Academic literature on the topic 'Prenatal transmission'
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Journal articles on the topic "Prenatal transmission"
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Guibert, Floriane, Sophie Lumineau, Kurt Kotrschal, Erich Möstl, Marie-Annick Richard-Yris, and Cécilia Houdelier. "Trans-generational effects of prenatal stress in quail." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1753 (February 22, 2013): 20122368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2368.
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The prenatal environment is a source of phenotypic variability influencing the animal's characteristics. Prenatal stress affects not only the development of offspring, but also that of the following generation. Such effects have been best documented in mammals but can also be observed in birds, suggesting common processes across phylogenetic orders. We found previously that Japanese quail females stressed during laying produced offspring with higher fearfulness, probably related to modulation of testosterone levels in their eggs. Here, we evaluated long-term effects of prenatal stress by analysing reproductive traits of these F 1 offspring and, then, the development of their subsequent (F 2 ) offspring. The sexual behaviour of F 1 prenatally stressed (F1PS) males was impaired. F1PS females' eggs contained less yolk and more albumen, and higher yolk testosterone and progesterone levels than did F 1 prenatal control females. The fearfulness of F 2 prenatally stressed quail was greater than that of F 2 prenatal control quail. These F 2 behavioural differences paralleled those evidenced by their parents, suggesting trans-generational transmission of prenatal stress effects, probably mediated by egg compositions of F1PS females.
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Rodrigues, Celeste Souza, Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães, and Cibele Comini César. "Missed opportunities for congenital syphilis and HIV perinatal transmission prevention." Revista de Saúde Pública 42, no. 5 (October 2008): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102008000500010.
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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of missed opportunities for congenital syphilis and HIV prevention in pregnant women who had access to prenatal care and to assess factors associated to non-testing of these infections. METHODS: Cross-sectional study comprising a randomly selected sample of 2,145 puerperal women who were admitted in maternity hospitals for delivery or curettage and had attended at least one prenatal care visit, in Brazil between 1999 and 2000. No syphilis and/or anti-HIV testing during pregnancy was a marker for missed prevention opportunity. Women who were not tested for either or both were compared to those who had at least one syphilis and one anti-HIV testing performed during pregnancy (reference category). The prevalence of missed prevention opportunity was estimated for each category with 95% confidence intervals. Factors independently associated with missed prevention opportunity were assessed through multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of missed prevention opportunity for syphilis or anti-HIV was 41.2% and 56.0%, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that race/skin color (non-white), schooling (<8 years), marital status (single), income (<3 monthly minimum wages), having sex during pregnancy, history of syphilis prior to the current pregnancy, number of prenatal care visits (<6), and last prenatal visit before the third trimester of gestation were associated with an increased risk of missed prevention opportunity. A negative association with missed prevention opportunity was found between marital status (single), prenatal care site (hospital) and first prenatal visit in the third trimester of gestation. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of non-tested women indicate failures in preventive and control actions for HIV infection and congenital syphilis. Pregnant women have been discontinuing prenatal care at an early stage and are failing to undergo prenatal screening for HIV and syphilis.
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Peters, Vicki, Kai-Lih Liu, Kenneth Dominguez, Toni Frederick, Sharon Melville, Ho-Wen Hsu, Idith Ortiz, Tamara Rakusan, Balwant Gill, and Pauline Thomas. "Missed Opportunities for Perinatal HIV Prevention Among HIV-Exposed Infants Born 1996–2000, Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease Cohort." Pediatrics 111, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2003): 1186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.s1.1186.
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Objective. Despite dramatic reductions in perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in the United States, obstacles to perinatal HIV prevention that include lack of prenatal care; failure to test pregnant women for HIV before delivery; and lack of prenatal, intrapartum, or neonatal antiretroviral (ARV) use remain. The objective of this study was to describe trends in perinatal HIV prevention methods, perinatal transmission rates, and the contribution of missed opportunities for perinatal HIV prevention to perinatal HIV infection. Methods. We analyzed data obtained from infant medical records on 4755 HIV-exposed singleton deliveries in 1996–2000, from 6 US sites that participate in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease Project. HIV-exposed deliveries refer to deliveries in which the mother was known to have HIV infection during the pregnancy. Results. Of the 4287 women with data on prenatal care, 92% had prenatal care. From 1996 to 2000, among the 3925 women with prenatal care, 92% had an HIV test before delivery; the use of prenatal zidovudine (ZDV) alone decreased from 71% to 9%, and the use of prenatal ZDV with other ARVs increased from 6% to 70%. Complete data on maternal and neonatal ARVs were available for 3284 deliveries. Perinatal HIV transmission was 3% in 1651 deliveries with prenatal ZDV in combination with other ARVs, intrapartum ZDV, and neonatal ZDV; 6% in 1111 deliveries with prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal ZDV alone; 8% in 152 deliveries with intrapartum and neonatal ZDV alone; 14% of 73 deliveries with neonatal ZDV only started within 24 hours of birth; and 20% in 297 deliveries with no prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal ARVs. Complete data on prenatal events were available in 328 HIV-infected and 3258 HIV-uninfected infants. A total of 56% of mothers of HIV-infected infants had missed opportunities for perinatal HIV prevention versus 16% of mothers of HIV-uninfected infants. Forty-four percent of the infected infants were born to mothers who had prenatal care, a prenatal HIV diagnosis, and documented prenatal ARV therapy. Seventeen percent of women with reported illicit drug use had no prenatal care versus 3% of women with no reported drug use. In a multivariate analysis, maternal illicit drug use was significantly associated with lack of prenatal care. In a multivariate analysis, year of infant birth and the combination of lack of maternal HIV testing before delivery and lack of prenatal antiretroviral therapies were significantly associated with perinatal HIV transmission. Conclusions. Missed opportunities for perinatal HIV prevention contributed to more than half of the cases of HIV-infected infants. Prenatal care and HIV testing before delivery are major opportunities for perinatal HIV prevention. Illicit drug use was highly associated with lack of prenatal care, and lack of HIV testing before delivery was highly associated with perinatal HIV transmission.
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Boussemart, T., P. Babe, G. Sibille, C. Neyret, and C. Berchel. "Prenatal Transmission of Dengue: Two New Cases." Journal of Perinatology 21, no. 4 (June 2001): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jp.7200530.
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Andany, Nisha, Michelle Letchumanan, Lise Bondy, Kellie Murphy, and Mona R. Loutfy. "Amniocentesis in the HIV-Infected Pregnant Woman: Is There Still Cause for Concern in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy?" Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 24, no. 3 (2013): e91-e95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/185192.
