralizing tubular fossils, Ediacara-type macrofossils (including rangeomorphs, arboreomorphs, erniettomorphs, palaeopascichnids, a possible dickinsoniomorph, the mobile bilaterian Yilingia and soft-bodied tubular fossils), abundant ichnofossils and a number of problematic and dubious fossils. Shibantan fossils provide intriguing insights into ecological interactions among mobile bilaterians, sessile benthic Ediacara-type organisms and microbial mats, thus offering important data to test various hypotheses accounting for the decline of the Ediacara biota and the concurrent expansion of bilaterian bioturbation and mobility across the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic transition.
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Knoll, A. H., E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt, and P. Cohen. "Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1470 (May 5, 2006): 1023–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1843.
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The geological record of protists begins well before the Ediacaran and Cambrian diversification of animals, but the antiquity of that history, its reliability as a chronicle of evolution and the causal inferences that can be drawn from it remain subjects of debate. Well-preserved protists are known from a relatively small number of Proterozoic formations, but taphonomic considerations suggest that they capture at least broad aspects of early eukaryotic evolution. A modest diversity of problematic, possibly stem group protists occurs in ca 1800–1300 Myr old rocks. 1300–720 Myr fossils document the divergence of major eukaryotic clades, but only with the Ediacaran–Cambrian radiation of animals did diversity increase within most clades with fossilizable members. While taxonomic placement of many Proterozoic eukaryotes may be arguable, the presence of characters used for that placement is not. Focus on character evolution permits inferences about the innovations in cell biology and development that underpin the taxonomic and morphological diversification of eukaryotic organisms.
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Bromley, R. G., and A. A. Ekdale. "Composite ichnofabrics and tiering of burrows." Geological Magazine 123, no. 1 (January 1986): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800026534.
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AbstractInfaunal communities in marine environments typically are tiered; that is, different taxa live at different depths within the sediment. Tiered suites of biogenic structures yield complex biogenic sedimentary fabrics (ichnofabrics), with the traces of deep-burrowing organisms overprinted on those of shallow-burrowing organisms. Careful analysis of crosscutting relationships of burrows in such composite ichnofabrics allows reconstruction of the tiered nature of fossil endobenthic communities. It is important to recognize that the best preserved and most prominently displayed trace fossils in most assemblages usually represent the deepest tier. Thus, they were farther removed from the sea floor and therefore less indicative of actual sea floor conditions than the more poorly preserved traces of the shallower tiers, on which the deeper traces are juxtaposed.
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Wendruff, Andrew J., Loren E. Babcock, Joanne Kluessendorf, and Donald G. Mikulic. "Paleobiology and taphonomy of exceptionally preserved organisms from the Waukesha Biota (Silurian), Wisconsin, USA." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 546 (May 2020): 109631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109631.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Preserved organisms"
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Shapiro, Beth Alison. "Inferring evolutionary history and processes using ancient DNA." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288525.
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Wendruff, Andrew J. "Paleobiology and Taphonomy of Exceptionally Preserved Organisms from the Brandon Bridge Formation (Silurian), Wisconsin, USA." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468844814.
Full textBooks on the topic "Preserved organisms"
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Jaagumagi, R. Sediment and biological assessment of the Northern Wood Preservers Inc. site Thunder Bay: July 1995 and September 1995, final report. [Toronto]: Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 1998.
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Lowenstam, Heinz A., and Stephen Weiner. On Biomineralization. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195049770.001.0001.
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Focusing on the basic principles of mineral formation by organisms, this comprehensive volume explores questions that relate to a wide variety of fields, from biology and biochemistry, to paleontology, geology, and medical research. Preserved fossils are used to date geological deposits and archaeological artifacts. Materials scientists investigate mineralized tissues to determine the design principles used by organisms to form strong materials. Many medical problems are also associated with normal and pathological mineralization. Lowenstam, the pioneer researcher in biomineralization, and Weiner discuss the basic principles of mineral formation by organisms and compare various mineralization processes. Reference tables listing all known cases in which organisms form minerals are included.
