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1
The Quayle Council's plans for changing FDA's drug approval process: A prescription for harm : twenty-sixth report. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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2
Torrado, Fernando Canosa. Teoría y práctica del proceso de pertenencia. 4th ed. Santafé de Bogotá: Ediciones Doctrina y Ley, 1999.
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3
Tinti, Pedro León. El proceso de usucapión. 3rd ed. Córdoba, República Argentina: Alveroni Ediciones, 2005.
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4
Pellecchi, Luigi. Praescriptio, processo, diritto sostanziale, modelli espositivi. Padova: CEDAM, 2003.
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5
Vélez, Edgar Guillermo Escobar. Prescripción y procesos de pertenencia en Colombia. Medellín: Editora Jurídica de Colombia, 1986.
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6
Prada, Luis Alfonso Acevedo. La prescripción y los procesos declarativos de pertenencia: Acciones e interdictos posesorios. 3rd ed. Bogotá, Colombia: Librería Editorial El Foro de la Justicia, 1987.
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7
Torrado, Fernando Canosa. Teoría y práctica del proceso de pertenencia: Jurisprudencia, doctrina, derecho comparado, práctica forense. 2nd ed. Bogotá, Colombia: Impresos Lesther-Linotipia Cúspide, 1986.
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8
Tinti, Pedro León. El proceso de usucapión: Elementos de la prescripción adquisitiva, regulación procesal ... 2nd ed. Córdoba, República Argentina: Alveroni Ediciones, 1999.
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9
Trigo, Gonzalo Castellanos. Conclusión extraordinaria del proceso. Cochabamba, Bolivia: Editorial "Alexander", 2002.
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10
The process of change in education: moving from descriptive to prescriptive research. Hauppauge N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
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11
Torrado, Fernando Canosa. Teoría y práctica del proceso de pertenencia: Proceso especial para el saneamiento de la titulación de la propiedad inmueble, y declaración de posesión regular ante notario : leyes 1182 y 1183 de 2008. 6th ed. Bogotá, D.C: Ediciones Doctrina y Ley, 2009.
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12
Pense-Lheritier, Anne-Marie. Formulation. London: ISTE, 2011.
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13
Think smart: A neuroscientist's prescription for improving your brain's performance. New York: Riverhead Books, 2009.
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14
Jyri-Pekka, Mikkola, and Warna P, eds. Chemical reaction engineering and reactor technology. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2009.
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15
Giannetti, Laura. Food Culture and Literary Imagination in Early Modern Italy. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728034.
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As the long sixteenth century came to a close, new positive ideas of gusto/taste opened a rich counter vision of food and taste where material practice, sensory perceptions and imagination contended with traditional social values, morality, and dietetic/medical discourse. Exploring the complex and evocative ways the early modern Italian culture of food was imagined in the literature of the time, Food Culture and the Literary Imagination in Early Modern Italy reveals that while a moral and disciplinary vision tried to control the discourse on food and eating in medical and dietetic treatises of the sixteenth century and prescriptive literature, a wide range of literary works contributed to a revolution in eating and taste. In the process long held visions of food and eating, as related to social order and hierarchy, medicine, sexuality and gender, religion and morality, pleasure and the senses, were questioned, tested and overturned, and eating and its pleasures would never be the same.
16
Institute, Certified Medical Representatives, ed. The formulary process: Managing the pharmacy benefit. 2nd ed. Roanoke, Va: Certified Medical Representatives Institute, 2002.
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17
Coleman, John J. Monitoring Prescriptions, Third-Party Healthcare Payers, Prescription Benefit Managers, and Private-Sector Policy Options. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199981830.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses how opioids are diverted from legitimate to illegitimate channels and examines the systems that have been developed to keep track of these drugs by monitoring their prescribing and dispensing. Also covered are the regulations that enable authorities to scrutinize manufacturers and distributors for anomalous transactions that might signal diversion. The chapter also discusses potential strategies involving the private sector, which has a corresponding interest in curtailing waste, fraud, and abuse in the third-party healthcare payer systems that each year process billions of prescriptions for drugs, including controlled substances. The chapter looks at the role of pharmacy benefit managers in the dispensing of controlled substances. The potential benefits of adding pharmacy benefit managers to the present classes of business activities regulated by the Drug Enforcement Administration are explored.
18
R, Berndt Ernst, and National Bureau of Economic Research., eds. Assessing the impacts of the Prescription Drug User Fee Acts (PDUFA) on the FDA approval process. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.
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19
Out of Balance: Prescriptions for Reforming the American Litigation System. iUniverse, Inc., 2005.
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20
Ronit, Karsten, and Tony Porter. Harold D. Lasswell,. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.23.