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The current standard of care in Canadian obstetrical practice is to offer pregnant women the opportunity for prenatal investigation to diagnose congenital abnormalities. Prenatal amniocentesis is Canada’s most commonly practiced invasive procedure for the diagnosis of chromosomal and single gene disorders. The potential risk of intrapartum HIV transmission during amniocentesis raises several ethical concerns and limits the availability of prenatal genetic testing for HIV-positive pregnant women. Complete virological suppression with antiretroviral therapy may alleviate the risk of mother-to-child transmission during amniocentesis and increase accessibility of this important diagnostic tool in the HIV-positive population. The present report describes a case involving a 32-year-old HIV-positive pregnant woman whose plasma viral load was undetectable on antiretroviral therapy; she underwent successful prenatal amniocentesis without transmission of HIV to her infant.
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Reitter, A., A. U. Stücker, H. Buxmann, E. Herrmann, A. E. Haberl, R. Schlößer, and F. Louwen. "Prenatal Ultrasound Screening for Fetal Anomalies and Outcomes in High-Risk Pregnancies due to Maternal HIV Infection: A Retrospective Study." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/208482.
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Objective. To assess the prevalence of prenatal screening and of adverse outcome in high-risk pregnancies due to maternal HIV infection.Study Design. The prevalence of prenatal screening in 330 pregnancies of HIV-positive women attending the department for prenatal screening and/or during labour between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2012, was recorded. Screening results were compared with the postnatal outcome and maternal morbidity, and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) was evaluated.Results. One hundred of 330 women (30.5%) had an early anomaly scan, 252 (74.5%) had a detailed scan at 20–22 weeks, 18 (5.5%) had a detailed scan prior to birth, and three (0.9%) had an amniocentesis. In seven cases (2.12%), a fetal anomaly was detected prenatally and confirmed postnatally, while in eight (2.42%) an anomaly was only detected postnatally, even though a prenatal scan was performed. There were no anomalies in the unscreened group. MTCT occurred in three cases (0.9%) and seven fetal and neonatal deaths (2.1%) were reported.Conclusion. The overall prevalence of prenatal ultrasound screening in our cohort is 74.5%, but often the opportunity for prenatal ultrasonography in the first trimester is missed. In general, the aim should be to offer prenatal ultrasonography in the first trimester in all pregnancies. This allows early reassurance or if fetal disease is suspected, further steps can be taken.
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Manjarrez, Gabriel, Ignacia Cisneros, Rocio Herrera, Felipe Vazquez, Alejandro Robles, and Jorge Hernandez. "Prenatal Impairment of Brain Serotonergic Transmission in Infants." Journal of Pediatrics 147, no. 5 (November 2005): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.06.025.
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Amutah-Onukagha, Ndidiamaka, Tonia J. Rhone, Mandy J. Hill, Alecia McGregor, and Rebecca Cohen. "Prevalence of Prenatal HIV Screening in Massachusetts: Examining Patterns in Prenatal HIV Screening Using the Massachusetts Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2007-2016." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 21 (January 2022): 232595822110697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259582211069767.
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Prenatal HIV screening is critical to eliminate mother-to-child (MTC) HIV transmission. Although Massachusetts (MA) has near-zero MTC transmission rates, recent trends in statewide prenatal HIV testing are unknown. This study examined variations in prenatal HIV screening across race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and prenatal care settings in MA, in the period following national and state-level changes in guidance encouraging routine prenatal HIV testing. According to the MA Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data, 68.3% of pregnant women in MA were screened for HIV between 2007 and 2016. There were significant differences in prenatal screening rates across race/ethnicity, with 83.38% of Black non-Hispanic (NH), 85.5% of Hispanic women, and 62.4% of White NH women reporting being tested for HIV at some point during their pregnancy ( P <.0001). Multivariate regression found that differences in screening were explained by race/ethnicity, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) status, prenatal care site, type of insurance, nativity, and marital status. Annual rates of prenatal HIV screening did not change significantly in MA from 2007 to 2016 ( P = .27). The results of the analysis revealed that prenatal HIV screening rates differ based on race/ethnicity, with higher rates in Black NH and Hispanic women when compared to White NH women. The racial disparities in prenatal HIV screening and lack of universal screening in MA raises questions about the effectiveness of the state's approach.
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Euler, Gary L., Karen G. Wooten, Andrew L. Baughman, and Walter W. Williams. "Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Prevalence Among Pregnant Women in Urban Areas: Implications for Testing, Reporting, and Preventing Perinatal Transmission." Pediatrics 111, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2003): 1192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.s1.1192.
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Objectives. To estimate race/ethnicity-specific prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in pregnant urban women and to evaluate factors associated with maternal HBsAg testing. Methods. A multicenter, retrospective chart review was conducted of a racially/ethnically stratified random sample of maternal/infant charts of 10 523 women who gave birth to live infants during 1990–1993 in 4 urban areas in the United States. Data were collected on multiple variables, including demographic variables, HBsAg test dates and results, prenatal care type, and amount and source of payment. Results. HBsAg prevalence among white non-Hispanics was 0.60% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22–0.98), black non-Hispanics 0.97% (95% CI: 0.48–1.47), Hispanics 0.14% (95% CI: 0.01–0.26), and Asians 5.79% (95% CI: 4.42–7.16). HBsAg testing rates increased from 56.6% in 1990 to 78.2% in 1993. Factors associated with not being tested varied by urban area, but in the combined area model, they were having no or private prenatal care (odds ratios: 18.75 and 5.07, respectively) and being black (odds ratios: 2.08). Only 20.9% (95% CI: 19.1%–22.8%) of those not tested prenatally were tested at delivery. The expected number of infants born to HBsAg-positive study-area women was 3327 using study prevalence rates, compared with 1761 using national rates. Conclusions. To help ensure that all urban infants who are born to HBsAg-positive women receive appropriate prophylaxis, health officials in urban areas should use urban-area prevalence rates to ascertain completeness of reporting maternal HBsAg positivity. Needed steps to increase maternal HBsAg testing rates include ensuring that more pregnant women receive prenatal care, promoting testing by private providers, educating providers about testing in all racial and ethnic groups, and reminding providers to test at delivery those women not tested prenatally.
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Setyoboedi, Bagus, Avianita Kusumawardhani, Agung Widodo, and Muhammad Akbar. "Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Prenatal as A Complementary Treatment to Prevent Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Medical Reviews and Case Reports 5, Reports in Dental Medicine and (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijmrcr.tenofovir-disoproxil-fumarate-prenatal.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Prenatal transmission"
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LATTARD, CHANTAL. "Transmission maternofoetale de la toxoplasmose : estimation du risque sur une cohorte de 248 femmes suivies en 1988 et 1989 en vue de preciser les indications du diagnostic ante-natal." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1M185.
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Richter, André. "Essays on the Intergenerational Transmission of Disadvantage : The Role of Prenatal Health and Fertility." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-135563.
