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1
Wanodyatama, Nike Puspita. "The Types and Functions of Prepositions in P.S. I Love You Movie by Richard Lagravenese." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 14, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v14i1.108564.
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A research is entitled The Types and Functions of Prepositions in P.S. I Love You movie by Richard LaGravenese. This paper is intended to analyze the types of prepositions and the functions of prepositions. The writer uses descriptive method to establish this research. The aims of the research are to know the types of preposition and to identify the preposition functions which are used in P.S. I Love You movie. The result of the research shows the types of prepositions that appear in the movie are the preposition of time, preposition of place, preposition of manner, and preposition of direction. Meanwhile, the functions of prepositions that appear in P.S. I Love You movie are the function as head of prepositional phrases, noun phrase modifier, noun phrase complement, adjunct and adverbial, and the fuction as particle.
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Čurković, Amela. "Distinction between prepositions zbog and radi in translation from German." Zbornik radova 19, no. 19 (December 15, 2021): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51728/issn.2637-1480.2021.19.473.
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This article discusses the use of prepositions zbog and radi in the Bosnian language as translation equivalents of the German preposition wegen based on a selected literary corpus. It is often the case in everyday speech that the difference in the meaning between these two prepositions is not noticed and often not understood by the native speakers of the Bosnian language. However, this sometimes also happens in the literary language, i.e., in the translation of literature, to which this paper pays attention. The starting point for the contrastive analysis between the two languages is the use of the preposition wegen in the prepositional phrase functioning as an adverb phrase in German, when it shows several nuances of meaning. Namely, the primary meaning of the preposition wegen is causal, but it is also used with the meaning of goal or intention. Consequently, in the translation to the Bosnian language we follow the difference in the use of the preposition zbog with the meaning of cause and radi with the meaning of goal or intention. Keywords: prepositions, meaning of prepositions, genitive case, prepositional-case phrase, position of the preposition, contrastive analysis.
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Lehmann, Christian. "Complex spatial prepositions from Latin to Castilian." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 54, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 93–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.00017.leh.
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Abstract From among the various processes that form prepositions in the history from Latin to Castilian, the investigation concentrates on the formation of prepositional adverbs like Spanish delante (de) ‘in front (of)’. There are two mechanisms for their formation: (a) An adverb or a preposition is preceded by a superordinate simple local preposition which initially specifies a local relation, but ends up as a reinforcing expansion of its base; and (b) an adverb is converted into a preposition by a following functional preposition which serves as a relationalizer. In case #a, the syntactic structure is often destroyed by univerbation, and the resulting reinforced preposition is lexicalized. In case #b, the alternation between adverb and relationalized preposition is regular and bidirectional, so that the combination of adverb and relationalizer is normally not univerbated. The exception desde is given some attention. As a result, the formation of prepositions of this structure is, at the outset, not a matter of word formation, and such complex prepositions are therefore not compound prepositions, but instead lexicalized univerbations.
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Hudcovičová, Marianna. "Analysis of Verbal Prepositional “of” Structures." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 70, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0050.
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Abstract The article presents empirical research of verbal prepositional “of“ structures, grammatical collocations of the verb and the preposition OF. The preposition OF belongs among the most frequent prepositions in the English language. The study is based on comparisons of English and Czech sentences containing verbs and prepositions that are followed by the object. Material was taken from the electronic data bank Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank 2.0. The structures were examined and analyzed from morphological, syntactical and semantic points of view. The aim of the study is to create English-Czech verbal prepositional counterparts; to create verbal prepositional groups on the grounds of the similar semantic, syntactic features; to identify the features that are the same for each verb group and generalize them; to identify trends and tendencies for verbs when they collocate with a certain preposition. The findings are presented in several charts and tables.
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Iordanskaja, Lidija, and N. Arbatchewsky-Jumarie. "Quatre prépositions causales du français." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 23, no. 1 (December 31, 2000): 115–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.23.1.05ior.
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The paper studies the meaning and the cooccurrence of four French prepositions used to express the causal relation: À CAUSE DE, SOUS L’EFFET DE, DE, and PAR. Each preposition is characterized along the three following aspects: (1) the type of causation it expresses (direct? with contact? with unity of time?); (2) semantic restrictions on the complement of the preposition — the noun phrase that denotes the cause, as well as on the phrase governing the preposition and denoting the effect; (3) the preposition’s lexical and syntactic restricted cooccurrence. The lexicographic descriptions of the four prepositions are presented.
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Klobukova, Lyubov P., and Ekaterina N. Vinogradova. "Who are you, Mr. Russian preposition?" XLinguae 15, no. 3 (June 2022): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2022.15.03.13.
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In this article, a portrait of Russian prepositions as a part of speech is presented. The analysis of grammars and dictionaries has shown that there is no certain list of Russian prepositions and that the image of this part of speech is quite blurry. The author reveals the main “prepositional” blank spots for Russian linguistics: the fast growth of preposition-like units, the lack of objective criteria to separate prepositions and non-prepositions, and a disputable academic (traditional) classification of prepositions. Some feasible solutions for overcoming these research difficulties are suggested, such as the use of descriptive terms and a notion of field, revision of syncategorematic parts of speech and prepositional classifications, as well as searching for reliable tests for membership in prepositions.
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Sicherl, Eva. "On the Content of Prepositions in Prepositional Collocations." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 1, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2004): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.1.1-2.37-46.
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The article aims to shed some light on the problems faced by non-native speakers in the formation of so-called prepositional collocations (i.e. typical, recurrent combinations of verbal, nominal or adjectival bases with prepositional collocators). The reasons for frequent mistakes mainly lie in the meaning of the preposition used as part of collocation, which tends to be even more dispersed, abstract and difficult to define than that of the preposition used in a free combination. However, the preposition when used as a collocator seems to act, at least to some extent, as a carrier of some content; this can be proven by valency patterns: meaning-related content words (collocational bases) tend to regularly combine with identical prepositions. The fact that prepositions used in collocations also have their semantic part to contribute to the whole unit should also be considered in the classification of collocations into grammatical and lexical ones.
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ROHDENBURG, GÜNTER. "The Complexity Principle at work with rival prepositions." English Language and Linguistics 24, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 769–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674319000327.