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This chapter comments on Harold Lasswell’s 1956 bookThe Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis, a controversial work that has exerted a profound influence on political science and the way political processes are perceived. The discussion begins by summarizing Lasswell’s core argument, paying particular attention to the seven stages of decision-making that he describes in this book: intelligence, promotion, prescription, invocation, application, termination, and appraisal. The chapter then situatesThe Decision Processwithin Lasswell’s general work and more specifically within his studies on decision-making, both before and after the book was published. It also assesses the reception of the book, along with its impact on the debate on political decision-making and on modern applications in domestic and international politics. The chapter concludes by suggesting some areas for future application and research.
21
Berger, Robert H., Robyn J. Wahl, and M. Paul Chaplin. Formulary management/pharmacy and therapeutics committees. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0028.
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While the cost of health care rises in all public healthcare organizations, budgets for that care have remained the same or have decreased. This is most certainly true in correctional settings. Because pharmaceutical expenditures are a substantial percentage of a health care organization’s budget, medication utilization is closely scrutinized. Clinicians must consider the appropriateness, effectiveness, and safety of medications prescribed to incarcerated patients. The abundance of available drugs and the complex issues with respect to their safe and effective use make a sound program for maximizing rational drug use critical. This is a challenging task in jails and prisons that requires a reexamination of the treatments provided. This is not a process of arbitrarily limiting prescriber choices or their decision-making authority solely based on cost-saving incentives. Evidence-based, best practices that inform the development of, and adherence to, disease management guidelines and a preferred, restricted medication formulary enhances the quality, safety, and effectiveness of the care provided. This chapter details the process and procedures to develop, implement, and monitor prescription practice change by establishing an effective Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committee (P & TC). The chapter further addresses: the roles and responsibilities of a P & TC; P & TC decision-making processes; formulary development and modification; formulary process decision-making; medication therapy management guidelines; prescriber education; and data analytics to assist in monitoring outcomes, medication use, and prescriber adherence to P & TC policies.
22
Cheng, Paul K., Tariq M. Malik, and Magdalena Anitescu. Peripheral Nerve Block and Ultrasound Images. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0008.
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Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks can be used as the primary anesthetic for surgery involving the extremities and trunk and as a modality for opioid-sparing postoperative pain management. Success of regional anesthesia is dependent upon depositing local anesthetics in the correct plane. Advent of ultrasound has made this process more efficient, safer, and less painful for the patient More prevalent use of regional anesthesia in the perioperative setting will limit opioid prescription, development of chronic post surgical pain and is known to improve patient satisfaction by improving pain. This chapter reviews the history of ultrasound use for nerve blocks and basics of ultrasound use. It also discusses common peripheral nerve blocks of the upper extremities, trunk area, and lower extremities and summarizes indications, techniques, and key complications. Included are ultrasound images for each block.
23
Jacobs, Luann, Mary Kendell, Yael Flusberg, and Alice Berg. Energy Modalities and Aromatherapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0007.
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This chapter covers energy modalities and aromatherapy. The first part introduces subtle energy and biofield therapy as a complementary therapy for senior patients to stimulate innate healing forces and promote health and relaxation. Biofield therapies combine the use of touch and intention to help the older patient mitigate symptoms and improve functional status. They are safe and have no unwanted side effects. Reiki, internal qi gong therapy, and aromatherapy can be taught for self-care, further empowering the healing process and increasing exposure to the modality. Essential oil use can be an effective option or adjunct in the treatment of many geriatric health care needs. Advantages of using essential oils include flexibility in delivery methods, low cost compared with many prescription medications, and a high safety profile when used properly.
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Parran, Theodore V., John A. Hopper, and Bonnie B. Wilford. Diagnosing Patients and Initiating Treatment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0011.
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Chapter 11 provides an organized approach to diagnosis and to the initial treatment plan, focusing on substance use disorders. The elements of pharmacological and behavioral approaches to treatment, including the management of withdrawal, are addressed separately (Sections III and IV). It begins with directions on initiation of the patient relationship, with the object of eliciting cooperation. The sources of information that should be interrogated are listed, including the history, screening tools, physical examination, laboratory studies, and collateral information (e.g., the prescription drug monitoring program or PDMP). A discussion of diagnosis includes the principles underlying the ICD-10 and the DSM-5. The process of enlisting the patient in a treatment agreement and in the formulation of a collaborative treatment plan is described; the practical elements of patient education in medication accountability and dosing are included. The chapter concludes with a treatment planning checklist to facilitate orderly transition to the treatment itself.
25
Ronco, Claudio, and Zaccaria Ricci. Renal support therapy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0029.
