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Journal articles on the topic 'Premovement'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 March 2024

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1

Sarwary, A. M. E., D. F. Stegeman, L. P. J. Selen, and W. P. Medendorp. "Generalization and transfer of contextual cues in motor learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 3 (September 2015): 1565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00217.2015.

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We continuously adapt our movements in daily life, forming new internal models whenever necessary and updating existing ones. Recent work has suggested that this flexibility is enabled via sensorimotor cues, serving to access the correct internal model whenever necessary and keeping new models apart from previous ones. While research to date has mainly focused on identifying the nature of such cue representations, here we investigated whether and how these cue representations generalize, interfere, and transfer within and across effector systems. Subjects were trained to make two-stage reaching movements: a premovement that served as a cue, followed by a targeted movement that was perturbed by one of two opposite curl force fields. The direction of the premovement was uniquely coupled to the direction of the ensuing force field, enabling simultaneous learning of the two respective internal models. After training, generalization of the two premovement cues' representations was tested at untrained premovement directions, within both the trained and untrained hand. We show that the individual premovement representations generalize in a Gaussian-like pattern around the trained premovement direction. When the force fields are of unequal strengths, the cue-dependent generalization skews toward the strongest field. Furthermore, generalization patterns transfer to the nontrained hand, in an extrinsic reference frame. We conclude that contextual cues do not serve as discrete switches between multiple internal models. Instead, their generalization suggests a weighted contribution of the associated internal models based on the angular separation from the trained cues to the net motor output.

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2

Padgett, C., A. Biggs, and F. Scott-Park. "Premovement testing of cattle." Veterinary Record 158, no. 12 (March 25, 2006): 418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.12.418-a.

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3

Huang, Ying-Zu, Yao-Shun Chang, Miao-Ju Hsu, Alice M. K. Wong, and Ya-Ju Chang. "Restoration of Central Programmed Movement Pattern by Temporal Electrical Stimulation-Assisted Training in Patients with Spinal Cerebellar Atrophy." Neural Plasticity 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/462182.

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Disrupted triphasic electromyography (EMG) patterns of agonist and antagonist muscle pairs during fast goal-directed movements have been found in patients with hypermetria. Since peripheral electrical stimulation (ES) and motor training may modulate motor cortical excitability through plasticity mechanisms, we aimed to investigate whether temporal ES-assisted movement training could influence premovement cortical excitability and alleviate hypermetria in patients with spinal cerebellar ataxia (SCA). The EMG of the agonist extensor carpi radialis muscle and antagonist flexor carpi radialis muscle, premovement motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of the flexor carpi radialis muscle, and the constant and variable errors of movements were assessed before and after 4 weeks of ES-assisted fast goal-directed wrist extension training in the training group and of general health education in the control group. After training, the premovement MEPs of the antagonist muscle were facilitated at 50 ms before the onset of movement. In addition, the EMG onset latency of the antagonist muscle shifted earlier and the constant error decreased significantly. In summary, temporal ES-assisted training alleviated hypermetria by restoring antagonist premovement and temporal triphasic EMG patterns in SCA patients. This technique may be applied to treat hypermetria in cerebellar disorders. (This trial is registered withNCT01983670.)

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Scott-Park, F., and A. Biggs. "Premovement testing for bovine TB." Veterinary Record 158, no. 16 (April 22, 2006): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.16.571.

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5

Griffin, Darcy M., and Peter L. Strick. "The motor cortex uses active suppression to sculpt movement." Science Advances 6, no. 34 (August 2020): eabb8395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb8395.

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Even the simplest movements are generated by a remarkably complex pattern of muscle activity. Fast, accurate movements at a single joint are produced by a stereotyped pattern that includes a decrease in any preexisting activity in antagonist muscles. This premovement suppression is necessary to prevent the antagonist muscle from opposing movement generated by the agonist muscle. Here, we provide evidence that the primary motor cortex (M1) sends a command signal that generates this premovement suppression. Thus, output neurons in M1 sculpt complex spatiotemporal patterns of motor output not only by actively turning on muscles but also by actively turning them off.

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6

Singh, Jaswinder, Robert T. Knight, N. Rosenlicht, Joan M. Kotun, D. J. Beckley, and D. L. Woods. "Abnormal premovement brain potentials in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 8, no. 1 (October 1992): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(92)90058-d.

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7

Lebedev, M. A., J. M. Denton, and R. J. Nelson. "Vibration-entrained and premovement activity in monkey primary somatosensory cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 1654–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.4.1654.