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The present corpus-based study deals with eight sets of rivalling prepositions in verb-dependent prepositional phrases. The two or three members of these sets, though equivalent in specific uses, differ in terms of functional explicitness. For instance, in directional uses, into can be regarded as more explicit than in. The main objective is to demonstrate for each of these sets that, in line with the Complexity Principle, the more explicit items are favoured in more complex grammatical environments. The contexts under scrutiny include those produced by passivisation, Heavy NP Shift, object relativisation, the use of full object NPs rather than personal pronouns, and preposition stranding. Thus, we observe that – compared with basic active clauses – preposition stranding in the active induces increased shares of the more explicit prepositions in question. Predictably, even higher degrees of prepositional explicitness are found with the combination of preposition stranding and passivisation. Also, it is shown that Heavy NP Shift tends to trigger greater proportions of the more explicit prepositions than object relativisation. The observed tendencies hold for Present-day English and earlier stages of English as well as for morphologically related and unrelated rival prepositions.
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Shubina, E. L. "STILISTIC AND SYNTACTIC VARIATION OF GERMAN PREPOSITIONS." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(36) (June 28, 2014): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-3-36-239-245.
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This work is devoted to the stylistic and syntactic variation of prepositions per and via in the publicistic style of modern German language. The similarity of German prepositions with the units of significant vocabulary in the aspect of variation is expressed through inherent in all level of words synonymic replacements. One of the special features of the prepositional system of modern German language is its openness, that is sun in the rapid replenishment at the expense of the transition of the prepositions borrowed from other languages. The pretexts per and via actively penetrate into social and political journalism together with the borrowed words and discover the combinability of both concrete and abstract nouns. Both prepositions are functionally semantic field of instrumentalnosti, discover the same regularity of use. But for proper names the combination with the preposition via. The stylistic variation of the considered prepositions consists in the selectivity of functional styles and in the variable use of the prepositions on the basis of the similar definitions. The analysis of the press materials has shown, that for the mentioned prepositions characteristically different case control. Despite the recommendations of grammarians, there prepositions are capable to connected to more than one form of this case. The preposition per manages not only accusative case, as it is indicated by the normative grammar, but also to dative. The most intensive variation of forms is peculared to the preposition via, which manages accusative, genitive and dative cases. Among the syntactic factors the greatest effects on the fluctuations in the use of prepositions in modern German language make an impact on structural-formal particulary, the presence/absence of the articles or a cover word before the managed noun, preposition/postposition of the preposition, the type of the declination combined with the preposition of the noun.
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Vinogradova, Ekaterina N., and Lyibov P. Klobukova. "The grammar of Russian preposition: theoretical aspects." Russian Language Studies 20, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2022-20-1-84-100.
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At present, linguists do not have sufficient tools to strictly determine whether specific prepositional units belong to prepositions as a part of speech, so it seems relevant to consider the functional-grammatical field of prepositions, which includes both prepositions themselves and units that can function as prepositions. The aim of this article is to identify, classify and describe systemic paradigmatic relations within the functional-grammatical field of prepositions. The study was conducted on the material of a registry of 3,000 prepositional units, which were collected through a continuous sampling from dictionaries and specialized works, as well as by identifying all possible variants of prepositions on the Internet and the National Corpus of the Russian language. The paradigmatic relations of the units that already have lexicographic attribution were analyzed. As a result, the graphical, morphonological and word-formation paradigms of prepositional units were identified, and their morphosyntactic and semantic paradigmatic relations were detailed. The graphical paradigm is a series of variants of different types: alphabetic, written together or separately and uncodified. The morphological paradigm includes vocalized, accented, incomplete-vowel versions, truncated, softened, differentiated by accent and inflective variants. Within the word-formation paradigm the most productive roots of prepositional units are identified. For the morphosyntactic paradigm, the possible structural subtypes were identified: thus, the form of the prepositional noun and the form of the introduced actant were relevant. In addition, the regularities of paradigm formation were revealed for prepositional units expressing different types of semantic relations. For the semantic paradigm, the dependence of a particular paradigm subtype on the type of semantic relations expressed by the prepositional units has been revealed. Considering the functional and grammatical field of the preposition as a set organized by regular relations of different types, we can identify the grammar of the preposition. Understanding the systemic relations between prepositional units opens the way to predicting systematically possible linguistic units within the field in question.
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Vinogradova, Ekaterina N., and Lyibov P. Klobukova. "The grammar of Russian preposition: theoretical aspects." Russian Language Studies 20, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2022-20-1-84-100.
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At present, linguists do not have sufficient tools to strictly determine whether specific prepositional units belong to prepositions as a part of speech, so it seems relevant to consider the functional-grammatical field of prepositions, which includes both prepositions themselves and units that can function as prepositions. The aim of this article is to identify, classify and describe systemic paradigmatic relations within the functional-grammatical field of prepositions. The study was conducted on the material of a registry of 3,000 prepositional units, which were collected through a continuous sampling from dictionaries and specialized works, as well as by identifying all possible variants of prepositions on the Internet and the National Corpus of the Russian language. The paradigmatic relations of the units that already have lexicographic attribution were analyzed. As a result, the graphical, morphonological and word-formation paradigms of prepositional units were identified, and their morphosyntactic and semantic paradigmatic relations were detailed. The graphical paradigm is a series of variants of different types: alphabetic, written together or separately and uncodified. The morphological paradigm includes vocalized, accented, incomplete-vowel versions, truncated, softened, differentiated by accent and inflective variants. Within the word-formation paradigm the most productive roots of prepositional units are identified. For the morphosyntactic paradigm, the possible structural subtypes were identified: thus, the form of the prepositional noun and the form of the introduced actant were relevant. In addition, the regularities of paradigm formation were revealed for prepositional units expressing different types of semantic relations. For the semantic paradigm, the dependence of a particular paradigm subtype on the type of semantic relations expressed by the prepositional units has been revealed. Considering the functional and grammatical field of the preposition as a set organized by regular relations of different types, we can identify the grammar of the preposition. Understanding the systemic relations between prepositional units opens the way to predicting systematically possible linguistic units within the field in question.
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Boksa, Ewa. "Przyimek i jego użycie w pracach pisemnych dzieci dyslektycznych." Poradnik Językowy, no. 1/2021(780) (January 31, 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2021.1.2.
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The research presented in this paper is aimed to answer the question whether dyslexic people who had been diagnosed with delayed speech development before they started school use prepositions correctly in statements and how their ability to use prepositional phrases affects their formation of sentence structures. The material underlying the research on the syntactic functions of prepositions and prepositional phrases has been extracted from reports on speech development for six-year-old children and stories created by the same people many years later, when they were eighth-year students. Analyses of dyslexic students’ essays have confi rmed that one of the key indicators of developmental dyslexia, which is helpful in diagnosis, could be the preposition acquisition time as well as understanding and using this part of speech in utterances and statements. Keywords: preposition – developmental dyslexia – delayed speech development
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Chi, Daojia. "THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF CHINESE PREPOSITIONS"GĚI, DUÌ"AND CORRESPONDING UZBEK AUXILIARIES/AFFIXES." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORD ART 5, no. 3 (May 30, 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9297-2020-5-4.