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This thesis consists of four chapters on the role of prenatal health and fertility on the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. The first two are related, and the third and fourth chapters are independent essays. The abstracts are provided in the following: Multigenerational effects of the 1918-19 influenza pandemic on educational attainment: Evidence from Sweden We use the 1918-19 influenza pandemic in Sweden as a natural experiment to estimate the effects of a prenatal health shock on the children of those who experienced the pandemic as a prenatal insult. We find that for women educational attainment decreases by 3-4 months of schooling if their mothers potentially experienced the Spanish flu as a prenatal insult. For men, educational attainment decreases by 4-7 months of schooling if their fathers were potentially prenatally exposed. We find no mother-son or father-daughter transmission. Second generation effects of prenatal health shocks: Disentangling social from biological pathways Second-generation effects of prenatal health shocks can represent direct biological effects and indirect effects via the parental household environment, but the relative importance of these two effects remains unknown. We combine an exogenous source of variation in fetal health with an adoption design and exploit the fact that adoptees do not inherit health conditions from their adoptive parents, which rules out direct effects. Adoptees are furthermore not exposed to the home environment of their biological parents, which rules out indirect post-birth effects. Our results are imprecisely estimated and need to be interpreted as suggestive at best, but seem to suggest that direct second generation effects may be positive, whereas indirect effects may be negative. Intergenerational income mobility and fertility patterns in Sweden & USA I contrast the USA and Sweden to shed light on the question if differences in fertility patterns can explain differences in intergenerational income mobility. I document substantial fertility differences between both countries and I quantify the importance of these differences using a simple decomposition of persistence metrics. I find that intergenerational persistence increases (decreases) in the number of children in Sweden (USA). A substantial part of the difference in intergenerational mobility estimates between Sweden and the USA originates from differences in the family size distribution. Low birth weight and parental investments in an intervention context Using data from a reading intervention targeted at disadvantaged households in Chicago, we investigate whether children’s initial health endowment affects parental behavior and their responsiveness to behavioral tools aimed at increasing parental investments. We find that parents with low birth weight children increase parental reading time twice as much than their normal birth weight counterparts after receiving a simple nudge to do so. These parents do not differ in their pre-intervention time investments, although there is some albeit weak evidence that their subjective beliefs about the returns to their time investments could be lower. There is no strong evidence for higher subjective costs of reading. Goal setting behavior is markedly different, though. While both groups of parents typically do not reach their reading goals, parents of normal birth weight children adjust their goals downwards in reaction to past failure of goal attainment.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Steiner, Kevin Lee. "Prenatal priming to malaria antigens increases susceptibility to HIV infection." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1321827400.
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PONCELIN, DE RAUCOURT YVES. "Transmission materno-foetale de la toxoplasmose : estimation du risque sur une cohorte de 550 femmes suivies entre 1988 et 1992 en vue de preciser les indications du diagnostic ante-natal." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO1M182.
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Lowe, Germaine. "Prenatal maternal infection and synaptic transmission in the hippocampus: from single cells to neural networks." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104545.
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The hippocampus, which plays a crucial role in cognitive processes, is a brain region that has been repeatedly shown to be disrupted in schizophrenia, which likely contributes to some of the cognitive impairments associated with the disease. Although the aetiology of schizophrenia remains unknown, mounting evidence from epidemiological studies have implicated exposure to infection during pregnancy as a potent risk factor for schizophrenia in the offspring. Using rodent models to mimic maternal infection during gestation, we sought to examine in the offspring changes that may be occurring in the hippocampus. While anatomical and behavioural alterations have been reported in the hippocampus in rodent models of prenatal maternal infection, it remains unknown as to how hippocampal synaptic transmission is affected. Understanding what is occurring at the synaptic level will help to understand the consequences of maternal infection during pregnancy on hippocampal function in the offspring.Study 1 investigated synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of the juvenile offspring from rat mothers that were exposed to infection near-term. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to mimic bacterial infection and was administered to rats on embryonic days 15 and 16. A significantly attenuated presynaptic excitatory input and a compensatory increase in transmission postsynaptically were uncovered in the CA1 region after prenatal maternal infection. Although synaptic transmission was assessed in the dentate gyrus and CA3 areas, the marked changes were only found in CA1, an important hippocampal output region. In addition, prenatal maternal infection led to heightened excitability of CA1 pyramidal cells.Based on the findings from Study 1 and the existing reports suggesting that excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission may be affected by prenatal maternal infection, Study 2 examined whether network-generated activity in the hippocampus might also be disrupted. Using a mouse model of prenatal maternal infection with polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidilic acid (poly I:C), we measured spontaneously generated oscillations in areas CA3, CA1 and the subiculum from in vitro, whole hippocampal preparations of the juvenile offspring. Although no significant alterations in theta and gamma rhythms were found in the 3 hippocampal subfields, a greater contribution of NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) transmission to the generation of theta oscillations was uncovered exclusively in the subiculum, a major output of the hippocampus. Furthermore, the modulation of gamma amplitudes by the underlying theta was abnormally greater in the subiculum after prenatal maternal poly I:C treatment. Taken together, neurodevelopmental disruption triggered by prenatal maternal infection can have profound effects on hippocampal synaptic transmission and hippocampal networks that are already evident in early life. We revealed changes exclusively occurring in the CA1 and subiculum, suggesting that the outflow of information from the hippocampus is severely disrupted. These results strongly indicate that prenatal maternal infection leads to impaired information processing in the hippocampus that probably contributes to the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.L'hippocampe est une des structures clés du cerveau dans les processus de mémorisation. Les altérations du fonctionnement de cette structure chez les patients schizophrènes pourraient expliquer en partie les troubles cognitifs associés à la maladie. Même si les causes exactes de la schizophrénie font encore l'objet de nombreux débats, plusieurs études ont pu mettre en évidence une augmentation de l'incidence de cette maladie chez les enfants des mères exposées à une infection bactérienne ou virale durant la grossesse. Afin de mieux comprendre les changements intervenant au sein des réseaux hippocampiques lors de la schizophrénie, nous avons utilisé un modèle d'infection prénatale chez le rongeur. Ce modèle animal, largement validé, a permis de caractériser les changements anatomiques survenant dans l'hippocampe. Cependant, soulignons qu'aucune étude n'a pour le moment étudié les altérations possibles de l'activité électrophysiologique, tant au niveau de la synapse que du réseau, occasionnées dans l'hippocampe par une infection prénatale. La caractérisation de ces altérations nous permettra par conséquent de mieux saisir d'une part les changements d'activité observés dans l'hippocampe suite à une infection prénatale et de cerner d'autre part leurs rôles possibles dans les troubles comportementaux communément décrits dans la schizophrénie.La première partie de notre étude porte ainsi sur les altérations de la transmission synaptique dans l'hippocampe de jeunes rats provenant de mères exposées à une infection bactérienne (en utilisant le lipopolysacharide ou LPS comme modèle d'infection) vers la fin de la grossesse, soit le quinzième et seizième jours de gestation chez le rat. Dans ce modèle d'infection prénatale, nous avons observé une diminution de la transmission excitatrice vers l'aire CA1 de l'hippocampe (altérations présynaptique) accompagnée d'une augmentation compensatoire au niveau postsynaptique. Ces changements semblent spécifiques à l'aire CA1 puisqu'ils ne sont pas présents dans l'aire CA3 ou le gyrus dentelé. Finalement, nous avons également mis en évidence une augmentation de l'excitabilité des cellules pyramidales de l'aire CA1.Ces résultats couplés aux nombreuses études mettant en évidence une perturbation de la transmission excitatrice et inhibitrice dans l'hippocampe suite à une infection prénatale, suggèrent que l'activité de réseau de l'hippocampe pourrait être altérée. Afin de tester cette hypothèse, nous avons étudié l'effet d'une infection prénatale au poly I:C sur l'activité oscillatoire de l'hippocampe et ce en utilisant une nouvelle approche expérimentale récemment développée au laboratoire, l'hippocampe intact isolé in vitro. Bien qu'aucune altération des rythmes thêta et gamma nà été observée, nous avons mis en évidence une plus grande sensibilité du rythme thêta aux récepteurs NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) exclusivement dans le subiculum. Dans cette region de l'hippocampe nous avons de plus observé une augmentation du couplage des oscillations gamma et theta. En conclusion, l'infection prénatale induit des changements neurodéveloppementaux qui affectent profondément la transmission synaptique et l'activité de réseau de façon précoce dans l'hippocampe. Ces changements, spécifiques au subiculum et à l'aire CA1, pourraient fortement compromettre le transfert d'information entre l'hippocampe et différentes structures corticales et sous-corticales et pourraient de ce fait contribuer aux déficits cognitifs observés dans la schizophrénie.