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Renal dysfunction is known to be frequently a component of multiple organ failure, a complex syndrome affecting the most severely ill critical patients. Bidirectional interaction between the kidneys and other organs has always been suspected; evidence suggests that severe kidney injury is an important protagonist in acute illness, even when managed by dialysis. In fact, if it seems that increasing the dose of renal replacement therapy does not reduce mortality, it could be inferred that acute kidney injury influences mortality through means that are not reversed by conventional renal support, either because the putative culprit toxins are not removed by renal replacement therapy or because renal replacement therapy is started too late to prevent these effects. It is known that the kidneys exert effects on other organs, such as the lung, liver, heart, and brain, in a process called ‘crosstalk’. This effect means that the kidney is not only a victim, but also a culprit regarding the malfunction of other organs. This chapter will detail some traditional aspects of different renal replacement therapy modalities and prescription schedules, but it will also describe the most recent evidence on the management and support of the kidney during failure of other organs.
26
Ronco, Claudio, and Zaccaria Ricci. Renal support therapy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0029_update_001.
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Renal dysfunction is known to be frequently a component of multiple organ failure, a complex syndrome affecting the most severely ill critical patients. Bidirectional interaction between the kidneys and other organs has always been suspected; evidence suggests that severe kidney injury is an important protagonist in acute illness, even when managed by dialysis. In fact, if it seems that increasing the dose of renal replacement therapy does not reduce mortality, it could be inferred that acute kidney injury influences mortality through means that are not reversed by conventional renal support, either because the putative culprit toxins are not removed by renal replacement therapy or because renal replacement therapy is started too late to prevent these effects. It is known that the kidneys exert effects on other organs, such as the lung, liver, heart, and brain, in a process called ‘crosstalk’. This effect means that the kidney is not only a victim, but also a culprit regarding the malfunction of other organs. This chapter will detail some traditional aspects of different renal replacement therapy modalities and prescription schedules, but it will also describe the most recent evidence on the management and support of the kidney during failure of other organs.
27
Ronco, Claudio, and Zaccaria Ricci. Renal support therapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0029_update_002.
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Renal dysfunction is known to be frequently a component of multiple organ failure, a complex syndrome affecting the most severely ill critical patients. Bidirectional interaction between the kidneys and other organs has always been suspected; evidence suggests that severe kidney injury is an important protagonist in acute illness, even when managed by dialysis. In fact, if it seems that increasing the dose of renal replacement therapy does not reduce mortality, it could be inferred that acute kidney injury influences mortality through means that are not reversed by conventional renal support, either because the putative culprit toxins are not removed by renal replacement therapy or because renal replacement therapy is started too late to prevent these effects. It is known that the kidneys exert effects on other organs, such as the lung, liver, heart, and brain, in a process called ‘crosstalk’. This effect means that the kidney is not only a victim, but also a culprit regarding the malfunction of other organs. This chapter will detail some traditional aspects of different renal replacement therapy modalities and prescription schedules, but it will also describe the most recent evidence on the management and support of the kidney during failure of other organs.
28
Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Principles of chemotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0005.
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Principles of radiation oncology outlines the physical and biological effects of ionising radiation, and its use in clinical oncology. Radiobiology, examining the response of tissue to ionising radiation, is described with regards to normal and malignant tissues. The effect of fractionation, the delivery of radiotherapy in a series of repeated exposures, is examined. The damaging effects on normal tissues are considered, particularly nonreversible late effects including carcinogenesis. Therapeutic exposure to ionising radiation is contrasted between radical and palliative radiotherapy. The physical properties of ionising radiation beams are described for superficial x-rays, megavoltage x-rays, and electrons. The process of treatment planning is summarised through beam dosimetry, target and critical organ outlining, dose planning, treatment verification, prescription and delivery. Computerised tomography is used for outlining and for verification, using cone beam CT. 0ther methods for image guided radiotherapy include fiducial markers. Increasingly intensity modulated radiotherapy is proving beneficial in reducing normal tissue damage during radical treatment. Stereotactic radiotherapy is used in the radical treatment of small unresectable malignancies. The clinical use of electron therapy, brachytherapy and intraoperative radiotherapy is described. Nuclear medicine uses unsealed radionuclides in imaging primary malignancies and their metastases, and in targeted radiotherapy. Examples include PET scanning, bone scanning, and radio iodine therapy. Whole body irradiation is used to improve outcomes after high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell or bone marrow transplantation.
29
Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 4. Asking Questions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0004.