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Chinese is an isolated language. Prepositions are used to express grammatical meanings. Generally, prepositional phrases are composed of nouns. The whole prepositional phrases are mostly used as adverbials in front of sentence predicates. Uzbek is a cohesive language,affixes and auxiliaries are abundant. Affixes are placed after body parts of speech to express grammatical meanings such as location, time and object. There is no "preposition" classification in Uzbek, and most of them correspond to Chinese prepositions as "affixes or auxiliaries"
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Konjuskevic, Marija. "The preposition potential in formation of conjunctional means." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 70 (2014): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1470017k.
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In the article the ability of preposition to form conjunction or its equivalent has been considered. The mechanism of denominalization has been shown on the Russian material with the involvement of the author?s observations on prepositions in the Belarusian language - the morphological form transformation in to the subordinate part of complex sentence. The author?s conception is: 1) the syntaxeme is the actant position in the sentence; 2) the syntaxeme consists of the formant (preposition + flexion) and nominative component (substantive); 3) at the level of the complex sentence the same actant position may take the predicative unit (subordinate part of the complex sentence); 4) the formant of the predicative syntaxeme in transforms is the conjunctional combination ?preposition + demonstrative pronoun that + subordinate part conjunction?. The preposition at case syntaxeme transformation in to predicative does not change its function, but it is included in to the conjunctional formant as one of the elements of more complex formant - conjunctional combination. Each element of the conjunctional combination fulfills its function: the preposition still forms the syntaxeme, but with more complex nominative component as predicative unit, the pronoun that is ?flection? of this nominative component (subordinate part), and the conjunction acts as the explicator, providing grammatical connection of the nominative component of syntaxeme with the ?flexion? and the preposition. It is noted that the mechanism and the results of denominalization depend on the syntaxemes repertoire and character and on the preposition meaning: the same preposition, with different meaning has different conjunctional potential. In to the mechanism of denominalization are involved categorematic names (classifiers), which initially are used as structural vocabulary for forming secondary prepositions, and together with them, for forming conjunctional combinations. The methods of transformation of prepositional-nominal syntaxeme in to conjunctional-predicative reveal more conjunctional means than there are in the existing grammatical and lexicographical descriptions.
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Setyaningrum, Riya Risqi, and Riryn Fatmawaty. "The Prepositional Errors in Students’ Writing." Jo-ELT (Journal of English Language Teaching) Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa & Seni Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris IKIP 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/jo-elt.v7i1.2627.
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One of the important things in writing is grammar. The grammatical errors in writing may or will distort and disturb the coherence of the piece of writing. A preposition is a part of grammar that important to connect one word to another. Some students ignore the preposition in the right way. So, this study is eager to analyze the errors in using preposition produced by the students' first semester of English Education Department at Unisla in academic years 2019/2020 that consist of 45 students. The study focuses on what kinds of prepositional errors that are usually produced and the types of errors in using preposition mostly produced. This study uses descriptive qualitative to describes the reasons for preposition errors occur by analyzing the students' writing. The result is the students' first semester still produces some errors in; omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. The types of error that produced by the students is misformation errors with percentage 44,93%. It means the teachers have to pay more attention to teaching prepositions.
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Apaeva, S. H., and D. A. Zhaparkulova. "MEANING AND FUNCTION OF PREPOSITIONS IN CHINESE AND RUSSIAN." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 3-2020 (October 5, 2020): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2020.3.379-384.
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This article discusses the differences in the meanings and functions of a preposition in Russian and Chinese. In the aspect of morphology and syntax, separate features of the formation of Chinese prepositions are analyzed. Examples of different functionality of prepositions in two languages are given. It also provides examples of translation of individual prepositions, prepositional structures and whole sentences. Comparison of Russian prepositions with the corresponding Chinese prepositions is very important both scientifically and practically. It is important for the methodology of teaching a language, helps to correctly select and arrange educational material.
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Kusumastuti, Ria Apriani. "Construal of English Prepositions in, on, and at." Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies (IJELS) 4, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijels.v4i2.2306.
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The use of English preposition is a little bit confusing, especially for Indonesians. It is because Indonesia only has one preposition di- to indicate the English prepositions in, on, and at. In this research, it is found that the prepositions in, on, and at are used differently based on the relation between the object and the landmark. For preposition in, the concept of containment is introduced. This preposition is used when the object is surrounded by the landmark. For preposition on, the concept of contact and support is highlighted, and gravity takes part in the use of this preposition. It means that the object should be in contact with the landmark and the landmark should support the object so that it will not move or fall. Lastly, the preposition at requires us to portray an imaginary location to determine a certain point of the object. By using the correct preposition in, on, and at, one can have linguistic knowledge, and be able to avoid ambiguity to convey correct messages or ideas to the interlocutors.Keywords: cognitive semantics, prepositions, in, on, at, principles
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Papahagi, Cristiana. "L’opposition statique – dynamique dans la grammaticalisation de la préposition française de." Grammaticalisation 25, no. 2 (August 31, 2003): 223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.25.2.04pap.
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Summary Dynamism is a marked feature for prepositions in French: among its lexicalizations by means of prepositional expressions, inchoative de stands out as the most marked one. Yet, this is the result of a modern normative intervention. Within the more comprehensive framework of the change of perception of space from Latin to the Romance languages, the case of de- is striking. In Latin compounds, de- has a dynamic meaning; gradually, it loses its dynamic sense and becomes completely bleached in Middle French. Owing to this loss of semantic quantity, adverbial compounds drop to the prepositional level or move up to the nominal one, where dynamism is no longer possible. The opposite movement, relexicalisation, happened in the 17th century, and tends to reinforce the preposition de by preventing it from getting bleached in compounds, and from losing its sense. The current state of de in French illustrates these two successive movements: it has become a full preposition, expressing by itself the beginning of a movement, and at the same time the ‘emptiest’ preposition, a mere function marker.
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Haedariah, Haedariah. "FRASA PREPOSISIONAL BERMAKNA TEMPAT DALAM KALIMAT BAHASA BUGIS: SUATU KAJIAN STRUKTUR DAN SEMATIK." Prosodi 15, no. 1 (April 24, 2021): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/prosodi.v15i1.10487.
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The research entitled "Prepositional Phrases Meaningful Places in Bugis Sentences" describe prepositions in Bugis in terms of form, meaning and category. The method used in this research is descriptive distribution. The main data of this research comes from written language, while the oral and artificial data are used as supporting data. The research aims to (1) describe the prepositions of the meaning of places in Buginese, (2) describe the linguistic elements associated with Bugis language prepositions, (3) describe the functions occupied by prepositional phrases meaning place in Bugis language, and (4) describe the meaning the place contained in the prepositions in the Buginese language. The results of this study. Keywords: Prasa, Preposition, Linguistic Elements, Syntax Function
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Petrova, Stefka. "The Prepositions V and U in Bulgatian (on the Subject of Language Development)." Cultural and Historical Heritage: Preservation, Representation, Digitalization 6, no. 1 (2020): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26615/issn.2367-8038.2020_1_005.