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Vaughan, David. 5. Minerals and the living world. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199682843.003.0005.
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‘Minerals and the living world’ considers various mineral–microbe interactions, biomineralization, and how minerals interact with the human body and human health. Biomineralization is the process where living organisms produce minerals such as calcite, apatite, and silica. An example is the unicellular, ocean-living radiolaria that have complex silica skeletons. After death their skeletal remains sink to the ocean floor and can be seen preserved in cherts and flints. Human biominerals can be divided into those which are an essential part of the bodies’ systems, such as hydroxylapatite found in bones and teeth, and those which are unexpected and pathological mineral deposits, such as calcium oxalate and asbestiform minerals.
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Thies, Janice E. Co-Existence in the Fields? GM, Organic, and Conventional Food Crops. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.36.
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A central tenet in a free society is the freedom to choose how to conduct one’s life and manage one’s property, with the responsibility to see that these same freedoms are ensured for others. Considerable effort must be expended to enable freedom of choice among a population, particularly in contentious circumstances, and especially in open systems, such as agriculture. The emergence of conventional agriculture, which relies on the heavy use of synthetic, agrochemical inputs required that concessions/compromises be made, largely by organic farmers, to enable conventional and organic agriculture to co-exist. The advent of genetically modified (GM) crops presents unique co-existence issues, particularly in light of the natural ability of transgenic organisms to hybridize, reproduce, and spread in the environment. Means by which the integrity of organic, conventional and GM farming systems might be assured in order to preserve and ensure farmer and consumer choice is discussed.
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Fung, Victor. A Way of Music Education. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190234461.001.0001.
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A Way of Music Education: Classic Chinese Wisdoms presents a philosophy of music education rooted in Yijing (I-Ching or The Book of Changes), classic Confucianism, and classic Daoism, which matured in the mid-sixth to mid-third century BC China (pre-Qin period). This philosophy puts the human at the center of an organismic world, in which all matters and events are connected, be they musical or non-musical. It is human-centric and dao-centric. Music educational experiences are key attributes to musical well-being throughout one’s lifetime. Concepts of yin and yang, deep harmony, and the teachings of Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, and Zhuangzi are applied to propose a “trilogy”—change, balance, and liberation—as a way of thinking and practicing music education. Music education is viewed as a lifelong endeavor; the philosophy therefore calls for a dynamic flexibility to maintain a balanced life in constantly changing situations. While principles suggested in this philosophy are simple, it is critical to practice them persistently to achieve continuous improvements. Through extended practice in being musically proactive, a musical liberation can be achieved and a humanly human spirit can be preserved and sustained.
Book chapters on the topic "Preserved organisms"
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Smith, David, and Vera Bussas. "Preserving the reference strains." In Trends in the systematics of bacteria and fungi, 55–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244984.0055.
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Abstract It is critical that storage of the living reference strains, on which the names and properties are based and the DNA sequenced to assign a name (the reference genetic resources), are preserved optimally to retain stability. The fact that less than 1% of microbial diversity can be grown sets enormous challenges for repositories (microbial domain biological resource centres or mBRCs). It is most often the case that it is an axenic culture of the reference genetic resource that is preserved but, for those organisms that cannot be grown or where molecular techniques are used to identify the organism, DNA should be stored. This task increases further when the microbiome is being studied, and environmental samples from whole communities are examined; mBRCs need to address how these can be preserved too. This chapter focuses on property retention, selecting the appropriate techniques for longterm survival and stability of characters. It covers the operations of mBRCs and the most appropriate technologies and mechanisms for stability testing and quality assurance. It addresses the preservation of microbial strains of the wide range of archaeal, bacterial (including cyanobacterial), yeast and fungal type and reference strains.
