Academic literature on the topic 'Premodern state formation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Premodern state formation"
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Lieberman, Victor. "SOME COMPARATIVE THOUGHTS ON PREMODERN SOUTHEAST ASIAN WARFARE." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46, no. 2 (2003): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852003321675754.
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AbstractBetween c. 1550 and 1650 discrepant political and economic contexts in the central Philippines, northeast Indonesia, and Burma produced distinctive military logics. In the pre-literate, localized societies of the Philippines and the interior of Indonesian islands, raiders sought heads for spiritual power and captives for ransom or labor, but along the coasts of northeast Indonesia wider religious and trade contacts and European-style guns bred a novel interplay between state formation and warfare. In Burma yet larger populations and more complex administrations supported sustained, massive military expeditions. Chronicle accounts of Burmese armies are exaggerated, but it is difficult to quantify those exaggerations or to isolate the cultural imperatives governing chronicle composition.Entre c. 1550 et 1650, les divers contextes politiques et économiques aux Philippines centrales, dans le nord-est de l'Indonésie et en Birmanie ont produit des logiques militaires distinctes. Dans les sociétés illettrées et limitées des Philippines et de l'intérieur des îles indonésiennes, des pillards chassaient des têtes pour gagner le pouvoir spirituel et des captifs pour en tirer rançon ou pour les faire travailler. Mais le long des côtes du nord-est de l'Indonésie, les contacts religieux et commerciaux plus diversifiés, et l'utilisation d'armes à feu de style européen ont engendré un effet réciproque nouveau entre la formation de l'état et la guerre. En Birmanie, les populations plus importantes et les administrations plus complexes ont soutenu des expéditions militaires prolongées et massives. Les rapports dans les chroniques sur les armées birmanes sont exagérés, mais il est difficile de mesurer ces exagérations ou d'isoler les impératifs culturels qui régissaient la composition de ces chroniques.
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von Glahn, Richard. "Modalities of the Fiscal State in Imperial China." Journal of Chinese History 4, no. 1 (July 2, 2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2019.15.
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AbstractIn the past two decades, increasing attention has been paid to the significance of the fiscal capacity of the premodern state to promote or retard economic growth. In particular, scholarship on economic history has stressed the positive impact the emergence of the “fiscal state” had in enhancing economic growth in early modern Europe. Comparative studies have contrasted the administrative efficiency of the emerging European fiscal state with contemporary Asian empires (the Ottomans, Mughals, and the Ming and Qing empires in China). But the Ming-Qing state represents only one version of Chinese state formation under the Chinese empire. This article identifies four basic types of fiscal state that appeared between the Qin unification and the Ming-Qing era, analyzes their ideological foundations, and assesses their implications for economic growth.
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Matin, Kamran. "Uneven and Combined Development in World History: The International Relations of State-formation in Premodern Iran." European Journal of International Relations 13, no. 3 (September 2007): 419–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066107080132.
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Heng, Derek. "State formation and the evolution of naval strategies in the Melaka Straits, c. 500–1500 CE." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 44, no. 3 (October 2013): 380–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463413000362.
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The Strait of Melaka and connected waterways have been critical to, and directly affected, the formation of littoral states, societies and economies in eastern Sumatra, the Riau Islands, the Malay Peninsula, and Singapore. The history and nature of statehood in the region is interrelated to the way in which naval capabilities evolved, but, as argued in this article, perhaps not in the straightforward fashion often assumed. Naval capabilities and strategies evolved in tandem with state policy to adapt to changes in the wider Asian maritime political economy which was dominated at various times by China and India. This article examines the factors that affected maritime policy in the Melaka Straits c. 500 to 1500 CE, and the extent to which these furthered the viability of the mainly Malay port-polities, and in particular the regional hegemonic state of Srivijaya in eastern Sumatra. The study utilises textual records, epigraphic materials, and literature to reconstruct a more nuanced picture of maritime states and naval power in premodern Southeast Asia.