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1. Primary somatosensory cortical (SI) neurons exhibit characteristic activity before the initiation of movements. This premovement activity (PMA) may result from centrally generated as well as from peripheral inputs. We examined PMA for 55 SI neurons (10, 13, 28, and 4 in areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2, respectively) with activity that was entrained to vibrotactile stimulation (i.e., was temporally correlated with the stimulus). We sought to determine whether the temporal characteristics of vibration-entrained discharges would change throughout the reaction time period, and, if they did, whether these changes might be accounted for by central inputs. 2. Monkeys made wrist flexions and extensions in response to sinusoidal vibration (27, 57, or 127 Hz) of their palms. Vibration remained on until the animal moved at least 5 degrees from the initial hold position. Mean firing rate (MFR), a measure of the level of activity, was derived from the number of spikes per vibratory cycle. The correlation between the vibration and the neuronal firing was described by the mean phase (MP) of the vibratory cycle at which spikes occurred. The degree of entrainment was quantified as synchronicity (Synch), a statistical parameter that could change from 0 for no entrainment to 1 for responses at a constant phase. 3. Premovement MFR increases (activation) and decreases (suppression) were observed. Moreover, two changes in MFR often were observed for the same neuron (2-event PMA). Many MFR shifts, especially the first in the two-event PMA, preceded electromyographic (EMG) onset. The pre-EMG MFR shifts more often had the same sign both for flexion and extension movements rather than having opposite signs. However, with equal frequency, post-EMG PMA events had the same or opposite sign for different movement directions. We suggest that the pre-EMG PMA has an origin different from movement-related peripheral reafference. 4. Premovement activation was accompanied by shifts of MP corresponding to earlier responses to the ongoing vibratory stimulus and by decreases of response Synch. Premovement suppression was not associated with consistent shifts of MP and Synch. We suggest that during premovement activation, asynchronous (uncorrelated with vibration) signals are integrated with the vibratory input. These asynchronous signals may make neurons more likely to discharge and to do so earlier with respect to the vibratory stimulus. The asynchronous component may also disrupt the vibration-entrained activity pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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8

Voorn, Frans J. "A negative premovement potential in the rat." Psychobiology 16, no. 1 (March 1988): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03327302.

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9

Mushiake, H., M. Inase, and J. Tanji. "Neuronal activity in the primate premotor, supplementary, and precentral motor cortex during visually guided and internally determined sequential movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 66, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 705–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.66.3.705.

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1. Single-cell activity was recorded from three different motor areas in the cerebral cortex: the primary motor cortex (MI), supplementary motor area (SMA), and premotor cortex (PM). 2. Three monkeys (Macaca fuscata) were trained to perform a sequential motor task in two different conditions. In one condition (visually triggered task, VT), they reached to and touched three pads placed in a front panel by following lights illuminated individually from behind the pads. In the other condition (internally guided task, IT), they had to remember a predetermined sequence and press the three pads without visual guidance. In a transitional phase between the two conditions, the animals learned to memorize the correct sequence. Auditory instruction signals (tones of different frequencies) told the animal which mode it was in. After the instruction signals, the animals waited for a visual signal that triggered the first movement. 3. Neuronal activity was analyzed during three defined periods: delay period, premovement period, and movement period. Statistical comparisons were made to detect differences between the two behavioral modes with respect to the activity in each period. 4. Most, if not all, of MI neurons exhibited similar activity during the delay, premovement, and movement periods, regardless of whether the sequential motor task was visually guided or internally determined. 5. More than one-half of the SMA neurons were preferentially or exclusively active in relation to IT during both the premovement (55%) and movement (65%) periods. In contrast, PM neurons were more active (55% and 64% during the premovement and movement periods) in VT. 6. During the instructed-delay period, a majority of SMA neurons exhibited preferential or exclusive relation to IT whereas the activity in PM neurons was observed equally in different modes. 7. Two types of neurons exhibiting properties of special interest were observed. Sequence-specific neurons (active in a particular sequence only) were more common in SMA, whereas transition-specific neurons (active only at the transitional phase) were more common in PM. 8. Although a strict functional dichotomy is not acceptable, these observations support a hypothesis that the SMA is more related to IT, whereas PM is more involved in VT. 9. Some indications pointing to a functional subdivision of PM are obtained.

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10

Wischnewski, Miles, Greg M. Kowalski, Farrah Rink, Samir R. Belagaje, Marc W. Haut, Gerald Hobbs, and Cathrin M. Buetefisch. "Demand on skillfulness modulates interhemispheric inhibition of motor cortices." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 2803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01076.2015.

