Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Premature morbidity'

Humidifying infant incubators facilitates heat retention, but entails an infection risk from microbial humidifier contamination. The Royal Victoria Hospital nursery was recently reequipped with steam humidity source incubators and converted to incubator humidification. An observational (before-after) study investigated the association between incubator humidification and hypernatremia and (secondarily) other hydration associated outcomes in very premature infants.
Thirty-one incubator humidification and 60 non-humidification period infants were compared. Mean gestational age was 25.83 weeks for both groups. Mean highest serum sodium values were 143.5 (SD 9.4) and 152.9 (SD 4.9) mEq/l respectively (p < 0.001). Differences persisted after adjustment for confounding by age of placement in incubators, and in spite of fluid reduction in the D humidification period. Of infants with umbilical lines 2/16 and 33155 respectively attained serum potassium measurements over 6.9 mEq/l (p = .04). Overhydration outcomes did not differ, but power was limited and confounding was problematic for these analyses.
In summary, incubator humidification is associated with decreased hypernatremia and hyperkalemia in very premature infants.

Orientador: José Guilherme Cecatti
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T18:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_RenatoTeixeira_M.pdf: 10640708 bytes, checksum: 93bc984ddc636a415fed23ea6ca3a333 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: Introdução: Mais de 15 milhões de bebês nascem prematuros anualmente no mundo, sendo a prematuridade a maior causa de óbitos no período neonatal. A prematuridade terapêutica tem papel importante nesse contexto, pois se estima que 20 a 40% dos partos prematuros ocorrem por indicação dos provedores de assistência obstétrica. Dessa forma, a redução dos partos prematuros terapêuticos adquire cada vez mais importância para o controle da taxa de prematuridade e da morbimortalidade neonatais. O conhecimento dos fatores relacionados ao parto prematuro terapêutico é ponto fundamental para atingir essa redução. Objetivos: Avaliar a ocorrência do parto prematuro terapêutico e seus fatores associados na população do Estudo Multicêntrico de Investigação em Prematuridade (EMIP). Métodos: Análise secundária do EMIP, um estudo brasileiro de caso-controle aninhado a um corte transversal multicêntrico. O estudo ocorreu em 20 hospitais de referência em 3 regiões do Brasil de abril de 2011 a julho de 2012 e realizou a vigilância de 33.740 partos nesse período. O principal desfecho a ser avaliado é a ocorrência de parto prematuro terapêutico, definido como o parto que ocorreu antes de 37 semanas e que foi indicado pela equipe de assistência devido uma condição materna ou fetal. O grupo controle foi composto pelas mulheres com parto a termo. Os partos prematuros foram categorizados, conforme recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, em prematuro extremo, muito prematuros e pretermo moderado Uma quarta categoria de idade gestacional, contemplando apenas os prematuros tardios, também foi analisada. Variáveis relacionadas a características sociodemográficas, pôndero-estaturais e de estilo de vida maternos, características da assistência ao pré-natal e ao parto e sobre a presença de morbidade ou complicação durante a gravidez, parto ou puerpério foram avaliadas na análise de risco para parto prematuro terapêutico. Foi realizada uma análise bivariada para estimar o risco de parto prematuro terapêutico para cada e uma análise multivariada com regressão logística não condicional para obter os fatores independentemente associados ao desfecho. Resultados: O parto prematuro terapêutico foi responsável por 35,4% dos partos prematuros na amostra estudada. As síndromes hipertensivas, o descolamento prematuro de placenta e a diabetes foram as condições que mais frequentemente motivaram a resolução prematura da gravidez. A idade materna avançada, a hipertensão crônica, a obesidade e a gravidez múltipla foram as principais condições maternas relacionadas à ocorrência de parto prematuro terapêutico. Houve uma tentativa de tratamento da condição materna que motivou a resolução em mais de 50% dos casos e 74,5% das mulheres com parto entre 28 e 31 semanas receberam corticoterapia. A cesariana foi a via de parto mais frequente. A proporção de mortalidade neonatal, do Apgar do quinto minuto menor que sete e da admissão em unidade intensiva neonatal foi muito maior nos prematuros terapêuticos do que no termo, mesmo considerando os prematuros tardios. Conclusões: Os resultados do estudo corroboram com a crescente importância do parto prematuro terapêutico, devido sua prevalência e impacto nos resultados perinatais. A gravidez múltipla, idade materna avançada, a obesidade e a presença de morbidades pré-gestacionais são os fatores que requerem especial atenção nas estratégias de prevenção da prematuridade terapêutica
Abstract: Background: More than 15 million babies are born prematurely each year worldwide and its the leading cause of deaths in the neonatal period. Provider-initiated preterm birth (piPTB) plays an important role in this context because it is estimated that 20-40% of preterm births occur by indication of obstetric care providers. Thus, the reduction in piPTB rate acquires more importance to decrease the rate of prematurity and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Knowledge of the factors related to piPTB is a key factor to achieve this reduction. Objectives: To evaluate the occurrence of provider-initiated preterm birth and the associated factors in the Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth in Brazil (EMIP) population. Methods: Secondary analysis of EMIP, a Brazilian multicenter cross-sectional study plus a nested case-control. The study took place in 20 referral hospitals in 3 regions of Brazil from April 2011 to March 2012 and conducted surveillance of 33,740 deliveries in this period. The primary outcome to be evaluated is the occurrence of provider-initiated preterm birth, defined as birth that occurred before 37 weeks and was medically indicated due to maternal or foetal condition. The control group was composed of women with term delivery. Preterm birth was categorized into extremely premature, very premature and moderate preterm, according to the World Health Organization. Another category that includes only the late preterm was also evaluated. Maternal, socio-demographic, obstetrical, prenatal care, delivery and postnatal characteristics were assessed as factors associated with piPTB. A bivariate analysis to estimate the risk for piPTB and a multivariate analysis using unconditional logistic regression for the factors independently associated with piPTB was performed. Results: The therapeutic preterm labor accounted for 35.4% of premature births in the sample. Hypertensive disorders, placental abruption and diabetes were the main conditions related to pi-PTB indications. Advanced maternal age, chronic hypertension, obesity and multiple pregnancy were the main maternal conditions related to pi-PTB. There was an attempt to treat maternal condition that led to the resolution in over 50% of cases and 74.5% of women with birth between 28 and 31 weeks received corticosteroid therapy. Cesarean section was the most frequent mode of delivery. The proportion of neonatal mortality, Apgar score<7 at 5 minutes and NICU admission were much higher in provider-initiated preterm newborns than in term newborns, even considering the late preterms. Conclusions: The results of our study corroborate the increasing notability of provider-initiated preterm birth, due to its prevalence and impact on perinatal outcomes. Multiple pregnancies, advanced maternal age, obesity and the presence of pre-gestational morbidities are the main factors that require special attention in prematurity prevention strategies
Mestrado
Saúde Materna e Perinatal
Mestre em Ciências da Saúde

Introdução: A fisioterapia é uma especialidade relativamente recente dentro das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatais. Pelo sucesso obtido na prevenção e tratamento das complicações respiratórias, resultou no reconhecimento do fisioterapeuta como membro imprescindível da equipe multiprofissional. A fisioterapia neonatal pode causar impacto positivo no tratamento de neonatos prematuros de baixo peso, contribuindo para minimizar as complicações, principalmente respiratórias, além de reduzir o tempo de internação hospitalar e diminuir a morbidade neonatal. Pela necessidade de mais pesquisas nessa área, este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o impacto da implantação da assistência de fisioterapia respiratória sobre a morbidade de recém-nascidos prematuros de baixo peso. Método: Foram incluídos recém-nascidos internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do Hospital Universitário São Francisco, em Bragança Paulista, SP, com idade gestacional menor que 37 semanas, peso ao nascimento menor que 2500 g, diagnóstico de doença das membranas hialinas, submetidos à terapia de reposição de surfactante exógeno e permanência em ventilação mecânica por um período igual ou superior a sete dias. O estudo incluiu 101 neonatos, sendo 41 internados no período entre 2002 e 2004 (G1), em que não havia um serviço estruturado de fisioterapia hospitalar e 60 neonatos no período entre 2005 e 2007 (G2), em que já havia a estruturação do serviço, contando com fisioterapeuta xi exclusivo na Unidade. Os dois grupos foram comparados em relação a características maternas, neonatais e evolução durante a internação. Para a comparação dos grupos foram utilizados os testes estatísticos Mann-Whitney, Qui-quadrado e Teste exato de Fisher. A significância estatística foi estipulada em 5%. Resultados: Os dois grupos se mostraram homogêneos em relação às características maternas. Em relação às características neonatais, o G2 se mostrou mais grave por conter neonatos mais imaturos. Em relação à evolução, o G2 permaneceu maior tempo em oxigenioterapia (mediana de 11 dias), em ventilação não invasiva (mediana de 2 dias) e também em ventilação mecânica invasiva (mediana de 13 dias), porém utilizando picos de pressão inspiratória menores e frações inspiradas de oxigênio menores. No G2, 16 (26,6%) neonatos evoluíram com atelectasia contra 12 (29,3%) do G1. O G2 apresentou 17 (28,3%) neonatos com pneumonia contra 15 (36,5%) do G1. No G2, 14 (23,3%) neonatos evoluíram com displasia broncopulmonar contra 11 (26,8%) do G1. O G2 apresentou 3 (5%) neonatos com pneumotórax contra 3 (7,3%) do G1. O G2 apresentou 17 (28,3%) neonatos com sepse precoce e 48 (80,0%) com sepse tardia enquanto o G1 apresentou 8 (19,5%) e 27 (65,8%), respectivamente. O G2 apresentou maior tempo de internação hospitalar com mediana de 38 dias contra 30 dias de mediana do G1. A mortalidade do G1 foi de 3 (7,3 %) e do G2, de 8 (13,3 %). Conclusão: A fisioterapia respiratória pode auxiliar favoravelmente a evolução do recém-nascido prematuro de baixo peso, diminuindo as complicações respiratórias, obtendo assim impacto positivo na redução da morbidade respiratória neonatal
Introduction: Physiotherapy is a relatively new specialty in Intensive Care Units of Neonates. Considering the success of prevention and treatment of respiratory complications, as result of physiotherapy assistance, the physiotherapist is recognized as an indispensable member of multiprofessional team. Neonatal physiotherapy can cause positive impact on treatment of premature neonates of low birth weight, contributing to minimize the complications, especially of the respiratory type. Moreover it can reduce hospital stay and ameliorate the neonate morbidity. The need for research in this area leads to this study with the aim to assess the impact of the implantation of physiotherapy care on morbidity of premature newborn of low birth weight. Methods: Newborn in Intensive Care Unit of Neonates at Sao Francisco University Hospital in the city of Braganca Paulista (SP) were included in the study, with gestational age less than 37 weeks, birth weight lower than 2500 g, diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome under replacement therapy of exogenous surfactant and permanence in mechanical ventilation ( 7 days). Subjects of the study included 101 neonates, 41 were admitted between 2002 and 2004 (group 1, G1), time that there was not a structured physiotherapy care in Intensive Care Units of Neonates and 60 neonates from 2005 to 2007 (G2), at this time there was the structured assistance with an exclusive physiotherapist at the Unit. Both groups were compared in relation to neonates maternal characteristics and xiii evolution during the hospital stay. Statistical analyses were applied for groups comparison, Mann-Whitney, chi square and Fisher exact test. Statistical significance was established at 5%. Results: The groups demonstrated homogeneity in relation to maternal characteristics. Neonate aspects had showed more severity for G2, this group had more immature neonates. In relation to evolution, G2 remained longer in oxygen therapy (median = 11 days), in non-invasive ventilation (median = 2 days) and also in invasive mechanical ventilation (median = 13 days), however, using lower inspiratory peak pressure and lower inspired oxygen fraction. In G2, 16 (26.6%) neonates evolved into atelectasis whereas 12 (29.3%) in G1. Seventeen (28.3%) neonates in G2 developed pneumonia and 15 (36.5%) in G1. In G2, 14 (23.3%) neonates evolved into bronchopulmonary dysplasia against 11 (26.8%) of G1. 17 (28.3%) neonates in G2 presented early sepsis and 48 (80.0%) late sepsis, while G1 presented 8 (19.5%) and 27 (65.8%), respectively. G2 had longer hospital stay with median of 38 days whereas G1 had median of 30 days. Mortality of G1 was of 3 (7.3%) neonates and 8 (13.3%) of G2. Conclusion: Respiratory Physiotherapy can help favorably the evolution of premature newborn of low birth weight, diminishing respiratory complications, impacting therefore positively to reducing neonate respiratory morbidity