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Vu, Tuong. "State formation on China’s southern frontier: Vietnam as a shadow empire and hegemon." HumaNetten, no. 37 (December 22, 2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/hn.20163703.
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State formation in Vietnam followed an imperial pattern, namely, a process of conquests and annexations typical of an empire. At its peak in the early nineteenth century, the frontier of the Vietnamese empire encompassed much of today’s Cambodia and Laos. This imperial pattern was the basis on which the French built their Indochinese colony and the Vietnamese communist state built its modern hegemony. By re-examining Vietnamese history as that of an empire and hegemon, this paper challenges the nationalist historiography’s assumption about Vietnam’s need for survival from China as the driving force of Vietnamese history. In contrast, I argue that the threat to Vietnamese survival has come less from China than from other states on China’s southern frontier. Vietnam has in fact benefited from a positive synergy with China in much of its premodern and modern history. By situating Vietnamese state formation in the context of mainland Southeast Asia, I hope to correct the tendency in many studies that focus exclusively on Sino-Vietnamese dyadic interactions and that posit the two as opposites. Treating Vietnam as an empire or hegemon over a large area of mainland Southeast Asia also is essential to understand why Vietnamese sometimes did not automatically accept Chinese superiority despite the obvious “asymmetry” between them.
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Charney, Michael W. "Before and after the wheel: Precolonial and colonial states and transportation in West Africa and mainland Southeast Asia." HumaNetten, no. 37 (December 22, 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/hn.20163702.
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State formation in Vietnam followed an imperial pattern, namely, a process of conquests and annexations typical of an empire. At its peak in the early nineteenth century, the frontier of the Vietnamese empire encompassed much of today’s Cambodia and Laos. This imperial pattern was the basis on which the French built their Indochinese colony and the Vietnamese communist state built its modern hegemony. By re-examining Vietnamese history as that of an empire and hegemon, this paper challenges the nationalist historiography’s assumption about Vietnam’s need for survival from China as the driving force of Vietnamese history. In contrast, I argue that the threat to Vietnamese survival has come less from China than from other states on China’s southern frontier. Vietnam has in fact benefited from a positive synergy with China in much of its premodern and modern history. By situating Vietnamese state formation in the context of mainland Southeast Asia, I hope to correct the tendency in many studies that focus exclusively on Sino-Vietnamese dyadic interactions and that posit the two as opposites. Treating Vietnam as an empire or hegemon over a large area of mainland Southeast Asia also is essential to understand why Vietnamese sometimes did not automatically accept Chinese superiority despite the obvious “asymmetry” between them.
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Pudov, Aleksey G. "Identification of the Productive Paradigm of the Artistic Culture of Yakutia." Observatory of Culture 16, no. 3 (July 19, 2019): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2019-16-3-251-262.
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The article is devoted to the theoretic comprehension of the artistic culture of Yakutia of the 20th — 21st centuries, first conducted from the perspective of methodological concepts of M. Mamardashvili-Pyatigorsky and the theory of modernization of S. Eisenstadt. The author develops a model for determining the properties and characteristics of the emerging cultural paradigm, denoting it by the term “ethno-modern”. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the lack of research, in the regional art history and cultural studies, focused on methodological innovation in the philosophy of art. Identifying the patterns and characteristics of the formation of modern regional art is timely because it contributes to the description of cultural systems and codes of multinational Russia. The study sets the task of classifying the Yakut artistic culture (from the pre-modern to the post-modern) and the typology of the symbolic constructs of consciousness, which is inherent to the art of these stages. The current state of the creative culture of Yakutia is determined through the potential of theatrical, cinema, fine and musical arts (ethno-modern and ethno-premodern). The methods of interdisciplinary studies allows to identify the ethnoforming constructs of the artistic culture of Yakutia, different symbolic categories of consciousness in the spiritual landscape of the region and offer the author’s version of the analysis of the stages of development of European culture at the example of the art of the national region. There are indicated the two main trends that operate with symbolic constructs of a mythological or metaphysical type of comprehension. The result of the conducted study is the author’s concept of a new paradigm of the creative culture of Yakutia (ethno-modern), combined with the state of ethno-premodern. The article reveals the characteristics of this paradigm, potential of self-development and correlation with the accepted classification of European cultural evolution.