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Roberts{roJoint Chairman}, T. A., J. L. Cordier, L. Gram, R. B. Tompkin, J. I. Pitt{roJoint Chairman}, L. G. M. Gorris, and K. M. J. Swanson. "Soft drinks, fruit juices, concentrates, and fruit preserves." In Micro-Organisms in Foods 6, 544–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28801-5_13.
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"Section 12: GMO: Genetically modified organisms." In Identity-Preserved Systems, 143–50. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420040241-15.
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Maynard Smith, John, and Eors Szathmary. "Development in simple organisms." In The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198502944.003.0016.
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Complex multicellular organisms, whose bodies consist of differentiated cells of many kinds, have evolved independently on three occasions—animals, higher plants and fungi. In addition, multicellular organisms with a lesser degree of cellular differentiation have evolved on a number of occasions. For example, the algae have given rise to ‘seaweeds’ several times. In this and the next three chapters, we discuss the origin and subsequent evolution of such organisms. Some 540 million years ago, at the beginning of the Cambrian, there appeared an array of multicellular marine animals, including the major phyla that exist today—coelenterates, platyhelminths, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and others. Chordates are also present in the Cambrian: they are not known from the earliest deposits, in which only hard parts are preserved, but are present in the slightly later Burgess Shale, in which soft-bodied forms are preserved. Forty years ago, this sudden appearance of metazoan fossils was not only a puzzle but something of an embarassment: the absence of any known fossils from earlier rocks was a weapon widely used by creationists. Today, the fossil evidence for prokaryotes goes back 3000 million years, and for protists some 1000 million years. The Cambrian explosion remains a puzzle, however, which has been only fitfully illuminated by the discovery of the enigmatic soft-bodied Ediacaran fauna, which had a worldwide distribution between 580 and 560 million years ago. There are still doubts about how these fossils should be interpreted (Conway Morris, 1993). The orthodox, and more plausible, view is that the fauna is dominated by coelenterates, with some specimens identified as echinoderms and annelids. An alternative interpretation (Seilacher, 1992) is that they belong to an extinct clade of multicellular eukaryotes, the ventobionts, probably lacking an alimentary canal, muscles and nervous system. Although such organisms may have existed, at least some of the Ediacaran fauna have been successfully compared to recent metazoans. If the interpretation of most of these fossils as coelenterates proves to be correct, it would fit in well with the morphological and molecular evidence. The molecular data suggest that coelenterates arose early, but probably not independently of other metazoans. Morphologically they are simple in being diploblastic (formed from two cell layers), in contrast to the triploblastic animals that predominate in the Cambrian.
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Southgate, Emily W. B. Russell. "Harvesting Natural Resources." In People and the Land through Time, 104–25. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300225808.003.0007.
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People have always had to rely on hunting and gathering for food, fuel and shelter. The first evidence for possible major impact of these activities is the early Holocene extinction of most megafauna on all continents except Africa. Multidisciplinary historical research indicates that both climate and human impact interacted to cause these extinctions. This chapter also discusses historical records which have elucidated some of the long-term impacts of harvesting fish and other creatures of seas and estuaries on aspects such as population numbers, age structure, and species diversity of these organisms. On land, hunting has continued to affect many species. Agriculture, rather than decreasing the use of natural resources, has altered land use and increased demand so that the impact on natural resources has increased worldwide. Industrialization further accelerated this trend. Even those sites removed from active use by inclusion in preserves continue to change, in part because of a complex history of use before they were preserved. Understanding this history can help set appropriate goals for preservation as well as indications of management that may assist in evaluating changes.
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Cohen, Andrew S. "The Biological Environment of Lakes." In Paleolimnology. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195133530.003.0009.
