Journal articles: 'Premenstrual symptoms'

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Lindner, Helen, and Robert J. Kirkby. "Premenstrual Symptoms: The Role of Irrational Thinking." Psychological Reports 71, no. 1 (August 1992): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.1.247.

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104 women, between the ages of 18 and 45 years, were surveyed to investigate the relationship between premenstrual symptomatology, as measured by the Modified Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, and irrational thinking, as measured by the General Attitude and Belief Scale. The women who reported greater premenstrual symptomatology also reported significantly higher scores in the “need for comfort” irrationality subscale. This indicated that these women had particular difficulty dealing with hassles and the resulting feelings of tension and irritability in the premenstruum. It was suggested that the absence of significant effects for other rationality-irrationality subscales could be associated with testing at different times during the menstrual cycle. Irrationality, like other conditions (such as anxiety and depression) prevalent in the premenstruum, could change in intensity across phases of the menstrual cycle.

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Osborn, M. F., and D. H. Gath. "Psychological and physical determinants of premenstrual symptoms before and after hysterectomy." Psychological Medicine 20, no. 3 (August 1990): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700017062.

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SynopsisThe aim was to study women before and after hysterectomy (with conservation of the ovaries), in order to discover how far premenstrual symptoms are caused physically and how far psychologically. In such women both physical and psychological factors can influence premenstrual symptoms before hysterectomy; after the operation, in the absence of menstruation, only physical factors can do so. The subjects were 56 women awaiting hysterectomy for menorrhagia of benign origin. During three pre-operative months these women made daily self-ratings on a check-list in which typical premenstrual symptoms were interspersed with atypical symptoms; in this way their awareness of the premenstrual focus was minimized. Starting six months after hysterectomy, the women again kept daily check-lists for three months; over the same period their serum progesterone levels were measured to identify the premenstruum. After hysterectomy, levels of premenstrual symptoms fell significantly in the whole group, indicating that psychological factors were important determinants of such symptoms before hysterectomy.

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WOODS, NANCY FUGATE, ELLEN SULLIVAN MITCHELL, and MARTHA LENTZ. "Premenstrual Symptoms: Delineating Symptom Clusters." Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 8, no. 8 (October 1999): 1053–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.1053.

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Klebanov, Pamela Kato, and John B. Jemmott. "Effects of Expectations and Bodily Sensations on Self-Reports of Premenstrual Symptoms." Psychology of Women Quarterly 16, no. 3 (September 1992): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1992.tb00256.x.

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Two experiments examined expectations and bodily sensations in premenstrual symptom reports. Women took a fictitious test that indicated they were either “premenstrual” or “intermenstrual.” In Experiment 1, 48 women were studied during their premenstrual phase. In Experiment 2, 82 women were studied during either their premenstrual or intermenstrual phase. Individual differences in retrospective premenstrual distess were assessed prior to the experiments. Both experiments revealed that the higher the woman's retrospective reports of premenstrual distress, the more symptoms she reported in the lab during her premenstrual phase, regardless of what the test indicated. However, women who were told they were premenstrual reported greater symptoms than women who were told they were intermenstrual. In summary, although expectations affect women's symptom reports regardless of their actual phase and history of reported symptoms, premenstrual symptom reports cannot be dismissed as simply expectations, because some women do experience greater symptoms as they approach menstruation.

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Schmalenberger, K. M., T. A. Eisenlohr-Moul, P. Surana, D. R. Rubinow, and S. S. Girdler. "Predictors of premenstrual impairment among women undergoing prospective assessment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a cycle-level analysis." Psychological Medicine 47, no. 9 (February 14, 2017): 1585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716003524.

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BackgroundWomen who experience significant premenstrual symptoms differ in the extent to which these symptoms cause cyclical impairment. This study clarifies the type and number of symptoms that best predict premenstrual impairment in a sample of women undergoing prospective assessment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in a research setting. Central research goals were to determine (1) which emotional, psychological, and physical symptoms of PMDD are uniquely associated with premenstrual impairment, and (2) how many cyclical symptoms optimally predict the presence of a clinically significant premenstrual elevation of impairment.MethodA total of 267 naturally cycling women recruited for retrospective report of premenstrual emotional symptoms completed daily symptom reports using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) and occupational, recreational, and relational impairment for 1–4 menstrual cycles (N = 563 cycles).ResultsMultilevel regression revealed that emotional, psychological, and physical symptoms differ in their associations with impairment. The core emotional symptoms of PMDD were predictors of impairment, but not after accounting for secondary psychological symptoms, which were the most robust predictors. The optimal number of premenstrual symptoms for predicting clinically significant premenstrual impairment was four.ConclusionResults enhance our understanding of the type and number of premenstrual symptoms associated with premenstrual impairment among women being evaluated for PMDD in research contexts. Additional work is needed to determine whether cognitive symptoms should receive greater attention in the study of PMDD, and to revisit the usefulness of the five-symptom diagnostic threshold.

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Mira, M., S. Abraham, D. McNeil, J. Vizzard, P. Macaskill, I. Fraser, and D. Llewellyn-Jones. "The inter-relationship of premenstrual symptoms." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 5 (September 1995): 947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700037430.

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SYNOPSISThe prospective symptom reports of women seeking treatment for premenstrual symptoms and control subjects were investigated. In order to compare symptom reports from premenstrual symptom sufferers and control subjects a method of combining and analysing prospectively collected menstrual cycle symptom data is required. A technique that uses the time of onset of menses and the time of ovulation (as measured by urinary luteinizing hormone excretion) to standardize each cycle into 14 time points was developed. Summary factors were then empirically derived from data collected prospectively from 30 premenstrual symptom sufferers and 19 control subjects. Twenty-two mood symptoms were summarized into a single factor and the 29 most frequently occurring physical symptoms were summarized into two factors. Factor scores were calculated on the basis of these factors and the effect of time during the menstrual cycle on these scores examined. Both physical symptom factor scores increased significantly in the luteal phase for both the premenstrual symptom sufferer group and the control group. The single mood factor score increased significantly in the luteal phase for the premenstrual symptom sufferer group but not for the control group, suggesting that the only qualitative difference between the groups was the presence of cyclic mood symptoms in the premenstrual symptom sufferer group. The premenstrual symptom sufferer group recorded significantly higher scores on each of the three factors than the control group. The correlation between the scores on each of the factors over three cycles was high both in the follicular and luteal phase suggesting that these factor scores provide a reproducible measure of menstrual cycle symptomatology.

