Academic literature on the topic 'Preistoria recente'

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title This study considers the reasons for the radical incompatibility between atomist theses and the conclusions reached by the Council of Trent on the sacrament of the Eucharist. The texts of several seventeenth century Jesuits - Suarez, Pereira, Arriaga and Oviedo - are examined here. Present in these texts is an attempt to develop a natural philosophy alternative to the Aristotelian one, capable of retaining its distance from impious atomism, but, nonetheless, adopting certain central aspects concerning belief in discontinuity and indivisibles. A strong line of demarcation between Aristotelians and anti-Aristotelians can be traced through their differing conceptions of the continuum. Zenonism (which regards the continuum as composed of points) was defended on various occasions in the Jesuit context, and was also repressed and condemned a number of times. In the background to these problems, the atomism of Galileo is reconsidered, and the "atomism of points" described theoretically by Boscovich is examined. Even during the seventeenth century, however, mention was frequently made of a particular type of atomists who regarded atoms as without extension. Many Vico scholars regarded his profession of Zenonims (central to his De antiquissima of 1710) as a "philosophical invention of Vico". In reality, however, Vico had a Zenonist Jesuit as his teacher, and his entire discussion of "metaphysical points" is linked to a specific and very little known philosophical tradition. In the whole of Europe between the middle of the seventeenth century and the first decades of the eighteenth century, Zenonist was a term in common use, and was readly comprehensible, like Scotist, or, in more recent times, Popperian.

UN SECOLO DI STUDI PREISTORICI E DEL PAESAGGIO ALLA ‘BRITISH SCHOOL AT ROME’Questo articolo esamina i cento anni di tradizione di studi preistorici e del paesaggio della ‘British School at Rome’. Questo secolo di ricerca consiste in tre fasi principali: la direzione di Ashby, quella di Ward-Perkins e gli ultimi tre decenni del ventesimo secolo. Le prime due sezioni, scritte principalmente da Tim Potter prima della sua scomparsa, ripercorrono lo sviluppo degli studi topografici dai primi decenni del ventesimo secolo fino allo studio regionale degli anni’ 60. Nell'ultima sezione l'attivita della ‘British School at Rome’ è inserita nel contesto delle tendenze più recenti nell'archeologia del paesaggio: una combinazione di orientamento delle problematiche ed un'accresciuta intensità di ricerca. Nonostante l'Etruria sud-orientale sia generalmente considerata come il principale interesse delle ricerche sul paesaggio condotte dalla ‘British School’, questo articolo cerca di sottolineare anche l'importanza di ricerche condotte altrove, particolarmente nell'Africa settentrionale, Malta ed in Italia meridionale. L'obiettivo per il futuro è di vedere fino a che punto la tradizione britannica di sintesi riuscirà a collegare queste nuove tendenze negli studi sull'archeologia di paesaggio.

Prendendo le mosse dalle recenti acquisizioni dell’archeologia cognitiva, Michele Cometa, uno specialista di storia e teoria della letteratura, affronta in un corposo volume una questione fondamentale: la relazione fra produzione di utensili (i cicli produttivi), evoluzione del linguaggio, sviluppo di capacità narrative finalizzate a raccontare ‘storie’ utili. Una questione che, a mio avviso, non può riguardare soltanto gli specialisti della preistoria antica e dei processi di ominazione, perché ha molto a che vedere, in qualsiasi contesto preindustriale e prescientifico, con la trasmissione dei saperi tecnici (e, difatti, Cometa rinvia alle opere di A. Leroi-Gourhan), l’archeologia della produzione, la capacità di leggere in un manufatto la commistione di ‘funzione’ e ‘bellezza’ (o stile). Scopo del presente lavoro, oltre ad invitare a riflettere sulle tesi di Cometa a partire ovviamente dal libro, vi è ribadire, indipendentemente dai termini utilizzati e dalle partizioni disciplinari, l’utilità di studi archeologici in cui si fa storia della cultura materiale tenendo insieme la ricostruzione dei comportamenti (tecnici) e quella dei significati (sociali) anche grazie allo studio delle scelte ‘narrative’ adottate dagli antichi.