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The role of primary motor cortex (M1) in the control of hand movements is still unclear. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of unimanual performance reported a relationship between level of precision of a motor task and additional ipsilateral M1 (iM1) activation. In the present study, we determined whether the demand on accuracy of a movement influences the magnitude of the inhibitory effect between primary motor cortices (IHI). We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure active IHI (aIHI) of the iM1 on the contralateral M1 (cM1) in the premovement period of a left-hand motor task. Ten healthy participants manipulated a joystick to point to targets of two different sizes. For aIHI, the conditioning stimulus (CS) was applied to iM1, and the test stimulus (TS) to cM1, with an interstimulus interval of 10 ms. The amount of the inhibitory effect of the CS on the motor-evoked potential (MEP) of the subsequent TS was expressed as percentage of the mean MEP amplitude evoked by the single TS. Across different time points of aIHI measurements in the premovement period, there was a significant effect for target size on aIHI. Preparing to point to small targets was associated with weaker aIHI compared with pointing to large targets. The present findings suggest that, during the premovement period, aIHI from iM1 on cM1 is modulated by the demand on accuracy of the motor task. This is consistent with task fMRI findings showing bilateral M1 activation during high-precision movements but only unilateral M1 activity during low-precision movements.

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11

Duan, Feng, Hao Jia, Zhe Sun, Kai Zhang, Yangyang Dai, and Yu Zhang. "Decoding Premovement Patterns with Task-Related Component Analysis." Cognitive Computation 13, no. 5 (September 2021): 1389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12559-021-09941-7.

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12

Mortimer, James A., Peter Eisenberg, and Suzanne S. Palmer. "Premovement silence in agonist muscles preceding maximum efforts." Experimental Neurology 98, no. 3 (December 1987): 542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(87)90263-9.

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13

Moritani, T., and M. Shibata. "Premovement electromyographic silent period and α-motoneuron excitability." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1050-6411(94)90024-8.

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14

Nakajima, Toshi, Ryosuke Hosaka, Hajime Mushiake, and Jun Tanji. "Covert Representation of Second-Next Movement in the Pre-Supplementary Motor Area of Monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 4 (April 2009): 1883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90636.2008.

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We attempted to analyze the nature of premovement activity of neurons in medial motor areas [supplementary motor area (SMA) and pre-SMA] from a perspective of coding multiple movements. Monkeys were trained to perform a series of two movements with an intervening delay: supination or pronation with either forearm. Movements were initially instructed with visual signals but had to be remembered thereafter. Although a well-known type of premovement activity representing the forthcoming movements was found in the two areas, we found an unexpected type of activity that represented a second-next movement before initiating the first of the two movements. Typically in the pre-SMA, such activity selective for the second-next movement peaked before the initiation of the first movement, decayed thereafter, and remained low in magnitude while initiating the second movement. This type of activity may tentatively hold information for the second movement while initiating the first. That information may be fed into another group of neurons that themselves build a preparatory activity required to plan the second movements. Alternatively, the activity could serve as a signal to inhibit a premature exertion of the motor command for the second movement.

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15

Ryun, Seokyun, June Sic Kim, Sang Hun Lee, Sehyoon Jeong, Sung-Phil Kim, and Chun Kee Chung. "Movement Type Prediction before Its Onset Using Signals from Prefrontal Area: An Electrocorticography Study." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/783203.

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Power changes in specific frequency bands are typical brain responses during motor planning or preparation. Many studies have demonstrated that, in addition to the premotor, supplementary motor, and primary sensorimotor areas, the prefrontal area contributes to generating such responses. However, most brain-computer interface (BCI) studies have focused on the primary sensorimotor area and have estimated movements using postonset period brain signals. Our aim was to determine whether the prefrontal area could contribute to the prediction of voluntary movement types before movement onset. In our study, electrocorticography (ECoG) was recorded from six epilepsy patients while performing two self-paced tasks: hand grasping and elbow flexion. The prefrontal area was sufficient to allow classification of different movements through the area’s premovement signals (−2.0 s to 0 s) in four subjects. The most pronounced power difference frequency band was the beta band (13–30 Hz). The movement prediction rate during single trial estimation averaged 74% across the six subjects. Our results suggest that premovement signals in the prefrontal area are useful in distinguishing different movement tasks and that the beta band is the most informative for prediction of movement type before movement onset.