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Futterman, Lori A., John E. Jones, L. C. Miccio-Fonseca, and M. E. Ted Quigley. "Assessing Premenstrual Syndrome Using the Premenstrual Experience Assessment." Psychological Reports 63, no. 1 (August 1988): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.1.19.

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A comprehensive assessment device was developed and validated on 878 women. The inventory seems useful both in research and clinical practice. The instrument solicits information on medical, gynecological and psychological conditions, life-event stressors, sociocultural influences and premenstrual symptomatology. Responses generated a number of significant findings. One of seven women experienced severe premenstrual discomfort, one out of two women described themselves as having mild premenstrual discomfort, and severity of symptoms is a matter of degree rather than type, and women on oral contraceptives differed from nonusers with regard to reporting less interference premenstrually with sexual behavior and feelings and less difficulty with eating behavior and water retention.

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Kumari, Sunita, and Ankur Sachdeva. "Patterns and Predictors of Premenstrual Symptoms among Females Working in a Psychiatry Hospital." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6943852.

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Introduction. Premenstrual syndrome presents with vague psychological, somatic, or biological symptoms. It may be seen more commonly in a specific profile of patients. We try to evaluate the patterns and predictors of premenstrual symptoms among females working in a tertiary care psychiatry hospital.Methodology. We recruited working females at a tertiary care psychiatry hospital in India, through purposive sampling, and assessed them cross-sectionally. Premenstrual Symptom Checklist was used to assess the frequency and distribution of premenstrual symptoms, which were correlated with various sociodemographic variables to evaluate the predictors for premenstrual symptoms.Results. 150 working females were included, belonging to different sociodemographic profile. Somatic symptoms (backache, joint and muscles pain, and fatiguability) were most commonly reported followed by psychological (irritability and losing temper easily) and biological symptoms (increased micturition). Premenstrual symptoms were seen more commonly in women with higher educational status and nursing profession and residing in nuclear families (p<0.05), while age and marital status did not correlate significantly.Discussion. Premenstrual symptoms are common and distressing, especially for working females. Somatic symptoms such as backache and joint pains predominate over psychobiological symptoms. Women with higher educational status and professions like nursing belonging to nuclear families are more prone to these symptoms. Attention needs to be given to premenstrual symptoms in such population of working females.

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Kerzner, Sophia, Tara Zeitoun, Alicia Jarosz, Bibiana Garcia-Bailo, and Ahmed El-Sohemy. "Plasma Carotenoids and Premenstrual Symptoms in a Multi-Ethnic Population of Young Women." Nutrients 13, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 3870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13113870.

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Premenstrual symptoms are experienced by most women of reproductive age, but effective therapies are limited. Carotenoids may have an attenuating effect on premenstrual symptoms; however, studies to date are equivocal. The objective of the present study was to examine the association between plasma concentrations of seven carotenoids and premenstrual symptom severity in 553 women from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health study. Participants provided information on fifteen common premenstrual symptoms and severities. Each participant completed a General Health and Lifestyle Questionnaire and provided a fasting blood sample from which plasma carotenoid concentrations were measured. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to determine associations between plasma carotenoid concentrations and premenstrual symptom severity. Beta-cryptoxanthin was associated with moderate/severe increased appetite for women in the highest compared to the lowest tertile (OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.39, 3.89). This association remained significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons. There were no observed associations between other plasma carotenoids and any premenstrual symptoms. In summary, higher concentrations of beta-cryptoxanthin were associated with an increased appetite as a premenstrual symptom, but no associations were observed for any other carotenoid and for any other symptom.

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Popova-Dobreva, Diana. "PREVALENCE OF PREMENSTRUAL SYMPTOMS AMONG BULGARIAN WOMEN." Proceedings of CBU in Medicine and Pharmacy 2 (October 24, 2021): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/pmp.v2.187.

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INTRODUCTION: Premenstrual symptoms are common and can worsen women's quality of life. This study examines the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms such as weight gain; swelling of ankles, feet, and hands; frequent change of mood; fatigue; difficulty concentrating; depression; nervousness and irritability; and nausea. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are: (1) to reveal the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms among Bulgarian women and (2) to establish how the presence of premenstrual symptoms affects the Emotional well-being of women. METHODS: The applied methodology includes an online-based anonymous study, which focuses on the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms among Bulgarian women and their emotional health. A characteristic of the studied contingent on age, BMI, and physical activity was made. RESULTS: The results of 126 women surveyed were analyzed. Of these, 96.8% have at least one premenstrual symptom. 30.2% have one or two symptoms, 43.7% have 3-4 symptoms and 23% have 5-8 symptoms. 14.8% of women with symptoms reported worsening of their symptoms because of increased stress associated with COVID-19. There is a statistically significant correlation between the number of symptoms and the emotional well-being of women. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of premenstrual symptoms is common among the studied Bulgarian women. A greater number of symptoms has a negative effect on women's emotional well-being. We consider it appropriate to introduce the application of physiotherapeutic methods as well as alternative therapies for the treatment and prevention of premenstrual syndrome.

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Banga, Neelam, Gagandeep Kaur, Gunjeet Singh Sandhu, Sukhwinder Singh, and Avneesh Kumar. "Prevalence of Premenstrual Symptoms and Symptom Severity among Female Medical Students - An Institutional Study." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 01 (January 4, 2021): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/7.