INTRODUÇÃO: O baixo peso ao nascer representa fator de risco importante para a morbidade e mortalidade neonatal e infantil, sendo acompanhado por prematuridade, retardo de crescimento intra-uterino, ou ambos os fatores. OBJETIVO: Estudar as características maternas, perinatais, ambientais, econômicas, evolução ponderoestatural e alimentação das crianças nascidas com baixo peso e sua interação no aumento da morbidade durante o primeiro ano de vida. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo realizado na cidade de Sobral, Ceará, no período de três anos (2005 a 2007) onde foram incluídas 261 crianças nascidas com baixo peso (BP) e acompanhadas pelo Programa de Saúde da Família. Foi utilizado a Base de Dados do Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos e revisão de prontuários hospitalares e ambulatoriais destas crianças para coleta de dados, quantificação e causa das consultas e internações. Para análise das variáveis foram realizadas distribuições de freqüência, Odds Ratio (OR), respectivos intervalos de confiança (95%) e significância estatística das associações. A análise final de associação utilizou modelo de regressão multivariado para avaliar os fatores de risco relacionados com o aumento da morbidade. RESULTADOS: Entre as 261 crianças estudadas, a média da idade materna foi de 24 anos, sendo que 29,12% das mães eram adolescentes. Cerca de 41,76 % das mães eram solteiras e 31,42% casadas ou com união estável, e 24,14% eram sem escolaridade. Quanto às características perinatais, 52,11% das crianças nasceram de parto vaginal, 52,49% pré-termos; 55,56% eram do sexo feminino, 98,08% das crianças obtiveram Apgar de 5 minutos maior que 6. O peso médio de nascimento foi de 2140 g, sendo que 72,03% das crianças nasceram com peso entre 2000 e 2500 g. Houve incremento do escore-z de peso até os quatro meses de idade cronológica para crianças nascidas a termo e idade gestacional corrigida para os pré-termo em cerca de 87% das crianças e 45% do escore-z do comprimento. O índice de aleitamento materno exclusivo foi de 26,05% e 8,43% até os 4 e 6 meses de idade respectivamente. Observou-se que 13,97% das crianças residiam em casa de taipa, 36,49% dos domicílios utilizavam fogão a lenha e 36,11% viviam com renda familiar inferior a um salário mínimo. Quanto a morbidade, as 261 crianças nascidas com baixo peso realizaram 1103 consultas por motivo de doença no Programa de Saúde de Família, tendo como causa principal infecções respiratórias agudas. Ocorreram 469 consultas ocorreram em emergência pediátrica e 156 internações hospitalares, principalmente no período neonatal. Foram identificados como fatores de risco para maior morbidade: a) Interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo antes dos quatro meses o qual esteve associado a presença de consulta em emergência (OR 3,07; p<0,001); b) Idade gestacional e peso de nascimento baixos, com maior probabilidade de internação no período neonatal (OR 6,26; p<0,001); c) Prematuridade e a ausência de recuperação de peso até os 4 meses estiveram associados a internação por pneumonia, diarréia aguda e outros motivos (OR 5,15 e 0,65; p = 0,036 e 0,013, respectivamente). As demais variáveis não tiveram relação com a morbidade estudada. CONCLUSÃO: A prematuridade, a interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo antes dos quatro meses e a ausência do incremento de peso estiveram associadas a maior morbidade nas crianças de baixo peso ao nascer. Nesta população atendida pelo PSF, as características maternas, ambientais e econômicas não estiveram associadas à maior morbidade
BACKGROUND: Low birth weight represents an important risk factor for neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality, accompanied by prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, or both. OBJECTIVE: To study maternal, perinatal, environmental, economic characteristics, growth and feeding of children with low birth weight and their interaction in the increased morbidity during the first year of life. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study conducted in the city of Sobral, Ceará, in the period of three years (2005-2007) which included 261 children with low birth weight (LBW) and followed by the Family Health Program. We used the database of the Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) and review data collection of hospital and ambulatory records of these children, quantification and causes of emergency room visits and hospitalizations. For analysis of the variables, were used frequency distributions, odds ratio (OR), confidence intervals (95%) and statistical significance of associations. The final analysis of association used logistic regression analysis to assess the risk factors associated with increased morbidity. RESULTS: Among 261 children studied, the average maternal age was 24 years, and 29.12% of mothers were teenagers. Approximately 41.76% were single mothers and 31.42% were married or with a stable union, and 24.14% were uneducated. Regarding perinatal characteristics, 52.11% were born vaginally, 52.49% were preterm, 55.56% were female and 98.08% of the children had Apgar 5 minutes greater than 6. The average birth weight was 2140 g, and 72.03% of children born weighing between 2000 and 2500 g. There was catch up in weight to four months of chronological age for children born at term and corrected gestational age for preterm at around 87% and 45% in height. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 26.05% and 8.43% to 4 and 6 months of age respectively. It was observed that 13.97% of children lived in wattle and daub house, 36.49% of households used wood stoves, and 36.11% lived with less than one minimum wage. As for morbidity, the 261 children born with low birth weight were 1103 visits due to illness in the Family Health Program, with the main cause was acute respiratory infections. There were 469 emergency visits and 156 pediatric emergency hospital admissions, especially in the neonatal period. Were identified as risk factors for increased morbidity: a) interruption of exclusive breastfeeding before 4 months which was associated with the presence of emergency consultation (OR 3.07, p <0.001), b) low gestational age and birth weight, with a greater likelihood of hospitalization in the neonatal period (OR 6.26, p <0.001), c) Prematurity and the no catch up in weight at to 4 months of age were associated with hospitalization for pneumonia, diarrhea and other reasons (OR 5, 15 and 0.65, p = 0.036 and 0.013, respectively). The other variables were not associated with morbidity study. CONCLUSION: Prematurity, interruption of exclusive breastfeeding before four months and no catch up growth were associated with greater morbidity in children with low birthweight. In the population served by the PSF, maternal characteristics, environmental and economic were not associated with increased morbidity