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16

Murase, N. "Abnormal premovement gating of somatosensory input in writer's cramp." Brain 123, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 1813–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.9.1813.

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17

Bennett, R. M. "Farm costs associated with premovement testing for bovine tuberculosis." Veterinary Record 164, no. 3 (January 17, 2009): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.164.3.77.

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18

Ng, Tommy H. B., Paul F. Sowman, Jon Brock, and Blake W. Johnson. "Premovement brain activity in a bimanual load-lifting task." Experimental Brain Research 208, no. 2 (November 13, 2010): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2470-5.

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19

Gordon, Ronald, H. J. Michalewski, T. Nguyen, and Arnold Starr. "Premovement and Cognitive Brain Potentials in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome." Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 5, no. 3-4 (January 1999): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j092v05n03_12.

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20

Elliott, Digby, and John Madalena. "The Influence of Premovement Visual Information on Manual Aiming." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, no. 3 (August 1987): 541–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748708401802.

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Three experiments were conducted to determine whether a visual representation of the movement environment, useful for movement control, exists after visual occlusion. In Experiment 1 subjects moved a stylus to small targets in five different visual conditions. As in other studies (e.g. Elliott and Allard, 1985), subjects moved to the targets in a condition involving full visual information (lights on) and a condition in which the lights were extinguished upon movement initiation (lights off). Subjects also pointed to the targets under conditions in which the lights went off 2, 5 and 10 sec prior to movement initiation. While typical lights-on-lights-off differences in accuracy were obtained in this experiment (Keele and Posner, 1968), the more striking finding was the influence of the pointing delay on movement accuracy. Specifically, subjects exhibited a twofold increase in pointing error after only 2 sec of visual occlusion prior to movement initiation. In Experiment 2, we were able to replicate our 2-sec pointing delay effect with a between-subjects design, providing evidence that the results in Experiment 1 were not due to asymmetrical transfer effects. In a third experiment, the delay effect was reduced by making the target position visible in all lights-off situations. Together, the findings provide evidence for the existence of a brief (< 2 sec) visual representation of the environment useful in the control of aiming movements.

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De Nil, Luc, Silvia Isabella, Cecilia Jobst, Soonji Kwon, Fatemeh Mollaei, and Douglas Cheyne. "Complexity-Dependent Modulations of Beta Oscillations for Verbal and Nonverbal Movements." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 6S (June 18, 2021): 2248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00275.

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Purpose The planning and execution of motor behaviors require coordination of neurons that are established through synchronization of neural activity. Movements are typically preceded by event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the beta range (15–30 Hz) primarily localized in the motor cortex, while movement onset is associated with event-related synchronization (ERS). It is hypothesized that ERD is important for movement preparation and execution, and ERS serves to inhibit movement and update the motor plan. The primary objective of this study was to determine to what extent movement-related oscillatory brain patterns (ERD and ERS) during verbal and nonverbal tasks may be affected differentially by variations in task complexity. Method Seventeen right-handed adult participants (nine women, eight men; M age = 25.8 years, SD = 5.13) completed a sequential button press and verbal task. The final analyses included data for 15 participants for the nonverbal task and 13 for the verbal task. Both tasks consisted of two complexity levels: simple and complex sequences. Magnetoencephalography was used to record modulations in beta band brain oscillations during task performance. Results Both the verbal and button press tasks were characterized by significant premovement ERD and postmovement ERS. However, only simple sequences showed a distinct transient synchronization during the premovement phase of the task. Differences between the two tasks were reflected in both latency and peak amplitude of ERD and ERS, as well as in lateralization of oscillations. Conclusions Both verbal and nonverbal movements showed a significant desynchronization of beta oscillations during the movement preparation and holding phase and a resynchronization upon movement termination. Importantly, the premovement phase for simple but not complex tasks was characterized by a transient partial synchronization. In addition, the data revealed significant differences between the two tasks in terms of lateralization of oscillatory modulations. Our findings suggest that, while data from the general motor control research can inform our understanding of speech motor control, significant differences exist between the two motor systems that caution against overgeneralization of underlying neural control processes.

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Lebedev, M. A., and R. J. Nelson. "Rhythmically Firing Neostriatal Neurons in Monkey: Activity Patterns During Reaction-Time Hand Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 1832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.4.1832.