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Biological processes form the basis for a rich source of information for paleolimnologists. Populations of organisms are sensitive to variations in their external environment, and this sensitivity can be recorded as proportional changes in fossil abundances, evolutionary change, or extinction. Variations in lake temperature or water chemistry below the threshold of geochemical archives would normally go unrecorded in lake deposits were it not for fossils capable of registering these changes. Biotic systems are also the most complex components of lake systems, involving numerous species, their interactions with each other, and with their external environment. As a result, the interpretation of lacustrine fossil records is rarely straightforward, and must be viewed in the context of complex ecological dynamics, unfolding against a background of environmental and evolutionary change. In this chapter we will consider the biotic structure of lakes from a paleolimnological perspective, focusing on organisms and ecological interactions likely to be preserved in a lake’s fossil record. A transect running downslope and offshore from the shoreline will almost invariably reveal a change in habitat and lake organisms (see figure 3.2). In the shallow, littoral zone, high rates of photosynthesis can normally be supported, as light is not a limiting factor for growth. A high diversity of autotrophic and heterotrophic (consuming) organisms is encountered here. Near the shoreline, a fringe of emergent or submerged macrophytes is often present, either attached to the substrate, or floating nearshore. These plants form a substrate for many attached (epiphytic) or crawling organisms. On wave-swept, rocky, or sandy coasts macrophytes may be absent, but abundant algae or photosynthetic bacteria may be present, attached to rock surfaces (epilithic), or adhering to sand grains. In the sublittoral zone, light penetration is reduced, and large macrophytic plants are absent, but lower levels of benthic primary production may persist from algal or bacterial growth. Although algae are frequently found below the photic zone, because of circulation or settling, they are not photosynthesizing under such conditions. In the aphotic, profundal zone food resources are provided exclusively through secondary productivity, consumption of settling detritus (or the organisms that feed on such detritus), and microbial food resources.
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William Tong, C. Y. "Different Types of Vaccines." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0061.
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Vaccines can be classified according to their nature into the following types: ● Inactivated vaccines: ■ Whole organism; ■ Acellular extracts. ● Live attenuated vaccines. ● Toxoid vaccines. ● Subunit vaccines. ● Conjugate vaccines. ● DNA vaccines. ● Recombinant vector vaccines. Inactivation of the whole organism is the most basic form of vaccine produced by killing the micro-organism causing the disease using heat, chemical or radiation and presents all the antigens in the inactivated organism as a vaccine to induce immunity in the recipient. Other methods to produce an inactivated vaccine is by extracting acellular components of the organism through filtration. Examples of inactivated bacterial vaccines currently in use include: ● Anthrax—sterile filtrate from cultures of the Sterne strain of B. anthracis. ● Cholera—oral inactivated vaccine with 1mg of recombinant cholera toxin B (rCTB) in a liquid suspension of four strains of killed V. cholerae O1, representing subtypes Inaba and Ogawa and biotypes El Tor and classical. ● Pertussis—acellular vaccine has replaced previously used whole cell vaccine. ● Typhoid—purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from S. typhi; NB: the injectable, killed, whole-cell typhoid vaccine which contains heat-inactivated, phenol-preserved S. typhi organisms is no longer in use in the UK. Examples of inactivated viral vaccines currently in use in the UK include: ● Hepatitis A virus. ● Hepatitis E virus. ● Influenza A and B viruses. ● Japanese encephalitis virus. ● Polio viruses 1, 2, and 3 (IPV). ● Rabies virus. ● Tick-borne encephalitis virus. ● Bacterial vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine against tuberculosis derived from a Mycobacterium bovis strain. The oral typhoid vaccine contains a live attenuated strain of S. typhi (Ty21a) in an enteric-coated capsule. ● Viral vaccines: The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine contain live attenuated strains of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses, which are cultured separately and mixed before being lyophilized. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) against polio viruses 1, 2, and 3—OPV contains live attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus types 1, 2, and 3 grown in cell cultures.
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Cohen, Andrew S. "Paleoecological Archives in Lake Deposits 2: Records from Important Groups." In Paleolimnology. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195133530.003.0015.