IL RICHIAMO DELL'ANTICO: NAZIONALISMO, POLITICA E ARCHEOLOGIA NELLA MALTA BRITANNICA (1880–1964)Negli anni recenti si è sviluppato un notevole interesse per gli aspetti socio-politici della pratica archeologica. Nel ripercorrere lo sviluppo della tradizione archeologica di Malta, questo studio si propone di scoprire se gruppi sociali o politici si appropriarono di oggetti antichi e di siti archeologici per rivendicare una propria distinta identita. L'articolo si concentra sul periodo che seguì all'annuncio, nel 1880, di una serie di riforme che regolavano gli affari pubblici, che rese il dominio coloniale britannico in Malta ancora più invadente ed autoritario. La comprensione dell'antico che può definirsi propriamente ‘archeologica’ nacque in questo periodo e maturò dall'esigenza di conservare le vestigia della storia del paese attraverso l'emanazione di leggi e il fervore patriottico e nazionalista. L'attività archeologica di personaggi quali A.A. Caruana, Albert Mayr, Themistocles Zammit, Thomas Ashby e Luigi M. Ugolini, viene qui analizzata in questo contesto. Gli autori sostengono che, contro lo sfondo di una lenta comprensione delle fasi più antiche della razza umana e del riconoscimento del passato preistorico di Malta, sorse la necessità tra i politici di una delle colonie della ‘Corona’ di appropriarsi del passato come di un precedente per il presente ed il futuro.

El uso de murallas desde los primeros momentos de la sedentarización ha buscado el cierre de asentamientos y, aunque generalmente estas construcciones procuraban la protección de sus habitantes, pudieron jugar también un papel importante en aspectos como la demostración de fuerza o de independencia política, jurídica e incluso como ornamento. En el presente trabajo realizamos una visión diacrónica de las estructuras en piedra, con especial interés de aquellas estudiadas en el marco de los proyectos de investigación desarrollados por el Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, mostrándose nuevos datos procedentes de nuestros archivos recientemente digitalizados y que permiten observar de una manera más detallada la fábrica de algunas de ellas, lo que demuestra los cambios de hábitos constructivos y su adaptación a los cambios culturales. Palabras Clave: Estructuras defensivas, Edad del Cobre, Edad del Bronce, Bronce FinalTopónimos: Península IbéricaPeriodo: Edad del Cobre, Edad del Bronce ABSTRACTThe use of walls from the earliest moments of sedentarisation has sought to enclose settlements and, although the goal of these constructions has generally been the protection of their inhabitants, they may have played an important role in aspects such as the demonstration of strength or political and legal independence, and even as ornamentation. This paper presents a diachronic view of stone wall structures, with particular focus on those studied within the framework of the research projects carried out by the Department of Prehistory and Archaeology of the University of Granada. New data from our recently digitalised archives are included, enabling us to observe in greater detail the construction of some of these structures, evidencing changes in building habits and their adaptation to cultural changes. Keywords: Defensive structures, Copper Age, Bronze Age, Argar Culture, Late Bronze Age.Place names: Iberian PeninsulaPeriod: Chalcolithic, Bronze Age REFERENCIASAguayo de Hoyos, P. (1977), “Construcciones defensivas de la Edad Del Cobre peninsular. El Cerro de los Castellones (Laborcillas, Granada)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 2, pp. 87-104. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v2i0.722.Altamirano García, M. (2014), “Not only bones. Hard animal tissues as a source of raw material in 3rd millenium BC south-eastern Iberia”, Menga: Revista de prehistoria de Andalucía, 5, pp. 43-67.Aranda Jiménez, G. (2001), El análisis de la relación forma-contenido de los conjuntos cerámicos del yacimiento arqueológico del Cerro de la Encina (Granada, España), BAR International Series 957, Oxford, Archaeopress.Aranda Jiménez, G., Montón-Subías, S. y Sánchez Romero, M. (2015), The Archaeology of Bronze Age Iberia. 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(1984), “Segunda campaña de excavaciones (1983) en el poblado de la Edad del Cobre de «El Malagón» (Cúllar-Baza, Granada)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 9, pp. 131-146. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v9i0.1231Delibes de Castro, G., Fernández-Miranda Árbol, M., Fernández-Posse, M.D. y Martín Morales, C. (1986), “El poblado de Amizaraque”, en O. Arteaga (ed.), Homenaje a Luis Siret (1934-1984), Sevilla, Junta de Andalucía, pp. 167-177.Delibes de Castro, G., Fernández-Miranda, M., Martín, C. y Fernández-Posse, M. D. (1985), “Almizaraque (Cuevas de Almanzora, Almería)”, XVII Congreso Nacional de Arqueología. Zaragoza, pp. 221-232.Dorado, A. (2019), Caracterización de las producciones cerámicas de Andalucía Oriental y el Sudeste de la Península Ibérica: del Bronce Tardío al Hierro Antiguo (1550/1500 – 550 cal AC), Granada, Universidad de Granada. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/55777Dorado, A., Molina, F., Cámara, J. A. y Gámiz, J. 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E., Schröder-Ritzrau, A., Frank, N. y Alonso Blanco, J. M. (2021), “Nuevas investigaciones sobre el «Acueducto» de Los Millares (Santa Fe de Mondújar, Almería)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 31, pp. 255-284. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v31i0.17848Kalb, Ph. (1969), “El poblado del Cerro de la Virgen de Orce (Granada)”, X Congreso Nacional de Arqueología (Mahón, 1967), Zaragoza, pp. 216-225.Lenguazco, R. (2016a), Ocupación del territorio y aprovechamiento de recursos en el Bronce de La Mancha: Las Motillas y su territorio de explotación directa, Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. http://hdl.handle.net/10486/671726— (2016b), “El concepto de motilla en la bibliografía arqueológica: ¿qué entendemos por motilla como yacimiento arqueológico? ¿cuántas se conocen hasta la fecha?”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 26, pp. 379-406. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v26i0.7407Lizcano, R., Cámara, J. A., Contreras, F., Pérez, C. y Burgos, A. (2004), “Continuidad y cambio en comunidades calcolíticas del Alto Guadalquivir”, en Simposios de Prehistoria Cueva de Nerja. II. La problemática del Neolítico en Andalucía. III. Las primeras sociedades metalúrgicas en Andalucía, Fundación Cueva de Nerja, Nerja, pp. 159-175.Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete, C. y Risch, R. (2013), “La fortificación de La Bastida y los orígenes de la violencia militarizada en Europa”, Cuadernos de La Santa Totana (Murcia), 14, pp. 247-254.Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete, C., Risch, R., Celdrán, E., Fregeiro, M. I., Oliart, C. y Velasco, C. (2015), La Almoloya (Pliego, Murcia), Ruta Argárica. Guías Arqueológicas 2, Integral, Sociedad para el Desarrollo Rural, Murcia.Martín, C., Fernández Miranda, M., Fernández-Posse, M. D. y Gilman, A. (1993), “The Bronze Age of La Mancha”, Antiquity, 67, pp. 23-45.Martínez, C. y Botella, M. (1980), El Peñón de la Reina (Alboloduy, Almería), Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España 112. Madrid, Ministerio de Cultura.Mederos Martin, A. Schuhmacher, T. X., Falkenstein, F., Ostermeier, N., Bashore, C., Vargas, J. M., Ruppert, M. (2021), “El poblado de la Edad del Cobre de Valencina de la Concepción (Sevilla): nuevos datos sobre sus recintos y espacios domésticos. Campaña de 2018”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 31, pp. 285-331. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v31i0.18024Molina, F. y Pareja, E. (1975), Excavaciones en la Cuesta del Negro (Purullena, Granada). Campaña de 1971, Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España 86, Madrid, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.Molina, F., Afonso, J. A., Cámara, J. A., Dorado, A., Martínez Sánchez, R. M. y Spanedda, L. (2020), “The chronology of the defensive systems at Los Millares (Santa Fe de Mondújar, Almería, Spain)”, en D. Delfino, F. Coimbra, G. Cruz y D. Cardoso (eds.), Late Prehistoric Fortifications in Europe: Defensive, symbolic and territorial aspects from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age. Proceeding of ‘FortMetalAges’, International Colloquium, Guimarães, Portugal, London, Archaeopress Archaeology, pp. 31-43.Molina, F., Aguayo, P., Fresneda, E. y Contreras, F. (1986), “Nuevas investigaciones en yacimientos de la Edad del Bronce en Granada”, en Homenaje a L. Siret (1934-1984), Sevilla, Junta de Andalucía, pp. 353-360.Molina, F., Aguayo, P., Carrasco, J., Nájera, T., y Dorado, A. (2018), “Cerro de los Castellones (Laborcillas, Granada)”, en F. Contreras y A. Dorado (coords.) (2018), Yacimientos arqueológicos y artefactos. Las colecciones del Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología (I), Cuaderno Técnico de la Universidad de Granada 7, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 46-49Molina, F., Cámara, J. A., Afonso, J. A. y Spaneda, L. (2019), “Análisis estadístico de las dataciones radiocarbónicas de la Motilla del Azuer (Daimiel, Ciudad Real)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 29, pp. 309-351. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v29i0.9780Molina, F., Camara, J. A., Capel, J., Najera, T. y Saez, L. (2004), “Los Millares y la periodización de la Prehistoria Reciente del Sudeste”, en Simposios de Prehistoria Cueva de Nerja. II. La problemática del Neolítico en Andalucía. III. Las primeras sociedades metalúrgicas en Andalucía, Nerja, Fundación Cueva de Nerja, pp. 142-158Molina, F., Carrion, F., Blanco, I. y Contreras, F. (1983), “La Motilla de la Isla de las Cañas (Daimiel, Ciudad Real)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 8, pp. 301-324. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v8i0.1217Molina, F., De La Torre, F. y Moreno, A. (2018), “El Malagón (Cúllar, Granada)”, en F. Contreras Cortés y A. Dorado Alejos (coords.), Yacimientos arqueológicos y artefactos. Las colecciones del Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología (I), Cuaderno Técnico de la Universidad de Granada, 7, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 38-40Molina, F., Nájera, T., Aranda, G., Sánchez, M. y Haro, M. (2005), “Recent field-work at the Bronze Age fortified site of Motilla del Azuer (Daimiel, Spain)”, Antiquity, 79, pp. 306.Molina, F., Cámara, J. A., Dorado, A. y Villarroya, M. (2017), “El fenómeno campaniforme en el Sudeste de la Península Ibérica: el caso del Cerro de la Virgen (Orce, Granada)”, en V. S. Gonçalves (coord.), Sinos e taças junto ao oceano e mais longe: aspectos da presença campaniforme na Peninsula Ibérica (Estudos Memórias 10), Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, pp. 112-129.Moreno, M. A. y Haro, M. (2008), “Castellón Alto (Galera, Granada). Puesta En Valor De Un Yacimiento Argárico”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada, 18, pp. 371-395. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v18i0.751Morgado, A. (2018), “Poblado Amurallado de Villavieja (Fuentes De Cesna-Algarinejo, Granada)”, en F. Contreras Cortés y A. Dorado Alejos (coords.), Yacimientos arqueológicos y artefactos. Las colecciones del Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología (I), Cuaderno Técnico de la Universidad de Granada, 7, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 34-37.Morgado, A., García, A., Bueno, J. A., López, R., Santamaría, U., Garzón, J., Aguiló, C., Bermúdez, R., Marín, T. R., Navero, M., Pérez, D., Piriz, A., Soto, T., De La Torre, A. y Vivar, D. (2020), “Prehistoria del subbético de Granada el conjunto arqueológico de los Tajos de Marchales (Colmera-Montillana, Granada)”, Antiquitas, 32, pp. 7-22.Muñoz Amilibia, A. M. (1986), “Las fortificaciones eneolíticas en la Península Ibérica. El Cabezo del Plomo (Mazarrón, Murcia)”, Congreso de Historia Militar, T. I, Zaragoza, pp. 53-62.— (1993), “Neolítico Final-Calcolítico en el Sureste Peninsular. El Cabezo del Plomo (Mazarrón-Murcia)”, Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Prehistoria, 6, pp. 133-180.Nájera, T. (1982), La Edad del Bronce en La Mancha Occidental, Tesis doctoral. Granada, Universidad de Granada. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/32595Nájera, T. y Molina, F. (1977), “La Edad del Bronce en La Mancha. Excavaciones en las motillas del Azuer y de Los Palacios (Campaña de 1974)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 2, pp. 251-300. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v2i0.727— (2004a), “La Edad del Bronce en La Mancha: problemática y perspectivas de la investigación”, en L. Hernández y M. Hernández (eds.), La Edad del Bronce en tierras levantinas y limítrofes, Villena, Instituto de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert, pp. 531-540.