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Bianda, Nkembi Lydie. "The Role of Prenatal Care and Systematic HIV Testing in Preventing Perinatal Transmission in Tanzania, 2011-2012." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3486.
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In 2012, Tanzania, the prevalence of HIV infection among Tanzanian women was 6.3%; that same year, 18% of Tanzanian children were born already infected with HIV. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of prenatal care attendance on comprehensive knowledge of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), and HIV testing and counseling, as well as awareness of HIV testing coverage services, in Tanzania. The study population was Tanzanian women of childbearing, aged 15 to 49 years old. Guided by the health belief model, this cross-sectional survey design used secondary data from the 2011-2012 Tanzania Demographic Health Survey. Independent variables were comprehensive knowledge of HIV MTCT, HIV testing and counseling, and awareness of HIV testing coverage services; the dependent variable was prenatal care visit (PNCV) attendance. Findings showed that 69% of women had their first PNCV in the second trimester, meaning that they attended less than 4 visits. Multinomial logistic regression modeling assessed the association between independent variables and PNCV attendance after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Findings denoted that comprehensive knowledge of HIV MTCT after controlling for married vs. never married, maternal age, and wealth was associated with PNVC. HIV testing and post counseling, and awareness of HIV testing coverage services were also significant for women who attended their first prenatal visit in the 2nd trimester. These findings have positive social change implications by informing efforts to identify at-risk pregnant women through systematic HIV testing and counseling for early medical intervention; such efforts may reduce MTCT and encourage them to start their PNCV in the first trimester.
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Leonard, Lynne. "Testing women as mothers : the policy and practice of prenatal HIV testing." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84280.
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The convergence of compelling evidence that transmission of HIV from a pregnant woman living with HIV to her foetus can be significantly interrupted due to advances in antiretroviral and obstetrical interventions, and worrisome epidemiologic data documenting a rise in HIV infection among Canadian women, spurred the development in Canada and world wide of policies and programmes aimed at increasing the number of pregnant women who are tested for HIV. Responding to innovative therapy reducing perinatal HIV transmission risk by increasing the number of pregnant women who agree to test for HIV is clearly an important prevention objective. However, the process must be accomplished in a way that is of most benefit to the pregnant woman herself and in a way that does not compromise a pregnant woman's rights to the established Canadian principles of HIV counselling and testing.Working with pregnant women in Ontario, the province with the highest level of HIV infection among Canadian women, this thesis articulates and interprets their experiences of prenatal HIV counselling and testing and details their perspectives on best practices. The pregnant women's evidence-based recommendations for the re-design of prenatal HIV testing programmes are provided. These unique data have important utility for federal and provincial policy makers as HIV counselling and testing policies and programmes that encompass and are grounded in pregnant womens' experiences and perspectives are likely to be maximally acceptable and thereby increase the number of pregnant women who can be apprised of prophylactic treatment to take care of their own health needs as well as those of their unborn children.
In order for pregnant women to increase control over their own health and that of their unborn children, there is clear value in all pregnant women being afforded the opportunity to know their HIV status. However, the voices of the women in this study suggest that the autonomy rights of pregnant women may well be at risk in a programme in which the current emphasis is on potential HIV infection of the foetus rather than on potential or actual infection of the pregnant woman.
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Lindberg, Ann. "Epidemiology and eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infections : studies on transmission and prenatal diagnosis of persistent infection /." Uppsala : Dept. of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences ([Institutionen för idisslarmedicin och epidemiologi], Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2002. http://epsilon.slu.se/v132.pdf.
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Lanthony, Mathilde. "Impact de traits de personnalité des truies gestantes sur le comportement des porcelets : exemple de la réaction à l’humain et de l’agressivité en contexte de stress social. Étude des interactions avec le renforcement positif de la relation humain-animal des porcelets." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARB359.