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While previous studies have identified rhythmically firing neurons (RFNs) in monkey neostriatum and these rhythmic firing patterns have been shown to evolve in neostriatal tonically active neurons (TANs) after dopamine input depletion, the activity patterns of RFNs during motor behavior are still far from completely understood. We examined the single-unit activity patterns of neostriatal neurons, recorded in awake behaving monkeys during a wrist movement task, for evidence of rhythmic activity. Monkeys made ballistic wrist flexion and extension movements in response to vibrotactile cues. Animals held a steady wrist position for 0.5 to 2.0 s while awaiting the onset of the go-cues (hold period). Although the majority of neostriatal neurons (274/306) did not fire rhythmically, approximately 10% of the neurons (32/306) fired rhythmically at 10–50 Hz during the hold period. Most RFNs (28/32) showed significant activity changes during the time between go-cue presentation and movement onset (premovement activity). One-half of RFNs exhibited premovement activity that differed as a function of movement direction. Only one RFN may have responded to the delivery of a fruit juice reward. Neuronal firing was analyzed using interspike interval distributions, autocorrelations, and serial correlation techniques. These analyses showed that the activity patterns of most RFNs were consistent with an integrate-and-fire model of neuronal rhythm generation. Changes in RFN activity patterns during the premovement interval and intertrial variations in firing frequency could be explained by changes in the general level of excitatory input. These observations are consistent with the firing properties reported for neostriatal cholinergic interneurons. It has been suggested that tonically active neurons may be cholinergic interneurons and that these neurons show changes in activity related to specific aspects of behavioral paradigms, such as rewards. RFNs may constitute a special class of TANs. The results presented here suggest that RFNs may have a role in movement initiation. We speculate that RFNs may modulate the propagation of cortical oscillations via basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical loops.

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Hiraoka, Koichi, Masaru Notani, Akira Iwata, Fumiko Minamida, and Kazuo Abe. "Premovement Facilitation of Corticospinal Excitability in Patients with Parkinson's Disease." International Journal of Neuroscience 120, no. 2 (February 2010): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207450903411141.

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24

Hiraoka, Koichi, Akiyoshi Matsugi, Noriyuki Kamata, and Akira Iwata. "Premovement Facilitation of Corticospinal Excitability before Simple and Sequential Movement." Perceptual and Motor Skills 111, no. 1 (August 2010): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/15.25.27.pms.111.4.129-140.

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25

Ortiz, T. A., D. S. Goodin, and M. J. Aminoff. "Neural processing in a three-choice reaction-time task: a study using cerebral evoked-potentials and single-trial analysis in normal humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 1499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.5.1499.

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1. Previous studies have shown that the long latency event-related potentials (ERPs) reflect certain aspects of the sensory discrimination process, although the coupling of these ERPs to the actual discrimination is variable. Indeed, we have previously shown that during a two-choice reaction time task the discrimination is accomplished as a two-stage process, with the more frequently occurring stimulus discriminated at an earlier point than the rarer stimulus. The present paper examines the hypothesis that, in a three-choice reaction time task, the discrimination is similarly organized, i.e., is accomplished with the use of a three-stage process. 2. In the present experiments, we continuously recorded the electrocerebral activity (EEG) from the scalp and the electromyogram (EMG) from the responding muscles in a three-choice reaction time task in 10 strictly right-handed subjects. EEG and EMG responses were subsequently analyzed off-line by aligning them by the onset of either the stimulus (stimulus-synchronized) or the response (response-synchronized) for both correct and incorrect responses. 3. Subjects could be classified as "fast" or "slow" responders based on the mean response-latency to the most frequently occurring of the three tones (Frequent tone). Fast responders to the Frequent tone were also fast responders to the more frequent of the rare tones (the Rare-1 tone). By contrast, the response latency to the Frequent tone did not predict the speed of response to the most rare tone (the Rare-2 tone). 4. In the response-synchronized averages well-formed premovement potentials were present for the correct responses to all three tones. In the case of the Frequent tone, these potentials were symmetrical over the two cerebral hemispheres (as expected because both hands responded to this tone). They began > or = 200 ms before the average onset of the stimulus, suggesting that the preparation to respond preceded the stimulus. In the case of the two rare tones, the amplitudes of these premovement potentials were asymmetrical over the two hemispheres. For the Rare-1 tone, these potentials were lateralized to the hemisphere contralateral to the hand moved. For the Rare-2 tone, however, these premovement potentials were initially lateralized to the ipsilateral hemisphere, indicating that, even when subjects were able to respond rapidly and correctly to this tone, they were anticipating a need to respond with the incorrect hand (in anticipation of the more frequent Rare-1 tone).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Kukleta, M., and M. Lamarche. "The impact of a decision process upon scalp recorded premovement potential." Cognitive Brain Research 4, no. 3 (October 1996): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(96)00060-2.