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The lacustrine fossil record comprises a mixture of endogenic fossils, such as cladocerans, derived from lakes, and exogenic fossils, such as insects or pollen, which are carried into lakes, by wind and water from surrounding areas. Our primary emphasis here will be on the endogenic fossil record of lakes; we will only briefly consider general aspects of the taphonomy and paleoecological significance of exogenic fossils for terrestrial plant and insect fossils. Information about lake fossils varies greatly between groups. Some taxa, such as diatoms, are virtual workhorses of the field, with numerous investigators, and established methods of sampling, analysis, and interpretation. At the other extreme are organisms such as copepods, which, despite their importance in lacustrine ecosystems, are so poorly fossilized that they are unlikely to ever play a major role in paleolimnology. In between these extremes lie the majority of lacustrine organisms. Many relatively common groups have great potential for paleoecological interpretation, but, for reasons of inadequate study, a lack of researchers, or difficulties in taxonomy, have thus far been little used by paleolimnologists. Major opportunities await new students in the field who are willing to take up the challenges of studying these clades. Despite their importance in lacustrine communities, cyanobacteria remain a relatively unexploited source of information for paleolimnology. Isolated cells have poor preservation potential, and fossil cyanobacterial cells are preserved in Late Quaternary lake muds primarily by their more resistant reproductive spores (akinetes), or occasionally by filaments. Planktonic cyanobacteria are only rarely recorded in older sediments. In contrast, benthic cyanobacterial communities are well represented in ancient lake beds by their constructional deposits, lithified algal mats, stromatolites, and thrombolites. Although their body fossils have been used only rarely to solve paleolimnological problems, planktonic cyanobacteria have great potential for this purpose, given their obvious importance in many lacustrine communities. Relatively resistant akinetes might be very useful for understanding changes in plankton communities, especially in cases where better- studied siliceous microfossils (diatoms and chrysophytes) are not well preserved, for example, in very alkaline lakes. However, almost nothing is known of the taphonomic biases that control the planktonic cyanobacterial fossil record.
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Lowenstam, Heinz A., and Stephen Weiner. "Evolution of Biomineralization." In On Biomineralization. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195049770.003.0014.
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Biomineralization among living organisms is widespread, occurring in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is diverse with some 60 or so minerals known to be formed by organisms under a wide variety of conditions. They are deposited at many different locations both inside and outside cells. Biomineralization occurs on such an enormous scale that it influences processes in the biosphere itself. It is, therefore, of interest to determine how this all came about—the evolution of biomineralization. The evolutionary history of biomineralization is a fascinating subject in its own right, which is the primary reason for including it in this book. However, a well-substantiated understanding of this subject is also of crucial importance to the interpretation of many aspects of research into the mechanisms of biomineralization in living organisms. An example is the observation by Veis et al. (1986) that antibodies raised against the rat incisor acidic proteins, phosphophoryns, crossreact with proteins extracted from a sea urchin test. The proteins presumably share some similar molecular structures. Did they inherit them from a common ancestor or did they evolve independently from each other to fulfill similar functions? This type of question can be asked about many comparative studies in biomineralization between phyla or even within lower taxa of the same phyla. As long as we do not have answers to these questions, the powerful tool of comparative biology in biomineralization is compromised. Studying the evolution of biomineralization has one enormous advantage over many other topics in evolutionary biology; the very material that we are interested in has the best chance of surviving the vagaries of time and being preserved in the fossil record. The fossil record at least during the last 600 million years or so is, for the most part, a documentation of remnants of the history of mineralized hard part formation by organisms. Thus, the evolution of biomineralization is one topic that can, and that should be based on the direct documentation of the fossil record. This is the way it is presented in this chapter. The corollary of this statement is also worth considering. The fossil record should be interpreted bearing in mind the evolution of biomineralization.
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Zalasiewicz, Jan. "The Strata Machine." In The Earth After Us. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199214976.003.0008.