Uvod: Infertilitet se definiše kao bezuspešna koncepcija nakon jedne godine seksualnih odnosa bez upotrebe kontracepcije u fertilnoj fazi menstrualnog ciklusa. Metode asistirane reprodukcije predstavljaju efektivan način lečenja infertiliteta. Ispitivanje i identifikacija kratkoročnih i dugoročnih efekata arteficijalnih reproduktivnih tehnologija je veoma izazovan zadatak. Prvenstveni razlog tome je velika heterogenost u načinu sakupljanja, obrade, klasifikacije i tumačenja, sada već, obilja informacija koje su prikupljene u različitim istraživanjima. Individualni pristup lečenju neplodnosti, brz napredak i stalne promene u metodologiji arteficijalnih reproduktivnih tehnologija, uz ranije navedene poteškoće u vezi sa prikupljanjem i analizom podataka, značajno otežavaju precizno sagledavanje svih mogućih rizika i posledica arteficijanog začeća. Uprkos brojnim istraživanjima, naučnim publikacijama i akumuliranim dokazima, ostale su mnoge dileme u vezi odgovora na pitanja - da li su arteficijalno začete trudnoće u većoj meri praćene rizicima za neadekvatan razvoj ploda, lošijim perinatalnim ishodom i kakve su dugoročne posledice po decu, kao i da li su ovi rizici podjednako zastupljeni u jednoplodnim i višeplodnim trudnoćama.Cilj rada: Ciljevi rada su bili da se utvrdi struktura morbiditeta kod prevremeno rođene dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom (iz jednoplodnih i višeplodnih trudnoća) u prve dve godine života, te da se identifikuju perinatalni faktori koji su povezani sa pojavom akutnih i hroničnih komplikacija i oboljenja kod prevremeno rođene dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom. Takođe, cilj rada je bio da se utvrde karakteristike psihomotornog razvoja kod prevremeno rođene dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom na kraju dvanestog, osamnaestog i dvadesetčetvrtog meseca života, kao i da se identifikuju specifični faktori rizika za nepovoljan telesni, neurološki i psihološki ishod lečenja kod prevremeno rođene dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom.Materijal i metode: U studiju su uključena prevremeno rođena deca koja su bila hospitalizovana u Službi za neonatologiju i intenzivnu i poluintenzivnu negu i terapiju, i koja su nakon toga, tokom prve dve godine života redovno praćena u neonatološkoj ambulanti Instituta za zdravstvenu zaštitu dece i omladine Vojvodine u Novom Sadu. Retrospektivnim delom studije su obuhvaćena deca koja su lečena u Službi i praćena u neonatološkoj ambulanti, a koja su rođena počev od 01. 01. 2011. do 31.12.2012. godine i praćena do navršena puna 24 meseca života. Podaci o pacijentima koji su uključeni u retrospektivni deo istraživanja prikupljani su pregledom medicinske dokumentacije. U prospektivni deo studije su uključena deca koja su lečena u Službi i koja su praćena u neonatološkoj ambulanti, a koja su rođena između 01.01. 2013.godine i 31.12.2014. godine i potom praćena do navršenih 24 meseca života. Iz navedene kohorte, formirane se dve grupe: Ispitivana grupa (Grupa 1) je obuhavatila svu prevremeno rođenu decu začetu vantelesnom oplodnjom koja su bila hospitalizovana i praćena na Institutu u navedenom periodu. Kontrolna grupa (Grupa 2) obuhvatila je prevremeno rođenu decu začetu prirodnim putem. Deca iz kontrolne grupe izabrana su iz kohorte tako da njihov broj bude jednak broju dece iz ispitivane grupe. Ispitanici iz ove grupe su ujednačeni (''mečovani'') sa decom iz ispitivane grupe prema gestacijskoj starosti i datumu rođenja. Gestacijska starost ispitanika iz kontrolne grupe se ne razlikuje za više od ± 4 dana u odnosu na decu iz ispitivane grupe. Datum rođenja ispitanika koji su uključeni u kontrolnu grupu se ne razlikuje za više od ± 3 meseca u odnosu na decu iz ispitivane grupe.U momentu uključivanja u studiju uzimani su sledeći anamezni podaci:Podaci u vezi sa majkom, trudnoći i porođaju: starost majke u momentu koncepcije, broj prethodnih pokušaja asistirane koncepcije, stručna sprema, mesto stanovanja, hronične bolesti dijagnostikovane pre trudnoće, akutne i hronične bolesti dijagnostikovane tokom trudoće (hipertenzija, pre-eklampsija, eklampsija, oštećenje jetre), prevremena ruptura plodovih ovojaka, primena lekova tokom trudnoće, jednoplodna ili višeplodna trudnoća. Podaci o poremećajima posteljice i ovojaka: ablacija, placenta previja, horioamnionitis. Podaci u vezi sa detetom: intrauterina infekcija, intrauterina restrikcija rasta, način porođaja, Apgar skor. Antropometrijski parametri (telesna masa, telesna dužina, obim glave) na rođenju i tokom perioda ambulantnog praćenja deteta. Dužina inicijalne hospitalizacije deteta. Dužina invazivne i/ili neinvazivne respiratorne potpore i oksigenoterapije. Dijagnoze na otpustu iz bolnice: prisustvo teških posledica prematuriteta, što podrazumeva: intrakranijalnu hemoragiju 3. i 4. stepena (definisanu u međunarodnoj klasifikaciji bolesti – deseta revizija (MKB10) pod šifrom P52.2), cističnu periventrikularnu leukomalaciju, retinopatiju prematuriteta, bronhopulmonalnu displaziju, nekrotizirajući enterokolitis, sepsu i/ili meningitis (mikrobiološki ili klinički dijagnostikovanu). Prisustvo urođenih anomalija ili genetskih sindroma i bolesti (definisanih u MKB10 pod šiframa Q00 do Q99), kao i prisustvo urođenih bolesti metabolizma (definisanih u MKB10 pod šiframa E00 do E90).U retrospektivnom delu studije, pregledani su specijalistički izveštaji iz neonatološke ambulante pri posetama deteta u uzrastu deteta od 12, 18 i 24 meseca, i beleženi su sledeći podaci: sve prethodno postavljene dijagnoze koje su navedene na specijalističkim izveštajima iz neonatološke ambulante, antropometrijski prametri u momentu pregleda (telesna dužina, telesna masa i obim glave), neurološki nalaz (tonus, trofika, kožni i tetivni refleksi, prisustvo lateralizacije u neurološkom nalazu), nalaz oftalmologa (uredan nalaz/pataloški nalaz), procena fine i grube motorike, govora, kognitivne funkcije i socijalnog kontakta i zbirna procena psihomotornog razvoja. U prospektivnom delu studije, pri kontrolnim pregledima u neonatološkoj ambulanti, u uzrastu deteta od 12, 18 i 24 meseca, određivano je i beleženo sledeće: ranije postavljene dijagnoze koje su navedene u medicinskoj dokumentaciji, antropometrijski prametri u momentu pregleda (telesna dužina, telesna masa i obim glave), neurološki nalaz (tonus, trofika, kožni i tetivni refleksi, prisustvo lateralizacije u neurološkom nalazu), nalaz oftalmologa (uredan nalaz/pataloški nalaz), procena fine i grube motorike, govora, kognitivne funkcije i socijalnog kontakta i zbirna procena psihomotornog razvoja.Rezultati: Prosečna vednost TM ispitanika iz Grupe 1, u uzrastu od 12 meseci, bila je statistički značajno manja u odnosu na ispitanike iz Grupe 2 (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti TD ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 12 meseci, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti OGL ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 12 meseci, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Udeo ispitanika sa patološkim oftalmološkim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Fišerov test tačne verovatnoće). Udeo ispitanika sa patološkim neurološkim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Hi kvadrat test). Prosečne vrednosti globalnog koeficijenta razvoja (RQ), kao i prosečne vrednosti skora za pojedine elemente za procenu razvoja (motorika, koordinacija, govor i društvenost) po Brunet -Lézine skali, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale između grupa (Studentov t test). U Grupi 1 bilo je 92 (59,740%) deteta čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90, dok je u Grupi 2 bilo 61 (39,610%) dete čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90. Ova razlika u broju dece sa RQ koji je ispod proseka za kalendarski uzrast je statistički značajna (Hi kvadrat test, p=0,0004). Relativni rizik za ispodprosečno postignuće na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (RQ<90), za decu iz Grupe 1 bio je viši, u odnosu na decu iz Grupe 2 (RR = 1,495; 95% CI 1,181 – 1,892). U Grupi 1, bilo je 87 (56,494%) dece koja su postigla ispodprosečne korigovane vrednosti skora na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (korigovani RQ<90). U Grupi 2 bilo je 69 (44,805%) dece koja su postigla ispodprosečne korigovane vrednosti skora na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (korigovani RQ<90). Ova razlika je statistički značajna (Hi kvadrat test, p =0,040). Relativni rizik za ispodprosečno postignuće na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (korigovani RQ<90), za decu iz Grupe 1 bio je viši, u odnosu na decu iz Grupe 2 (RR = 1,261; 95%CI 1,008 – 1,577). U kategoriji dece, koja su i pored korekcije u odnosu na GS imala ispodprosečno postignuće na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja, u Grupi 1 čak 81/87 (93,310%) dece je imalo vrednost korigovanog RQ ≥ 85, a u Grupi 2 ovu vrednost korigovanog RQ imalo je 60/69 (86,956%) dece.Prosečne vednosti TM ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 18 meseci, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti TD ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 18 meseci, nisu se statistički načajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti OGL ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 18 meseci, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Udeo ispitanika sa patološkim oftalmološkim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Hi kvadrat test). Udeo ispitanika sa patološkim neurološkim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Hi kvadrat test). Prosečne vrednosti RQ, kao i prosečne vrednosti skora za pojedine elemente za procenu razvoja (motorika, koordinacija, govor i društvenost) po Brunet -Lézine skali su se statistički značajno razlikovale između grupa u uzrastu od 18 meseci (Studentov t test). U Grupi 1 bilo je 57 (37,013%) dece čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90, dok je u Grupi 2 bilo 31 (20,130%) dete čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90. Udeo dece sa RQ koji je ispod proseka za kalendarski uzrast je statistički značajno različit između grupa (Hi kvadrat test, p = 0,010). Relativni rizik za ispodprosečno postignuće na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (nekorigovani RQ<90), za decu iz Grupe 1 bio je viši, u odnosu na decu iz Grupe 2 (RR = 1,288; 95%CI 1,181 – 2,730). Statistički značajna razlika postojala je i kada je upoređen broj dece sa vrednostima korigovanog RQ ispod 90 u Grupi 1 i Grupi 2 (36 naspram 19 po redosledu navođenja; Hi kvardat test, p = 0,011). Relativni rizik za ispodprosečno postignuće na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja (korigovani RQ<90), za decu iz Grupe 1 bio je viši, u odnosu na decu iz Grupe 2 (RR = 1,895; 95%CI 1,139 – 3,152).Prosečne vednosti TM ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 24 meseca, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti TD ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 24 meseca, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Prosečne vednosti OGL ispitanika iz obe grupe, u uzrastu od 24 meseca, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale (Studentov t test). Udeo ispitanika sa patološkim oftalmološkim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Hi kvadrat test). Udeo ispitanika sa patološkim neurološkim nalazom nije se statistički značajno razlikovao između Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 (Hi kvadrat test). Prosečne vrednosti RQ, kao i prosečne vrednosti skora za pojedine elemente za procenu razvoja (motorika, koordinacija, govor i društvenost) po Brunet -Lézine skali, nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale između grupa, u uzrastu od 24 meseca (Studentov t test). U Grupi 1 bilo je 21 dete (13,636%) čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90, dok je u Grupi 2 bilo 17 (11,049%) dece čiji je nekorigovani RQ bio ispod 90. Razlika u broju dece sa RQ koji je ispod proseka za kalendarski uzrast nije statistički značajna (Hi kvadrat test, p= 0,488). Statistički značajna razlika nije postojala ni kada je upoređen broj dece sa vrednostima korigovanog RQ ispod 90 u Grupi 1 i Grupi 2 (12 naspram 9 po redosledu navođenja; Hi kvardat test, p = 0,497).Logističkom regresionom analizom pokazano je da su veštačko začeće, višeplodnost trudnoće i IUGR nezavisni faktori rizika za manju TM u kalendarskom uzrastu od 12 meseci. Logističkom regresionom analizom dobijena je statistički značajna korelacija između vrednosti RQ u uzrastu od 18 meseci i sledećih nezavisnih varijabli: arteficijalno začeta trudnoća i višeplodna trudnoća. Isptanici iz Grupe 1 i Grupe 2 nisu se statistički značajno razlikovali ni po jednom od posmatranih pokazatelja telesnog i psihomotornog razvoja u uzrastu od 24 meseca.Struktura morbiditeta kod dece, tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda praćenja, nije se značajno razlikovala između grupa. Jedina razlika između grupa, konstatovana je u uzrastu od 12 i 18 meseci, bila je u učestalosti akutnih respiratornih infekcija, čija je pojava, pak, bila direktno povezana sa višeplodnim trudnoćama, odnosno brojem siblinga u domaćinstvu.Zaključak: Prosečna starost majki dece koja su začeta IVF-om je veća od prosečne starosti majki dece koja su spontano začeta. Struktura morbiditeta majki dece koja su začeta IVF-om i majki dece koja su začeta spontanom koncepcijom je ista, ali je stopa morbiditeta veća kod majki dece koja su začeta IVF-om. Višeplodne trudnoće su veoma zastupljene kod začeća IVF-om. Trudnoće začete IVF-om se dominantno i skoro ekskluzivno okončavaju carskim rezom. Prevremena ruptura ovojaka ploda je česta komplikacija trudnoća koje su začete IVF-om. Stopa morbiditeta prevremeno rođene dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom nije veća u odnosu na prevremeno rođenu decu začetu prirodnim putem. U strukturi morbiditeta kod dece koja su začeta vantelesnom opodnjom, zastupljena su ista oboljenja i komplikacije kao kod prevremeno rođene dece začete prirodnim putem. Incidencija pojedinih oboljenja je ista, sa izuzetkom bronhopulmonalne displazije koja se javlja češče kod dece začete vantelesnom oplodnjom i retinopatije prematuriteta koja se javlja češče kod dece začete prirodnim putem. Porođajna telesna masa, intrauterina restrikcija rasta, starost majke, stručna sprema majke, prethodna hronična oboljenja majke, bolesti majke dijagnostikovane tokom trudnoće, jednoplodna i višeplodna trudnoća, način porođaja i PROM su potencijalni faktori rizika za lošiji postnatalni ishod kod dece iz arteficijalno začetih trudnoća. U uzrastu od 12 meseci, prevremeno rođena deca začeta tehnikama in vitro fetrilizacije, sem po dostignutoj telesnoj masi, ne razlikuju se značajno po drugim telesnim karakteristikama, od prevremeno rođene dece koja su začeta prirodnim putem. Faktori rizika za manju telesnu masu kod prevremeno rođene dece, u uzrastu od 12 meseci su: arteficijalno začeće, višeplodne trudnoće i intrauterina restrikcija rasta. U uzrastu od 12 meseci, prevremeno rođena deca začeta in vitro fertilizacijom, imaju blago lošije (ali ne i značajno niže) postignuće na testovima za procenu psihomotornog razvoja, odnosno imaju viši rizik da postignu ispodprosečne vrednosti skora na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja. U uzrastu od 18 meseci, nema razlike u pokazateljima telesnog razvoja između prevremeno rođene dece koja su arteficijalno začeta i dece koja su rođena iz spontano začetih trudnoća. U uzrastu od 18 meseci, prevremeno rođena deca iz arteficijalno začetih trudnoća imaju niže postignuće na testovima za procenu psihomotornog razvoja u odnosu na prevremeno rođenu decu iz spontano začetih trudnoća. Faktori rizika koji su povezani sa lošijim postignućem na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja kod prevremeno rođene dece su arteficijalno začeće trudnoće i višeplodnost trudnoće. U uzrastu od 24 meseca nema razlike u telesnim parametrima između prevremeno rođene dece koja su arteficijalno začeta i prevremeno rođene dece koja su začeta prirodnim putem. U uzrastu od 24 meseca nema razlike u postignuću na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja kod prevremeno rođene dece su arteficijalno začeće trudnoće i višeplodnost trudnoće. U uzrastu od 24 meseca, prevremeno rođena deca, i iz arteficijalno, i iz spontano začetih trudnoća, na testu za procenu psihomotornog razvoja postižu rezultate koji su u skladu sa njihovim kalendarskim uzrastom.
Introduction: Infertility is defined as an unsuccessful conception after one year of sexual intercourse without the use of contraception in the fertilizing phase of the menstrual cycle. Assisted reproduction methods represent an effective way of treating infertility. Examination and identification of short-term and long-term effects of artificial reproductive technologies is a very challenging task. The primary reason for this is the great heterogeneity in the way of collecting, processing, classifying and interpreting, now, the abundance of information that has been gathered in various studies. Individual approach to the treatment of infertility, rapid progress and constant changes in the methodology of the artificial reproductive technologies, in addition to the aforementioned difficulties associated with the collection and analysis of data, significantly hamper accurate assessment of all possible risks and consequences artificial conception. Despite numerous studies, scientific publications and the accumulated evidence, many doubts about the question whether artificially conceived pregnancies are accompanied by the higher risks or inadequate fetal development, poor perinatal and long-term outcomes still remained.The Aim: The objectives of this work were to determine the structure of morbidity in prematurely born children conceived by artificial reproductive technologies (from single and multiple pregnancies) in the first two years of life, and to identify perinatal factors that are associated with the occurrence of acute and chronic complications and diseases in prematurely born children from this pregnancies. In addition, the aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of psychomotor development in prematurely born children conceived by artificial reproductive technologies at the end of the twelfth, eighteenth and twenty-fourth month of life, as well as to identify specific risk factors for the unfavorable physical, neurological and psychological outcome of those children.Materials and Methods: The study included premature born newborns who were hospitalized in the Department for neonatology and intensive and semi-intensive care unit, and are thereafter, during the first two years of life. The retrospective part of the study included children who were hospitalized at the Institute, and who were born from January 1st 2011. to December 31st 2012. and were followed up to 2 years of life. Data on patients included in the retrospective part of the survey were collected through a review of medical records. The prospective part of the study included children who were treated and followed up at the Institute, and who were born between January 1st 2013 and December 31st 2014. and then followed up to 2 years of life. From this cohort two groups were formed: The tested group (Group 1) included all preterm infants who were conceived by ART. The control group (Group 2) included naturally conceived prematurely born children. The children in the control group were selected from the cohort so that their number was equal to the number of children in the study group. The gestational age of the examinees from the control group does not differ for more than ± 4 days from the children from the study group. The date of birth of subjects included in the control group does not differ for more than ± 3 months from the children in the study group.At the moment of inclusion in the study, the following individual data were taken:Maternal data, pregnancy and childbirth: the age of the mother at the moment of conception, the number of previous attempts at assisted conception, professional care, place of residence, chronic diseases diagnosed before pregnancy, acute and chronic diseases diagnosed during pregnancy (hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, liver damage), premature rupture of the fetuses, the use of medication during pregnancy, single or multiple pregnancy. Data on placental disorders and abnormalities: ablation, placenta overdose, horioamnionitis. Child-related data: intrauterine infection, intrauterine growth restriction, delivery method, Apgar score. Anthropometric parameters (body weight, body length, head circumference) at birth and during the period of outpatient monitoring of the child. Length of initial hospitalization of the child. Length of invasive and / or non-invasive respiratory support and oxygen therapy. Diagnosis on discharge from the hospital: the presence of severe consequences of prematurity, which implies intracranial hemorrhage of 3rd and 4th degree (defined in International Classification of Disease - Tenth Revision (MKB10) under code P52.2), cystic periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia , necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis and / or meningitis (microbiologically or clinically diagnosed). Presence of congenital anomalies or genetic syndromes and diseases (defined in MKB10 under codes Q00 to Q99), as well as the presence of congenital metabolic diseases (defined in MKB10 under codes E00 to E90).In the retrospective part of the study, specialist reports from a neonatological clinic were examined for child visits at the age of 12, 18 and 24 months, and the following data were ecorded: all pre-diagnosis reported on specialist reports from a neonatological clinic, anthropometric arms at the moment examination (body length, body weight and head circumference), neurological findings (tone, trophic, skin and tendon reflexes, presence of lateralization in neurological findings), ophthalmologist findings (neat / patial findings), assessment of fine and coarse motoring, speech, cognitive functions and social contact and a collective assessment of psychomotor development. In the prospective part of the study, during control examinations in a neonatological clinic, at the age of 12, 18 and 24 months, the following were determined and recorded: previously set out in the current medical documentation, anthropometric parameters at the moment of examination (body length, body weight and the volume of the head), neurological findings (tone, trophic, skin and tendon reflexes, presence of lateralization in neurological findings), ophthalmologist findings, assessment of fine and grose motor functions, speech, cognitive functions, social contact and psychomotor development.Results: The average BW of subjects in Group 1 at the age of 12 months, was statistically significantly lower in relation to respondents from Group 2 (Student's T test). The average length of subjects from both groups at the age of 12 months did not statistically differ (Student's T test). The average head circumference between children from both groups, at the age of 12 months, did not statistically differ (Student's T test). The proportion of subjects with pathological ophthalmological findings did not statistically significantly differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Fischer's exact probability test). The proportion of subjects with pathological neurological findings did not statistically significantly differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Hi square test). The average values of the global development coefficient (RQ), as well as the average score values for individual elements of development evaluation test - Brunet-Lézine scale (motor function, coordination, speech and sociability) did not differ significantly between groups (Student t test). In Group 1 there were 92 (59.740%) of children whose uncorrected RQ was under 90, while in Group 2 there were 61 (39.610%) children whose uncorrected RQ was below 90. This difference in the number of children with RQ below the average for calendar age is statistically significant (Hi square test, p = 0.0004). The relative risk of under-achievement in the psychomotor evaluation test (RQ <90) for children from Group 1 was higher than in children from Group 2 (RR = 1.495; 95% CI 1.181 - 1.922). In Group 1, there were 87 (56.494%) children who achieved sub-optimal corrected score values for the assessment of psychomotor development (corrected RQ <90). In Group 2, there were 69 (44.805%) children who achieved sub-optimal corrected score values for the assessment of psychomotor development (corrected RQ <90). This difference is statistically significant (Hi square test, p = 0.040). The relative risk for the suboptimal achievement in the psychomotor evaluation test (corrected RQ <90) for children from Group 1 was higher than in Group 2 (RR = 1.261; 95% CI 1.008 - 1.577). In Group 1, as many as 81/87 (93.310%) of children had a corrected RQ value of ≥ 85, while in Group 2 this value of the corrected RQ there were 60/69 (86.956%) children.At the age of 18 months, the average BW of subjects from both groups did not differ significantly (Student's T test). The average length of subjects from both groups, at the age of 18 months, did not statistically differ (Student's T test). The average head circumference of children from both groups, at the age of 18 months, did not statistically differ (Student's T test). The proportion of subjects with pathological ophthalmological findings did not statistically significantly differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Hi square test). The proportion of subjects with pathological neurological findings did not statistically differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Hi square test). The average RQ values, as well as the average scores for individual elements of psychomotor development (motor function, coordination, speech and sociability) according to the Brunet-Lézine scale, have been statistically significantly different between groups, at the age of 18 months (Student's T test). In Group 1 there were 57 (37.013%) children whose uncorrected RQ was below 90, while in Group 2 there were 31 (20,130%) children whose uncorrected RQ was below 90. The share of children with RQ below the average value for the calendar age is statistically significantly different between groups (Hi square test, p = 0.010). The relative risk for the suboptimal achievement in the Psychomotor Development Assessment (uncorrected RQ <90) for Group 1 children was higher than in Group 2 (RR = 1.288; 95% CI 1.181 - 2.730). A statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 existed when the number of children with corrected RQ below 90 was compared (36 naspram 19 respectively, Hi quadrate test, p = 0.011). The relative risk for the suboptimal achievement on the Psychomotor Evaluation Test (corrected RQ <90) for the children from Group 1 was higher when compared to children in Group 2 (RR = 1.895; 95% CI 1.139 – 3.152).At the age of 24 months the average BW, body length and head circumference of subjects in both groups were not significantly different (Student's T test). The proportion of subjects with pathological ophthalmological findings did not statistically significantly differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Hi square test). The proportion of subjects with pathological neurological findings did not statistically significantly differ between Group 1 and Group 2 (Hi square test). The average RQ values, as well as the average score values for individual elements for development evaluation (motor function, coordination, speech and sociability) according Brunet-Lézine scale, did not significantly differ between groups at the age of 24 months (Student's T test). In Group 1, there were 21 children (13.636%) whose uncorrected RQ was under 90, while in Group 2 there were 17 (11.049%) of children whose uncorrected RQ was below 90. The difference in the number of children with RQ below the average for the calendar age was not statistically significant (Hi square test, p = 0.488). A statistically significant difference did not exist even when the number of children with values of the corrected RQ below 90 in Group 1 and Group 2 (12 naspram 9 respectively, Hi quadrate test, p = 0.497) was compared.Logistic regression analysis has shown that artificial conception, multiple pregnancy and IUGR are independent risk factors for lesser BW in a calendar age of 12 months. By logistic regression analysis, a statistically significant correlation between RQ values at 18 months of age and the following independent variables was obtained: artificially started pregnancy and multiple pregnancy. Group 1 and Group 2 patients did not significantly differ by any of the indicators of physical and psychomotor development at the age of 24 months.The structure of morbidity in children, during the two-year follow-up period, did not differ significantly between groups. The only difference between the groups was found in the rates of acute respiratory infections at the age of 12 and 18 months (rate of infections was higher in Group 1), whose occurrence, however, was directly related to multiple pregnancies, or the number of sibling in the household.Conclusion: The average age of mothers of children conceived by the IVF is higher than the average age of mothers of children who were conceived spontaneously. The structure of the morbidity of mothers of children who were artificially conceived and mothers of children born after spontaneous conception is the same, but the morbidity rate is higher in the mothers of children who were conceived by IVF. Pregnancies concieved by IVF almost exclusively ended by cesarean section. Premature rupture of the membranes is a common complication of IVF pregnancies. The rate of morbidity of prematurely born children conceived by ART is not higher than that of prematurely born children conceived naturally. The structure of morbidity in children from ART pregnancies was the same as in naturally conceived prematurely born children. The incidence of specific illnesses is the same, with the exception of bronchopulmonary dysplasia that occurs more frequently in children born from ART pregnancies, and retinopathy of prematurity that occurs more frequently in spontaneously conceived children. Maternal birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, mother's age, maternal care, previous mother's chronic illness, mother's disease diagnosed during pregnancy, single and multiple pregnancies and PROM are potential risk factors for worse postnatal outcome in children from artificially initiated pregnancies. Risk factors for lower body weight in premature babies, at the age of 12 months, are: artificial conception, multiple pregnancy and intrauterine growth restriction. At the age of 12 months, prematurely born children from IVF pregnancies, have slightly worse (but not significantly lower) psychomotor achievements. At the age of 18 months, there is no difference in the indicators of physical development between prematurely born children who are artificially conceived and children born from spontaneous pregnancies. At the age of 18 months, prematurely born children from ART pregnancies have lower achievement on tests for assessing psychomotor development compared to prematurely born children from spontaneously initiated pregnancies. Risk factors associated with a poor performance on the psychomotor development assessment tests, in preterm infants, are an artificial conception of pregnancy and a multi fertile pregnancy. At the age of 24 months, there is no difference in the physical parameters between prematurely born children from ART and naturally conceived pregnancies. At the age of 24 months, there is no difference in the achievement on the test for the assessment of psychomotor development between children from ART and spontaneous pregnancies. At the age of 24 months, on the psychomotor development assessment, prematurely born children achieve the results consistent with their calendar age.