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BACKGROUND Premenstrual symptoms are generally seen 7 - 10 days before the menstruation period and are collectively called as premenstrual syndrome. Dysmenorrhea is the most common premenstrual symptom that affects the lifestyle and activity of young women. This study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms and its severity in female medical student population of Government Medical college, Patiala, Punjab. METHODS 500 female medical students aged between 18 - 28 years were included in the study. Female students were asked to fill preformed questionnaire to elicit gynaecological information as well as the 4-point grading scale menstrual distress questionnaires. Symptoms were divided into two groups: physical symptoms and behavioural / psychological symptoms. RESULTS Only 30.24 % of the students reported one or more symptoms; of these, 22.76 % were having mild, 5.6 % moderate and 1.87 % severe degree of symptoms. From physical and behavioural / psychological symptoms, it was noticed that behavioural / psychological symptoms predominate. Among physical symptoms, breast tenderness is experienced most followed by bloating, and weight gain during premenstrual phase. Among psychological / behavioural symptoms, irritability predominates followed by restlessness & mood swings. CONCLUSIONS Diagnosis is best achieved through daily rating symptoms over at least one menstrual cycle; clinicians can ask patients to choose their worst symptoms and chart the severity daily, or can select a validated scale such as the Daily Record of Severity of Problems. Disappearance of symptoms after menstruation is the key to diagnosis. KEYWORDS Premenstrual Syndrome, Depressive Disorder, Prevalence, Dysmenorrhea

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Hardy, Claire, and Myra S. Hunter. "Premenstrual Symptoms and Work: Exploring Female Staff Experiences and Recommendations for Workplaces." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 3647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073647.

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Most women experience some premenstrual symptoms during their reproductive years. Yet, this is an under-researched health issue, particularly in the context of work. This study aimed to: (i) understand the prevalence and severity of premenstrual symptoms experienced by working females, and their association with key work outcomes; (ii) explore factors that may be influencing these symptoms and their severity; and (iii) examine how organizations might help staff with premenstrual symptoms that may be impacting their working lives. An online, anonymous survey collected quantitative and qualitative data from 125 working women in the UK. Over 90% of the sample reported some premenstrual symptoms; 40% experienced premenstrual symptoms moderately or severely. Higher symptom severity was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with poor presenteeism, intention to reduce working hours, and higher work absence (time off work, being late, leaving early). Moderate/severe symptoms were significantly associated with several individual-related variables: lower perceived general health, higher alcohol consumption, poorer sleep quality, anxiety, depression, hormonal contraception, and using fewer coping approaches towards premenstrual symptoms (avoiding harm, adjusting energy levels); and work-related variables: poorer work–life balance, lower levels of psychological resilience, higher perceived work demands, less control over work. Disclosure of premenstrual symptoms and sickness absence because of premenstrual symptoms was very low, typically because of perceptions of appropriateness as a reason for work absence, gender of line managers (male), and it being a personal or embarrassing topic. Staff with moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms were statistically more likely to disclose reason for absence than those with milder symptoms. Recommendations and suggestions for employers and line managers include the need to train staff to improve knowledge about women’s experience of premenstrual symptoms, to be able to communicate effectively with women and to provide tailored support and resources for those who need it. Implications for future research, policy and practice are discussed.

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Ensom, Mary H. H., Elaine Chong, and Diana Carter. "Premenstrual Symptoms in Women with Premenstrual Asthma." Pharmacotherapy 19, no. 4 (April 1999): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.19.6.374.31050.

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Hammarbäk, Stefan, Ulla-Britt Ekholm, and Torbjörn Bäckström. "Spontaneous anovulation causing disappearance of cyclical symptoms in women with the premenstrual syndrome." Acta Endocrinologica 125, no. 2 (August 1991): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1250132.

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Abstract. In the premenstrual syndrome the negative symptoms appear during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Ovulation and the formation of a corpus luteum seem to be of great importance in precipitating the syndrome. In a large group of women with premenstrual syndrome investigated daily with symptom ratings and weekly plasma estradiol and progesterone assays, 8 were found to have one ovulatory and one spontaneously occurring anovulatory menstrual cycle. In both these cycles, the post- and premenstrual phases were compared by testing for recurrence of symptoms. All patients showed a highly significant cyclical worsening of negative premenstrual symptoms during the ovulatory cycles, whereas in the anovulatory cycles the cyclical symptoms disappeared, resulting in relief of the premenstrual syndrome. These results support earlier hypotheses, suggesting that the premenstrual syndrome appears as a result of provoking factors produced by the corpus luteum. This view is in line with earlier therapeutic findings showing that induced anovulation can relieve the premenstrual syndrome.

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Shrestha, Dhan Bahadur, Shreya Shrestha, Debika Dangol, Barun Babu Aryal, Sabina Shrestha, Biplabi Sapkota, and Sujeena Rai. "Premenstrual Syndrome in Students of a Teaching Hospital." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 17, no. 2 (August 4, 2019): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v0i0.1213.

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Background: Premenstrual syndrome is group of psychosomatic symptoms which occurs during second half of menstrual cycle. Significant number of reproductive aged females suffer from it with its impact on their daily activities. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence, severity and impacts of Premenstrual syndrome on female students of a teaching hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among female students of a teaching hospital from Kathmandu over a period of three months. Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool was used to quantify the symptoms severity and their effect in activities. In addition; patient profile, socioeconomic status were recorded. The obtained information was entered in Statistical Package for Social Sciences and analyzed. Findings were then interpreted using chi-square test.Results: Out of the 285 respondents, 206 (72.3%) reported at least one premenstrual syndrome symptom of moderate to severe intensity among which 74 (25.9%) had at least one severe symptom. Six individuals (2.1%) fulfilled all criteria for Pre-Menstrual Dysphoric Disorder and 49 (17.2%) fulfilled the criteria for moderate to severe premenstrual syndrome and rest (80.7%) were having no or mild premenstrual syndrome with isolated symptoms. PMS was found to have significant association to menstrual bleeding (p?0.001) and severity of dysmenorrhea (p?0.001), family history of premenstrual syndrome (p=0.019) and physical activity (p=0.021). Conclusions: Premenstrual syndrome is common in female and has a considerable impact on day to day activities activities although its severe form Pre-Menstrual Dysphoric Disorder is less common.Keywords: Female students; Nepal; premenstrual syndrome.