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This chapter deals with the first step of the research process: the formulation of a well-crafted research question. It explains why political research should begin with a research question and how a research question structures the research process. It discusses the difference between a topic or general question, on the one hand, and a focused research question, on the other. It also considers the question of where to find and how to formulate research questions, the various types of questions scholars ask, and the role of the ‘literature review’ as a source and rationale for research questions. Finally, it describes a tool called the ‘research vase’ that provides a visualization of the research process, along with different types of questions: descriptive question, explanatory question, predictive question, prescriptive question and normative question.
30
Huang, Yukon. China’s Unbalanced Growth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630034.003.0004.
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Most observers have criticized China’s growth model as internally unbalanced, defined by its exceptionally low share of consumption to GDP and commensurately high share of investment in GDP, and externally unbalanced in generating huge trade surpluses mirrored by large trade deficits in the United States and Europe. Many theories have been advanced to explain China’s “twin” imbalances. They focus on distorted prices and excessive savings, but none have highlighted the critical role of urbanization and labor migration. China’s internal imbalances can be seen as the byproduct of a generally successful urbanization-cum-industrialization process rather than a risk. If the diagnosis is wrong, then the resulting policy prescriptions also warrant questioning. With appropriate structural reforms to increase productivity and a more efficient urbanization process, rebalancing will eventually occur without the need to artificially prop up personal consumption.
31
Heilman, Madeline E., and Suzette Caleo. Gender Discrimination in the Workplace. Edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.7.
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This chapter reviews the conditions and processes that give rise to gender discrimination in the workplace, impeding women’s career advancement. It explores how descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotypes—through distinct mechanisms—promote inequities in the selection, promotion, and evaluation of women. The paper examines how descriptive gender stereotypes, which describe what men and women are like, encourage gender discriminatory behavior by contributing to the expectation that women are ill equipped to succeed in traditionally male positions. It also considers how prescriptive gender stereotypes, which prescribe what men and women should be like, encourage gender discriminatory behavior by spurring disapproval and social penalties for women who behave in stereotype-inconsistent ways—whether explicitly or by merely being successful in roles considered to be male-typed. The chapter discusses existing research, considers the conditions that minimize or exacerbate gender discrimination, and identifies questions for future study.
32
Greer, Ian, Karen Breidahl, Matthias Knuth, and Flemming Larsen. Marketization and Transaction Modes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785446.003.0003.
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Marketization in this book is conceptualized in terms of the features of transactions that produce competition between providers. The organization of competition between providers is an important feature of policymaking because it affects the way that public policy is articulated in front-line public services. This chapter distinguishes among three transaction modes under which marketization proceeds along very different lines: grants (which are prior to marketization), purchasing (which is the subject of public procurement law), and vouchers (which rely on customer choice of clients). The chapter then analyzes these in terms of four features of the transaction that determine the intensity of competition between providers: the price mechanism, openness, prescription, and frequency.
33
Robert H, Smit, Robinson Tyler B, and Whittaker Janet M. 8 Obtaining Preliminary Relief. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198753483.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the rules, laws, and practices in New York relating to preliminary measures in support of arbitrations that are international in character. Preliminary relief, also referred to as interim relief or preliminary measures, broadly refers to the interim prescriptive measures a court or arbitral tribunal may take to ensure that the arbitration will provide an effective forum for the resolution of the parties’ dispute. Preliminary relief may contemplate, inter alia, protection of assets or property that is the subject of the dispute, preservation or production of evidence relevant to resolving the dispute, or vindication of the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal to decide the dispute. It thus serves to protect the efficacy of the arbitral process by equipping parties in arbitration with tools for preventing another party’s frustration of the process. Both arbitrators and national courts can issue preliminary relief in aid of arbitration.
34
Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. Generics and Biosimilars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0004.
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The generic pharmaceutical industry is arguably the most important player in the quest for affordable healthcare, especially in the United States. Since the inception of the industry following the enactment of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act in 1984, generics have grown by leaps and bounds, and by 2015 they accounted for almost 90 percent of prescriptions filled in the United States. This chapter describes the history, industrial organization, regulatory approval process, price competition, and strategic behavior in this vitally important sector. It also provides an in-depth look at the issue of drug shortages, which affect older, generic products the most. The last part of the chapter examines the rising financial and regulatory significance of biosimilar drugs, which are analogous to generics for biological drugs, in the United States and Europe.
35
Herbst, Jeffrey, and Jeffrey Herbst. States and Power in Africa. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164137.001.0001.
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Theories of international relations, assumed to be universally applicable, have failed to explain the creation of states in Africa. There, the interaction of power and space is dramatically different from what occurred in Europe. This book places the African state-building process in a truly comparative perspective. Its bold contention—that the conditions now facing African state-builders existed long before European penetration of the continent—is sure to provoke controversy, for it runs counter to the prevailing assumption that colonialism changed everything. This revised edition includes a new preface in which the author links the enormous changes that have taken place in Africa over the past fifteen years to long-term state consolidation. The final chapter on policy prescriptions has also been revised to reflect the evolution of African and international responses to state failure.