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Objetivos: determinar a incidência de displasia broncopulmonar durante o período de um ano (março de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010) e analisar os fatores de risco neonatais associados ao desenvolvimento da doença em serviços públicos de referência para alto risco neonatal em Maceió, o Hospital Universitário Prof. Alberto Antunes e a Maternidade Escola Santa Mônica. Métodos: foram registrados dados de todos os prematuros de muito baixo peso admitidos nas duas instituições durante um ano. O diagnóstico de displasia broncopulmonar foi estabelecido naqueles prematuros com necessidade de oxigênio aos 28 dias de vida. A incidência foi calculada dividindo-se o número de casos pelo total de prematuros de muito baixo peso das duas maternidades, durante o período do estudo. Foram feitas análises das variáveis associadas com o teste do Quiquadrado, para as categóricas, e o teste T de Student ou Mann-Whitney para as numéricas. Para prever o valor dessas variáveis foi realizada a análise de regressão logística. Resultados: foram admitidos nas duas instituições 244 prematuros de muito baixo peso. A incidência observada foi 22,1%. Destes, 54 evoluíram com a doença e 94 não a apresentaram. Houve diferenças quanto às médias de peso dos grupos (1050g com displasia e 1275g sem displasia) e quanto às médias de idades gestacionais (30 semanas com displasia e 32 semanas sem a doença). Fizeram uso de ventilação mecânica 94% dos prematuros com displasia e 45,8% sem displasia, com p<0,01. Também houve associação com uso de surfactante no grupo com displasia (98% com e 71,7% sem displasia, com p<0,01). O modelo de regressão logística foi preditivo em 70% para ventilação mecânica ao nascer (RR=2,04; IC 95%: 1,62-2,55) e peso ao nascer inferior a 1000g (RR=1,89; IC: 1,19-3,00). Conclusões: a incidência de DBP foi similar à encontrada na literatura. Houve associação com, baixa idade gestacional, uso de surfactante, baixo peso ao nascer e ventilação mecânica, sendo esses dois últimos preditivos para a doença.
Objectives: To determine the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the period of one year (from March 2009 to February 2010) and analyze the associated neonatal risk factors to the development of the disease in Public Services in two references of high risk newborn in Maceió, the “Hospital Universitário Alberto Antunes” and the “Maternidade Escola Santa Mônica”. Methods: All very low birth weight preterm infants who were admitted in the both institutions were recorded during one year. The diagnosis was established in those preterm infants who needed oxygen at 28 days of life. The incidence was calculated by dividing the number of cases by the total number of preterm births in both hospitals during the study period. The associated variables were analysed with the “Chi-square” test and the T test of Student or Mann-Whitney. Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the value of those variables. Results: 244 RNMBP were admitted in both institutions. The incidence was 22.1%. 54 evolved with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and 94 without. There were differences regarding the average weight of the groups (1050g with and 1275g without dysplasia)) and also as to the gestational age (30 weeks with BPD and 32 weeks without the disease). 94% of the prematures with and 45,8% without the disease made use of mechanical ventilation, with p<0,01. There were association with surfactant in the group with bronchopulmonay dysplasia (98% with and 71,7% without displasia, com p<0,01). The logistic regression model was predictive in 70% of mechanical ventilation at birth (RR=2,04 IC 95% 1,62-2,55) and weight lower than 1000g (RR=1,89 IC 95% 1,19-3,00).Conclusions: The incidence of DBP was similar to the literature. There were association with low weight in born, with low gestational age, use of surfactant and mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation and weight lower than 1000g were predictive for the disease.
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