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Yun, Jeong-In. "Interaction between Populist Leadership and Party Regulation in Korean Presidentialism." Korean Constitutional Law Association 29, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 297–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.35901/kjcl.2023.29.1.297.
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Although 35 years have passed since the democratic transition, there are several institutional and non-institutional factors demonstrating that Korean democracy has not sufficiently matured or consolidated. Among others, it is noteworthy to pay special attention to the problematic party politics and its formation process combined with the imperial presidential system.
Against the background of premodern political culture endowing the president with a prerogative power, Korean political leaders tend to take authoritarian charismatic leadership as their political style, instead of rationally institutionalized leadership. The presidents and political leaders have shown authoritarian populist leadership during the authoritarian regime, and delegative populist leadership in the post-democratization era. They dominated state affairs and party politics, forming a monopolistic and factional party system.
This article focuses on the problem of party politics featuring pre-modern party system and populist leadership clung to the old customs of personalized and factional politics in Korea, by emphasizing that both have been supported and strengthened through the party regulation since 1945. The finding is that in the Korean presidential system, party regulation and populist leadership have mutually influenced and are closely intertwined, resulting in malfunctioning party politics and democracy.
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Stanish, Charles, Henry Tantaleán, and Kelly Knudson. "Feasting and the evolution of cooperative social organizations circa 2300 B.P. in Paracas culture, southern Peru." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 29 (July 2, 2018): E6716—E6721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806632115.
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Recent theoretical innovations in cultural evolutionary theory emphasize the role of cooperative social organizations that unite diverse groups as a key step in the evolution of social complexity. A principal mechanism identified by this theory is feasting, a strategy that reinforces norms of cooperation. Feasts occur throughout the premodern world, and the intensification of feasting is empirically correlated to increased social complexity. A critical factor in assessing the evolutionary significance of this practice is the scale and range of the feast from that focused on a single community to ones that draw from a large region or catchment zone. This work addresses the degree to which hosts draw on a local area vs. a regional one in initial prehistoric feasting. We report on excavations at a locus of intensive feasting—a ceremonial sunken court—in a fifth- to third-century BCE Paracas site on the south coast of Peru. We selected 39 organic objects from the court placed as offerings during major feasting episodes. We analyzed the radiogenic strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) values to determine the geographical origin of each object. The 87Sr/86Sr data plus additional archaeological data support a hypothesis that the catchment of the court was quite extensive. The initial strategy of political and economic alliance building was macroregional in scope. These data indicate that the most effective initial strategy in early state formation in this case study was to build wide alliances at the outset, as opposed to first consolidating local ones that subsequently expand.
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Plate, Alice. "Explaining “How... Politics Actually Work”: The German Historian Wolfgang Reinhard, the Theory of Verflechtungen and Micropolitics." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 466 (2021): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/466/14.