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Rapkin, Andrea J., Li C. Chang, and Anthony E. Reading. "Comparison of Retrospective and Prospective Assessment of Premenstrual Symptoms." Psychological Reports 62, no. 1 (February 1988): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.1.55.

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The comparability of ratings of premenstrual symptoms obtained by different methods of data collection was studied. Ongoing ratings were compared with retrospective reports. A consecutive series ( n = 17) of women attending a premenstrual syndrome (PMS) evaluation and treatment center completed daily diary cards over the course of one menstrual cycle as well as a retrospective evaluation of their premenstrual symptomatology. Comparisons were made between postmenstrual and premenstrual ratings on the diary cards to confirm the presence of premenstrual symptomatology Retrospective ratings of premenstrual symptomatology showed higher mean scores reflecting greater symptomatology than was recorded in daily diary cards. Analysis of predictors of retrospective reports, using multiple regression analysis, with postmenstrual and premenstrual ratings as predictors, indicated significant associations between the retrospective and prospective ratings of premenstrual symptoms. There were no significant assocations between the retrospective ratings of premenstrual symptoms and prospective ratings of postmenstrual symptoms, suggesting the specificity of retrospective report in reflecting symptoms experienced prior to menstruation. The significance of these findings for clinical practice is discussed.

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Pereira-Vega, Antonio, José L. Sánchez, Francisco L. Gil, José A. Maldonado, José M. Bravo, José M. Ignacio, Rosa Vázquez, Francisco Álvarez, Pedro Romero, and Inmaculada Sánchez. "Premenstrual Asthma and Symptoms Related to Premenstrual Syndrome." Journal of Asthma 47, no. 8 (September 28, 2010): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2010.495810.

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TRELOAR, S. A., A. C. HEATH, and N. G. MARTIN. "Genetic and environmental influences on premenstrual symptoms in an Australian twin sample." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 1 (January 2002): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004901.

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Background. We aimed to explore the prevalence and factor structure of premenstrual symptoms in a sample of Australian twins; to investigate phenotypic associations between reported premenstrual symptoms, personality and reproductive dimensions; and to identify the relative contributions of genes and environment to premenstrual symptoms and the extent of genetic and environmental covariation with the personality trait Neuroticism and lifetime major depression.Method. Seven hundred and twenty female twin pairs (454 monozygotic and 266 dizygotic) from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Twin Register reported on experience of 17 premenstrual symptoms during the previous 12 months. In the same questionnaire twins also responded to questions on symptom states, and personality dimensions including neuroticism. Interview data enabling diagnosis of lifetime history of DSM-IV major depression were also available. We fitted univariate and multivariate genetic models to the data.Results. Most frequently reported symptoms were breast tenderness/pain and bloating/weight gain, followed by affective symptoms. Twelve-month prevalence was 2·4% for the combination of symptoms and functional interference meeting a very rough approximation of DSM-III-R criteria for late luteal dysphoric disorder. Principal factor analysis identified a single premenstrual (PMS) factor. Additive genetic influences (44% of total variance) were identified for PMS. Although we found genetic correlations of 0·62 between reported PMS and neuroticism, and 0·70 with lifetime major depression, 39% of the genetic variance of PMS was not explained by these factors.Conclusions. Our findings support the existence of genetic influences on premenstrual symptoms, but we were unable to distinguish between liability to symptom experience and symptom reporting. Retrospective reporting may have contributed to our finding that PMS genes were shared in part with neuroticism and liability to lifetime major depression.

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Dalton, Katharina. "Epidemiology of premenstrual symptoms." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46, no. 4 (April 1993): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90157-v.

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Boyle, C. A., G. S. Berkowitz, and J. L. Kelsey. "Epidemiology of premenstrual symptoms." American Journal of Public Health 77, no. 3 (March 1987): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.77.3.349.

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Hartlage, Shirley Ann, and Kelly E. Arduino. "Toward the Content Validity of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Do Anger and Irritability More than Depressed Mood Represent Treatment-Seekers' Experiences?" Psychological Reports 90, no. 1 (February 2002): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.1.189.

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The content validity of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV–TR) has been questioned in the literature. We tested whether mood-related symptoms reported by 26 women seeking treatment for premenstrual disorders were among the proposed criteria. These women were asked to list their premenstrual symptoms and rate the severities of listed symptoms daily for two menstrual cycles before treatment. They completed semistructured interviews to differentiate symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder from those of other psychiatric disorders in women who had other disorders. All participants reported functional interference due to the symptoms. 19 symptoms of or similar to those of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder were among the 22 most frequent premenstrual symptoms experienced. Premenstrual depressed mood was less frequent than premenstrual irritability or anger when other psychiatric disorders such as major depression were taken into account. Results suggest that the DSM-IV–TR criteria have generally good content validity but may need revision to represent treatment-seekers' experiences more accurately.

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Varghese, Jessy, Vijaya Koothan, and V. Sujaritha. "Study of the magnitude of premenstrual syndrome in a tertiary care institute in Pondicherry, India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 6 (May 28, 2019): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20192130.