La present tesi es centra en analitzar aquells factors que poden incidir en el desenvolupament cognitiu en infants prematurs o a terme, i que han requerit que fossin ingressats a una Unitat de Cures Intensives Neonatals (UCIN). S’incorporaren a l’estudi tots aquells infants nascuts entre l’1 de gener de 2001 i 31 de desembre de 2008, quedant una mostra de 440 nens de les següents edats gestacionals: prematurs extrems (n = 30), molt prematurs (n = 125), prematurs moderats (n = 124), prematurs tardans (n = 130), i a terme complerts (n = 31). S’avaluaven els nens entre les 34 i 46 setmanes d’edat postmenstrual amb l’Escala de Brazelton (NBAS), i es va fer un seguiment als 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 i 30 mesos administrant les Escales Bayley, i en els 3, 4, 5, 6 i 7 anys amb els tests Terman-Merrill i WPPSI-III. Els objectius generals que es marcaren foren: (a) descriure la morbiditat, comorbiditat i seqüeles associades a l’infant i comparar-les en funció de variables sociodemogràfiques i clíniques, (b) descriure el desenvolupament des del naixement fins als 4 o 7 anys en funció de variables sociodemogràfiques i clíniques (c) determinar els factors de risc que influeixen al desenvolupament i la comorbiditat, i (d) determinar els factors protectors que influeixen al desenvolupament i la comorbiditat. S’ha trobat que: els nadons que han patit estrès a la UCIN tenen puntuacions de QI(z) més baixes al llarg del període estudiat; la toxicitat neurobiològica de l’estrès afecta a tots els nadons ingressats a la UCIN i pot ser contrarrestada per les Cures Centrades en el Desenvolupament i la Família (CCD); la reducció de la sobreestimulació lumínica s’ha manifestat amb una reducció de les retinopaties; els nadons que van patir algun dels elements que configuraven el factor de risc d’estrès a la UCIN, si no varen rebre les CCD tenen puntuacions en la NBAS menys elevades en els clústers sistema motor, regulació d’estats, i estabilitat del sistema nerviós autònom, i més elevada en l’organització d’estats; els nadons que no varen rebre les CCD tenen un risc moderat de patir trastorns de la regulació que es superior als que sí varen rebre les CCD. El curs de desenvolupament cognitiu està més marcat per les setmanes de gestació que pel pes i la patologia soferta; en les proves cognitives les nenes puntuen més alt, però els nens augmenten el seu QI(z) en major mesura que no pas les nenes; en l’infant de famílies amb baixos nivells econòmics i educatius es minva el seu QI(z) a partir de l’exploració en el període de 10 a 18 mesos endavant; el grup de procedència autòctons tenen una puntuació tipificada del QI una mica més elevada en l’índex de desenvolupament que els estrangers, i en els períodes d’avaluació la diferencia és significativa en els períodes de 19 a 30 mesos i 31 a 59 mesos; els nadons que prenen llet de fórmula són els que més augmenten el diferencial del seu QI(z) en l’índex de desenvolupament, però els que són alletats amb llet materna són els que tenen puntuacions més elevades de QI(z) en tots i cadascun dels períodes d’avaluació. Pel que respecta a la comorbiditat, els grups de procedència tenen associacions significatives amb els trastorn psicofuncionals, on els autòctons tenen més incidència, i el trastorn de la relació parental, on els estrangers pateixen més aquest trastorn. L’efecte de l’impacte negatiu en el desenvolupament cognitiu degut als factors socials apareix en el període de 10 a 18 mesos, com són els trastorns de la relació parental i el nivell socioeconòmic baix, i en els 19 a 30 mesos si els pare i/o mare són estrangers; en els nadons i les famílies hi ha una relació entre estar ingressat a la UCIN i patir trastorns de la relació parental; que un professional passi la NBAS davant els pares suposa que apareguin menys trastorn de la relació parental; els trastorns de la relació parental estan associats amb els trastorns psicofuncionals i els trastorns emocionals; a més visites efectuades en el PSD més detecció de trastorns psicofuncionals i de trastorns emocionals.
his thesis focuses on analyse the causes that can affect cognitive development in premature and full term new-borns who have been admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Also, in the study are included children born between the 1st January 2001 and the 31st December 2008, altogether it consists of a sample of 440 new-born babies from the following gestational age: extremely premature (n = 30), very premature (n = 125), moderate premature (n = 124), late premature (n = 130) and full term (n = 31). Evaluates children between the age of 34 and 46 post-menstrual weeks using the Brazelton Scale (NBAS). It then follows them up at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months using the Bayley scales, and then when they are 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 years old using the Terman-Merrill tests and the WPPSI-III. The main objectives to achieve were: (a) To describe morbidity, comorbidity and side effects associated with a child and then compare them based on clinical and socio-demographic variables; (b) to describe the development from birth up to 4 or 7 years of age based on clinical and socio-demographic variables; (c) to identify the risk factors that influence the development and comorbidity and; (d) to identify the protective factors that influence the development and the comorbidity. The results display that children who have suffered stress in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) have lower IQ scores (z) in the period of this study; the neurobiological toxicity caused by the stress affects all children admitted to the NICU, and it could be neutralised with healing based on physiological development and care, and assisting the family. For instance, reducing overstimulation of light has shown to reduce retinopathy; the children who suffered some elements of the stress risk factor in the NICU, if they did not have the Family-Focused Developmental Care (FFDC), were found to have had lower scores in the NBAS in the clusters motor system, regulation of states and stability of the autonomous nervous system and higher scores in the organization of states. It is also found that babies who did not receive the FFDC had a moderate risk of suffering from regulated disorders in comparison than those who received it. The course of cognitive development is more affected by the weeks of gestation than the weight and pathology. In cognitive tests, girls scored higher but boys increased their IQ(z) to a greater extent than girls. It was found that children in families with low economic and educational levels, had a decrease in the IQ(z) from the exploration to the period of 10 to 18 months. The locals had IQ scores slightly higher on the development index than foreigners, and the difference is significant between the periods of 19 to 30 months and 31 to 59 months. Concerning the comorbidity factor, local groups have significant associations with psycho-functional disorders while foreigners suffer more from parental relationship disorders. There are more chances for a baby to be breast-fed after being born if the baby has more weeks of gestation, for it gains more weight and consequently it has more protective factors. With less weeks of pregnancy, the risk factors are higher and the probability of artificial feeding increase. The effect of the negative impact on cognitive development is due to social factors, such as relationships and low socioeconomic status, that appear in the period of 10 to 18 months. Also, the impact of whether the one of the parents or both are foreigners appears between 19 to 30 months. There is a relationship between being admitted to the NICU and children and families that have disrupted parental relationship. The administration of the NBAS by a professional with the parents present, has resulted with less parental relationship disorder. Keeping in mind, disorders associated with parental relationships are fundamentally psycho-functional and emotional disorders. Thus, this study has shown the more visits to the Tracking Development Program the more detection of psycho- functional and emotional disorders.