36
Stachowska-Pietka, Joanna, Jacek Waniewski, and Bengt Lindholm. Peritoneal dialysis. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0264.
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The principles of peritoneal dialysis are based on the physiological processes and their driving forces which permit the exchange of water (by ultrafiltration and fluid absorption) and solutes (by diffusion and convective transport) between the peritoneal microvasculature and the dialysate. In peritoneal dialysis, the peritoneal transport system—mesenchymal cells, interstitium, microvasculature, and lymphatics—is repeatedly exposed to high concentrations of an osmotic agent, and a volume load, leading to increased intraperitoneal hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. This results in immediate as well as long-term structural and functional changes of the peritoneal transport system. Clinical tests supplemented with mathematical modelling have been developed to monitor the quantitative characteristics of the peritoneal transport system, allowing detection and diagnosis of various problems and guidance when predicting consequences of changes in prescription.
37
Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.003.0011.
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This book suggests the need to rethink our understanding corporate power in relation to public health. The most important finding has been the sheer variety and extent of corporate engagements in policy-related activities. This challenges those approaches that focus narrowly on the (downstream) policy process at the expense of the wider context. It also challenges definitions of lobbying that confine the activity to face-to-face or direct contact with officials. The chapter reviews our arguments about social movements from above and below and the nature of the erosion of civil society by corporate strategy. The latter part of the chapter examines prescriptions for public health, including the need to adopt a whole-government strategy cognisant of multiple corporate voices, engage firmly with corporations to reverse the trend towards partnership governance, and go much further with transparency reforms in government and the corporate works, civil society, and science.
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Teitt, Sarah. Asia Pacific and South Asia. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.20.
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There is a tendency to view R2P diffusion in the Asia Pacific region as a function of ‘norm containment’, which explains endorsement of R2P as a result of the weakening, deconstruction, or dilution of R2P to render it more compatible with the region’s state-centred security norms and practices. This chapter demonstrates, however, that R2P has diffused in the Asia Pacific region through a dynamic process of negotiation and compromise between international R2P norm advocates and Asia Pacific actors, which has witnessed concession and accommodation on both sides. Through case study analysis of how the governments of Japan and India have engaged with R2P, the chapter argues that the Asia Pacific’s socialization to R2P is most aptly characterized as a balance of R2P norm containment and localization, witnessed in Asia Pacific actors shaping the contours of the R2P norm and accommodating its prescriptions through gradual, incremental normative and institutional change.
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Li, Jie Jack. Blockbuster Drugs. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199737680.001.0001.
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For the world's largest prescription drug manufacturers, the last few years have been a harrowing time. Recently, Pfizer's Lipitor, GlaxoSmithKline's Advair, AstraZeneca's Seroquel, and Sanofi-Aventis and Bristol-Myers Squibb's Plavix all came off patent in the crucial U.S. market. This so-called "patent cliff" meant hundreds of billions of dollars in lost revenue and has pharmaceutical developers scrambling to create new drugs and litigating to extend current patent protections. Having spent most of his career in drug discovery in "big pharma," Dr. Li now delivers an insider's account of how the drug industry ascended to its plateau and explores the nature of the turmoil it faces in the coming years. He begins with a survey of the landscape before "blockbuster drugs," and proceeds to describe how those drugs were discovered and subsequently became integral to the business models of large pharmaceutical companies. For example, in early 1980s, Tagamet, the first "blockbuster drug," transformed a minor Philadelphia-based drug maker named SmithKline & French into the world's ninth-largest pharmaceutical company in terms of sales. The project that delivered Tagamet was nearly terminated several times because research efforts begun in 1964 produced no apparent results within the first eleven years. Similar stories accompany the discovery and development of now-ubiquitous prescription drugs, among them Claritin, Prilosec, Nexium, Plavix, and Ambien. These stories, and the facets of the pharmaceutical industry that they reveal, can teach us valuable lessons and reveal many crucial aspects about the future landscape of drug discovery. As always, Dr. Li writes in a readable style and intersperses fascinating stories of scientific discovery with engaging human drama.
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Curtis A, Bradley. 6 Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Law. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190217761.003.0006.
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This chapter considers the application of federal and state law to conduct that takes place outside the territory of the United States. It begins by discussing the territorial scope of U.S. constitutional rights. The chapter then discusses the “presumption against extraterritoriality” that the Supreme Court applies when interpreting federal statutes. For situations in which the presumption is overcome or is inapplicable, the chapter explains how customary international law principles relating to prescriptive jurisdiction can be relevant in U.S. litigation through application of the Charming Betsy canon of construction. In addition, the chapter discusses the role of “universal jurisdiction” in U.S. litigation and criminal prosecution. Possible constitutional limitations on the extraterritorial application of both federal statutes and state laws, based on due process and other considerations, are also considered.