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Background: Premenstrual syndrome is cyclical physical and behavioural symptoms that appear in days preceding menstruation and interfere with work or life style followed by a symptom free interval. The common affective and somatic symptoms seen are mood swings, irritability, anxiety, breast tenderness, weight gain and abdominal bloating. The present study was done to detect premenstrual syndrome and encourage students to seek treatment which would improve quality of life both socially and academically.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of three months from November 2018 to January 2019 among medical students in a tertiary care institute in Pondicherry. A detailed questionnaire regarding premenstrual symptoms and screening for depression was obtained from all study subjects. Diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome was done if there were at least one affective symptom like mood swings, insomnia, anxiety and one somatic symptom like abdominal bloating, breast complaints and weight gain.Results: Total of 207 students were screened out of whom 155 (74.87%) students were found to have premenstrual syndrome. 41 students did not have the same, 11 students were excluded as they were having endocrine disorders like polycystic ovarian syndrome and thyroid abnormalities. 60.6% had mild 38.4% moderate 4.5% had severe premenstrual syndrome. Commonest symptoms were mood swings 81.9% followed by anxiety 80% and fatigue 71.6% breast complaints and joint pains were seen in 71% equally so also abdominal bloating and weight gain which was seen in 67%. Depression was found in 52.9% of the students.Conclusions: Premenstrual syndrome is prevalent among medical students commonly and detecting it and encouraging students to seek treatment will help them perform better socially and academically.

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Kendler, K. S., J. L. Silberg, M. C. Neale, R. C. Kessler, A. C. Heath, and L. J. Eaves. "Genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of menstrual, premenstrual and neurotic symptoms: a population-based twin study." Psychological Medicine 22, no. 1 (February 1992): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700032761.

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SYNOPSISSymptoms during the premenstrual and menstrual phases of the female reproductive cycle were assessed in 827 pairs of female same-sex twins from a population-based registry. By conventional factor analysis, premenstrual and menstrual symptoms were relatively independent of one another and of baseline ‘neurotic’ symptoms (i.e. anxiety, depression and somatization). Familial resemblance for menstrual and premenstrual symptoms was due solely to genetic factors with heritability estimates of 39·2% and 35·1%, respectively. Multivariate genetic analysis revealed distinct genetic and environmental factors for menstrual, premenstrual and neurotic symptoms. The genes and individual-specific experiences that predispose to premenstrual symptoms appear to be largely distinct from those which predispose either to menstrual or to neurotic symptoms. The generalizability of these results may be limited because only a modest number of premenstrual and menstrual symptoms were assessed, all by retrospective self-report.

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Padmavathi, P., S. Raja Sankar, and N. Kokilavani. "Premenstrual Symptoms and Academic Performance Among Adolescent Girls." Asian Journal of Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/ajhs.v1i1.411.

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Premenstrual syndrome is a psychophysiological stress induced disorder. Stress disturbs the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Changes in heart rate and blood pressure are the most important physiological response following stress.To correlate the premenstrual symptoms and academic performance among adolescent girls. A correlational survey was adopted for the study Setting: Higher secondary school, NamakkalDistrict. 60adolescentgirlsfulfillingtheinclusioncriteriawereselectedbysimplerandomsamplingtechnique.Allparticipantsweregiven a questionnaire to complete; questions were related to Baseline Proforma of adolescent girls, rating scale on the common premenstrual symptoms, Student life stress Inventory, Academic Demand Distress were given 40 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The findings revealed that, there was significantly higher numbers of symptoms perceived 8.46±2.9 follicular and 7.14±2.8, luteal, p=.001 and higher distress (1.25±0.41 follicular and 1.52±0.31 luteal, p=.003) in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase. The academic demand component of academic stress measured daily frequency and distress associated with assignments, papers, projects/presentation and time studying. Within the follicular phase number of assignments due was significantly correlated to symptom perception and distress (.41, .31, respectively) and the number of projects/presentations due was correlated to symptom distress (.29) at p<.05. There were significant correlations between follicular phase symptom perception and distress, and luteal phase symptom distress with academic demand distress. There was significant correlation between premenstrual symptoms and academic performance.

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Marjanović, Milena, Nikola Savić, Zoran Jokić, and Svetlana Vukosavljević. "Evaluation of the frequency of premenstrual syndrome manifestations in the population of generative women." Sestrinska vizija 5, no. 9 (2021): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sestrviz2109004m.

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Introduction: During the premenstrual syndrome, many physical and psychological manifestations occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Premenstrual syndrome is a disorder in the reproductive age that negatively affects a woman's quality of life. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of manifestations of premenstrual syndrome in the population of women of generative age. Material and methods: The research was conducted in the form of a cross-sectional study, a research instrument, was constructed questionnaire, for women of childbearing age, which assesses their level of information about premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual syndrome symptoms, symptom relief and quality of life. The study included a sample of 260 respondents, the study was conducted at the Health Center in Valjevo in the period from November 2020 to February 2021. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. Results: Descriptive statistics methods were used in the analysis of the results. The respondents are between 18 and 44 years old. Most of them are from urban areas (66.7%) with completed high school (66.7%), employed (91.7%), married (58.3%). Most respondents have some of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, while a smaller percentage deny the symptoms. An important fact is that 50% of women think that stressful situations worsen their symptoms. A large number of women were informed about premenstrual syndrome (91.7%), a large number of women (75%) did not consult a doctor due to problems and a large number did not use any therapy (83.3%). Conclusion: Women of reproductive age are highly exposed to premenstrual syndrome. All the symptoms of this syndrome affect the quality of life, work ability and family relations, and daily functioning. Effective implementation of health education interventions related to reproductive health is a basic measure to improve the quality of life of women with premenstrual syndrome, as well as to prevent or eliminate health problems.

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Dennerstein, Lorraine, Philippe Lehert, Torbjörn Carl Bäckström, and Klaas Heinemann. "Premenstrual symptoms – severity, duration and typology: an international cross-sectional study." Menopause International 15, no. 3 (August 31, 2009): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/mi.2009.009030.