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27

Iriki, Atsushi, Michio Tanaka, Yoshiaki Iwamura, Miki Taoka, and Takashi Toda. "Attention-related premovement activities of neurons in the monkey somatosensory cortex." Neuroscience Research Supplements 19 (January 1994): S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8696(94)92890-8.

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28

Hiraoka, Koichi, and Kazuo Abe. "7. Premovement facilitation of corticospinal excitability before simple and sequential movement." Clinical Neurophysiology 121, no. 7 (July 2010): e20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.02.088.

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29

Elliott, Digby, and Randy Calvert. "The influence of uncertainty and premovement visual information on manual aiming." Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie 44, no. 4 (1990): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0084263.

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30

Kaethler, Lynea B., Katlyn E. Brown, Sean K. Meehan, and W. Richard Staines. "Investigating Cerebellar Modulation of Premovement Beta-Band Activity during Motor Adaptation." Brain Sciences 13, no. 11 (October 28, 2023): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13111523.

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Enhancing cerebellar activity influences motor cortical activity and contributes to motor adaptation, though it is unclear which neurophysiological mechanisms contributing to adaptation are influenced by the cerebellum. Pre-movement beta event-related desynchronization (β-ERD), which reflects a release of inhibitory control in the premotor cortex during movement planning, is one mechanism that may be modulated by the cerebellum through cerebellar-premotor connections. We hypothesized that enhancing cerebellar activity with intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) would improve adaptation rates and increase β-ERD during motor adaptation. Thirty-four participants were randomly assigned to an active (A-iTBS) or sham cerebellar iTBS (S-iTBS) group. Participants performed a visuomotor task, using a joystick to move a cursor to targets, prior to receiving A-iTBS or S-iTBS, following which they completed training with a 45° rotation to the cursor movement. Behavioural adaptation was assessed using the angular error of the cursor path relative to the ideal trajectory. The results showed a greater adaptation rate following A-iTBS and an increase in β-ERD, specific to the high β range (20–30 Hz) during motor planning, compared to S-iTBS, indicative of cerebellar modulation of the motor cortical inhibitory control network. The enhanced release of inhibitory activity persisted throughout training, which suggests that the cerebellar influence over the premotor cortex extends beyond adaptation to other stages of motor learning. The results from this study further understanding of cerebellum-motor connections as they relate to acquiring motor skills and may inform future skill training and rehabilitation protocols.

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Umilta, M. A., T. Brochier, R. L. Spinks, and R. N. Lemon. "Simultaneous Recording of Macaque Premotor and Primary Motor Cortex Neuronal Populations Reveals Different Functional Contributions to Visuomotor Grasp." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 1 (July 2007): 488–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01094.2006.

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To understand the relative contributions of primary motor cortex (M1) and area F5 of the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) to visually guided grasp, we made simultaneous multiple electrode recordings from the hand representations of these two areas in two adult macaque monkeys. The monkeys were trained to fixate, reach out and grasp one of six objects presented in a pseudorandom order. In M1 326 task-related neurons, 104 of which were identified as pyramidal tract neurons, and 138 F5 neurons were analyzed as separate populations. All three populations showed activity that distinguished the six objects grasped by the monkey. These three populations responded in a manner that generalized across different sets of objects. F5 neurons showed object/grasp related tuning earlier than M1 neurons in the visual presentation and premovement periods. Also F5 neurons generally showed a greater preference for particular objects/grasps than did M1 neurons. F5 neurons remained tuned to a particular grasp throughout both the premovement and reach-to-grasp phases of the task, whereas M1 neurons showed different selectivity during the different phases. We also found that different types of grasp appear to be represented by different overall levels of activity within the F5-M1 circuit. Altogether these properties are consistent with the notion that F5 grasping-related neurons play a role in translating visual information about the physical properties of an object into the motor commands that are appropriate for grasping, and which are elaborated within M1 for delivery to the appropriate spinal machinery controlling hand and digit muscles.

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Kukleta, M., and M. Lamarche. "The early component of the premovement readiness potential and its behavioral determinants." Cognitive Brain Research 6, no. 4 (April 1998): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(97)00040-2.

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Jech, R., and E. Ru̇žička. "P470 Premovement evoked potentials related to the fast phase of spontaneous nystagmus." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 99, no. 4 (October 1996): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(96)88645-7.