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Les regroupements avec des congénères et les interactions avec l’humain sont deux sources de stress majeures pour les truies gestantes. Elles y répondent de manière variable. Cette variabilité de réponse, si elle est stable, permet d’aborder le concept de personnalité. Réaction au stress et personnalité pourraient avoir un impact sur la descendance. Si l’expérience prénatale peut impacter le comportement des jeunes, il en est de même pour des expériences précoces positives avec l’humain. L’interaction entre expérience pré- et péri-natale reste peu connue chez les porcs. Cette thèse a donc visé dans un premier temps à étudier l’existence d’une variabilité et d’une stabilité de réponse à un facteur de stress social chez les truies et les répercussions sur le stress induit. Le statut social étant susceptible de moduler l’impact de ce stress, nous avons au préalable caractérisé la structure hiérarchique de nos groupes. Puisque l’agressivité semblait être une variable pertinente pour qualifier la variabilité de réponse à un challenge social, nous avons étudié son impact sur le comportement des porcelets. Enfin, nous avons étudié les effets de la réaction à l’humain des truies et ses interactions avec un renforcement positif de la relation humain-animal sur le comportement de leurs porcelets. Nous avons montré que la hiérarchie des groupes de truies est linéaire, raide et stable ce qui a eu pour conséquences de limiter l’impact du stress social. Les truies les plus agressives étaient aussi les plus dominantes et les moins blessées, mais aucun effet de l’agressivité des truies sur leur niveau de stress ou le comportement de leurs porcelets n’a été trouvé. En revanche, la réaction à l’humain des truies, sans moduler leur stress, a impacté le comportement de leurs porcelets. Les porcelets de mères farouches ont eu des réponses comportementales à différents tests qui peuvent être interprétées directement ou indirectement comme étant en lien avec la peur de l’humain. Bien que le renforcement positif ait amélioré la relation humain-animal des porcelets, il n’a pas effacé les effets maternels. Les porcelets nés de mères farouches ont également eu des performances moindre dans un test de mémorisation spatiale, que l’ont peut attribuer à un état anxieux général. Cette étude soulève dans un premier temps l’intérêt de la conduite des truies gestantes en groupe stable pour limiter les effets d’un éventuel stress social, par résolution des conflits grâce à la hiérarchie. Aussi, elle soulève l’importance de la relation humain-animal dans les élevages de truies gestantes, non seulement pour leur propres bien être mais également celui de leurs porceletsMixing with conspecifics and interactions with humans are two of the major stress sources for pregnant sows. They may respond to it in different ways. This variability of response, if it is time stable, draws the concept of animal personality. Stress response and personality could have an impact on the offspring behaviour, as well as early positive experiences with human. This study thus first focused on the investigation of the individual response variability and stability to a social stressor, and its impact on the stress response. Social status can modulate the stressor impact ; we thus previously investigated the characteristics of the hierarchy inside our groups. Since the aggressiveness seemed to be a valuable indicator of the social stress response variability, we investigated its impact on piglets’ behaviour. Finally, we studied the effects of sows’ reaction to humans and their interactions with early positive human handling on piglets’ behaviour.We demonstrated that the hierarchy inside groups of sows is linear, steep and stable, which limited the impact of the social stress. The most aggressive sows were also the most dominant and least injured, but no effects of sows aggressiveness were described on their stress levels, neither on their piglets’ behaviour. Piglets born from fearful sows showed behavioural responses in various tests that could be directly or indirectly attributed to the fear of human. Positive experiences with humans improved human-piglets relation but didn’t erase the maternal effects. Piglets born from fearful sows had lower performances in a spatial memory task that could be attributed to a general anxious state. This study raises the importance of the breeding of sows in stable groups to lower the impact of a possible social stress thanks to the hierarchy. It also points out the importance of a good human-animal relation in sow breedings, not only for their own welfare but also for their piglets’
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Mimouni, Nour El Houda. "Elevated prenatal anti-Müllerian hormone reprograms the fetus and induces polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adulthood." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUS051.
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Le syndrome des ovaires polykystiques (SOPK) est la principale cause d’infertilité feminine à travers le monde, associé à un risqué élevé de comorbidités avec des conséquences économiques non négligeables. Ce syndrome est caractérisé par une oligo-anovulation, une hyperandrogénie, et un aspect échographique d’ovaires polykystiques. De plus, la plupart des femmes atteintes de SOPK présentent des concentrations élevées de LH suggérant une libération accrue de GnRH. De plus, les patientes SOPK ont habituellement des concentrations en Hormone Anti Müllerienne (AMH) 2 à 3 fois plus élevés que les femmes non atteintes.Alors que l’origine exacte du SOPK demeure inconnue, des études de clustering familial et portant sur des jumeaux ou des ascendants de femmes atteintes du SOPK ont mis en évidence une forte composante héréditaire. Cependant, les gènes candidats identifiés n’expliquent qu’à peine 10% des cas de SOPK suggérant qu’une origine développementale et que des facteurs environnementaux tels que des modifications hormonales durant la vie foetale pourrait être à l’origine du SOPK.Dans cette étude, nous avons d'abord comparé les concentrations d'AMH dans un groupe de femmes atteintes de SOPK et chez des femmes témoins pendant la grossesse. Les concentrations d’AMH se sont révélées significativement plus élevées chez les SOPK par rapport aux témoins. Nous avons ensuite utilisé ces résultats cliniques pour développer un modèle animal murin de SOPK en exposant les souris gestantes à une concentration élevée d’AMH au cours d'une fenêtre temporelle spécifique. Nous avons montré que cette exposition foetale conduisait à une cascade d'altérations affectant le cerveau maternel, les ovaires et le placenta, entrainant une reprogrammation du cerveau foetal et induisant l'acquisition des principaux critères diagnostiques retrouvés dans le SOPK, à savoir l'hyperandrogénie, l'augmentation de la pulsalitié de la LH et de l'oligo-anovulation, ainsi qu’une augmentation persistante de l'activité électrique de la GnRH à l'âge adulte. De plus, nos résultats montrent que les conséquences à long terme d'une exposition courte à des niveaux élevés d'AMH pendant la gestation s'étendent au-delà de la première génération exposée et que les manifestations de type SOPK semblent être transmises d’une génération à l’autre chez les femelles.De manière intéressante, en utilisant une approche pharmacologique, nous avons démontré que l’inhibition partielle de la voie de signalisation de la GnRH permettait de restaurer chez les animaux SOPK un phénotype neuroendocrinien normal, en rétablissant des concentrations hormonales normales, la cyclicité oestrale et leur morphologie ovarienne.Enfin, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment une exposition précoce à un excès d'AMH affecterait les caractéristiques neuroendocriennes et reproductives de la progéniture mâle. Ici, nous avons démontré que le traitement par AMH en période prénatale modifiait la fonction de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-gonadique (HPG) chez les mâles, qui ne parviennent pas à engager le pic de testostérone néonatal normalement observé chez les nouveau-nés mâles témoins, conduisant à une féminisation des circuits sexuellement dimorphiques cérébraux, à une augmentation de la LH, et finalement à une diminution drastique des niveaux de testostérone à l’âge adulte, à des altérations sévères de la stéroïdogenèse et de la spermatogenèse ainsi qu'à un risque plus élevé de développer une cryptorchidie à l'âge adulte. Ainsi, il pourrait être intéressant de relier les résultats de cette étude au phénotype reproductif des garçons de femmes atteintes du SOPK, qui ont été exposés pendant la grossesse mais qui ne sont habituellement pas suivis plus tard à l'âge adulte [...]Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the main cause of female infertility worldwide with high comorbidity and economic burden. It is mainly characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo/anovulation and polycystic appearing ovaries. Moreover, most women with PCOS exhibit higher levels of circulating luteinizing hormone (LH), suggestive of heightened gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release. Additionally, PCOS patients also exhibit 2-3x higher levels of Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) as compared to healthy controls.While the exact origin of PCOS is unknown, familiar clustering and twin studies of PCOS patients and their relatives suggest a strong heritable component in PCOS. However, the candidate genes identified account for only <10% of the estimated 70% heritability of PCOS, implying that it may originate during intrauterine development and that environmental factors, such as hormonal imbalances during fetal life, could be involved in the onset of PCOS.In this study, we first measured AMH levels in a cohort of pregnant women with PCOS and control women which revealed that AMH is significantly more elevated in the former group versus the latter, we then modelized our clinical findings by exposing pregnant mice to high concentration of AMH during a specific temporal window and showed that this fetal exposure leads to a cascade of alterations impacting the maternal brain, the ovaries, and the placenta, which consequently reprogram the fetal brain and induce the acquisition of the major PCOS cardinal neuroendocrine reproductive features, namely hyperandrogenism, elevation in LH pulse frequency and oligo-anovulation, and a persistent rise in the GnRH neuronal firing activity in adulthood. Moreover, our results show that the long-term consequences of a short exposure to elevated AMH levels during gestation expand beyond the first generation exposed and that PCOS-like manifestations seem to be transmitted across subsequent generations of females.Intrestingly, using a pharmacological approach, we demonstrate that tempering GnRH signaling pathway rescues the neuroendocrine phenotype of PCOS-like animals, restoring their normal hormonal levels, estrus cyclicity and ovarian morphology.Lastly, we sought to understand how early exposure to AMH excess would affect the neuroendocrine and reproductive features of the male offspring. Here, we demonstrate that prenatal AMH treatment profoundly impacts the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis function in males, which fail to engage the testosterone surge at birth observed in control newborns, leading to a feminization of sexually dimorphic circuitries of their brains, an increase in LH, a drastic decrease in testosterone levels, severe alterations in the testicular steroidogenesis and morphology as well as a higher risk of developing cryptorchidism in adulthood. Thus, it could be of clinical interest to relate findings from this study to the reproductive phenotype of sons of PCOS women, who are exposed during gestation but not systematically investigated in adulthood.Collectively, our results challenge the concept of PCOS originating in utero and appear to consolidate the role of AMH as a trigger of the pathogenesis, suggesting that an altered hormonal milieu during early life associated with PCOS may not only affect the female fetus but also the male fetus exposed and that these alterations could be transmitted across multiple generations.These findings point to PAMH mouse model as an excellent preclinical tool to investigate both neuroendocrine disturbances of PCOS and how developmental programming effects are transmitted, while offering a therapeutic avenue for the treatment of the disease
Books on the topic "Prenatal transmission"
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Renaud, Michelle. Profiles of activities to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV: Assessing the response. Washington, D.C: U.S. Conference of Mayors, 1997.