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History is bunk—or so Henry Ford is reputed to have said. Folk memory, though, simplifies recorded statements. What Henry Ford actually told the Chicago Tribune was ‘History is more or less bunk. It’s tradition. We don’t want tradition. We want to live in the present, and the only tradition that is worth a tinker’s damn is the history that we make today.’ So folk memory, in this case, did pretty well reflect the kernel of his views. Henry Ford also said that ‘Exercise is bunk. If you are healthy, you don’t need it; if you are sick, you shouldn’t take it.’ Henry Ford was a very powerful, very rich man of strongly expressed views. And he was quite wrong on both counts. Not having known Henry Ford, interplanetary explorers may have their own view of history. As, perhaps, an indispensable means of understanding the present and of predicting the future. As a way of deducing how the various phenomena—physical, chemical, and biological—on any planet operate. And as a means of avoiding the kind of mistake—such as resource exhaustion or intra-species war—that could terminate the ambitions of any promising and newly emerged intelligent life-form. On Earth, and everywhere else, things are as they are because they have developed that way. The history of that development must be worked out from tangible evidence: chiefly the objects and traces of past events and processes preserved on this planet itself. The surface of the Earth is no place to preserve deep history. This is in spite of—and in large part because of—the many events that have taken place on it. The surface of the future Earth, one hundred million years from now, will not have preserved evidence of contemporary human activity. One can be quite categorical about this. Whatever arrangement of oceans and continents, or whatever state of cool or warmth will exist then, the Earth’s surface will have been wiped clean of human traces. For the Earth is active. It is not just an inert mass of rock, an enormous sphere of silicates and metals to be mined by its freight of organisms, much as caterpillars chew through leaves.
Conference papers on the topic "Preserved organisms"
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Ragoonanan, Vishard, and Alptekin Aksan. "Factors Affecting Protein Distribution and Structure in a Dried Droplet." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192888.
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Convective/diffusive drying of biopreservation solutions that contain biological macromolecules or organisms is widely-utilized, especially in desiccated and vitrified state preservation. Typically, solutions are deposited on a surface as thin films or droplets and are dried in a controlled environment. A typical biopreservation solution contains the biomaterial to be preserved, non-reducing sugars (trehalose, sucrose, etc.), polyols, and salts [1]. There are several factors that affect the overall stabilization and storage efficiency of a biopreservation solution: the properties of the chemicals in the solution, the thermodynamic state of the product to be stabilized, the processing conditions, and the interactions of the solution with the surface it is dried on. For example, during drying of a sessile droplet in a low relative humidity environment, secondary flows form within the droplet due to contact line pinning and non-uniform surface flux. These flows mainly cause accumulation of solutes at the droplet’s periphery [2]. An additional factor is the specific interactions among the constituents of the biopreservation solution, which can affect the stability of the biological material.
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Ragoonanan, Vishard, and Alptekin Aksan. "Quantification of Heterogeneity in Desiccating Droplets." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176250.
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Desiccated state biostabilization aims at stopping molecular motions and biochemical processes to halt degradation and to preserve functionality. Preservation by desiccation typically involves drying the biological material or the organism in a preservation solution, which typically contains non-reducing sugars (trehalose, sucrose, etc.) and salts [1]. Typically, preservation solutions (containing the biological material to be preserved) in the form of sessile droplets are deposited and dried on a surface in a controlled environment.
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Kulkarni, Davendu Y., Gan Lu, Feng Wang, and Luca di Mare. "Virtual Gas Turbines Part I: A Top-Down Geometry Modelling Environment for Turbomachinery Application." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59719.