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Objectives Determine women's experiences of premenstrual symptoms. Study design Cross-sectional survey. Sample In all, 4085 women aged 14–49 years recruited by random telephone digit dialing in France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, UK, Brazil and Mexico. Main outcome measures Telephone interview checklist of 23 premenstrual symptoms, sociodemographic variables and lifestyle variables. Results The most prevalent symptoms were abdominal bloating, cramps or abdominal pain, breast tenderness, irritability and mood swings. Severity of symptoms is directly proportional to duration ( R = 0.79). Hierarchical clustering found the following mental and physical domains and a typology: ‘Mild’ type (40.8%) with minimal symptoms; ‘Moderate M’ type (28.7%) with moderately severe, mostly mental symptoms; ‘Moderate P’ type (21.9%) with moderately severe, mostly physical symptoms; and ‘Severe’ type (8.6%) with severe intensity of both mental and physical symptoms. Multiple stepwise regression found significant effects on symptom duration severity index of age (linear and quadratic effects), current smoking and country. Conclusions Further research is needed on the impact of premenstrual symptoms on quality of life, and whether a brief symptom list could be developed as a valid and reliable tool globally.

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Silva, Celene Maria Longo da, Denise Petrucci Gigante, and Gicele Costa Minten. "Premenstrual symptoms and syndrome according to age at menarche in a 1982 birth cohort in southern Brazil." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 24, no. 4 (April 2008): 835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008000400014.

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Premenstrual symptoms and syndrome were studied in young women who have been followed since birth. Data were collected on the intensity of four symptoms: irritability, anxiety or stress, depressed mood, and affective lability. Premenstrual syndrome was defined according to intensity of symptoms. Association between age at menarche and premenstrual symptoms and syndrome were investigated through Poisson regression. Adjusted analysis was conducted, controlling for possible confounding factors. The symptoms most frequently reported by the women from the 1982 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, birth cohort who were interviewed in 2004-2005 were: irritability (52.3%) and anxiety (40.2%). The prevalence rates for moderate and severe premenstrual syndrome were 13.4% and 5.8%, respectively. Mean age at menarche was 12.4 (± 1.5) years. Prevalence rates for symptoms and premenstrual syndrome were higher in women whose age at menarche was less than 11 years, but this difference was not statistically significant. Information on symptoms and premenstrual syndrome is scarce in other studies.

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Bryant, M., K. P. Truesdale, and L. Dye. "Modest changes in dietary intake across the menstrual cycle: implications for food intake research." British Journal of Nutrition 96, no. 5 (November 2006): 888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjn20061931.

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Food intake varies across the menstrual cycle in mammals, energy intake usually being greater in the premenstrual phase compared with the postmenstrual phase. Premenstrual increments in energy intake and a preferential selection of carbohydrate have been suggested to be greater in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), who may be more sensitive to cyclical hormonal or neurotransmitter fluctuations. This has direct implications for research within populations of women, especially where the primary outcome is diet or a change in energy balance. We aimed to determine whether: the premenstrual intake of energy and macronutrients differed from the postmenstrual intake; the change in intake across the menstrual cycle differed in women with PMS compared with controls; and the change in intake was related to the severity of premenstrual symptoms. We collected 3 d dietary intake data during the postmenstrual and premenstrual phases of the menstrual cycle in thirty-one women with PMS and twenty-seven control women. The consumption of energy and macronutrient intake were similar between the phases of the cycle in women with PMS. Conversely, intakes were usually greater premenstrually in control women, although not all differences were statistically significant. Exceptions were with non-milk extrinsic sugars and alcohol, which were both consumed in greater amounts in the premenstrual phase in women with PMS. Significant correlations were observed between the severity of symptoms and the change in the consumption of these nutrients. These data suggest that a consideration of the menstrual cycle phase and PMS in diet may not be warranted, especially in cross-sectional analysis, although it may need to be taken into account when examining change in intake during dietary interventions.

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Oo, Htet Htet, Mya Thanda Sein, Ohn Mar, and Aye Aung. "Assessment of premenstrual syndrome among reproductive aged Myanmar women." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 4 (July 4, 2016): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v7i4.13298.

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Background: Almost all women experience at least mild degree of one or more premenstrual symptoms during the days before menstruation. Women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) experience a pattern of severe premenstrual symptoms month after month and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the extreme, predominantly psychological end of the PMS spectrum. These symptoms hinder some aspect of their family as well as social lives and also interfere their activities at work.Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of PMS among reproductive aged Myanmar women from medical field and to investigate the frequency and severity of symptoms experience by the women with PMS.Materials and Methods: All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire derived from Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences (COPE) for two consecutive menstrual cycle to diagnose PMS and PMDD. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 400 reproductive aged women (between 15 - 45 years) among the medical students, doctors and nurses.Results: Out of 400 subjects, 149 women (37.3%) met DSM-IV criteria for PMS and 251 women (62.7%) did not have PMS. Among PMS women, 81 women (54.4%) had PMDD. The most frequent PMS symptoms were poor concentration (88.6%), irritability (87.3%), ache and pain (81.9%), increased appetite (79.2%) and breast swelling (75.8%). The most frequent symptom in mild and moderate PMS is physical symptom (ache and pain) and that in PMDD was psychological symptom (poor concentration).Conclusion: The prevalence of PMS with high PMDD proportion was found in reproductive aged Myanmar women from medical field.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(4) 2016 39-43

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Czajkowska, Mariola, Ryszard Plinta, Magdalena Rutkowska, Anna Brzęk, Violetta Skrzypulec-Plinta, and Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop. "Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Professional Female Rhythmic Gymnasts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081470.

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The aim of this research was to compare menstrual cycles, menstrual disorders, and the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in professional female gymnasts and their peers who donot practice any sport, and to identify factors causing a predisposition to premenstrual tension syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorders in both groups. The prospective study involved apopulation of 85 girls. The study group consisted of 45 professional female gymnasts (15–17 years of age) who lived inthe territory of Silesia, in the southern area of Poland. The control group consisted of 40 girls of the same age who lived in the same area but did not professionally practice any sport. The research tools included a questionnaire, a daily diary of PMS symptoms, a daily diary of PMDD symptoms, and a premenstrual symptom screening tool (PSST). The study showed that intensive physical activity undertaken by girls before their first menstruation is a menarche-delaying factor andthat competitive sport promotes premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The risk factors for PMS and PMDD were also identified, andincluded alcohol and coffee consumption.