41
Kapoor, Ilan. Confronting Desire. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751721.001.0001.
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By applying psychoanalytic perspectives to key themes, concepts, and practices underlying the development enterprise, this book offers a new way of analyzing the problems, challenges, and potentialities of international development. The book makes a compelling case for examining development's unconscious desires and in the process inaugurates a new field of study: psychoanalytic development studies. The book analyzes how development's unconscious desires “speak out,” most often in excessive and unpredictable ways that contradict the outwardly rational declarations of its practitioners. It investigates development's many irrationalities — from obsessions about growth and poverty to the perverse seductions of racism and over-consumption. By deploying key psychoanalytic concepts — enjoyment, fantasy, antagonism, fetishism, envy, drive, perversion, and hysteria — the book critically analyzes important issues in development — growth, poverty, inequality, participation, consumption, corruption, gender, “race,” LGBTQ politics, universality, and revolution. The book offers prescriptions for applying psychoanalysis to development theory and practice and demonstrates how psychoanalysis can provide fertile ground for radical politics and the transformation of international development.
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Xenos, Michael A. Citizens Making Sense of Science Issues. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.31.
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Dramatic increases in media choice over the past few decades have had profound effects on virtually all processes of communication involving issues of public concern. For science issues in particular, exposure to information about a particular topic is typically driven by specific motivations, often in the highly fragmented world of online communication. Existing research on information seeking in a polarized media environment can guide thinking about how individuals make sense of contemporary science issues. However, the unique features of science topics, particularly those related to emerging science and technology fields, complicate simple applications of existing theories. Although a small number of existing studies attend to these issues, developing solid, evidence-based prescriptions for improving how individuals seek information and form opinions will require significant new research.
43
Westphal, James, and Sun Hyun Park. Symbolic Management. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792055.001.0001.
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This book presents the symbolic management perspective as a comprehensive, behavioral theory of corporate governance. It describes a pervasive pattern of symbolic decoupling, or separation between appearances and reality, at each level of the governance system. The processes of governance are less efficient or effective than they appear, at every level: from interpersonal relations within organizations, such as relations between chief executive officers and directors and between top managers and lower-level employees, between firm leaders and external stakeholders, and between communities of leaders and groups of constituents. There is even a separation between appearances and reality at the level of the governance system. Symbolic management comprises the agentic practices by which decoupling is maintained at different levels of the system, including internal and external communications by firm leaders that conform to prevailing cultural values. The symbolic management perspective not only provides an integrative, behavioral alternative to economic theories of governance such as agency theory, but it subsumes economic theory. Agency theory is reconceived as a historically contingent, institutional logic, or a set of cultural values, assumptions, and prescriptions that became taken for granted among key stakeholders for a period of time. We reveal a gradual shift in institutional logics of governance, away from the traditional agency logic, and toward an alternative “neo-corporate” logic that reinterprets agency prescriptions and drops fundamental economic assumptions of agency theory. Our theory and research ultimately demonstrate how the symbolic management activities of firm leaders have contributed to this historical shift in prevailing logics of governance.
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Geppert, Mike, and Graham Hollinshead. International Management. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Steven J. Armstrong, and Michael Lounsbury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.29.
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The focus of this chapter is on the multinational corporation (MNC) and, more specifically, on the structures, strategies, and processes inherent in the management of the geographically dispersed concern. While more prescriptive thinking and literature in the field of international management (IM) may have assumed, for example, that managerial ‘best practice’ may be readily transposed across borders, the starting premise of the current chapter is that ‘context matters’. In exploring, therefore, the nature of multinational organization, the logics underlying the international dispersal of productive sites within the MNC, and the complex dynamics characterizing the strategic relationship between headquarters and subsidiaries, our point of departure is to offer a grounded and finely grained account of the realities of MNC management and organization. Such an approach highlights the pervasiveness of micro-political contestation between indigenous social actors, as well as expressions of unity.
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Dutta, Urmitapa. The Everyday and the Exceptional. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614614.003.0008.