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The conceptualization of the role of informal relationships, including patron-client relations, in the development of Early Modern state institutions in modern European historiography is usually associated with the names of R. Munier, S. Kettering and A. Maczak, whose works have long since become classics. Less well known in this context is the Verflechtungstheorie (lit. theory of entanglement), developed in the 1970s by the Freiburg historian W. Reinhard. The aim of this article is to examine the Verflechtungstheorie in historical perspective and its theoretical foundations, as well as the history of its reception in the context of the development of social history in Germany. In doing so, the author explains the reasons why Reinhard's approach occurred less influential in comparison with the works of the historians mentioned above. The article is based on a detailed study of Reinhard's works dedicated to the Verflechtungstheorie (since the 1990s micropolitics), starting from his 1979 monograph Freunde und Kreaturen (“Friends and Creatures”) and ending with the most recent publications in the 2010s. The beginning of the article is devoted to the formation of the conceptual apparatus of Reinhard's theory. He understands the term Verflechtungen as the result and foundation of social interaction based on four relationship types - kinship, compatriot, friendship and patronage, playing, according to Reinhard, a key role in premodern times. The theoretical basis of Reinhard's explanatory model is formed by the sociometry of the American sociologist J. L. Moreno, and Reinhard viewed his concept of elite relations as a kind of network analysis. Further on the article moves on analyzing the reception problem of the presented theory. According to Reinhard, the Verflechtungstheorie experienced reception difficulties within historical scholarship mostly for being technically ahead of its time. However, as the article shows, the main reason was that the concept failed to meet the zeitgeist prevailing in postwar German historiography. While social history developing under the influence of the Bielefeld school focused on the study of microhistorical subjects, Reinhards's approach was mainly a political one. Abandoning the term Verflechtungen in the mid-1990s and replacing it with the term micropolitics, Reinhard did not solve the problem. This change was a merely linguistic one, and Reinhard continued to argue that informal relations mark a negotiable stage, which is characteristic for societies with a high level of mobility and an underdeveloped statehood. In conclusion, the article shows that the results of Reinhard's scholarly work should not be considered a failure. The main merit is its continuity: some of Reinhard's former students proved that informal relationships are by no means a parasitic atavism associated solely with corruption.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Premodern state formation"
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Rébillard, Eugénie. "Imposer l'ordre : la police dans les villes et les campagnes de l'Iraq abbasside (IIe-IVe s. / VIIIe-Xe s.)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PA01H057.
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Cette thèse se propose d’examiner le rôle de la police dans la mise en place d’un ordre étatique politique, social, fiscal et moral dans les villes et les campagnes de l’Iraq abbasside (IIe-IVe/VIIIe-Xe s.). Cette institution majeure du califat a été peu étudiée. La découverte d’un manuscrit inédit, la Risālat siyāsat al-mulūk, permet d’approcher les modalités de son fonctionnement. Pour l’État abbasside, la police s’imposa vite comme un instrument indispensable à la gouvernance du territoire et au contrôle des populations qui l’occupaient. Son étude offre un nouvel éclairage sur le développement institutionnel qui caractérisa les deux premiers siècles abbassides. La police se structurait à partir du territoire qu’elle cherchait à contrôler. À Bagdad en particulier, la spatialisation de ses activités s’articulait à une spécialisation des tâches et son fonctionnement exigeait un personnel nombreux et qualifié. Longtemps réduite à sa seule dimension urbaine, la police abbasside se déployait également dans les zones rurales. L’extension de la couverture policière, motivée par la répression des révoltes qui rythmèrent les deux premiers siècles abbassides, permet de relire le processus d’intégration du territoire iraqien au sein de l’État. L’évolution des chefs de la police et de leurs pratiques se confond également avec celle de l’armée dont elle était issue. Le calife entretenait une relation singulière avec son chef de la police dont les termes changèrent au cours la période étudiée. Les crises politico-militaires affectèrent durablement les pratiques policières qui cristallisaient les oppositions. La police devait également se définir par rapport au droit. Le chef de la police était chargé de sanctionner les contrevenants à la norme juridique, envisagée comme dynamique, et les opposants à l’ordre politique et social que cherchait à imposer l’ÉtatThis thesis examines the role of the police in the establishment of a political, social, fiscal and moral state order in the cities and countryside of Abbasid Iraq (2nd-4th / 8th-10th centuries). This major institution of the caliphate has been little studied. The discovery of an unpublished manuscript, the Risālat siyāsat al-mulūk, allows us to approach the modalities of its functioning. For the Abbasid State, the police force soon became an indispensable instrument for the governance of the territory and the control of its populations. Its study sheds new light on the institutional development that characterized the first two Abbasid centuries. The police were structured around the territory it sought to control. In Baghdad in particular, the spatialization of its activities was linked to a specialization of its tasks, and its operation required a large and qualified staff. For a long time, the Abbasid police force was considered as a urban institution, but its action was also effective in rural areas. The extension of police coverage, motivated by the repression of the revolts that punctuated the first two Abbasid centuries, allows us to reconsider the process of integration of the Iraqi territory within the Abbasid state. The evolution of the police chiefs and theirs practices is also linked to that of the army from which it was derived. The caliph had a singular relationship with his police chief, the terms of which changed during the period under study. The political-military crises had a lasting effect on police practices, which crystallized oppositions. The police also had to define themselves in relation to the law. The chief of police was responsible for punishing those who violated the legal norm, seen as dynamic, and those who opposed the political and social order that the State sought to impose
Books on the topic "Premodern state formation"
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Damen, Mario, and Kim Overlaet, eds. Constructing and Representing Territory in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463726139.