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One of the relatively common mistakes in written Bulgarian is the misuse of the prepositions V and U, the disappearance of the distinction between them, and the generalization of their semantic similarity. This is manifested primarily in the replacement of the preposition B by U. The work analyzes fully or partially recorded examples with preposition B, and is divided into three groups: 1. Misuse; 2. Possibility for two uses; 3. Use of preposition B instead of other prepositions. The author envisages further validation of the use of preposition B instead of preposition U. Keywords: preposition, use, replacement, error, disappearance of the distinction between B and U
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Sawardi, Fransiskus Xaverius. "PELESAPAN PREPOSISI DALAM GRAMATIKA BAHASA INDONESIA." SEMIOTIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Sastra dan Linguistik 18, no. 2 (March 31, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/semiotika.v18i2.5382.
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This paper is based on the use of effective sentence-making rules in Indonesian language teaching which reads: subject and object should not be given a preposition. Sentences whose subject is preceded by a preposition are deemed ineffective / ungrammatical. On the other hand, the preposition is obligatory to express the role of locative, instrument, comitative, etc.. Under certain conditions the preposition is optional. For example, in the sentence Anjing itu dipukul (oleh) Ali.. The problem are: (i) what is the preposition function in Indonesian grammar? (ii) at what position can the preposition be deleted? (iii) why are these prepositions be deleted? To answer the problem, the clause will be analyzed from the predicate and argument base. Arguments are distinguished from non argument. Prepositions in the Indonesian language are used to distinguish arguments and non arguments, and determine the role of semantic constituent clauses. Prepositions may be fixed in (i) positions behind the direct verb, and (ii) the semantic role is obvious. The reason for this clear semantic role that makes the preposition can be wiped out.
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Estiri, Majid, and Shahram Nabati. "THE STRUCTURE AND MEANING OF PHRASES WITH PREPOSITIONS "О" (ABOUT), "ПО" (ON), "ДЛЯ" (FOR) AND "С" (WITH), WHICH CORRESPOND TO PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE WITHOUT PREPOSITION IN PERSIAN." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-2-207-216.
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The article is devoted to the structural and semantic analysis of phrase with prepositions "о" (about), "по" (on), "для" (for) and "с" (with), which correspond to prepositional phrases without preposition in the Persian language. The research resources have been applied to current work include «Russian-Persian Dictionary by G.А. Voskanyan» [1] and «Comprehensive Dictionary "Sokhan"», edited by H. Anvari [10]. Russian phrases with prepositions cause various difficulties for Iranian students when translating into Persian or from Persian into Russian. The purpose of this work is a structural and semantic analysis of phrases with prepositions "о" (about), "по" (on), "для" (for) and "с" (with), as well as the analysis of the corresponding structures in the Persian language. The article shows that, Russian phrases with the mentioned prepositions that have the structure of "noun + preposition + noun" while expressing different meanings, correspond to the Persian phrases without prepositions that have different components of the word in their composition. The results can be used practically for teaching the Russian language to Iranian learners, as well as in order to minimize the mistakes of Iranian students when using and translating Russian phrases with these prepositions.
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Popović, Mladen. "OVER AND PREKO – AN IMAGE SCHEMA-BASED APPROACH TO CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS." PHILOLOGIA MEDIANA 14, no. 1 (June 13, 2022): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/phm.14.2022.19.
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Prepositions as a grammatical category are highly resistant to propositional definitions and as such they present a significant challenge not only for semantic analysis but also for in-class descriptions, each preposition generating a network of senses with no easily discernible core meaning. These factors contribute to a relative lack of theoretical frameworks devoted to prepositional meaning, preposition translation as well as effective methods via which they could be taught. This paper argues that a useful model for translation and teaching of prepositions can be derived from a revised form of Image Schema theory. For this purpose, a contrastive analysis of two prepositions – the English OVER and Serbian PREKO was performed, with the aim of demonstrating how Image Schema theory, with its inherent focus on universally understandable spatial scenes can easily account for divergent senses of translation-equivalent prepositions. Furthermore, the paper argues that the language-neutral medium of visual scene description provides a natural basis for a ‘tertium comparationis’, while also serving as a useful starting point for language teaching as it circumvents many of the problems inherent in propositional definitions.
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Estiri, M., and Kh Torkashvand. "Semantic Components of the Russian Preposition “Через” in Combination With Different Locums and its Expression in the Persian Language." Philology at MGIMO 7, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2021-3-27-43-52.
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In the Russian language the preposition “cherez (through)” is used in its typical contexts to refer to spatial characteristics in which an action or movement takes place. However, there are cases in the Persian language when there is no clear boundary among the spatial prepositions corresponding to the preposition “cherez (through)”, which causes difculty for Iranian learners to choose the correct one. At the same time one and the same Persian preposition can be expressed by different Russian prepositions which lead to regular mistakes in the speech of Iranian students. Tus, for instance, Iranian students use the preposition “az miyan-e” / (among) in the meaning of the Russian prepositions “cherez” (through), “mezhdu”, “ckvoz” (within) and “iz” (from), although these prepositions are different in meaning and function. In this article, the locations used in combination with the preposition “through” are systematically classifed to explain their specifc features. In addition, the ways of expressing the spatial meanings of the preposition “through” in the Persian language are addressed in order to raise Iranian learners’ awareness of possible mistakes. Te novelty of the article is in the attempt to compare semantic and spatial features of the Russian preposition “cherez (through)” with its correlates in the Persian language. Te fndings of this study can be of interest to RFL teachers, in particular in Iran, as they will highlight common mistakes in the speech of Iranian learners when using the preposition “through”, and to RFL textbook developers.
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Rohdenburg, Günter. "Formal Asymmetries between Active and Passive Clauses in Modern English: The Avoidance of Preposition Stranding with Verbs Featuring Omissible Prepositions." Anglia 135, no. 4 (November 10, 2017): 700–744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2017-0068.