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This chapter makes a case for reconceptualizing human rights “from below” by grounding human rights discourses in women’s particularities and their voices rather than prescriptive policy standards. It does so by bringing together feminist perspectives grounded in decoloniality and liberation psychology. It presents findings from activist scholarship in Northeast India to offer a critical feminist analysis of civil society’s (non)response to gender-based violence and counternarratives of Garo women protagonists who explain these (non)responses. Following Garo women protagonists in their understanding of violence illuminates the fundamental heterogeneity of violence against women as well as underlying cultural institutional and structural processes. By moving between situated narrative and wider analysis, this chapter explicates the connections between “exceptional” violence and pervasive violations of women’s human rights. The research, action, and policy implications for feminist psychologists engaged in human rights scholarship are discussed.
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De Laurentis, Giacomo, Eugenio Alaio, Elisa Corsi, Emanuelemaria Giusti, Marco Guairo, Carlo Palego, Luca Paulicelli, et al. Rischio di credito 2.0. AIFIRM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2016ppa00030.
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The EBA Guidelines on loan origination and monitoring (hereinafter "GL LOM") undoubtedly represent a substantially new piece of the banking regulatory framework. In fact, for the first time, the regulator moves into a topic that was traditionally outside the scope of financial regulation, so far almost exclusively focused on aspects directly linked to both micro- and macro-prudential stability, notably through capital and liquidity management requirements and guidelines on Business Model and Internal Governance. The credit management process, and in particular loan origination and monitoring, has always been typically considered as a business issue under sole responsibility of banks, as it is considered one of the "core" processes (if not the "core" process) of the banking business. As a matter of fact, since the issue of the capital requirement regulation (i.e., Basel II and Basel III), and the introduction of the use requirements for the rating systems, the regulator moved very close, but not yet, to prescribe specific credit assessment criteria, while dictating methodological and organizational requirements for the authorization of the rating systems, and leaving substantial freedom to banks to define their own models and embedded assessment criteria and indicators. With the GL LOM, the regulator takes a further step, remarkably beyond its traditional remit, dictating principles and rules for the evaluation of the credit quality of borrowers. The starting point for this new approach from the regulator can be found in the ECB guidelines on Non-Performing Loans, later endorsed by the Bank of Italy Guidelines for Less Significant Banks, aimed at encouraging banks to define their NPL management processes and establish reduction plans to achieve NPL ratio targets in line with the regulator's expectations. Consistently with the focus on NPL, the regulation on Calendar Provisioning, amending the CRR was issued; as being a Regulation, it involves all banks, and not only significant ones (for which the ECB Addendum also applies). In addition, the new definition of default (the so-called "new Dod") has defined stricter criteria for the transition of exposures to the default status and also made the return of "cured" exposures to the performing status more difficult. The combined effect of these regulatory changes has been to make the default of counterparties not only more probable but also much more "expensive" for the banks. The natural “next step” of these regulatory changes was to "move backward" into the management process covering loan origination and monitoring . The EBA's stated objective with the issuance of the GL LOM is to define "robust and prudent" standards of lending practices so as to maintain a low level of NPLs in the future. Therefore, the focus of the GL LOM is the definition of requirements (some outlined as prescriptions, others in terms of principles) for the creditworthiness assessment of counterparties and for the management of the related data and information. Notwithstanding the fact that the Final Report has articulated the principle of proportionality much more clearly as compared to the Consultation Paper, the GLs set out three macro-categories of counterparties for which specific requirements are defined: • Individuals • Micro and small businesses • Medium and large companies. The GL LOM also provide recommendations about the valuation of guarantees both at origination and during ongoing monitoring, encouraging the use of advanced statistical models. The GL LOM focus on real estate guarantees, while financial collateral is outside the scope of the GL LOM. In the mind of the regulator, the GL LOM should not only reflect industry practices, but also incorporate the latest supervisory guidance on lending, and provide the stimulus to include ESG, AML/CTF and the use of innovative technologies into banking origination and, where applicable, monitoring processes.
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Galetta, Francesco. Enseignement religieux ou histoire des religions ? Pluralité des logiques dans le canton suisse du Tessin. Éditions Alphil-Presses universitaires suisses, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/alphil.03156.
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Suisse, canton du Tessin. Au début des années 2000, deux initiatives parlementaires ont proposé le dépassement des enseignements religieux confessionnels dans l’école publique au profit d’un enseignement d’Histoire des religions, laïque et destiné à la totalité du public scolaire. Le processus de réforme, loin d’être paisible et linéaire, a rencontré tout au long de son chemin des écueils de nature politique, pédagogique et idéologique. Mais plutôt que se focaliser sur le discours des institutions ou des faction politiques et religieuses, la recherche ici présentée a eu comme but principal de décrire et de comprendre comment les acteurs impliqués dans l’implantation pratique de l’enseignement d’Histoire des religions se réapproprient les indications et les prescriptions institutionnelles. Comment enseignants, élèves, parents et cadres scolaires se représentent-ils un projet de réforme qui touche au coeur du rapport entre État et religions et qui est susceptible de réanimer un débat vieux de deux siècles ? Quel est le sens qu’un tel réagencement institutionnel prend au niveau des établissements, des salles de classe et des familles des jeunes élèves ? Ce travail montre comment différentes logiques d’action se côtoient, se superposent et se contredisent. Ces différentes logiques sont à mettre en rapport avec les hésitations de l’État et les difficultés qu’il a rencontrées dans sa tentative de redéfinir son rôle par rapport au domaine du religieux dans l’école et dans la société.