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Khan, Akhtar, Michael Hardway, and Kinza Younas. "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738021990414.

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An estimated 8-out-of-10 women experience physiological premenstrual symptoms, 3–30% of these women suffer with symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that interfere with daily life, with 1–10% of women suffering from severe PMS symptoms meeting the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). PMDD can be considered a subdivision of PMS and is a combination of psychological, behavioural and physical symptoms that can vary in intensity and presents cyclically during the luteal phase of ovulatory menstrual cycles. The diagnosis of PMDD and PMS depends on the timing of symptoms, the severity of symptoms and their impact on quality of life. Physiological symptoms (feeling bloated, headache, acne, mood changes and constipation) that do not impact on daily activities and quality of life are considered to be physiological premenstrual symptoms rather than PMS. There is no association with age, educational status or employment for PMS or PMDD.

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Shanmugaratnam, Shiva, Hari Shanmugaratnam, and Miss Maryam Parisaei. "Premenstrual syndrome." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 6, no. 5 (May 2013): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738012467442.

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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterised by cyclical physical, behavioural and psychological symptoms occurring during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (the time between ovulation and the onset of menstruation). The symptoms disappear or significantly regress by the end of menstruation. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a more severe variant of premenstrual syndrome. PMS is common and severe symptoms can have detrimental effects on a woman's quality of life. GPs play a key role in the diagnosis and management of these conditions. This article aims to provide an overview of the current evidence and guidelines for recognising and managing PMS in general practice.

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Śliwerski, Andrzej, and Karolina Koszałkowska. "The Influence of Depression on Biased Diagnosis of Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder by the PSST Inventory." Life 11, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11111278.

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The diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) poses a challenge for clinicians due to the overdiagnosis of retrospective methods and overlapping symptoms with depression. The present study utilized an Item Response Theory analysis to examine the predictive utility of the Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool (PSST) in women with and without depression. Two hundred and fifteen women aged 20–35 completed the PSST, a daily symptom calendar, SCID-I, and CES-D for two consecutive menstrual cycles. PSST items: fatigue, depressed mood, feeling overwhelmed, anxiety/tension, and decreased interest in everyday activities were the best predictors of PMS. Unlike the daily symptom ratings, the PSST over-diagnosed PMS/PMDD in the depressed group but not in the group of women without PMS/PMDD. While diagnosing premenstrual disorders, clinicians should be aware that a retrospective diagnosis with PSST can be more sensitive to mood disorders and cycle phases than a prospective diagnosis with a daily symptoms calendar.

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Hassan, Hanan Elzeblawy, Walaa Fathy Mohamed Ahmed, and Ahmed Arafa. "Physical Activity and Menstrual Disorders Аmong School Girls in Southern Egypt." International Journal of Studies in Nursing 4, no. 3 (June 21, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ijsn.v4i3.614.

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Introduction: Menstrual disorders are the most frequent gynecological diagnoses among young girls.Aim: This study was conducted to investigate whether physical activity could reduce menstrual disorders among schoolgirls.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 970 schoolgirls in Southern Egypt were assessed, using a questionnaire, for their socio-demographic characteristics, gynecological history, physical activity, and menstruаl disorders during the previous 6 months. Results: The mean аge of schoolgirls was 15.5 ± 0.8 yeаrs, menarche аge 13.2 ± 1.2 years, menstrual cycle durаtion 28.8 ± 7.3 dаys, and 76.1% were circumcised. After аdjustment for the socio-demographic and gynecological variables, physical activity wаs shown to be not associated with all premenstrual symptoms аnd dysmenorrheа (р -value > 0.05).Conclusion: No substantial associаtions between physical activities and menstruаl/premenstrualal symptoms can be concluded.Recommendations: Future cohort and interventional studies are needed to explain whether the risk of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms can be reduced by physical activity.

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Takeda, Takashi, Kana Yoshimi, Sayaka Kai, Genki Ozawa, Keiko Yamada, and Keizo Hiramatsu. "Characteristics of the gut microbiota in women with premenstrual symptoms: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 27, 2022): e0268466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268466.

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Purpose Premenstrual symptoms can negatively impact the quality of life of women through a range of mood, behavioral, and physical symptoms. The association between the microbiota and brain function has been extensively studied. Here, we examined the characteristics of the microbiota in women with premenstrual disorders (PMDs) and the association between premenstrual symptoms and the microbiota. Materials and methods In this single center cross-sectional pilot study, we recruited 27 women reporting premenstrual symptoms and 29 women with no serious premenstrual symptoms. Among them, we further selected 21 women experiencing premenstrual symptoms resulting in interference to their social life (PMDs group) and 22 women with no serious premenstrual symptoms and thereby no interference to their social life (control group). The severity of symptoms was evaluated by a premenstrual symptoms questionnaire (PSQ). Inflammatory markers were analyzed in blood samples, including C reactive protein, soluble CD14, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein. Sequencing of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes was performed on stool samples. Results Inflammatory markers in blood samples did not differ significantly between the PMDs and control groups. A difference in beta, but not alpha diversity, was detected for the gut microbiotas of the PMDs and control groups. The relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum was lower in the PMDs group. At the genus level, the prevalence was decreased for Butyricicoccus, Extibacter, Megasphaera, and Parabacteroides and increased for Anaerotaenia in the PMDs group, but after false discovery rate correction, these differences were no longer significant. Linear discriminant effect size analysis revealed a decrease in Extibacter, Butyricicoccus, Megasphaera, and Parabacteroides and an increase in Anaerotaenia in the PMDs group. The PSQ total score correlated with Anaerotaenia, Extibacter, and Parabacteroides. Multiple regression analysis showed that Parabacteroides and Megasphaera negatively predicted the PSQ total score. Conclusion The properties of the gut microbiota are associated with premenstrual symptoms.