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AbstractThis paper reports on the results of a corpus-based study that deals with a hitherto neglected kind of formal asymmetry between active and passive clauses involving two-place prepositional verbs like agree. These contrasts are found in the context of two satisfied conditions: a) The preposition in question is omissible, which holds for agree in present-day British English as in They agreed (on/upon/to/with) the proposal. b) Unlike active uses, passivization of relevant prepositional options necessarily results in preposition stranding as in The proposal has been agreed on/upon/to/with. It is shown that – in both passive and active clauses – stranded prepositions tend to be omitted more often than non-stranded ones. Unlike the passive, the active provides only a restricted range of contexts compatible with the potential use of stranded prepositions. What is more, these environments are relatively infrequent with most verbs. This is what largely explains the active-passive asymmetries with the verbs explored in this paper. Crucially, however, stranded prepositions can in several cases be demonstrated to be more strongly avoided in the passive than the active, thus mirroring their cross-linguistic distribution (see e. g. Maling and Zaenen 1985; Truswell 2009). The voice contrast is found to be independent of diachronic changes resulting in either the loss or the acquisition of the prepositions involved.
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Kim, Agnes, and Katharina Korecky-Kröll. "Prepositional phrases in German in Austria – identifying patterns of variation." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 476–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0024.
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Abstract German in Austria is claimed to be shaped by wide-spread dialect use and historical language contact. In this context, variation in prepositional phrases (PPs) is frequently cited, but still underresearched. Three linguistic variables are particularly interesting: (1) preposition choice (p-choice), (2) case marking in PPs and (3) preposition–determiner contractions. The present study aims at identifying linguistic and sociolinguistic – including regional – patterns of variation in the realization of PPs with two-way prepositions in German in Austria on the basis of natural production data including formal and informal registers from urban and rural adults of different age groups and different socioeconomic backgrounds living in Bavarian regions of Austria. The data were compared against the German standard variety from Germany to identify all constructions (possibly) specific for German in Austria. Results indicate that p-choice (particularly in directed motion constructions) shows mostly regional effects: South Bavarian varieties are characterized by preposition drop, whereas in the other regions, the preposition auf ‘on(to)’ seems overrepresented. However, case marking is more dependent on sociodemographic variables and accusative–dative syncretism appears more frequently in plural than in singular contexts. Finally, specific preposition–determiner contractions are widespread across all regions and groups investigated, even in (close-to-)standard registers.
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ESTIRI, MAJID, and KHOSRO TORKASHVAND. "PREPOSITIONS "НА", "ДЛЯ", "К", "РАДИ" AS CORRELATE TO THE PREPOSITION “FOR”." HUMANITARIAN RESEARCHES 4, no. 80 (2021): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-4936-2021-80-4-121-128.
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In this article, the meanings expressed with the prepositions «на», «для», «к», «ради», which correspond to the preposition “for” in Persian, are examined. One of the problems of Iranian students in learning Russian in the classroom of Iranian audiences is the proper use of Russian prepositions. The reason for this problem is that a preposition in Persian corresponds to different prepositions in Russian. The authors of the paper think that the multiple meanings of Russian prepositions cause many problems; It means that, a preposition in Russian expresses different states and therefore different forms. The purpose of this study is to determine and describe the meanings of the prepositions «на», «для», «к», «ради» as the equivalents of the Persian preposition “for”. Russian Dictionary "Russian Language Dictionary in Four Volumes" edited by A.P. Yevgenova, "Dictionary of Modern Russian literary language" edited V.I. Chernysheva and "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" S.I. Ozhegov have been selected as linguistic sources in this study. The results of this research can be used in teaching Russian to Iranian audiences, as well as in order to minimize the mistakes of Iranian students when translating the preposition “for” into Russian.
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Fera, Ardian. "PREPOSITIONS AND THEIR SYNTACTIC USE IN ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH." Knowledge International Journal 31, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3102571f.
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A preposition is a word or set of words that indicates location or some other relationship between a noun or pronoun and other parts of the sentence. It refers to the word or phrase which shows the relationship between one thing and another, linking nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. They are abstract words that have no concrete meaning. They merely show the relationships between groups of words. Within a preposition, there are many different variations in meaning that are conveyed. The proper interpretation of prepositions is an important issue for automatic natural language understanding. Although the complexity of preposition usage has been argued for and documented by various scholars in linguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics, very few studies have been done on the function of prepositions in natural language processing (NLP) applications. The reason is that prepositions are probably the most polysemous category and thus, their linguistic realizations are difficult to predict and their cross-linguistic regularities difficult to identify. Prepositions play a major role in the syntactic structures of the English language and they often make an essential contribution to sentence meaning by signifying temporal and spatial relationships, as well as abstract relations involving cause and purpose, agent and instrument, manner and accompaniment, support and much more. They are sensitive linguistic elements that are culturally acceptable and very well known to all members of the same linguistic community. According to cognitive semantics, the figurative senses of a preposition are extended from its spatial senses through conceptual metaphors. In a pedagogical context, it may be useful to draw learners' attention to those aspects of a preposition's spatial sense that are especially relevant for its metaphorization processes. Prepositions have type restrictions on their arguments, they assign thematic roles, and they have a semantic content, possibly underspecified. The only difference with the other open-class categories like nouns, verbs or adjectives is that they do not have any morphology.
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Glušac, Maja. "Je li prijedlog za agresivan?" Jezik: časopis za kulturu hrvatskoga književnog jezika 68, no. 5 (December 1, 2021): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22210/jezik.2021.68.01.
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The preposition za is primary preposition that has dimensional and non-dimensional meanings and comes with genitive, accusative and instrumental. The basic meaning of the preposition za is considered to be the spatial meaning, but its general accusative meaning of purpose and intention is also emphasized. Possibilities of substituting and suppressing other prepositions confirm the aggressiveness of prepositions za, and the use in front of immutable words confirms the processes of accusativeization, grammaticalization and lexicalization.
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HACIBEKİROĞLU, Abdullah. "The Problem of 'Meaning of Prepositions' in the Arabic Language." ULUM 5, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54659/ulum.1098674.
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The grammarians of the Arabic language considered the noun and verb to be meaningful on their own, and the prepositions (ḥurūf al-maʿânî/meaning letters) as meaningless language units when they were alone in the traditional word classification. This approach is generally accepted in many languages, including Turkish. According to this, prepositions are words that have no meaning on their own and undertake grammatical tasks. However, contrary to this general opinion, some Arab linguists claimed that prepositions are meaningful when they are alone. Leaving aside the view that the preposition is meaningful on its own, both Arab and Turkish linguists and modern linguists stated that the preposition would not gain meaning without usage/context. Prepositions that are seen as meaningless/empty words cannot gain any meaning unless they enter the syntax. In fact, this condition for prepositions also applies to other types of words (noun, verb). In this study, the evaluations of the Arabic syntaxists on whether the preposition is a meaningful or meaningless language element are discussed. In addition, it is also mentioned how this issue is approached in Turkish and modern linguistics. The issue of whether the preposition shows a meaning when it is alone has been discussed especially through the definition of the preposition by linguists.