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Abstract The gas turbine engine design involves multi-disciplinary, multi-fidelity iterative design-analysis processes. These highly intertwined processes are nowadays incorporated in automated design frameworks to facilitate high-fidelity, fully coupled, large-scale simulations. The most tedious and time-consuming step in such simulations is the construction of a common geometry database that ensures geometry consistency at every step of the design iteration, is accessible to multi-disciplinary solvers and allows system-level analysis. This paper presents a novel design-intent-driven geometry modelling environment that is based on a top-down feature-based geometry model generation method. In the proposed object-oriented environment, each feature entity possesses a separate identity, denotes an abstract geometry, and carries a set of characteristics. These geometry features are organised in a turbomachinery feature taxonomy. The engine geometry is represented by a tree-like logical structure of geometry features, wherein abstract features outline the engine architecture, while the detailed geometry is defined by lower-level features. This top-down flexible arrangement of feature-tree enables the design intent to be preserved throughout the design process, allows the design to be modified freely and supports the design intent variations to be propagated throughout the geometry automatically. The application of the proposed feature-based geometry modelling environment is demonstrated by generating a whole-engine computational geometry. This geometry modelling environment provides an efficient means of rapidly populating complex turbomachinery assemblies. The generated engine geometry is fully scalable, easily modifiable and is re-usable for generating the geometry models of new engines or their derivatives. This capability also enables fast multi-fidelity simulation and optimisation of various gas turbine systems.
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Rocha, Francisca Naiane da Silva. "INFLUÊNCIA DA DINÂMICA DE NUTRIENTES PARA A EUTROFIZAÇÃO EM CORPOS HÍDRICOS." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências Biológicas On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/1660.
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Introdução: As más práticas de uso e ocupação das bacias hidrográficas contribuem como fontes de poluição artificial para os corpos hídricos, entretanto, características naturais também podem ser apontadas: tempo de retenção e taxa de evaporação elevados, além da própria mistura dos compartimentos limnológicos. Tais fatores provocam aumento nas concentrações de nutrientes, sendo indicadores de eutrofização no local. Entender as consequências desta alteração na dinâmica dos mananciais é importante para fundamentar a gestão dos recursos hídricos, de modo a preservar a água enquanto bem de uso comum. Objetivos: Este trabalho tem como objetivos reunir e discutir as informações referentes aos processos de disponibilização dos nutrientes (especialmente fósforo e nitrogênio) e a eutrofização em ambientes aquáticos continentais. Material e Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica comparando os diferentes fatores causadores de eutrofização apontados pelos autores, com ênfase na dinâmica dos nutrientes nitrogênio e fósforo. No total, foram analisados quinze artigos e trabalhos técnicos publicados em revistas acadêmicas nacionais e internacionais. Resultados: Verificou-se que o aporte excessivo de nutrientes foi a causa preponderante apontada pelos trabalhos analisados, visto a influência sobre a estrutura trófica do corpo hídrico e o estímulo ao crescimento e a dominância de algumas espécies em detrimento de outras, uma vez que nitrogênio e fósforo participam de processos bioquímicos essenciais para a fisiologia dos organismos. A eutrofização natural, apesar de citada, não foi preponderante sobre os resultados encontrados. Conclusão: Apesar das informações apresentadas, observa-se que a discussão a respeito da limitação por nutrientes nos ecossistemas aquáticos ainda não é um consenso. Isto se deve ao fato de que que os estudos foram realizados em regiões diversas. Portanto, artigos de revisão são importantes, pois os trabalhos realizados em ambientes aquáticos de regiões tropicais e subtropicais ainda são incipientes, se comparados aos estudos realizados em mananciais localizados em regiões temperadas. Estes estudos também podem esclarecer outras dinâmicas existentes, explicando as variações na relação entre nitrogênio e fósforo nos diversos corpos hídricos. Sugere-se também a realização de estudos experimentais, como simulação em microcosmos e enriquecimento artificial, podendo ser recursos importantes para descrever e explicar grande parte dos processos relacionados a dinâmica de nutrientes.
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Correa-Ghisays, Patricia, Joan Vicent Sánchez-Ortí, Vicent Balanzá-Martínez, Joan Vila-Francés, and Rafael Tabarés Seisdedos. "Neuroplasticidad y deterioro cognitivo en trastornos mentales graves desde un enfoque neuropsicológico." In 22° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2020. SEPD, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2020p004.