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Elizabeth, Kresse, and United States Conference of Mayors., eds. Profiles of activities to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV: Assessing the response. Washington, D.C: United States Conference of Mayors, 1997.
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A, Stoto Michael, Almario Donna A, McCormick Marie C, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Perinatal Transmission of HIV., and National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Children, Youth, and Families., eds. Reducing the odds: Preventing perinatal transmission of HIV in the United States. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1999.
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(Editor), Michael A. Stoto, and Donna A. Almario (Editor), eds. Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States. National Academy Press, 1999.
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Burdmann, Emmanuel A. Syphilis. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0192.
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Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The transmission route is usually sexual, but prenatal contamination (congenital syphilis) and transmission by infected blood can also occur. The most frequent presentation of syphilis nephropathy is proteinuria, and the most common form of associated glomerular disease is membranous glomerulopathy. Kidney disease usually reverts with antibiotic therapy. Syphilis must always be considered in proteinuric HIV-infected patients. Renal biopsy is necessary to differentiate between HIV-associated nephropathy and syphilis-induced glomerulopathies, since both kidney diseases have analogous clinical presentations, but syphilis-induced glomerulopathies may recover with syphilis successful treatment.
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Short, William R., and Jason J. Schafer. Antiretroviral Therapy in Pregnant Women. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0026.
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Research has demonstrated that proper prevention strategies and interventions during pregnancy, labor, and delivery can significantly reduce the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) should be initiated in all HIV-infected pregnant women regardless of CD4+ T cell count or HIV-1 RNA level. ARVs should be given in combination therapy, similar to nonpregnant patients, with the goal of complete virologic suppression. Treatment changes during pregnancy have been associated with the loss of virologic control and independently associated with mother-to-child transmission. All cases of prenatal antiretroviral exposure should be reported to the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry, which collects data on HIV-infected pregnant women taking ARVs with the goal of detecting any major teratogenic effects.
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Perinatal Hivaids. W.B. Saunders Company, 2010.
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Mathiesen, Amber, and Kali Roy. Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Options for the At-Risk Couple. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681098.003.0008.
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For those with an increased risk of having a child with a genetic condition, reproductive options include avoiding pregnancy altogether, undertaking prenatal diagnosis in a current pregnancy, and preventing the transmission of the genetic changes responsible for the condition to a child. This chapter on assisted reproductive technology and reproductive options for the at-risk couple describes the basic techniques of assisted reproductive technologies as well as reproductive testing options prior to in vitro fertilization, including preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). It includes a brief overview of ovarian stimulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI), and in vitro fertilization. This chapter discusses the details of PGS including the process and its limitations. It also includes a discussion of PGD, including the process, such as linkage analysis, and limitations, such as allele dropout.
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Sturt, Amy S., and Jennifer S. Read. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0008.
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Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) represents the most common means of acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection in children, and it can occur in utero, intrapartum, and postnatally through breastfeeding. Interventions during each of these time periods can reduce the risk of MTCT. MTCT prevention involves a cascade of services, including contraception to avoid unintended pregnancies, prenatal care (including universal HIV screening and antiretrovirals), cesarean section before labor and before ruptured membranes when indicated, and complete avoidance of breastfeeding when possible. After delivery, infant HIV acquisition can be mitigated through the provision of antiretroviral prophylaxis. More data are needed regarding the mode of delivery and whether cesarean section is beneficial in women with a delivery viral load of less than 1,000 copies/mL who are using effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. There is also a need for better understanding of the optimal duration of infant post exposure prophylaxis both after birth and during breastfeeding.
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Gaitanis, John, Phillip L. Pearl, and Howard Goodkin. The EEG in Degenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0013.
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Nervous system alterations can occur at any stage of prenatal or postnatal development. Any of these derangements, whether environmental or genetic, will affect electrical transmission, causing electroencephalogram (EEG) alteration and possibly epilepsy. Genetic insults may be multisystemic (for example, neurocutaneous syndromes) or affect only the brain. Gene mutations account for inborn errors of metabolism, channelopathies, brain malformations, and impaired synaptogenesis. Inborn errors of metabolism cause seizures and EEG abnormalities through a variety of mechanisms, including disrupted energy metabolism (mitochondrial disorders, glucose transporter defect), neuronal toxicity (amino and organic acidopathies), impaired neuronal function (lysosomal and peroxisomal disorders), alteration of neurotransmitter systems (nonketotic hyperglycinemia), and vitamin and co-factor dependency (pyridoxine-dependent seizures). Environmental causes of perinatal brain injury often result in motor or intellectual impairment (cerebral palsy). Multiple proposed etiologies exist for autism, many focusing on synaptic development. This chapter reviews the EEG findings associated with this myriad of pathologies occurring in childhood.
Book chapters on the topic "Prenatal transmission"
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Moog, Nora K., Pathik D. Wadhwa, and Claudia Buss. "Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Early Life Stress." In Prenatal Stress and Child Development, 113–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60159-1_6.