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Nghi, Tran Tin, and Tran Huu Phuc. "A Corpus-Based Study on the Most Frequently Used English Prepositions: A Conceptual Transfer Perspective." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1202.01.
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This corpus-based study aims to examine the frequencies of English preposition usages from the perspective of conceptual transfer. The authors have built up a corpus from third-year English – majored students' Academic writing tasks (HSAC) as their Ending-course assignments from Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry for two consecutive semesters in the academic year 2019 – 2020. This corpus was used as the source of data in analyzing the frequencies of prepositions in their essays. Two hundred and fifty pieces of writing were examined. The concordance output was used to determine the frequency of English preposition usage and types of errors via Sketch Engine Software. The findings showed a negative relationship between prepositional senses and their collocations with certain Vietnamese linguistic features. The study also revealed that negative conceptual transfer was recurrent and systematic. Based upon the findings, a conceptual framework for teaching and learning functional words like prepositions was drawn for language teachers and learners in a foreign language context.
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Maling, Joan, and Annie Zaenen. "Preposition-Stranding and Passive." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 8, no. 2 (December 1985): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001335.
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Various linguists working within the theory of Government and Binding (e.g. Hornstein & Weinberg (1981), Kayne (1981)) have attempted to provide a unified account of preposition-stranding. This article uses evidence from Icelandic to show that preposition-stranding is not a unified phenomenon. Although Icelandic freely allows preposition-stranding in wh-movement constructions, it lacks prepositional passives in which the prepositional object of an active verb corresponds to the grammatical subject of a passive verb. Various syntactic tests which distinguish between grammatical subjects and topicalized NPs are used to demonstrate this. Our conclusion is that while lexical reanalysis is needed to account for prepositional passives, no such reanalysis is warranted for preposition-stranding due to wh-movement; hence, an adequate theory of preposition-stranding must allow for two separate parameters.
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Garrigues, Mylene. "Prépositions et Noms de Pays et D'iles." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 17, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 281–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.17.2.03gar.
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We present a detailed account of the shapes of prepositional noun phrases which complement verbs of movement. These complements are interpreted as destinations of the movement. We use the example of names of countries and islands to show the complexity of the problem. Attempts to predict the choice of a preposition according to the morphology of names is only partially correct. In fact, we show that in order to describe exactly the use of prepositions, we have to display all the quadruples {Verb, Preposition, Article, Noun}. Subregularities can then be accounted for, by means of a representation by finite automata. This representation has the advantage to provide directly a recognition algorithm which has been applied to a corpus. We present a sample of the results thus obtained.
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Gomes, Christina Abreu. "Directionality in linguistic change and acquisition." Language Variation and Change 11, no. 2 (July 1999): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394599112055.
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This article focuses on the directionality observed in the processes of change and acquisition of the prepositions that replaced Latin cases in the speech of Rio de Janeiro and in the Contact Portuguese spoken by Brazilian Indians in the region of Xingu. In Brazilian Portuguese, it is possible to delete the indirect case preposition of some verbs. The system loses and maintains prepositional nexus in a cyclic process motivated by the semantic transparency and the iconicity of the preposition, the adjacency between verb and complement, and the degree of transitivity of the verb. The variable use in Contact Portuguese shows the same effects observed in the Rio de Janeiro variety, in a process that includes a gradual filling up of categorical and variable contexts. We argue that the forces that guide acquisition of the Portuguese prepositional subsystem in the Xingu variety act in the same way as those that constrain variation in urban language.
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TALIANCICH-KLINGER, CASEY L., LISA M. BEDORE, and ELIZABETH D. PEÑA. "Preposition accuracy on a sentence repetition task in school age Spanish–English bilinguals." Journal of Child Language 45, no. 1 (May 16, 2017): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000917000125.
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AbstractPreposition knowledge is important for academic success. The goal of this project was to examine how different variables such as English input and output, Spanish preposition score, mother education level, and age of English exposure (AoEE) may have played a role in children's preposition knowledge in English. 148 Spanish–English children between 7;0 and 9;11 produced prepositions in English and Spanish on a sentence repetition task from an experimental version of the Bilingual English Spanish Assessment Middle Extension (Peña, Bedore, Gutierrez-Clellen, Iglesias & Goldstein, in development). English input and output accounted for most of the variance in English preposition score. The importance of language-specific experiences in the development of prepositions is discussed. Competition for selection of appropriate prepositions in English and Spanish is discussed as potentially influencing low overall preposition scores in English and Spanish.
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Kuritsyna, Anna. "Preposition Repetition in Tocharian." Indo-European Linguistics 4, no. 1 (2016): 190–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125892-00401004.
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The paper is devoted to the Tocharian phenomenon of preposition repetition, which occurs when a preposition governs conjuncts. This phenomenon is well known in Old Russian, but it is also described for some other ancient and modern languages, e.g. Latin, Greek, Hebrew and modern French. In the majority of these languages, the occurrence of reiterated prepositions is optional. This is different in Tocharian: although there are cases of both repetition and nonrepetition of prepositions with conjuncts, repetition seems to be obligatory. On the basis of an analysis of all available contexts, it will be argued that preposition repetition in Tocharian is a regular syntactic mechanism unless metrical characteristics of particular verse texts cause omission of the preposition.
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Hung, Maosheng, and Tiantian Zhang. "A Study on the Use of Locative Prepositions by Chinese English Majors in English Writing." Bulletin of Advanced English Studies 7, no. 1 (June 2022): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/baes2022.7.1.4.
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This study aims to examine 40 Chinese English majors’ use of locative prepositions in English writing. The students were randomly selected from the English department of a private university in Fujian, China. They were first informed of the purpose of the study, followed by being required to participate in an English writing activity. Through the analysis of the collected 40 writing samples, the researchers of the study discovered that the prepositions “on”, “in” and “by” are the most frequently used in the participants’ writing; the prepositions “above”, “under” and “among” are the least frequently used. The locative preposition “in” has the highest frequency of use and also has the highest error frequency. Moreover, the error types that occur in the 40 Chinese college students’ use of prepositions (including locative prepositions) in English writing mainly include preposition redundancy, preposition omission, and misuse of prepositions.
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O'Hara, Tom, and Janyce Wiebe. "Exploiting Semantic Role Resources for Preposition Disambiguation." Computational Linguistics 35, no. 2 (June 2009): 151–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.06-79-prep15.