Aims To assess the impact of RSV and other viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) on chronic respiratory morbidity in prematurely born infants and to investigate whether there were any functional or genetic predisposing factors. Methods One hundred and fifty three prematurely born infants were followed until one year corrected age with approximately half followed until two years of age. Lung function was measured at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) and one year corrected age. Blood or buccal swabs were taken for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Following neonatal unit discharge, a nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) was taken whenever an infant had a LRTI. NPAs were analysed by real time PCR for 13 viruses. At one and two years corrected age healthcare utilisation and costs of care were calculated and parents completed a respiratory health related questionnaire and a diary card for one month. Results Infants developing RSV or other viral LRTIs requiring hospitalisation had reduced premorbid lung function compared to infants not hospitalised. Infants developing rhinovirus LRTIs had increased healthcare utilisation, cost of care and wheeze at one year corrected age. Infants developing RSV LRTIs had reduced lung function at one year corrected age. Prematurity was found to be a risk factor for developing RSV or other viral LRTIs but not influenza A (H1N1) LRTIs. A SNP in ADAM33 was associated with an increased risk of developing RSV LRTIs, but not with significant differences in 36 week PMA lung function results. SNPs in several genes were associated with increased chronic respiratory morbidity (IL10, NOS2A, SFTPC, MMP16 and VDR) and reduced lung function at one year (MMP16, NOS2A, SFTPC and VDR) in infants who had had RSV LRTIs. Conclusion In prematurely born infants, RSV and other viral LRTIs were associated with increased chronic respiratory morbidity at follow up, with some infants being genetically predisposed to this after RSV LRTI. Premorbid abnormal lung function predisposed to severe RSV and a SNP in the ADAM33 gene predisposed to RSV LRTIs.

Abstract Advances in perinatal treatment practices—such as antenatal corticosteroids, surfactant replacement therapy, and gentler ventilator modalities—have improved the survival of infants born preterm. Consequently, later morbidity and pulmonary outcome for survivors has attracted increasing interest. The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains high and the condition is manifesting in infants born at earlier gestational weeks than before. This so-called new BPD results from the arrest of alveolar development and is associated with less structural airway injury and interstitial fibrosis than previously. Long-term follow-up data on lung function, lung structure and respiratory morbidity of children treated with modern methods is insufficiently known. We performed a follow-up study of 88 preterm-born children and 88 matched term-born controls at school age. Children born preterm had lower values in lung function measurements than term-born peers. Reductions were most marked in those with a history of BPD. In accordance with the foetal origins hypothesis, children with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) had lower lung function than gestation-controls. This indicates that poor growth in utero is an additional burden on pulmonary health. Both IUGR and BPD predicted lower lung function independently. High-resolution computed tomography of the lung was obtained from 21 children with a history of BPD. Structural abnormalities were common, children with severe BPD being most affected. Preterm children were hospitalised more often than controls, mainly because of wheezing disorders. However, BPD did not influence the hospitalisations. According to the meta-analysis of the contemporary data available, the respiratory outcome of children who had only mild BPD may have improved in comparison to old follow-up data, whereas the results for those without BPD or moderate-to-severe BPD have remained remarkably stable despite progress in treatment practices during early life. In conclusion, preterm children had subtle impairments in lung function at school age. Although they were fairly asymptomatic, concern about the possible long-term effects of preterm birth on pulmonary health is justified. It has been proposed that BPD may predispose individuals to an early COPD-like disorder. Preterm children must be protected from any additional burden on respiratory health and should be monitored appropriately for early detection of lung disease
Tiivistelmä Keskosten tehohoito on kehittynyt viime vuosikymmeninä merkittävästi, ja yhä epäkypsempänä syntyvät keskoset selviävät hengissä syntymän jälkeen. Keskosten pitkäaikainen keuhkosairaus, bronkopulmonaalinen dysplasia (BPD), on perinteisesti johtunut hengityskonehoidon ja happikaasun aiheuttamasta keuhkovauriosta ja johtanut keuhkokudoksen arpeutumiseen. Aiempaa ennenaikaisemmilla keskosilla esiintyy kuitenkin nykyään niin sanottua uutta BPD:tä, jonka ajatellaan johtuvan enemmän keuhkorakkuloiden kehityshäiriöstä kuin hoitojen aiheuttamasta keuhkovauriosta. Selvitimme, miten nykyaikaisilla menetelmillä hoidettujen keskosten keuhkojen rakenne ja toiminta kehittyvät kouluikään mennessä. Seurantatutkimukseemme osallistui 88 ennenaikaisena syntynyttä, kouluikään ehtinyttä lasta ja 88 täysiaikaisena syntynyttä, kaltaistettua verrokkia. Keskosena syntyneiden lasten keuhkofunktio oli kouluiässä huonompi kuin täysiaikaisena syntyneiden verrokkien. Alhaisin keuhkofunktio oli niillä keskosena syntyneillä lapsilla, jotka olivat sairastaneet vastasyntyneenä BPD:n. Myös kohdunsisäiseen kasvuhäiriöön (intrauterine growth restriction, IUGR) liittyi alentunut keuhkofunktio. BPD ja IUGR ennustivat alentunutta keuhkofunktiota toisistaan riippumatta. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin myös keuhkojen ohutleiketietokonekuvaus 21 keskoselle, jotka olivat sairastaneet BPD:n. Lähes kaikilla havaittiin poikkeavia löydöksiä – eniten niillä, joilla oli ollut vastasyntyneenä BPD:n vaikea tautimuoto. Keskosina syntyneet joutuivat kahden ensimmäisen vuoden aikana verrokkeja useammin sairaalahoitoon. Yleisimpiä syitä olivat hengityksen vinkumista aiheuttavat taudit kuten ilmatiehyttulehdus, ahtauttava keuhkoputkitulehdus tai akuutti astmakohtaus. Vastasyntyneenä sairastettu BPD ei kuitenkaan lisännyt todennäköisyyttä joutua sairaalahoitoon. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin myös meta-analyysi nykyaikaisilla menetelmillä hoidettujen keskosten keuhkofunktiosta: lievää BPD:tä sairastavien tulokset näyttävät parantuneen, kun taas keskivaikeaa tai vaikeaa tautimuotoa sairastavien ja ilman BPD:tä selvinneiden keuhkofunktio ei ole muuttunut uusien hoitojen myötä. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että keskosten keuhkojen toimintakyky on jonkin verran alentunut täysiaikaisiin verrattuna. Lievästi alentunut keuhkofunktio ei kuitenkaan yleensä aiheuttanut koululaisille oireita. Keskosena syntyneiden lasten hengityselinten toimintaa on syytä seurata, sillä niin sanotun uuden BPD:n pitkäaikaisesta ennusteesta ei ole vielä tietoa

Contexte et objectif : La Guyane Française, département-région d’outre-mer, compte près de 8 000 naissances par année.Depuis 1992, la proportion de naissances prématurées y est importante aux alentours de 13,5% ; soit presque le double de celle de la France (7%). Contrairement à la plupart des pays où une augmentation de la prématurité est observée, en Guyane, son taux est stable. Certes, on pourrait se satisfaire de cette non-augmentation, cependant, les décès liés à la périnatalité restent l’une des principales causes de mortalité prématurée dans ce département. Si en Guyane, le taux de prématurité n’augmente pas, il ne régresse pas non plus. Devant cette absence de régression, il semble important de comprendre les facteurs qui font qu’en Guyane, la prématurité reste si fréquente et si difficile à endiguer. Méthodologie : Ce travail de recherche se décline en quatre axes d'investigations : Une étude rétrospective descriptive, à partir des données du RIGI (Registre d’Issue de Grossesses Informatisé) 2013-2014 de 12 983 naissances viables du département. L’élaboration d’un score prédictif de prématurité à partir du RIGI 2013-2014, confronté aux données du RIGI 2015 de 6 914 naissances viables. Une étude étiologique cas-témoins de la grande prématurité, monocentrique, de Février 2016 à Janvier 2017 dans l’unique établissement de santé de type III de la Région. Enfin, l’analyse du terme moyen à la naissance et de la morbi-mortalité à partir du RIG (Registre d’Issue de Grossesses) 2002-2007 de 35 648 naissances viables et du RIGI 2013-2014. Résultats :Sur la période d’étude, la proportion de naissances prématurées était de 13,5% (1 755/12 983). La proportion de prématurité spontanée et induite était respectivement de 51,3% et 48,7% selon le RIGI 2013-2014.Plus de la moitié (57,2%) de la population d’étude bénéficiait de la sécurité sociale, néanmoins 9,3% (1 211/12 983) n’avait aucune couverture sociale. L’absence de couverture sociale représentait un facteur de risque de prématurité avec un OR ajusté de 1,9 IC à 95% [1,6-2,3] p=0,0001. De même, l’absence d’entretien prénatal tout comme celui de préparation à la naissance multiplieraient par deux le risque de naissance prématurée. D’autre part, le syndrome pré-éclamptique était la principale dysgravidie associée au risque de prématurité (OR ajusté de 6,7 [IC 95% =5,6-8,1] p=0,001). Enfin, l’hypothèse assez répandue, suggérant qu’une partie du taux de prématurité élevée serait liée du fait que les bébés « noirs » seraient plus matures et que les mères « noires » d’ascendance afro-caraibéenne accoucheraient physiologiquement plus tôt, ne ressortait pas dans nos analyses. En effet, il n’y avait pas de différence statistiquement significative de morbi-mortalité pour les nouveau-nés de mères d’origine afro-caribéennes et ceux de femmes caucasiennes.Conclusion : Les travaux réalisés ont retrouvé nombre de facteurs associés à la prématurité, pour certains déjà décrits par ailleurs. Bien qu’à l’échelle individuelle, il était impossible de prédire qui accoucherait prématurément, le poids des facteurs sociaux et du mauvais suivi de grossesse, suggéraient qu’une approche populationnelle pourrait être pertinente. Ainsi les femmes les plus vulnérables résidaient souvent dans des zones bien identifiées qui pourraient faire l’objet d’actions ciblées pour améliorer le suivi et dépister les complications. Cette problématique d’inégalités sociales de santé va bien au-delà de la prématurité et se retrouve pour presque toutes les pathologies, ce qui suggère qu’il y a des synergies à rechercher et que l’échelle populationnelle est sans doute stratégique. Le poids du syndrome pré-éclamptique comme facteur de risque de prématurité induite en Guyane pose question, il semble nettement plus important qu’ailleurs pour des raisons qui restent à élucider
Context and objective: French Guiana, an overseas department and region, has nearly 8,000 births per year.Since 1992, the proportion of premature births, although stable, has remained high at around 13.5%, almost double that of France (7%) (data from the Pregnancy Outcome Register and national perinatal survey). While in most countries we see an increase in prematurity, we could, wrongly, be satisfied with a non-increase in the prematurity rate that would reflect progress. However, deaths from perinatal causes remain one of the main causes of premature mortality in French Guiana and partly explain the gap with France in terms of life expectancy at birth.Given this lack of improvement in the prematurity rate, it seems important to better understand the factors that make prematurity so frequent and so difficult to control in French Guiana. The thesis focused on identifying the predictive factors of prematurity with the ultimate aim of contributing to improving the care of pregnant women and curbing the curve of the prematurity rate. Methodology: This research work is divided into 4 areas of investigation:- A descriptive retrospective study, based on data from the RIGI (Register of Computerized Pregnancy Outcomes) 2013-2014 of 12,983 viable births in the department,- The development of a predictive prematurity score from the 2013-2014 RIGI, compared to the 2015 RIGI data of 6,914 viable births,- A case-control etiological study of extreme prematurity, monocentric, from February 2016 to January 2017 in the only type III health-care institution in the French Guiana Region,- Analysis of the average term at birth and morbidity and mortality from the RIG (Register of Pregnancy Outcomes) 2002-2007 of 35,648 viable births and the RIGI 2013-2014.Results:Over the study period, the proportion of preterm births was 13.5% (1,755/12,983). The proportion of spontaneous prematurity was 51.3% , compared to 48.7% of induced prematurity. More than half (57.2% or 7 421/12 983) of the study population had social security, but 9.3% had no social security coverage. The lack of social security coverage was a risk factor for prematurity with an adjusted OR of 1.9 CI at 95% [1.6-2.3] p=0.0001. Similarly, with regard to pregnancy management, the absence of prenatal care as well as that of birth preparation would double the risk of premature birth. For pathologies associated with pregnancy, pre-eclampsia syndrome was the main dysgravidia associated with the risk of prematurity (OR adjusted by 6.7[95% CI =5.6-8.1] p=0.0001). Finally, the fairly common hypothesis that part of the high prematurity rate is related to the fact that black babies are more mature and black mothers give birth physiologically a little earlier did not emerge in our analyses. Indeed, there was no statistically significant difference in morbidity and mortality for infants born to Afro-Caribbean mothers and Caucasian women. Conclusion: The work carried out has identified many factors associated with prematurity, factors already described elsewhere. Although at the individual level it was impossible to predict who would give birth prematurely, the weight of social factors and poor follow-up suggested that a population-based approach might be appropriate. Thus, the most vulnerable women often reside in well-identified areas that could be the subject of targeted actions to improve follow-up and identify complications. This problem of social inequalities in health goes well beyond prematurity and is found for almost all pathologies, suggesting that there are synergies to be sought and that the population scale is undoubtedly strategic. The weight of preeclampsia as a risk factor for induced prematurity in French Guiana raises questions: indeed, it seems much more important than elsewhere for reasons that remain to be clarified