— (2004b), “Las Motillas. Un modelo de asentamiento con fortificación central en la Llanura de La Mancha”, en M. R. García Huerta y J. Morales Hervás (eds.), La Península Ibérica en el II milenio a.C.: Poblados y fortificaciones, Cuenca, Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, pp. 173-214.Nicas Perales, J. y Cámara Serrano, J. A. (2017), “Fortificación y ritual en el yacimiento calcolítico de Marroquíes (Jaén). Los fosos del Paseo de la Estación”, Antiquitas, 29, pp. 39-57.Nocete, F., Crespo, J. M. y Zafra, N. (1986), “El Cerro del Salto. Historia de una periferia”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 11, pp. 171-198. https://doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v11i0.1264Schubart, H., Pingel, V. y Arteaga, O. (2000), Fuente Álamo. Las excavaciones arqueológicas 1977-1991 en el poblado de la Edad del Bronce, Arqueología Monografías 8, Sevilla, Junta de Andalucía.Schüle, W. (1980), Orce und Galera. Zwei Siedlungen aus dem 3. bis l. Jahrtausend v. Chr. im Südosten der Iberischen Halbinsel. I Übersicht über die Ausgrabungen 1962-1970, Philipp von Zabern. Mainz am Rheim.Schüle, W. y Pellicer, M. (1966), El Cerro de la Virgen, Orce (Granada), Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España 46. Madrid, Ministerio de Educación.Siret, E. y Siret, L. (1890), Las primeras edades del metal en el Sudeste de España. Resultados obtenidos en las excavaciones hechas por los autores desde 1881 á 1887, Barcelona.Sol Plaza, J. F., Dorado Alejos, A., Adroher Auroux. A. M. y Molina González, F. (2020), “¿Sólo indígenas? Reinterpretando algunos artefactos del Cerro de los Infantes a la luz de las nuevas investigaciones”, Antiquitas, 32, pp. 37-55.Spanedda, L., Cámara, J. A., Molina, F., Nájera, T. y Dorado, A. (2020), “Pianificazione e specializzazione negli insediamenti della preistoria recente nel sud-est della Penisola Iberica (3300-1350 cal a.C.)”, en Archeologia dell’abitare. Insediamenti e organizzazione sociale prima della città. Dai monumenti ai comportamenti. Ricerche e scavi (Vol I). Milan, Centro Studi di Preistoria e Archeologia, pp. 457-466.Tarradell, M. (1947-1948), “Investigaciones arqueológicas en la provincia de Granada”, Ampurias, IX-X, pp. 223-236. https://raco.cat/index.php/Empuries/article/view/97671

About fifteen years ago, starting from a discussion concerning the analysis results of the amber artefacts from Romania, N. Boroffka made a synthesis of all the prehistoric discoveries of this nature. Along with the previous information about amber exploitation in the extra-Carpathian region (Colţi, Buzău County), some other possible occurrences are introduced, such as those from Southern Transylvania, or Northern Oltenia and Moldavia. Until 2000, only 17 prehistoric sites with amber discoveries were known in Romania, yielding a total of over 1500 amber pieces. However, 98% were recovered from a single site – Cioclovina cave, and were assigned to Late Bronze Age. Today, some new discoveries may be added to Boroffka’s catalogue. Therefore, the list of amber artefacts discovered in deposits is compleated by the beads found in Iernut and Zăgujeni II, and possibly by those recovered at Campulung pe Tisa. After a series of researches in the Unguru Mare cave from Şuncuiuş (Bihor County), C. Ghemiş unearthed, along with a bronze saltaleone, an amber bead. For this particular amber piece, C.W. Beck carried on an infrared spectroscopic analysis, which proved the Baltic origin of the raw material. Also, during the Fifth Symposium dedicated to amber in archaeology, held in 2006 in Belgrade, 60 new analyses of amber artefacts discovered on the territory of Romania were presented. Concerning the amber artefacts discovered in the Middle Bronze Age necropolis from Sărata Monteoru, it was established that for four artefacts the raw material is succinate, while for other two it was stated that the raw material is “Certainly not a fossil resin”. In the last few years, rescue excavations in Romania made important progress, which set a rhythm closer to the one appropriate for a country developing important infrastructure projects. These circumstances influenced also the state of researches regarding prehistoric amber. As a result, there are already published data with reference to some prehistoric beads in the necropolises attributed to the Late Bronze Age site in Pecica “Sit 14”, on the Lower Mureş Valley, and in the one in Campina.Also, more recent endeavours in the Romanian archaeological research should be mentioned, such as the ROMANIT project, which made possible the identification of local amber sources (rumanite sources from Buzău region), from which the amber beads discovered in the necropolis attributed to the end of the Middle Bronze Age (Pietroasa Mică) and Late Bronze Age (Campina), as well as the bead from Cioclovina cave were created.The article discussed