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This article describes how semantic role resources can be exploited for preposition disambiguation. The main resources include the semantic role annotations provided by the Penn Treebank and FrameNet tagged corpora. The resources also include the assertions contained in the Factotum knowledge base, as well as information from Cyc and Conceptual Graphs. A common inventory is derived from these in support of definition analysis, which is the motivation for this work. The disambiguation concentrates on relations indicated by prepositional phrases, and is framed as word-sense disambiguation for the preposition in question. A new type of feature for word-sense disambiguation is introduced, using WordNet hypernyms as collocations rather than just words. Various experiments over the Penn Treebank and FrameNet data are presented, including prepositions classified separately versus together, and illustrating the effects of filtering. Similar experimentation is done over the Factotum data, including a method for inferring likely preposition usage from corpora, as knowledge bases do not generally indicate how relationships are expressed in English (in contrast to the explicit annotations on this in the Penn Treebank and FrameNet). Other experiments are included with the FrameNet data mapped into the common relation inventory developed for definition analysis, illustrating how preposition disambiguation might be applied in lexical acquisition.
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Castillo Orihuela, Concepción. "On the Internal Argument(s) of Unaccusative [Verb+Preposition] Structures." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 25 (November 15, 2012): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2012.25.21.
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In this paper I use the feature [+/–animate] to distinguish unaccusative [verb+preposition] structures where the verb projects the internal argument from structures where the preposition projects the internal argument. On the proposed approach, which aims to be a refinement on the original work by Hoekstra (1988), the preposition selects for the internal argument whenever the latter is [–animate]. The analysis is supported by the observation that unaccusative prepositional structures are typically [–animate], by contrast with their non-prepositional counterparts, and by a principled analysis of the differences existing between sequences with march-type verbs vs. sequences with verbs like whistle or eat. By contrast with current works in the literature, the preposition is argued to project two Spec positions in eat-type sequences, and a pP-shell configuration is proposed to match the derivation of unaccusative [verb+preposition] structures that feature one or two arguments internal to the prepositional projection.
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Kelleher, John D., and Fintan J. Costello. "Applying Computational Models of Spatial Prepositions to Visually Situated Dialog." Computational Linguistics 35, no. 2 (June 2009): 271–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.06-78-prep14.
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This article describes the application of computational models of spatial prepositions to visually situated dialog systems. In these dialogs, spatial prepositions are important because people often use them to refer to entities in the visual context of a dialog. We first describe a generic architecture for a visually situated dialog system and highlight the interactions between the spatial cognition module, which provides the interface to the models of prepositional semantics, and the other components in the architecture. Following this, we present two new computational models of topological and projective spatial prepositions. The main novelty within these models is the fact that they account for the contextual effect which other distractor objects in a visual scene can have on the region described by a given preposition. We next present psycholinguistic tests evaluating our approach to distractor interference on prepositional semantics, and illustrate how these models are used for both interpretation and generation of prepositional expressions.
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Srikumar, Vivek, and Dan Roth. "Modeling Semantic Relations Expressed by Prepositions." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 1 (December 2013): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00223.
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This paper introduces the problem of predicting semantic relations expressed by prepositions and develops statistical learning models for predicting the relations, their arguments and the semantic types of the arguments. We define an inventory of 32 relations, building on the word sense disambiguation task for prepositions and collapsing related senses across prepositions. Given a preposition in a sentence, our computational task to jointly model the preposition relation and its arguments along with their semantic types, as a way to support the relation prediction. The annotated data, however, only provides labels for the relation label, and not the arguments and types. We address this by presenting two models for preposition relation labeling. Our generalization of latent structure SVM gives close to 90% accuracy on relation labeling. Further, by jointly predicting the relation, arguments, and their types along with preposition sense, we show that we can not only improve the relation accuracy, but also significantly improve sense prediction accuracy.
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BALEK, Tijana. "RELATIVE CARITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH CONJUNCTION-PREPOSITION COMPLEX ILI BEZ IN SERBIAN (WITH AN OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION IN RUSSIAN)." Ezikov Svyat volume 19 issue 3, ezs.swu.v19i3 (October 1, 2021): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v19i3.3.
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The paper presents 29 relative caritive constructions identified in Serbian language thanks to a search of the Serbian National Corpus, from which they are excerpted. Detailed analysis has shown that most of the excerpted constructions consist of a preposition, noun in a certain case, conjunction-preposition complex ‘ili bez’ and, often, a noun or pronoun in genitive. The analysis has also shown that 29 types of the excerpted constructions consist of 9 different prepositions on their left side which give the information about the absens, and that inclusion and action of the absens in concrete situations are relativized. Nevertheless, there are 5 non-prepositional constructions and 2 constructions that have complex prepositional expressions ‘u suprotnosti sa’ and ‘u saglasnosti sa’ on the left side. Regular caritive constructions negate inclusion of the absens on the right part of the construction, but these (analyzed in the paper) are specific because the conjunction ‘ili’ slightly neutralizes caritive semantics of the preposition ‘bez’. It should be said that among excerpted constructions we identified 11 with anaphoric features that are discussed in the paper as well. In general, the conducted analysis showed that caritive semantics in Slavic languages (i.e. in Serbian and Russian) is not grammaticalized, which means that there are many grammatical and lexical resources for its presentation that need to be registered and described.
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Martynova, Hanna, and Tetiana Shcherbyna. "A prepositional system of the Middle Dnieper dialects." Ukrainska mova, no. 1 (2022): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2022.01.086.
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This article examines the prepositional system of the Middle Dnieper dialects of Ukrainian based on dialectal data, which singles out the core and periphery of Middle Dnieper. The integrated study of prepositions in functional-grammatical and areal aspects largely attests to the similar repertoire of language units within the core of the system of functional words, which shows its antiquity and integrity. The differences between central and peripheral dialects lie in the different functions of the original prepositions. The analysis of the dialectal data shows the relatively high ranking of the preposition v (u) over other prepositions used to express objective, spatial, temporal, logical (mode of action and purpose), and attributive and predicative semantic-syntactic relations. The use of synonymous case constructions with prepositions depending on the subject expression is the specific feature of Middle Dnieper. Keywords: Middle Dnieper, dialectal data, prepositional system, core and periphery, relative semantics, semantic and syntactic relation
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Galstian, Sona A. "PREPOSITION AS A MEANS TO REFLECT THE CATEGORY OF SPACE IN THE LANGUAGE (BASED ON SPANISH)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 4 (2019): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2019_5_4_41_51.