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In recent political and constitutional history, scholars seldom specify how and why they use the concept of territory. In research on state formation processes and nation building, for instance, the term mostly designates an enclosed geographical area ruled by a central government. Inspired by ideas from political geographers, this book explores the layered and constantly changing meanings of territory in late medieval and early modern Europe before cartography and state formation turned boundaries and territories into more fixed (but still changeable) geographical entities. Its central thesis is that analysing the notion of territory in a premodern setting involves analysing territorial practices: practices that relate people and power to space(s). The book not only examines the construction and spatial structure of premodern territories but also explores their perception and representation through the use of a broad range of sources: from administrative texts to maps, from stained glass windows to chronicles.
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Weisweiler, John, ed. Debt in the Ancient Mediterranean and Near East. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197647172.001.0001.
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Abstract This volume reconsiders the economic history of the ancient and late ancient Mediterranean and Near East from the perspective of David Graeber’s anthropological theory. It pursues two purposes. On the one hand, it tests the accuracy of the grand narrative put forward in his 2011 monograph Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Does the concept of a “currency–slavery–warfare complex,” in which monetization, state formation, and the subjection of new fields of life to the logic of the market go hand in hand, shed new light on the political economies of the Near East and Mediterranean from around 700 bce to 700 ce? On the other hand, this volume offers a history of ancient and late ancient credit systems which takes seriously the dual nature of debt as both a quantifiable economic reality and an immeasurable social obligation. By examining the multiplicity of ways in which social relationships were quantified in different societies, it tries out a method of writing the history of premodern systems of exchange that departs from the currently dominant paradigm of neo-institutional economics.
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Leng, Thomas. Fellowship and Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794479.001.0001.
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This is the first modern study of the Fellowship of Merchant Adventurers—sixteenth-century England’s premier trading company—in its final century of existence as a privileged organization. Over this period the company’s main trade, the export of cloth to northwest Europe, was overshadowed by rising traffic with the wider world, whilst its privileges were continually criticized in an era of political revolution. But the company and its membership were not passive victims of these changes; rather, they were active participants in the commercial and political dramas of the century. Using thousands of neglected private merchant papers, the book views the company from the perspective of its members, in the process bringing to life the complex social worlds of early modern merchants. It addresses the challenge of maintaining corporate unity in the face of internal disagreements and external attacks. It restores the centrality of the Merchant Adventurers within three important historical narratives: England’s transition from the margins to the centre of the European, and later global, economy; the rise and fall of the merchant corporation as a major form of commercial government in premodern Europe; and the political history of the corporation in an era of state formation and revolution.
Book chapters on the topic "Premodern state formation"
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Sasaki, Ken’ichi. "The Kofun era and early state formation." In Routledge Handbook of Premodern Japanese History, 68–81. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315170473-6.
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Sahu, Bhairabi Prasad. "State formation and the frontiers." In The Routledge Handbook of the State in Premodern India, 156–67. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003242062-9.
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Gustachow, Niels. "The formation of a centre out there." In The Routledge Handbook of the State in Premodern India, 479–506. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003242062-29.
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Ali, Daud. "Violence, courtly manners and lineage formation in early medieval India 1." In The Routledge Handbook of the State in Premodern India, 224–37. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003242062-14.
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Dayma, Yogender. "State formation under the Western Gangas in Karnataka, c. 400 to 1000 CE 1." In The Routledge Handbook of the State in Premodern India, 238–60. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003242062-15.