the discovery context of prehistoric amber artefacts at the eastern frontier of the Carpathian Basin, and further debate their chronology and contemporaneous analogies. The earliest artefact of this type found its way inside an Early Bronze Age community at cca. 2500–2200 BC, at the settlement in Gligoreşti (Western Transylvania). This is an isolated discovery on the eastern frontier of the Carpathian Basin. The beads discovered in the tell-settlement from Pecica (Arad County), and those found in a deposit from the multilayered settlement from Satu Mare (Arad County) can be chronologically attributed to the Middle Bronze Age (cca. 2000–1600/1500 BC). For Transylvania, as well as for the entire extra-Carpathian region, there is no data regarding any amber beads in the metal deposits typical to the Middle Bronze Age. In the same manner, there were no amber items discovered yet in the settlements or necropolises corresponding to the Wietenberg, Costișa or Suciu de Sus communities. With the beginning of the Late Bronze Age (1600/1500 BC), amber adornments become a constant presence in the funerary inventory, even if their number is significantly lower (in the case of the necropolis from Pecica, Tape, Battonya, Tiszafured, Mezőcsat, Janoshida etc.). In Transylvania, no item of this kind is known for the entire region, although strong contacts were maintained with the neighbours inhabiting the western part of Romania.Towards the end of the Late Bronze Age (around 1200–1000 BC), the situation changes entirely. A significant number of amber items were gathered at this point and employed in deposits (Foieni, Pecica II, Alţana, Iernut, Zăgujeni II) or ritually deposited in caves. The most spectacular descoveries for this area were made in caves: 5 amber beeds were found in Igrița Cave, 42 in Șuncuiuș, and over 1400 pieces alone in Cioclovina.In the first Iron Age (cca. 1000–450 BC), in regards to amber artefacts, radical transformations are visible in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin. Even if a large number of bronze deposits or settlements characteristic to the Ha B period are known, no amber artefacts can be associated with these finds, resulting in a hiatus of approximately 300 years without such amber discoveries in western Romania and Transylvania. However, the data regarding the funerary rites and rituals is, indeed, insufficient. Nevertheless, for this period, a significant drop in the number of amber pieces is noticeable in other neighbouring areas, such as eastern Hungary or central and westernBalkans. Only with the emergence of the „Scythians” along the Tisa River and Transylvania in the 7th century BC, amber adornments become, once again, popular in the area.Regarding the use of local sources, recent analysis made on a series of artifacts (through sourcing methods) suggests that local amber was employed to some degree, but Baltic amber remained the main source. As I noticed, there is a lack of amber artifacts in Transylvania for about 1000 years (2200–1200 BC). For Late Bronze Age, considering the large number of amber artifacts, as well as some recent analysis, the possibility of more intensive exploitation of local sources is not excluded.

2007/2008
Studio multidisciplinare della viabilità e della pastorizia nel comparto nord-orientale del Friuli Venezia Giulia durante la Preistoria recente.
È stata svolta un’analisi territoriale per il comparto nord-orientale del Friuli Venezia Giulia, in un arco cronologico compreso tra Neolitico e Bronzo antico. Il progetto originario prevedeva lo studio dei momenti di passaggio tra i singoli periodi e delle dinamiche del popolamento che ne sarebbero conseguite. A causa dell’impossibilità di visionare direttamente i materiali, rinvenuti durante gli scavi condotti in passato, è stato impossibile proseguire in questa direzione. Questo condizionamento, e una serie di lavori svolti dalla scrivente negli anni precedenti al Dottorato, hanno offerto nuovi spunti d’analisi, mantenendo immutate l’area e il periodo cronologico. Dallo studio dei rinvenimenti archeologici, distribuiti in modo assolutamente non uniforme all’interno del territorio analizzato è emersa l’ipotesi che nell’arco cronologico considerato vi fosse un elevato tasso di mobilità tra i gruppi umani presenti sul territorio. Per questo motivo si è deciso di provare a ricostruire quali fossero le piste utilizzate per gli spostamenti. Per affrontare questa tematica si è adottato un approccio