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The article explores the role of prepositions in expressing spatial relations in Spanish including physical and linguistic space relationship. The article presents the arguments in favour of the idea that the preposition is the main means to reflect the category of space in the language since the semantics of spatial prepositions contains information about objects localization: the Spanish prepositions are able to indicate the direction from the start point and to the given point, the final point of movement, the trajectory of movement as well as the object location. The article pays particular attention to the relationship between the use of spatial prepositions and the situation in which the subject is involved. Thus, the objects that exist in reality can be interpreted by a person in different ways. I argue that this fact plays a key role in choosing a preposition, in some cases a preposition with uncharacteristic semantics, to describe a particular situation. It was found that, in order to express the dynamic spatial relations, in some cases, due to the peculiarities of human perception of reality it is necessary to use a static spatial preposition, and vice versa, when transmitting the static spatial relations, sometimes the dynamic spatial prepositions are used...
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Kwapisz-Osadnik, Katarzyna. "PRZYIMKI JAKO ZNACZNIKI RÓŻNYCH KONCEPTUALIZACJI: ANALIZA ZAGADNIENIA NA PRZYKŁADZIE JĘZYKA WŁOSKIEGO." Acta Neophilologica 1, no. XIX (June 1, 2017): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/an.675.
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This article is devoted to the uses of different Italian prepositions in expressionsdescribing the same fragment of reality, as exemplified by: una ragazza dai capellirossi and con una ragazza (i) capelli rossi, both referring to a red-haired girl. Situatingthe research in the field of Cognitive Grammar by R. Langacker (the relation betweena trajector and a landmark) and based on the conception of pre-cognitive schema, thefollowing hypotheses were verified: 1. preposition, as a relational category, reconstructsin a sentence the relation between the trajector and the landmark; 2. preposition, asa localistic category, illustrates the spatial and/or temporal mutual distribution of thetrajector and the landmark; 3. the ordering of the trajector and the landmark doesnot necessarily reflect the order of perceived elements: the element expressed aftera preposition can be a starting point to the perception of a scene; 4. differences inthe choice of prepositions express different ways to conceptualize the same fragmentof reality; 5. prototypical uses of prepositions refer to relational schemas and localisticpre-conceptual schema; 6.there exist asemantic uses of prepositions, as indicatedby language users’ preferences; 7. each preposition has its own semantic invariant.
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Rodrigues, Edilson J., Paulo E. Santos, Marcos Lopes, Brandon Bennett, and Paul E. Oppenheimer. "Standpoint semantics for polysemy in spatial prepositions." Journal of Logic and Computation 30, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 635–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exz034.
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Abstract In this paper, we present a formalism for handling polysemy in spatial expressions based on supervaluation semantics called standpoint semantics for polysemy (SSP). The goal of this formalism is, given a prepositional phrase, to define its possible spatial interpretations. For this, we propose to characterize spatial prepositions by means of a triplet $\langle $image schema, semantic feature, spatial axis$\rangle $. The core of SSP is predicate grounding theories, which are formulas of a first-order language that define a spatial preposition through the semantic features of its trajector and landmark. Precisifications are also established, which are a set of formulae of a qualitative spatial reasoning formalism that aims to provide the spatial characterization of the trajector with respect to the landmark. In addition to the theoretical model, we also present results of a computational implementation of SSP for the preposition ‘in’.
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Fagard, Benjamin, and Alexandru Mardale. "Les prépositions complexes du roumain – approche sur corpus." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 54, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 176–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.00020.fag.
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Abstract In this paper, we investigate complex adpositions in Romanian, on the basis of a corpus study. Our goal is to provide an extensive list of complex adpositions and analyze the productivity of various patterns. In order to do so, we selected a number of candidate sequences, applied semantic and morpho-syntactic tests, and evaluated their frequency. Our results confirm the importance of two patterns: [Preposition + Noun + Determiner] followed by a genitive, and [Preposition + Noun + Preposition]. Though there are a few other patterns (such as [(Preposition +) Adverb (+ Preposition)]), these two are the most productive, making up a core of relatively frequent sequences with low variability, which pattern with simple prepositions.
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RUGNA, GIUSEPPE, and LUDOVICO FRANCO. "Prepositions as relators in Italian Prepositional Compounds." Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 8, no. 5 (October 25, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.215.
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In this paper, we propose a morphosyntactic analysis of Prepositional Compounds in Italian. We argue that while prepositions are not meaningless, their content isn’t too rich, either. We propose that they can be treated as general relators (along the lines of Manzini & Franco’s (2016) treatment of locative and oblique prepositions) which can express different directions of inclusion between the nominal items which are part of the compound. The lexicalization patterns are coherent with the syncretism found in other aspects of the grammar (e.g. locative/oblique prepositions). At the same time, the specific lexicalizations of these prepositions are ultimately determined by the morphosyntactic context in which they are embedded, highlighting the key role played by the syntactic context in shaping a vocabulary entry. One advantage of our proposal lies in its minimality: the prepositions only encode general relators with varying directionalities; they are not burdened with semantic content. The relevant interpretations of Prepositional Compounds are ultimately derived by pragmatic enrichment at the C-I interface on the basis of the elementary content expressed by the preposition.
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Hasyim, Mohamad Yusuf Ahmad. "DILÂLÂT HURÛF AL-JARR AL-MUTA'ALLIQAH BI AL-AF'ÂL 'INDA AL-ALUSI." Arabi : Journal of Arabic Studies 5, no. 1 (June 5, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24865/ajas.v5i1.194.
Full textAbstract:
The semantics of prepositions have special connotations according to the verb followed. It is known that prepositions can reverse the meaning of the verb to the other. The verb becomes more than one meaning because of the different connotation of the preposition by the verb. This research aims to study the semantics of verbs related to prepositions and to highlight the eloquence of the Holy Quran in the diversity of its infringement of the single verb in various prepositions through the study of Alusi interpretation. The method used is a stylistic approach, where researcher collected some verbs related to preposition i. e. adzina-a>mana-kharaja-h}amala-fa’ala, then analyzed objectively with the extrapolation of the aesthetics of their connotations and suggestions and compare Alusi’s views in his interpretation with former and modern scholars’ interpretations. The result showed that Alusi had both same and different views with former and modern scholars regarding the effect of preposition to the verbs’ meaning.
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Lönngren, Lennart. "О первом актанте русского предлога(On the First Actant of the Russian Preposition)." Poljarnyj vestnik 10 (January 1, 2007): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1308.
Full textAbstract:
n the typical case, semantic (i.e., valency-carrying) prepositions are two- place predicates. The noun governed by the preposition can be regarded as its second actant. This is the actant together with which the preposition forms a syntactic preposition phrase. The first actant often, but not always, precedes the preposition. Unlike the second actant, the form of the first actant is not determined by the preposition.In the article, the inventory of possible forms of the first actant is established. Moreover, special attention is paid to ambiguous constructions. For example, the preposition together with its second actant can function as an attribute of the first actant. Under certain circumstances, however, the preposition phrase may become detached, so that it is no longer syntac- tically, only semantically, connected with the first actant.