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Jhanjh, Dev Kumar. "State formation and polity of Brahmapura-Kārttikeyapura in Central Himalayas (c. 5th–10th centuries CE)." In The Routledge Handbook of the State in Premodern India, 261–77. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003242062-16.
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Boix, Carles. "Nationalism." In The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy, C28P1—C28N23. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197618608.013.28.
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Abstract The canonical literature on nationalism traces the formation of modern national identity back to broad processes of economic and cultural modernization. By contrast, this chapter emphasizes its political origins and dynamics of modern national identity formation. This new perspective allows us to account for the emergence of three main classes of nationalism. First, a “liberal” nationalism embedded within the emancipatory political project of the Atlantic revolutions of the late eighteenth century that, when successful, led to a unified nation state. Second, a “conservative” nationalism that, reacting against liberal nationalists, employed a set of premodern attributes, such as a particular religion or ethnicity, as the building blocks for its concept of nation. Finally, a multiplicity of “periphery” or territorially circumscribed nationalisms, ranging from Zionism to anticolonial movements, which generally formed in response to the conservative variety of nationalism.
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Gelderblom, Oscar. "Introduction." In Cities of Commerce. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691142883.003.0001.
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This book explores the impact of urban competition on the institutional foundations of international trade in the Low Countries during the period 1250–1650, with particular emphasis on local and foreign merchant communities in Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam. The book offers an alternative explanation for institutional change in European commerce that is not predicated upon the existence of strong territorial states or the ability of merchants to create private order solutions. Instead, it argues that the very problem of premodern Europe's political and legal fragmentation also produced its solution in the form of open access or inclusive institutions that made it easier for merchants to deal with violence and other conflicts. This introductory chapter considers the dynamics of institutional change, focusing on the link between state formation and the growth of trade, foreign traders' use of private order solutions to prevent violent assaults or the opportunistic behavior of their agents without the support of sovereign rulers, and urban competition between commercial cities in the Low Countries.
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Streicher, Ruth. "Introduction." In Uneasy Military Encounters, 1–16. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751325.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of how counterinsurgency practices contribute to producing Thailand as an imperial formation: a modern state formation with roots in the premodern Buddhist empire of Siam that secures its survival by constructing the southern Muslim population as essentially and hierarchically different. Reinforcing notions of the racialized, religious, and gendered Otherness of Patani, counterinsurgency thus fuels the very conflict it has been designed to resolve. From this perspective, it is possible to understand the marginalization of the southern conflict in official discourse, the denials of obvious connections between the insurgency and the August 2016 bombings, and the culturalization of a deeply political conflict as integral parts of imperial policing practices. The counterinsurgency motto “Understanding, Reaching Out, Development” has guided military operations in the southern region under various governments and juntas, and it encapsulates how counterinsurgency discourse is predicated on and produces the essentialized differences of the southern population. Most conspicuously, the motto positions Thai military as the paternal caretaker of the South and relocates the causes of insurgent violence in the differences of the southern population.
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Majumder, Auritro. "Mahasweta Devi and Indian Literature from Below." In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Indian Literatures. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197647912.013.47.
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Abstract This chapter surveys the Bengali writer Mahasweta Devi’s influential and less-remarked texts, including her novels, short stories, and nonfiction. Utilizing Sisir Kumar Das’s notion of Indian literature as a dialogic formation, it situates Mahasweta’s retelling of regional, national, and world history—such as her sprawling historical fiction ignored by most critics—with particular attention to literary form and experiments with style and idiom. Translated into multiple Indian languages, Mahasweta’s writings signal an awareness of what is here termed Indian literature from below; departing from recent discussions that view Indian literature as an offshoot of 19th-century orientalist discourse, this chapter illuminates an ebullient strand of decolonizing intellectual thought and practice that in remarkable ways reworks classical and premodern traditions and juxtaposes folk-popular culture with the global modernist avant-garde. In doing so, it bridges the gap between urban educated classes and marginalized populations in India: anti-state rebels, women, Dalits, and Adivasis.