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La neuroplasticidad se puede definir como la capacidad del sistema nervioso para responder a estímulos intrínsecos o extrínsecos reorganizando su estructura, función y conexiones. El avance en la compresión de este tipo de conectividad y los mecanismos de adaptación del sistema nervioso, desde las moléculas hasta las conexiones sinápticas, las redes neuronales y el comportamiento humano, ha ido generando una nueva perspectiva en la investigación del funcionamiento cerebral y sus mecanismos de recuperación de regeneración. En los últimos años, los investigadores han buscado mecanismos subyacentes a esta capacidad, identificando posibles factores epigenéticos, biomarcadores y algunos procesos cognitivos relacionados, con el fin de determinar diagnósticos eficaces, prevención y pronóstico de la enfermedad y desarrollar terapias más potentes para mejorar el funcionamiento cognitivo y social, y la calidad de vida de las personas afectadas por trastornos mentales graves (TMG) como el trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM), el trastorno bipolar (TB) y la esquizofrenia (EZ), y el de otras con enfermedades crónicas que cursan con deterioro cognitivo como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Se han identificado terapias prometedoras, intervenciones neurofarmacéuticas y estimulación cerebral, que permiten optimizar el funcionamiento de estas personas, sin embargo, su eficacia para estimular la capacidad neuroplástica como tal o impedir su deterioro, sigue siendo muy limitada. La memoria, el aprendizaje, y funciones ejecutivas como la memoria de trabajo, la velocidad de procesamiento de la información y la flexibilidad cognitiva son dominios cognitivos que posibilitan que el ser humano pueda hacer cambios en su organismo para adaptarse a un entorno variable, por tanto se les podría relacionar directamente con la neuroplasticidad humana. Por esto, los nuevos métodos para evaluar y estimular la neuroplasticidad humana, además de la identificación e intervención sobre marcadores y mecanismos biológicos, deberían incluir en sus protocolos aquellos procesos cognitivos que dependen de la experiencia. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue describir la neuroplasticidad de personas con DMT2, TDM, TB, y EZ, en comparación con controles sanos (CS), desde un enfoque neuropsicológico, por medio de la evaluación de funciones cognitivas asociadas directamente a la neuroplasticidad humana como la memoria, el aprendizaje y la flexibilidad cognitiva. Se incluyeron 135 participantes: 30 con EZ, 41 con TB y 34 con TDM de acuerdo con los criterios del DSM-5 y un grupo de 30 CS; los cuales fueron evaluados en dos momentos distintos a lo largo de un año de seguimiento. Además de evaluar el estado clínico y el funcionamiento social, se utilizó una amplia batería para evaluar el funcionamiento cognitivo, seleccionando para los análisis las variables de interés: 1) Memoria (inmediata, a corto plazo y a largo plazo) evaluada con el TAVEC, 2) Aprendizaje evaluado con el subtest Dígitos-Directo del Wais-III y la variable V3-RI-AT del TAVEC; 3) Funciones ejectivas: a) Memoria de trabajo evaluada con el subtest Dígitos-Inverso del Wais-III y el TMT-B, b) Velocidad de procesamiento evaluada con el subtes Clave de Números del Wais-III y el TMT-A, c) Flexibilidad cognitiva evaluada con el WCST. Los resultados mostraron un funcionamiento cognitivo superior en el grupo de CS, permaneciendo estable en ambos momentos. Los grupos con diagnóstico de TMG tuvieron puntuaciones más bajas que los CS, con pocas diferencias significativas entre ellos. En la mayoría de las variables, las personas con TB y con EZ tuvieron puntuaciones medias similares, en comparación con las de las personas con TDM; estos hallazgos se mantienen a lo largo del tiempo. Se puede concluir que existe evidencia para sugerir que las funciones cognitivas asociadas a la neuroplasticidad se preservan a lo largo del tiempo en una población normal, mientras que en las personas adultas diagnosticadas con TMG se presenta un deterioro cognitivo estable, relacionado con una menor neuroplasticidad, y se comporta de manera similar e inferior en los grupos diagnosticados con EZ y BD que en personas con TDM.