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Objective: Assess the characteristics of late pre term newborns admitted in a neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study with all the patients in the neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital in a mid-size city, between January 2011 and December 2012. Perinatal and neonatal variables were avalued throughout hospitalization. Results: The study population consisted of 330 patients. Newborns under 33 weeks of gestational age accounted for 50% of hospitalizations, late preterm infants, for 27,3% and full-term newborns, for 20%. The majority of the population had adequate weight for gestational age, with a rate of 67.8% among late preterm. Over seventy percent of the general population and those born cesarean; whose primary indication was fetal distress. The main cause of hospitalization for all groups was infant respiratory distress syndrome, accounting for 70% of admissions of late preterm. Sepsis reached 66.7% of this group requiring several therapeutic measures during hospitalization. The mortality rate of late preterm infants was 5.6%, the lowest among groups of gestational age. Conclusion: The need for emergency neonatal care and increased occupancy rate in intensive care units show us the importance of this premature group and warns us that are not functionally "near term" and that their particularities physiological and metabolic put them on a different level to be disregarded at the time of his birth
Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência e as características dos recém-nascidos prematuros tardios admitidos em uma unidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, transversal, retrospectivo com todos os pacientes internados na unidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal de um hospital universitário, entre Janeiro de 2011 e Dezembro 2012. Variáveis perinatais e neonatais foram avaliadas durante todo período de internação. Resultados: A população do estudo foi constituída de 330 pacientes. Recém-nascidos com idade gestacional menor ou igual a 33 semanas foram responsáveis por 53,3% das internações, prematuros tardios por 27,3% e nascidos a termo por 20%. A maioria da população tinha peso adequado para a idade gestacional, com uma taxa de 67,8% entre os pré-termos tardios. Mais de setenta por cento destes e da população geral nasceram de cesareana; cuja principal indicação foi sofrimento fetal agudo. A principal causa de internação para todos os grupos foi síndrome do desconforto respiratório, responsável por 70% das admissões dos prematuros tardios. Sepse atingiu 66,7% deste grupo que necessitou de várias medidas terapêuticas durante a internação. A taxa de mortalidade dos pré-termos tardios foi de 5,6%, a mais baixa dentre os grupos de idade gestacional. Conclusão: A necessidade de atendimento emergencial neonatal e a crescente taxa de ocupação de leitos de intensivismo nos demonstra a importância deste grupo de prematuros e nos alerta que funcionalmente não são quase a termo 60 e que suas particularidades fisiometabólicas os colocam num patamar diferenciado que devem ser respeitados no momento do seu nascimento

Orientador: Renato Passini Júnior
Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: INTRODUÇÃO: A idade gestacional ao nascimento é um dos principais fatores associados com complicações e mortes neonatais. Crianças nascidas entre 34 semanas e 36 semanas e seis dias de idade gestacional, denominadas prematuros tardios, são, tradicionalmente, considerados como de risco e prognóstico muito semelhantes aos dos recém-nascidos a termo. Estudos mais recentes, porém, têm mostrado que tanto prematuros tardios, quanto aqueles nascidos entre 37 e 38 semanas, apresentam resultados neonatais e no primeiro ano de vida, significativamente piores que os dos recém-nascidos a partir de 39 semanas. OBJETIVOS: revisar a literatura sobre o tema, analisar a prevalência de nascimento de prematuros tardios no tempo e comparar a frequência de mortes e complicações neonatais nos prematuros tardios e nos nascidos entre 37 e 38 semanas, com as mortes e complicações neonatais dos recém-nascidos a partir de 39 semanas. MÉTODO: revisão de literatura englobando os bancos de dados Medline, Lilacs e Biblioteca Cochrane. Realizado estudo de coorte retrospectiva com os dados de recém-nascidos vivos atendidos no Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher (CAISM) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2010. Os dados foram extraídos a partir do arquivo eletrônico da instituição. Foram excluídos os casos sem informação sobre a idade gestacional, as malformações e doenças congênitas fetais e as gestações múltiplas. Além das mortes neonatais, foram estudadas as seguintes complicações: hemorragia do sistema nervoso central, convulsões, índice de Apgar menor que sete no primeiro e quinto minutos, pneumonia, atelectasia, displasia broncopulmonar, pneumotórax, laringite pós entubação, síndrome de aspiração de mecônio, hipotermia, hipocalcemia e icterícia. As variáveis de controle foram: idade materna, estado civil, tabagismo, realização de pré-natal, hipertensão arterial (pré eclampsia ou crônica), diabetes, infecção urinária, outras morbidades maternas, primiparidade, cinco ou mais partos anteriores, tipo de parto, crescimento fetal restrito e sexo do recém-nascido. Para análise estatística foi aplicado o teste de qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher, quando indicado. Assumiu-se o valor de p menor que 0,05 como significâncias estatísticas. Foi utilizado odds ratio (OR) como medida de efeito e a regressão logística múltipla para a análise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 18.032 nascimentos únicos, sendo 1.653 prematuros tardios e 16.379 recém nascidos de termo. Houve mais mortes neonatais (OR ajustado = 5.30; IC 95%: 2,61?10,74) nos prematuros tardios em comparação com os recém-nascidos a termo (nascidos entre 37 e 42 semanas). Também houve mais mortes neonatais (OR ajustado = 2,44; IC 95% 1,05-5,63) nos recém-nascidos de termo precoce comparados aos de termo tardio. Houve associação significativa para todas as complicações estudadas com a prematuridade tardia, exceto para síndrome de aspiração de mecônio. Encontrou-se tendência significativa de aumento na proporção de prematuros tardios em relação ao total dos partos ao longo do período estudado. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que tanto os prematuros tardios quanto os nascidos entre 37 e 38 semanas são uma população de maior risco se comparados aos recém-nascidos a partir de 39 semanas
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Gestational age at birth is a major determinant of neonatal mortality and complications. The risk of death and complications in infants born at 34 to 36 weeks of pregnancy (named late preterm infants) has been traditionally considered to be very similar to that of term infants. Some recent studies, however, have shown that late preterm infants, as well as those born at 37 and 38 weeks, have significantly worse outcomes in the neonatal period and in the first year of life than those born at 39 weeks or later. OBJECTIVE: to conduct a literature review on this issue; assess the prevalence and any temporal trend in late preterm births in the period that was studied; to compare neonatal deaths and complications in late preterm infants versus term infants, and compare neonatal deaths in infants born at 37 and 38 weeks (early term) versus those born at 39 to 42 weeks (late term). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of live births was carried out in the Women's Integrated Healthcare Center (CAISM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), from January 2004 to December 2010. Data were extracted from an electronic database containing all medical records of the institution. Excluded from the study were congenital diseases and malformations, multiple pregnancies and cases without data on gestational age. Outcomes studied were neonatal deaths, length of hospital stay and the following complications: central nervous system hemorrhage, convulsions, Apgar score lower than seven at the first and fifth minute, pneumonia, atelectasis, pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary hypertension, postintubation laryngitis, meconium aspiration syndrome, hypothermia, hypocalcemia and jaundice. Control variables were: maternal age, marital status, smoking habit, and absence of prenatal care, maternal hypertensive disease, maternal diabetes, urinary tract infection, other maternal morbid condition, primiparity, five or more previous births, fetal growth restriction, fetal gender, labor induction and pre labor cesarean section. It was used the chi square test and Fischer's exact test when indicated. The odds ratio (OR) was used as a measure of effect and multiple logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. A significant level of 5% was adopted. RESULTS: After exclusions, there were 18,032 single births (1,653 late preterm births and 16,379 term births). An adjusted OR of 5.30; 95% confidence interval of 2.61--- 10.74 was found for neonatal death in late preterm births compared to term births (at 37 to 42 weeks), and an adjusted OR of 2.44; 95 confidence interval of 1.05-5.63 for neonatal death in early term births compared to late term births. A significantly higher risk was found in late preterm infants compared to term infants for all complications studied, except for meconium aspiration syndrome. There was a significantly growing trend in the proportion of late preterm births at the institution in the period studied. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that late preterm infants are at higher risk of undesirable outcomes than term infants. Furthermore, early term infants have a higher risk of death compared to late term infants and these differences are clinically relevant
Doutorado
Saúde Materna e Perinatal
Doutor em Ciências da Saúde