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Coutelle, Charles, Simon N. Waddington, and Michael Themis. "Monitoring for Potential Adverse Effects of Prenatal Gene Therapy: Mouse Models for Developmental Aberrations and Inadvertent Germ Line Transmission." In Prenatal Gene Therapy, 329–40. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-873-3_15.
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Parris, Kerry M., and Shamanthi M. Jayasooriya. "Prenatal Risk Assessment for Preterm Birth in Low-Resource Settings: Infection." In Evidence Based Global Health Manual for Preterm Birth Risk Assessment, 31–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04462-5_5.
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AbstractMaternal infections are a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB); 40% to 50% of PTBs are estimated to result from infection or inflammation. Higher infection rates are reported in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), and over 80% of PTBs occur in these settings. Global literature was synthesised to identify infections whose prevention or treatment could improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes and/or prevent mother-to-child transmission of infections.Best evidenced risk factors for PTB were maternal infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (OR2.27; 95%CI: 1.2–4.3), syphilis (OR2.09; 95%CI:1.09–4.00), or malaria (aOR3.08; 95%CI:1.2–4.3). Lower certainty evidence identified increased PTB risk with urinary tract infections (OR1.8; 95%CI: 1.4–2.1), sexually transmitted infections (OR1.3; 95%CI: 1.1–1.4), bacterial vaginosis (aOR16.4; 95%CI: 4.3–62.7), and systemic viral pathogens.Routine blood testing and treatment are recommended for HIV, hepatitis B virus, and syphilis, as well as for malaria in areas with moderate to high transmission. In high-risk populations and asymptomatic or symptomatic disease, screening for lower genital tract infections associated with PTB should be offered at the antenatal booking appointment. This should inform early treatment and management. Heath education promoting pre-pregnancy and antenatal awareness of infections associated with PTB and other adverse pregnancy outcomes is recommended.
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Batista, Sharon M., and Jocelyn Soffer. "HIV through the Life Cycle." In Handbook of AIDS Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372571.003.0007.
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HIV infection can occur at any time in the life cycle from the newborn period, through childhood and adolescence to adulthood, older age. The unique issues and special vulnerabilities involved with each aspect of the life cycle, from family planning to pregnancy and the newborn to older aged person with HIV, are addressed from the biopsychosocial standpoint. While some features of HIV illness are common to any age group, specific challenges arise at various stages of the life cycle, as well as different patterns of transmission, clinical course, and service needs. This chapter will consider such differences at various stages of the life cycle. At the beginning of the AIDS epidemic almost 30 years ago, infected blood products represented a common mode of transmission, with many children diagnosed with HIV infection after receiving transfusions for hemophilia and blood disorders. Because of current practices of screening blood products prior to transfusion, the face of neonatal and early-childhood HIV has changed considerably, to one of children who are infected mostly perinatally through vertical transmission, rather than through exposure to blood products. While the incidence of perinatally acquired infections is decreasing in areas of the world where there is access to HIV care and antiretroviral medication, some transmission of HIV from mother to child remains, both in the United States and throughout the world. In 2007, approximately 79 infants were born with HIV in the United States, compared with 330 in 1994 (CDC, 2007). The primary means of HIV infection of a newborn is vertical transmission during gestation, birth, or breastfeeding of an infant by an HIV-positive mother. It is strongly recommended that all pregnant women be screened for HIV infection as part of routine prenatal care. Such screening is not legally mandatory, however, and may not be performed without the mother’s consent. It is advantageous to obtain HIV testing as early as possible in the course of a pregnancy so that preparation can be made to reduce the risk of transmission to the infant. Without preventive care during gestation or delivery, the risk of transmission from mother to child is 15%–35% (Newell, 1991; Gabiano et al., 1992).
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Proniewski, Andrzej. "Godność dziecka nieredukowalną wartością ontyczno-wychowawczą." In Dziecko w historii - między godnością a zniewoleniem. Tom 1. Dziecko jako fundament praw człowieka, 117–36. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/dhmgz.01.2021.08.
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A human being brought to life receives life as a gift and lives it out as a person. The irreducible foundation of the person is his or her dignity. Man experiences it in the immanent dimension right from conception. An appropriate reference to the dignity of human life translates into its nurturing and giving correct direction to the development in the process of upbringing. The ontic analysis of the child’s dignity is the same as that of man as such. For being a child is a stage of life and not a constitutive ontological component of the person. The thesis undertaken in the topic of this article: the dignity of the child as an irreducible ontic and educational value is argued in the ontic, personalistic, theological, and pedagogical dimensions. The author consistently proves that the changing social and cultural conditions of life cannot force a change in the interpretation of the child’s dignity. A child is a person regardless of the stage of their development and, like every human being, deserves proper respect. The mystery of the person cannot be exhausted by any definition. Personal existence is autonomous and dependent only on God, although the transmission of life takes place within the act of procreation. From the first moments of prenatal development, whether abled or disabled, a child becomes someone unique, unrepeatable fruit of God’s love. The child’s personhood should be distinguished from shaping its personality in the process of upbringing. Personhood is the source for educational influence impacting the formation of the child’s personality.
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Willen, Elizabeth J., and Anai Cuadra. "Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus." In Cognitive and Behavioral Abnormalities of Pediatric Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195342680.003.0035.
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Of the approximately 33.2 million people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) globally, it is estimated that about 2.1 million are children under the age of 15 (UNAIDS Annual Report 2007), with the vast majority of cases found in the developing world and particularly Sub-Saharan Africa. Over 90% of these infections occur through vertical transmission; that is, the virus is passed from mother to infant during the preor perinatal period, or through breast-feeding (UNAIDS 2007). Although medical management of the virus continues to improve both in the United States and around the world, the negative effects of this disease continue to impact these youngest and most vulnerable members of society in significant ways. In particular, neurocognitive deficits associated with HIV and AIDS in children are common, and vertically infected children are at increased risk for a host of neurocognitive consequences due to both the direct and indirect impact of HIV on the developing central nervous system (CNS) (Armstrong, Seidel, and Swales 1993; Mintz 1996; Knight et al., 2000). Such disruptions to the normal neurodevelopmental course may yield a variety of outcomes, from relatively mild symptoms, to severe and global cognitive compromise. These disparate outcomes appear related to multiple factors including specific disease factors, such as level of immunosuppression and the nature of the insult to the brain (Mintz 1999), the occurrence of severe infection or comorbid conditions during sensitive developmental periods (Armstrong et al., 1993; Armstrong and Mulhern, 1999; Mintz, 1999; Mitchell, 2001), as well as the timing of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation (Hazra et al., 2007; Mintz, 1999; Mitchell, 2001). Moreover, HIV is associated with a host of other stressors that may profoundly affect developmental trajectories above and beyond the impact of the virus alone. These include extreme poverty, malnutrition, prenatal drug exposure, and loss of primary care giver through illness or death (Armstrong et al., 1993; Coscia et al., 2001).