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Bötzel, K., M. Mayer, W. H. Oertel, and W. Paulus. "Frontal and parietal premovement slow brain potentials in Parkinson's disease and aging." Movement Disorders 10, no. 1 (January 1995): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870100114.

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McInnes, Aaron N., Ottmar V. Lipp, James R. Tresilian, Ann‐Maree Vallence, and Welber Marinovic. "Premovement inhibition can protect motor actions from interference by response‐irrelevant sensory stimulation." Journal of Physiology 599, no. 18 (August 18, 2021): 4389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp281849.

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36

Ibáñez, J., R. Hannah, L. Rocchi, and J. C. Rothwell. "Premovement Suppression of Corticospinal Excitability may be a Necessary Part of Movement Preparation." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 5 (December 9, 2019): 2910–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz283.

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Abstract In reaction time (RT) tasks corticospinal excitability (CSE) rises just prior to movement. This is preceded by a paradoxical reduction in CSE, when the time of the imperative (“GO”) stimulus is relatively predictable. Because RT tasks emphasise speed of response, it is impossible to distinguish whether reduced CSE reflects a mechanism for withholding prepared actions, or whether it is an inherent part of movement preparation. To address this question, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to estimate CSE changes preceding 1) RT movements; 2) movements synchronized with a predictable signal (predictive timing or PT movements); and 3) self-paced movements. Results show that CSE decreases with a similar temporal profile in all three cases, suggesting that it reflects a previously unrecognised state in the transition between rest and movement. Although TMS revealed reduced CSE in all movements, the TMS pulse itself had different effects on movement times. TMS given ~200 ms before the times to move speeded the onset of RT and self-paced movements, suggesting that their initiation depends on a form of trigger that can be conditioned by external events. On the contrary, PT movements did not show this effect, suggesting the use of a different triggering strategy prioritizing internal events.

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Tanii, K., T. Sadoyama, and M. Sameshima. "Temporal relationships of EMG changes preceding voluntary movement to premovement cortical potential shifts." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 67, no. 5 (November 1987): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(87)90004-6.

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Collins, D. F., J. D. Brooke, and W. E. McIlroy. "The independence of premovement H reflex gain and kinesthetic requirements for task performance." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section 89, no. 1 (February 1993): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-5597(93)90082-z.

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Vvedensky, Victor L., and Andrey O. Prokofyev. "Timing of Cortical Events Preceding Voluntary Movement." Neural Computation 28, no. 2 (February 2016): 286–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00802.

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We studied magnetic signals from the human brain recorded during a second before a self-paced finger movement. Sharp triangular peaks were observed in the averaged signals about 0.7 second before the finger movement. The amplitude of the peaks varied considerably from trial to trial, which indicated that the peaks were concurrent with much longer oscillatory processes. One can cluster trials into distinct groups with characteristic sequences of events. Prominent short trains of pulses in the beta frequency band were identified in the premovement period. This observation suggests that during preparation of the intended movement, cortical activity is well organized in time but differs from trial to trial. Magnetoencephalography can capture these processes with high temporal resolution and allows their study in fine detail.

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Schall, JD, DP Hanes, KG Thompson, and DJ King. "Saccade target selection in frontal eye field of macaque. I. Visual and premovement activation." Journal of Neuroscience 15, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 6905–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.15-10-06905.1995.

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Nguyen, Vinh T., Michael Breakspear, and Ross Cunnington. "Reciprocal Interactions of the SMA and Cingulate Cortex Sustain Premovement Activity for Voluntary Actions." Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 49 (December 3, 2014): 16397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2571-14.2014.

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42

Weeks, Douglas L., and Stephen A. Wallace. "Premovement posture and focal movement velocity affects on postural responses accompanying rapid arm movement." Human Movement Science 11, no. 6 (December 1992): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9457(92)90038-d.

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43

Kimura, K., Y. Nomura, Y. Nagao, K. Hachimori, H. Fukuda, Y. Terao, and M. Segawa. "P23-5 Pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome (TS) Premovement gating in SEPs and voluntary saccades." Clinical Neurophysiology 121 (October 2010): S240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(10)60980-7.

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Zehr, E. Paul, and Digby G. Sale. "Ballistic Movement: Muscle Activation and Neuromuscular Adaptation." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 19, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h94-030.