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Naushin, Sofia, Mubarak Ali, and Dr Mustehasan. "CONCEPT AND MANAGEMENT OF PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (MUTLAZIMA QABL HAIZ ) IN UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5-s (October 15, 2018): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1992.

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Mutlazima Qabl Haiz (Premenstrual syndrome) refers to a combination of physical and emotional disturbances that occur after a woman ovulates and resolves with start of menstruation. More than 200 symptoms have been ascribed to PMS. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ia a more severe form of premenstrual syndrome. The characteristic symptoms of premenstrual syndrome are mood swings, anxiety, and irritability and physical conditions – like headache, fatigue, bloating, sleep disturbances, nausea, and breast tenderness. 90% of the women all over the world experience these symptoms during their reproductive years. The PMS has unknown cause and does not have any specific proved diagnosis and medication in modern medicine. The main objective of this article is to review the potential treatment for premenstrual syndrome in unani medicine. Keywords: Premenstrual Syndrome, Premenstrual Dysphoric Syndrome, Unani Management

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KOÇ ÖZKAN, Tuba, Çiğdem ERDEMOĞLU, İpek TURAN, and Semiha AYDIN ÖZKAN. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME SYMPTOMS AND EATING ATTITUDES IN ADOLESCENTS." GOBEKLİTEPE Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi 5, no. 8 (June 25, 2022): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55433/gsbd.192.

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The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between premenstrual syndrome symptoms and eating attitudes in adolescents. Materials and Methods: In this study, which was conducted in correlational research type, data were obtained from 250 adolescents between the ages of 15-21. Data were collected via an online questionnaire. Personal Information Form, Premenstrual Syndrome Scale and Eating Attitude Test Short Form were used as data collection tools. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis were used to evaluate the research data.. Results: it was determined that the total mean score of the Premenstrual Syndrome scale of the adolescents was 44.34±39.74, and the mean total score of the EAT was 13.41±10.00. It was determined that 79.6% of the adolescents participating in the study had positive premenstrual syndrome symptoms, and 20.4% had an eating attitude disorder. Eating attitude disorder was found to be statistically significant in 23.1% of adolescents with positive premenstrual syndrome symptoms (X2=4.430, p=.035). It was determined that as the premenstrual syndrome scale score of the adolescents increased, the scores of the eating attitude test increased, and there was a weak positive correlation between them (r=.181, p=.004). Conclusion: In the study, it was determined that there is a weak positive relationship between premenstrual syndrome and eating attitudes in adolescents, and 23.1% of adolescents who experience premenstrual syndrome symptoms have eating attitude disorders. Regulation of eating habits will be effective in improving the quality of life and general health of adolescents who experience premenstrual syndrome symptoms.

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High, Robert V., and Patricia A. Marcellino. "PREMENSTRUAL SYMPTOMS AND THE FEMALE EMPLOYEE." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 23, no. 3 (January 1, 1995): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1995.23.3.265.

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A survey was taken of working women concerning any premenstrual symptoms they may have experienced and the self-reported effects) on their job productivity. The sample consisted of n = 197 completed survey instruments. The most commonly listed symptoms (listed by more than 50% of the respondents) were: irritability, bloating, mood changes, depression, weight gain, headaches, and anger. These symptoms were reported as affecting job performance by 57% of the women and 40% indicated feeling less productive during the onset of premenstrual symptoms. The symptoms of mood changes, irritability, anger, and depression were significantly correlated with lower job performance as reported by the women. When the sample was divided into three groups based on age, there were no significant differences in the reporting of premenstrual symptoms and the severity of the symptoms. However, the three groups did show significant differences in the way the symptoms were reported to have affected their job performance. The younger group of women had a significantly higher proportion of respondents reporting that their premenstrual symptoms were adversely affecting their lives and job performance/productivity. Finally, when the sample was divided between managerial and non-managerial women, no significant differences were found.

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Keye, William R. "General Evaluation of Premenstrual Symptoms." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 30, no. 2 (June 1987): 396–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003081-198706000-00020.

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Richards, Misty, David R. Rubinow, Robert C. Daly, and Peter J. Schmidt. "Premenstrual Symptoms and Perimenopausal Depression." American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 1 (January 2006): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.133.

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JC, Prior, and Vigna Y. "CONDITIONING EXERCISE IMPROVED PREMENSTRUAL SYMPTOMS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 18, supplement (April 1986): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198604001-00099.

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Freeman, E., K. Rickels, I. Fox, S. Sondheimer, and B. Altimari. "NEFAZODONE TREATMENT FOR PREMENSTRUAL SYMPTOMS." Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 321B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199202001-00622.

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Katz, Tessa. "Homoeopathic treatment of premenstrual symptoms." Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery 1, no. 5 (October 1995): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-6117(05)80003-4.

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MacKay Rossignol, Annette, and Heinke Bonnlander. "Premenstrual symptoms and beverage consumption." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 168, no. 5 (May 1993): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(11)90810-2.

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Rausch, Jeffrey L., and Barbara L. Parry. "Treatment of Premenstrual Mood Symptoms." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 16, no. 4 (December 1993): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30153-9.

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Shulman, Lee P. "Gynecological Management of Premenstrual Symptoms." Current Pain and Headache Reports 14, no. 5 (July 28, 2010): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11916-010-0131-9.

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Jones, Angela. "Homeopathic treatment for premenstrual symptoms." Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1783/147118903101196855.

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Brooks-Gunn, J. "Differentiating premenstrual symptoms and syndromes." Psychosomatic Medicine 48, no. 6 (July 1986): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198607000-00001.

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Woods, Nancy Fugate, Ellen S. Mitchell, and Martha J. Lentz. "Social pathways to premenstrual symptoms." Research in Nursing & Health 18, no. 3 (June 1995): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770180306.

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Prior, J. C., Y. Vigna, and N. Alojada. "Conditioning exercise decreases premenstrual symptoms." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 55, no. 4 (August 1986): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00422732.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Premenstrual symptoms'

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