Conference papers on the topic "Prenatal transmission"
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Kurniati, Nurul. "Analysis of Factors and Management of Hepatitis B Virus Screening in Mothers and Infants: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.67.
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ABSTRACT Background: The importance of screening for HBV infection is to identify the risk of perinatal transmission from infected mothers. People infected with HBV during infancy or childhood are more likely to suffer chronic infection to cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential for HBV infection. This study aimed to review the factors and management of hepatitis B virus screening in mothers and infants. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selection; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The search included PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and Scopus databases. The inclusion criteria were English/ Indonesian-language and full-text articles (scoping review, meta-analysis, systematic review)/ documents/ reports/ policy brief/ guidelines from WHO/ other organizations published between 2009 and 2019. The data were selected by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: The searched database obtained a total of 27.862 articles. After screening, 27.325 articles were excluded because of unmet the inclusion criteria. After conducting critical appraisal for the remaining 537 articles, only 11 articles were eligible for further review. The selected articles obtained from developing countries (China, South Africa, and Tanzania) and developed countries (Netherlands, Japan, Denmark, Northern Europe, and Canada) with quantitative studies design (cross-sectional, case series, and cohort) met the inclusion criteria. The findings emphasized on four main topics around hepatitis B virus screening in mothers and infants, namely demographic factors, risk factors, post-screening benefit, and challenges in screening uptake. Conclusion: Early detection of HBV infection with prenatal screening reduce the HBV prenatal transmission, especially from infected pregnancy. Screening plays an important role in the administration of universal infant HBV vaccination and postexposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) at birth. Keywords: pregnant women, hepatitis B virus, perinatal transmission, screening Correspondence: Setianingsih. Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Siliwangi (Ringroad Barat) No. 63, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55292. Email: nsetia580@gmail.com. Mobile: 082242081295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.67
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Castro, Ana Flávia Silva, Natália Barros Salgado Vieira, and Sarah Joanny da Silva Pereira. "Correlation between Zika virus and microcephaly as a consequence of congenital infection." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.629.
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Introduction: The Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus of RNA, whose transmission is mainly vector - by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes - but it also occurs through sexual, blood and transplacental transmission, with the last mentioned it was possible to verify serious neurological effects in the epidemic in South America, especially in Brazil, between 2015 and 2016. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between Zika virus infection and microcephaly in recent scientific literature. Methodology: Refers to a bibliographic review in the databases SciELO, LILACS and MEDLINE / Pubmed, with the terms “zika virus”, “infection” and “microcephaly” correlated in Portuguese and in English; 78 articles were found, but only 7 followed for analysis. Articles published more than 5 years ago and out of the proposed theme were disregarded. Results: The Zika virus, although similar to the dengue and chikungunya virus, it has a tendency to cause damage to the central nervous system such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome. However, the association between microcephaly and ZIKV started to be more observed through the increase of the disease among fetuses and newborns of mothers who had been infected during the gestational phase in the epidemic that happened in Brazil. It is known that the development of the nervous system is the product of processes of high proliferation and cellular differentiation, in which even small errors generate dangerous impacts, and it is during this period that ZIKV affects the CNS of the fetus. The disease is characterized by the reduction of the brain perimeter, in this context, is a consequence of abnormalities influenced by the virus. Conclusions: Microcephaly is a complex disease; therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of primary care and other spheres for monitoring Zika virus infections, prenatal care and constant psychosocial monitoring. Furthermore, it is necessary to understand the relevance of studies about ZIKV and microcephaly, and to encourage scientific production in this area.
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Giannelli, B. F. "MOLECULAR GENETICS OF HAEMOPHILIA." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643981.
Full textAbstract:
Haemophilia B, an X-linked recessive disease with an incidence of 1/30,000 newborn males, is due to defects in the gene for coagulation factor IX, which is on the long am of the X chromosome at band Xq27.1. This gene consists of approximately 34 Kb and contains 8 exons which specify a mRtfc of 2803 residues coding for a protein of 415 aa preceded by a prepro signal peptide of 46 aa. Coripanson of the functional domains of the factor IX protein with the exon structure of the gene supports the exon/protein domain hypothesis of gene evolution. The factor IX gene seems to be formed by a number of functionally and evolutionally independent modules. The signal peptide and the gla (γcarboxy-glutamic) region encoded in the first three exons are homologous to those of factor X, protein C and prothrombin. Thevfourth and fifth exons which code for the connecting peptide are homologous to one another and to the epidermal growth factor, a module that has been used in the construction of a great variety of proteins including different members of the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways. The sixth exon encodes the activation peptide region, while the catalytic region of factor IX is coded by the seventh and eighth exon. This is at variance with other serine protease genes that have different exons for the segments containing the cardinal ami no-acids of the active centre (histidine, aspartic acid and serine).Natural selection acts against detrimental mutations of the factor IX gene and at each generation a proportion of haemophilia B genes is eliminated, as a significant number of patients does not reproduce. There appears to be no selective advantage to the heterozygote and therefore haemophilia B is maintained in the population by new mutations. Consequently, a significant proportion of patients should be born to non-carrier mothers, and unrelated patients should carry different gene defects, as recently verified by detailed analysis of individual haemophilia B genes.The defects of factor IX described so far comprise both point mutations and gene deletions. The latter affect either part or the whole of the gene and are often associated with the development of antibodies against therapeutically adninistered factor IX (the inhibitor complication). Since gene deletions may result in the complete absenceof factor IX synthesis or in the production of an extremely abnormal product, it has been suggested that mutationspreventing the synthesis of a factor IX gene product capable of inducing immune tolerance to normal factor IX is important in predisposing to the inhibitor complication.Among the point mutations described so far, those affecting the signal peptide are of particular interest. Substitutions of the arginine at positions -4 and -1 cause failure of propeptide cleavage. Thus they indicate that the propeptide consists of 18 aa an(lthat lts excision is necessary for factor IX function. It appears also that the propeptide contains a signal for γcarboxylation which has been conserved during the evolution of different γcarboxylated proteins.In spite of coagulant treatment, haemophilia B is a serious disease and one for which genetic counselling is required. Paramount for this is the detection of carriers and the diagnosis ofaffected male fetuses. DNA probes derived from the cloned factor IX gene have been used for this purpose. Carrier and first or second trimester prenatal diagnoses have been done using factors IX gene markers to follow the transmission of haemophilia B genes. Six sequence variations causing restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) in the factor IX gene have been detected and used as markers for such indirect diagnoses The efficiency of the above markers is reduced by linkage disequilibrium but, nevertheless, they offer definite carrier and nremtal diagnoses in 75-80% of the relatives of familial cases of haemophilia B.The indirect detection of gene defects is of modest help in the counselling of individuals from the families of isolated patients, but new methods for the direct detection of gene mutations promise better results in such families and also the attainment of % diagnostic success in relatives of familial cases.Finally the successful expression of recombinant factor IX genes in tissue culture and transgenic mammals raises hopes of therapeutic advances.