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Movements that are performed with maximal velocity and acceleration can be considered ballistic actions. Ballistic actions are characterized by high firing rates, brief contraction times, and high rates of force development. A characteristic triphasic agonist/antagonist/agonist electromyographic (EMG) burst pattern occurs during ballistic movement, wherein the amount and intensity of antagonist coactivation is variable. In conditions of low-grade tonic muscular activity, a premovement EMG depression (PMD; or silent period, PMS) can occur in agonist muscles prior to ballistic contraction. The agonist PMD period may serve to potentiate the force and velocity of the following contraction. A selective activation of fast twitch motor units may occur in ballistic contractions under certain movement conditions. Finally, high-velocity ballistic training induces specific neuromuscular adaptations that occur as a function of the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms that subserve ballistic movement. Key words: electromyography, motor control, training adaptation, motor unit

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Umeda, Tatsuya, Tadashi Isa, and Yukio Nishimura. "The somatosensory cortex receives information about motor output." Science Advances 5, no. 7 (July 2019): eaaw5388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw5388.

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During voluntary movement, the somatosensory system not only passively receives signals from the external world but also actively processes them via interactions with the motor system. However, it is still unclear how and what information the somatosensory system receives during movement. Using simultaneous recordings of activities of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), the motor cortex (MCx), and an ensemble of afferent neurons in behaving monkeys combined with a decoding algorithm, we reveal the temporal profiles of signal integration in S1. While S1 activity before movement initiation is accounted for by MCx activity alone, activity during movement is accounted for by both MCx and afferent activities. Furthermore, premovement S1 activity encodes information about imminent activity of forelimb muscles slightly after MCx does. Thus, S1 receives information about motor output before the arrival of sensory feedback signals, suggesting that S1 executes online processing of somatosensory signals via interactions with the anticipatory information.

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Fetner, Tina. "THE RELIGIOUS RIGHT IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA: EVANGELICAL COMMUNITIES, CRITICAL JUNCTURES, AND INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURES*." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-24-1-95.

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Why has the religious right been more influential in the United States than in Canada? Traditional approaches to the study of social movements focus only on the life of the movement, from emergence to decline. Instead, I conduct a historical, comparative analysis on the premovement activities of evangelical Christian communities in these two countries from 1925–1975. Employing insights from historical institutionalism, I identify two critical junctures in the historical development of evangelical communities that suppressed the entrepreneurship and institution-building activities of Canadian evangelicals relative to those in the United States. I find that these divergences in institution building affected the size and strength of the institutional infrastructures—supportive organizations, networks, and resources—of the religious right movements in these countries. I argue that historical, comparative analysis in general, and historical institutionalism in particular, is useful to social movement scholarship's understanding of crossnational movement comparisons.

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Copithorne, David B., Davis A. Forman, and Kevin E. Power. "Premovement Changes in Corticospinal Excitability of the Biceps Brachii are Not Different Between Arm Cycling and an Intensity-Matched Tonic Contraction." Motor Control 19, no. 3 (July 2015): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2014-0022.

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The purpose of this study was to determine if supraspinal and/or spinal motoneuron excitability of the biceps brachii were differentially modulated before: 1) arm cycling and 2) an intensity-matched tonic contraction. Surface EMG recordings of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials (CMEPs) were used to assess supraspinal and spinal motoneuron excitability, respectively. MEP amplitudes were larger and onset latencies shorter, before arm cycling and tonic contraction when compared with rest with no intent to move, but with no difference between motor outputs. CMEP amplitudes and onset latencies remained unchanged before cycling and tonic contraction compared with rest. Premovement enhancement of corticospinal excitability was due to an increase in supraspinal excitability that was not task-dependent. This suggests that a common neural drive is used to initiate both motor outputs with task-dependent changes in neural excitability only being evident once the motor outputs have begun.

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Zehr, E. P., D. G. Sale, and J. J. Dowling. "572 AGONIST PREMOVEMENT DEPRESSION IS NOT A NATURALLY ACQUIRED LEARNED MOTOR RESPONSE IN KARATE-TRAINED SUBJECTS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (May 1994): S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-00574.

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Kempf, Florian, Andrea A. Kühn, Andreas Kupsch, Christof Brücke, Lutz Weise, Gerd-Helge Schneider, and Peter Brown. "Premovement activities in the subthalamic area of patients with Parkinson's disease and their dependence on task." European Journal of Neuroscience 25, no. 10 (June 6, 2007): 3137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05536.x.

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Kimura, K., Y. Nomura, Y. Nagao, K. Hachimori, Masami Segawa, and Masaya Segawa. "Involvement of sensory system in generalized dystonia – Evaluation of premovement gating in somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs)." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 9 (September 2007): e193-e194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.028.

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