multidisciplinare, basato sullo studio combinato della dispersione dei dati archeologici, sull’analisi della morfologia del territorio e, a livello di confronto, sull’esame della viabilità in senso diacronico. Sono stati considerati i percorsi viari adottati dalla protostoria fino al Novecento, ponendo un’attenzione particolare a quelle forme di viabilità secondaria che hanno dovuto privilegiare il dato morfologico anziché la presenza di infrastrutture. Sommando tutti questi dati è stato possibile individuare 5 percorsi che si snodano sul territorio analizzato. Si tratta del primo tentativo di ricostruzione della viabilità per la preistoria recente in regione: non ci sono infatti altri testi, neppure datati, che trattino questa tematica. Durante lo svolgimento delle ricerche è emersa un’altra tematica ricorrente: quella di uno sfruttamento ad uso pastorale del territorio. Specialmente per l’area del Carso triestino erano già stati condotti una serie di studi di varia natura che mettevano in luce come le grotte carsiche fossero state utilizzate quali ripari per gli erbivori, caprovini per lo più. Altre ricerche, a cui si è avuto modo di partecipare, hanno messo in luce come anche le Valli del Natisone fossero una zona molto probabilmente sede di percorsi pastorali in questo stesso arco cronologico. Per l’area alpina e del goriziano, non si possedevano invece dati al riguardo. Si è scelto di avvicinarsi alla tematica adottando una prospettiva particolare, tipica dell’etnoarcheologia. La considerazione essenziale nello spingere verso un approccio etnoarcheologico è che sarebbe stato impossibile stabilire quali tracce fosse lecito aspettarsi di trovare in un sito pastorale, se prima non si fosse conosciuta a fondo questa pratica economica che si basa in larghissima misura su consuetudini di lunga durata. Anche in questo caso non c’era nessuno studio etnoarcheologico per tutto il comparto regionale, cosicché si è deciso di avvicinarsi in prima persona ai pastori che ancora operano sul comparto analizzato. I pastori sono stati intervistati e affiancati nelle loro pratiche consuetudinarie, come il pascolo, la cura del gregge, e la lavorazione del latte. Sono state indagate maggiormente quelle tematiche che non si prestano a cambiamenti a seconda delle epoche, come la scelta dei diversi tipi di pascolo, o la necessità di somministrare il sale agli animali. È stato sorprendente notare come quest’attività lasci sul territorio pochi materiali non deperibili, per lo più sempre connessi alla lavorazione del latte. Nell’analizzare i materiali archeologici rinvenuti all’interno di alcune grotte carsiche, per le quali era già spato ipotizzato un loro sfruttamento a fini pastorali in base a studi sedimentologici e archeozoologici, sono stati notati dei cucchiai ceramici negli strati di neolitico antico-medio. Per queste forme non c’era finora nessuna ipotesi circa la loro funzione. In base alle osservazioni dirette e a riscontri etnografici è sorta l’idea che potessero essere connessi con la lavorazione e la trasformazione del latte. Si è così elaborato un protocollo operativo assieme a due chimici, per poter rilevare la presenza, nella parte concava dei cucchiai di proteine residue. Nello svolgere tali analisi sono stati riscontrati dei problemi derivanti dall’antichità dei campioni e soprattutto dal lavaggio post scavo che ha sicuramente indebolito la potenzialità di rintracciare resti proteici. Nonostante ciò è stata quasi sicuramente accertata la presenza di proteine di latte di capra sui cucchiai. Questo dato contribuisce all’interpretazione che il Carso fosse particolarmente adatta alla vita dei pastori e delle greggi: qui infatti erano naturalmente disponibili le aree per il pascolo, le grotte per ripararsi, custodire le greggi e lavorare il latte e il sale marino. La costa carsica è rocciosa, e quindi in tale area il sale si cristallizza naturalmente sulle rocce, facilitandone così la raccolta. Il sale dev’essere stato un elemento indispensabile per la vita delle greggi, ma anche assai prezioso nella conservazione dei latticini che era possibile realizzare all’interno delle grotte. In futuro si auspica di poter proseguire le analisi in questa direzione per acquisire ulteriori dati, ma già in base a quelli finora acquisiti si è in grado di tracciare un quadro dal quale emerge come il comparto meridionale dell’area indagata potesse essere inserito in rotte a lungo o medio raggio connesse ad attività pastorali.