The thesis originates in an unresolved phenomenon associated with moving into a nursing home and concerns the reports of emotional distress, depression and increased risk of morbidity and mortality associated with the move; shedding-life is used to capture the broad character of this phenomenon. Shedding-life has been the subject of scientific inquiry for seventy years and yet the phenomenon is still not understood and, possibly because of this, there appears to be no generally accepted approaches to ameliorate this harm. This thesis inquiries into the genesis of shedding life and presents a theory to account for it. The failure of existing research to account for shedding-life indicated an alternative approach was required. As shedding-life arises in the context of a significant change in a person’s living-environment it was surmised that the phenomenon involves the relationship between the person and the changing environment in which they live. Based on this, the approach taken was to use the philosophical research of Martin Heidegger concerning the structural relationship between the person and their living environment, an approach not previously explored. Heidegger’s research, undertaken within the empiricist tradition, identifies and describes the structural processes by which the person is both constituted by its formative socio-cultural environment and bound to it as the locus and source of its ongoing existence. This means that who the individual human person becomes is both contingent and dependent upon the living environment into which it is born and raised, where the concept of living environment is understood in terms of possibilities for a meaningful life. On this account if a person’s access to their living environment is materially disrupted they are at risk of experiencing a decline in the meaningfulness of their existence. As this is a naturalistic account, founded on the biological processes of the body, the loss of an appropriate living environment is reflected in psychological distress which in turn is frequently manifested in bodily morbidities; this is the basis of shedding life, a structural rather than a psychological phenomenon. This contingent account of the person is in stark contrast to the materialist approach that posits the person as essentially the biological body, independent of its environment. The materialist view informs the design and running of nursing homes resulting in a significant disruption to a person’s life-environment contributing to rather than ameliorating shedding-life, as such nursing homes are iatrogenic, i.e. cause harm. Left unaddressed nursing home environments will continue to cause harm and fail to assist older people live a meaningful life in their remaining years. While the thesis commenced from a concern about nursing homes, the phenomenon of shedding-life is a much broader phenomenon. The Theory of Life- Environment Disruption, derived from the structure of being a person, provides an account of shedding-life by identifying the essential relationship between the person and their life-environment. The theory predicts that whenever there is a material disruption to a person’s life-environment they are at risk of shedding life and as such the theory has broad applicability for human affairs more generally
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, The Joanna Briggs Institute, 2018

Trabalho de Projeto do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina
Introdução: Os recém-nascidos (RN) pré-termo (RNPT) possuem um risco de morbilidade neonatal e de sequelas no neurodesenvolvimento, que está associado à imaturidade dos seus sistemas orgânicos, e é tanto maior quanto menor for a idade gestacional. O Programa Individualizado de Avaliação e Cuidados Centrados no Desenvolvimento do Recém-Nascido (NIDCAP) é um programa de intervenção que visa otimizar e adaptar os cuidados neonatais para RNPT reduzindo os riscos que lhe estão associados. Contudo, a investigação sobre os resultados deste programa NIDCAP não tem obtido dados consistentes.Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender e esclarecer se continua a ser esta a realidade em investigação recente e assim contribuir para melhor esclarecimento do papel do NIDCAP na morbilidade neonatal e no neurodesenvolvimento desta população.Material e métodos: Foi realizada uma Scoping review, seguindo as recomendações metodológicas do Joanna Briggs Institute. Para isso foi conduzida uma pesquisa da literatura em três bases de dados eletrónicas (MEDLINE, CINAHL e The Cochrane Library), usando conetores boleanos, para pesquisar os dois principais termos presentes no título e/ou resumo dos artigos: “NIDCAP”, “Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program”.Resultados: Foram incluídos onze estudos, dez abordaram o neurodesenvolvimento, cinco analisaram a morbilidade neonatal e quatro focaram ambos os temas. Na morbilidade neonatal verificou-se uma redução da taxa de incidência de displasia broncopulmonar, da sua gravidade e do número de dias de internamento no grupo submetido ao NIDCAP. Em relação à hemorragia peri/intraventricular de grau superior ou igual a 3; à sépsis com hemocultura positiva; à retinopatia da prematuridade de grau superior ou igual a 3 e número de dias de ventilação invasiva os resultados foram contraditórios, na sua maioria não foram detetadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Relativamente ao neurodesenvolvimento, no que diz respeito à avaliação neurocomportamental, neuroestrutural, neurofisiológica e neuropsicológica, as evidências de inconsistências foram superiores, porém, os RNPT submetidos ao NIDCAP mostraram melhor regulação dos sistemas neurovegetativo, motor e de autorregulação avaliados pelo Assessment of Preterm Infant’s Behavioral (APIB). Apresentaram um cérebro estruturalmente mais maduro, no estudo por RM cerebral e uma melhoria neurofisiológica com redução da conectividade entre múltiplas regiões cerebrais no estudo por EEG. Os índices do desenvolvimento mental e motor avaliados pela escala de Bayley II aos 24 meses, foram também significativamente superiores no grupo de RNPT abordado pelo NIDCAP. Os dois estudos de seguimento em ex-RNPT aos oito e nove anos de idade mostraram um melhor desempenho de controlo mental, atenção, processamento integrativo no domínio visuoespacial e superioridade na função executiva no grupo submetido ao NIDCAP. Conclusão: Apesar dos enormes avanços nos cuidados neonatais no apoio ao desenvolvimento do RN de alto risco, a inconsistência na definição e na operacionalização dos cuidados de desenvolvimento, incluindo o próprio método NIDCAP, continua a ser uma preocupação que limita a realização de comparações sistemáticas.
Introduction: Preterm newborns (PTNBs) have a risk of neonatal morbidity and sequelae in neurodevelopment that is associated with the immaturity of their organic systems, and is greater the risk the lower the gestational age. The Newborn Individualized Development Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) is an intervention program that aims to optimize and adapt neonatal care for PTNBs and thereby minimize the risks associated with the weaknesses of this particular group of newborns. Research on NIDCAP has presented inconsistent results. Purpose: The objective of this work is to understand and clarify if this is still the reality in recent research and thus contribute to further clarification of the role of NIDCAP in neonatal morbidity and neurodevelopment in this population.Material and Methods: A Scoping review was carried out following the methodological recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute. For that a research of the literature in three electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library) was conducted, using Boolean connectors, to search for two main terms present in the title and / or summary of the articles: "NIDCAP", "Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program".Results: Eleven studies were included, ten addressed neurodevelopment, five analyzed neonatal morbidity and four focused on both themes. Within the neonatal morbidity, there was a reduction in the rate of incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, its severity and the number of days of hospitalization in the group submitted to NIDCAP. In relation to peri / intraventricular hemorrhage grade higher or equal to 3; sepsis with positive blood culture; preterm retinopathy grade three or more and number of days of invasive ventilation, the results were contradictory, for the most part no statistically significant differences were detected. Regarding neurodevelopment in relation to neurobehavioral, neurostructural, neurophysiological and neuropsychological evaluation, the evidence of inconsistencies was superior, however NIDCAP newborn infants showed better regulation of the neurovegetative, motor and self-regulation systems evaluated by the Assessment of Preterm Infant's Behavioral (APIB). They presented a structurally more mature brain in the brain MRI study and a neurophysiological improvement with reduced connectivity between multiple brain regions in the EEG study. Mental and motor development indexes assessed by the Bayley II scale at 24 months were also significantly higher in the NIDCAP group. The two follow-up studies of ex-PTNB at eight and nine years of age obtained better performance of mental control, attention, integrative processing in the visuospatial domain and superiority in the executive function In the group submitted to NIDCAP. Conclusion: Despite the enormous advances in neonatal care in supporting the development of high-risk newborns, inconsistency in the definition and operationalization of developmental care, including the NIDCAP method itself, remains a current concern that limits systematic comparisons.

Background: Adverse birth outcomes present a difficult and chronic challenge in Ontario, in Canada and in developed countries in general. Increasing proportions of preterm births, significant regional disparities and the high cost of treating all adverse birth outcomes have focused attention on explaining them and developing effective treatments. Methods: Birth outcomes and maternal characteristics for approximately 626,000 births, about 90% of births in 2005–2009, were linked to small geographic areas throughout Ontario. For each of four adverse outcomes: late preterm, moderate to very preterm, small for gestation age and still births, proportions of total births were calculated for the full province and for each small geographic area. Geographic hotspots of elevated rates were identified for each of the different adverse birth outcomes using the local Moran’s I statistic. Data for nine known ecologic and individual risk factors were then linked to the areas. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to model each of the outcomes for the full province and for dispersed local areas. The resulting models for the different outcomes were contrasted. Results: Significant geographic hotspots exist for each of the four outcomes. Hotspots for the different outcomes were found to be largely spatially exclusive. For like outcomes, predictive models differed markedly between local areas (i.e. local groups of hotspots) as well as between full-province and local areas. Ecologic level variables played a strong role in all models; the influence of individual level risk factors was consistently modified by ecologic risk factors except for small for gestational births. Conclusions: The finding of significant hotspots for different adverse birth outcomes indicates that certain geographic areas have aetiologies or patterns of predictors sufficient to create significantly elevated levels of particular outcomes. The finding that hotspots for the different adverse outcomes are largely exclusive implies that the aetiologies are specific; i.e., those that are sufficient to create significantly higher levels for one outcome do not also create significantly higher levels of others. The consistently strong role of ecologic level risk factors in modifying individual level risk factors implies that contextual characteristics are an important part of the aetiology of adverse birth outcomes. Differences in local area models suggest the existence of location-specific (rather than universal) aetiologies. The findings support the need for more careful attention to local context when explaining birth outcomes.

Background: Adverse birth outcomes present a difficult and chronic challenge in Ontario, in Canada and in developed countries in general. Increasing proportions of preterm births, significant regional disparities and the high cost of treating all adverse birth outcomes have focused attention on explaining them and developing effective treatments. Methods: Birth outcomes and maternal characteristics for approximately 626,000 births, about 90% of births in 2005–2009, were linked to small geographic areas throughout Ontario. For each of four adverse outcomes: late preterm, moderate to very preterm, small for gestation age and still births, proportions of total births were calculated for the full province and for each small geographic area. Geographic hotspots of elevated rates were identified for each of the different adverse birth outcomes using the local Moran’s I statistic. Data for nine known ecologic and individual risk factors were then linked to the areas. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to model each of the outcomes for the full province and for dispersed local areas. The resulting models for the different outcomes were contrasted. Results: Significant geographic hotspots exist for each of the four outcomes. Hotspots for the different outcomes were found to be largely spatially exclusive. For like outcomes, predictive models differed markedly between local areas (i.e. local groups of hotspots) as well as between full-province and local areas. Ecologic level variables played a strong role in all models; the influence of individual level risk factors was consistently modified by ecologic risk factors except for small for gestational births. Conclusions: The finding of significant hotspots for different adverse birth outcomes indicates that certain geographic areas have aetiologies or patterns of predictors sufficient to create significantly elevated levels of particular outcomes. The finding that hotspots for the different adverse outcomes are largely exclusive implies that the aetiologies are specific; i.e., those that are sufficient to create significantly higher levels for one outcome do not also create significantly higher levels of others. The consistently strong role of ecologic level risk factors in modifying individual level risk factors implies that contextual characteristics are an important part of the aetiology of adverse birth outcomes. Differences in local area models suggest the existence of location-specific (rather than universal) aetiologies. The findings support the need for more careful attention to local context when explaining birth outcomes.