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Wójcik-Gładysz, Anna. Ghrelin – hormone with many faces. Central regulation and therapy. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_awg_2020.
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Discovered in 1999, ghrelin, is one of the peptides co-creating the hypothalamicgastrointestinal axis, otherwise known as the brain-gut axis. Ghrelin participates in many physiological processes and spectrum of its activity is still being discovered. This 28 amino acid peptide ‒ a product of the ghrl gene, was found in all vertebrates and is synthesized and secreted mainly from enteroendocrine X/A cells located in the gastric mucosa of the stomach. Expression of the ghrelin receptor has been found in many nuclei of the hypothalamus involved in appetite regulation. Therefore it’s presumed that ghrelin is one of the crucial hormones deciphering the energy status required for the maintenance of organism homeostasis. Ghrelin acts as a signal of starvation or energy insufficiency and its level in plasma is reduced after the meal. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP; NPY/AgRP) neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) area are the main target of ghrelin in the hypothalamus. This subpopulation of neurons is indispensable for inducing orexigenic action of ghrelin. Moreover ghrelin acting as a neurohormone, mainly in the hypothalamus area, plays an important role in the regulation of growth and reproduction processes. Indeed, ghrelin action on reproductive processes has been observed in the systemic effects exerted at both hypothalamus-pituitary and gonadal levels. Similarly the GH-releasing ghrelin action was observed both on the hypothalamus level and directly on the somatotrophic cells in the pituitary and this dose-related GH releasing activity was found in in vitro as well as in in vivo experiments. In recent years, numerous studies revealed that ghrelin potentially takes part in the treatment of diseases associated with serious disturbances in the organism energy balance and/or functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. It was underlined that ghrelin may be a hormone with a broad spectrum of therapeutic effect on obesity and anorexia nervosa, as well as may also have protective effect on neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders or functional changes in the body caused by cancers. In overall, ghrelin treatment has been tested in over 100 preclinical studies with healthy volunteers as well as patients with various types of cancer, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It was observed that ghrelin has an excellent clinical safety profile and emerging side effects occurred only in 3–10% of patients and did not constitute a sufficient premise to discontinue the therapy. In general, it can be concluded that ghrelin may be sufficiently used as a prescription drug.
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Jeutner, Valentin. Irresolvable Norm Conflicts in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808374.001.0001.
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Conventionally, international legal scholarship concerned with norm conflicts focusses on identifying how international law can or should resolve them. This book adopts a different approach. It focusses on identifying those norm conflicts that law cannot and should not resolve. The book offers an unprecedented, controversial, yet sophisticated, argument in favour of construing such irresolvable conflicts as legal dilemmas. Legal dilemmas exist when a legal actor confronts a conflict between at least two legal norms that cannot be avoided or resolved. Addressing both academics and practitioners, the book aims to identify the character and consequences of legal dilemmas, to distil their legal function within the sphere of international law, and to engender and contribute to serious theoretical and practical investigations into the conditions that lead to a legal dilemma. The argument unfolds in three parts. The first part proposes a definition of legal dilemmas and distinguishes the term from numerous related concepts. Based on this definition, the second part scrutinises international law’s contemporary norm conflict resolution and accommodation devices in order to identify their limited ability to resolve certain kinds of norm conflicts satisfactorily. Against the background of the limits identified in the second part, the third part outlines and evaluates the book’s proposed method of dealing with legal dilemmas. In contrast to conventional approaches that recommend dealing with irresolvable norm conflicts by means of non liquet declarations, judicial law-making or balancing test, the book’s proposal envisions that irresolvable norm conflicts are dealt with by judicial and sovereign actors in a complementary fashion. According to the proposal, judicial actors should openly acknowledge irresolvable conflicts and sovereign actors should decide with which norm they will comply. Subsequently, judicial actors should hold the sovereign actor responsible for the violation of any prescriptive norm the sovereign chose to impair. The book concludes with the argument that analysing various aspects of international law through the lenses of the concept of a legal dilemma enhances international law’s conceptual accuracy, facilitates more legitimate decision-making processes and maintains international law’s dynamic responsiveness.