XXI Ciclo
1978

Ce travail a pour but d'enquêter sur les modalités d'exploitation des ressources minérales pendant la Préhistoire récente, dans le bassin de la Méditerranée occidentale. L'étude débute par l'observation des instruments lithiques - outils macrolithiques - produits par les groupes humains préhistoriques, qui les ont utilisés dans les phases d'extraction. Ces outils sont analysés par la méthode morphologique et techno-fonctionnelle, par observation microscopiques, à grossissement faible et élevé. Toutes les étapes de cette activité sont abordées, permettant de traiter de la complexité qui tourne autour de l'extraction des minéraux. Les étapes de la chaîne opératoire sont analysées, depuis l'identification des sources d'approvisionnement - des hydroxydes de fer et de cuivre - à la production d'outils ; la recherche de matières premières lithiques, les techniques d'extraction, jusqu'aux premiers stades de transformation des minéraux. Le problème de l'exploitation du cuivre et des oxydes et hydroxydes de fer durant la Préhistoire, est un problème actuellement très discuté parce que cette activité a eu un effet important sur l'organisation des groupes préhistoriques. Une question posée est importante : comment les collectivités ont répondu à la question croissante de matières premières minérales ? Pouvaient-elles être utilisées par un seul groupe ? Obligeaient-elles à une série d'échanges et de relations sociales complexes ? Étaient-elles exploitées à des fins économiques ou liées au prestige social ? Nous ne négligeons pas pour autant certaines hypothèses en ce qui concerne les mines de cuivre et la première métallurgie qui se développe à la fin du Néolithique
The purpose of this project is to investigate the modalities of exploitation of mineral resources during the recent Prehistory in the Western Mediterranean area. The study starts to the observation of lithic instruments - macrolithic tools - produced by prehistoric human groups, and used in the extraction and processing phases. Studied through the morphological and techno-functional method, with low and high power microscope approach. I investigated all the stages of this activity and the complexity around mineral extraction. The steps of the "chaîne opératoire", from the identification of the sources of supply - of iron ore and copper - to the production of tools ; the search for lithic raw materials, extraction techniques, up to the early stages of mineral processing. The problem of the exploitation of copper and iron ore in prehistory is a theme currently discussed, because this activity has had a major effect on the organization of the production of prehistoric groups. I ask how communities have responded to the growing request of mineral raw materials, which could be used by a single group, or produce a series of complex social relationships for economic or social prestige purposes. I don’t neglect certain hypotheses regard to the copper mines and the first metallurgy that develops into the late Neolithic

Il contributo presenta parte del materiale ceramico proveniente dallo scavo della capanna alfa rinvenuta ad Adria in località Amolara. Questo contesto è cronologicamente attribuibile a fasi di Bronzo recente pieno e avanzato, affine all'ambito culturale palafitticolo - terramaricolo e con forti influssi di cultura subappenninica.

This work takes into consideration the production of the Middle and Late Bronze Age pottery in the lower Friuli plain between the spring belt and the coastline, starting from two distinct groups of unpublished pottery of different origin and potential information: 1) pottery collected on the surface of several sites in western and central lowlands of Friuli; only one context is documented by stratigraphic excavation: it probed a Bronze Age ditch offside a settlement area. 2) a large sample of pottery found in excavations made between 2005-2009 in the fortified settlement (castelliere) of Gradiscje di Codroipo, in a central position of the research area. The first set of findings has provided extensive documentation about the impressive cycle of settlement that invested the middle and lower Friuli plain in the late Middle Bronze Age and Late Bronze Age. Most of the sites were active in the initial and full phases of the Late Bronze Age; due to the lack of precise ceramic indicators more precise dating is often difficult. The crisis of settlement in the lowlands south of the spring belt at the beginning of the Final Bronze Age is therefore confirmed. The study of this pottery has given the opportunity to launch an attempt to systematic typological classification of the Middle and Late Bronze Age published pottery from Friuli. The documentation of Gradiscje di Codroipo, consisting of chronologically significant groups of pottery fragments stratigraphically related, allowed to scan BR2 and the transition to the BF in several phases and to highlight interesting correlations between elements of the formal repertory of the Middle Danubian Urnfield culture and the ceramic types characterizing this period in the Veneto area.
Il presente lavoro ha preso in considerazione la produzione ceramica dell'età del bronzo media e recente nella bassa pianura friulana centrale e occidentale compresa tra la fascia delle risorgive e la linea di costa, partendo da due nuclei distinti di materiali ceramici inediti, diversi per provenienza e potenzialità informative: 1) materiali da raccolte di superficie non sistematiche in siti della media e bassa pianura friulana occidentale e centrale; è documentato un solo contesto di scavo stratigrafico, che ha sondato un fosso dell'età del bronzo in area non insediativa intercettato in un intervento d'archeologia preventiva. 2) ampia campionatura della ceramica rinvenuta nelle campagne di scavo 2005-2009 nell'insediamento fortificato (castelliere) di Gradiscje di Codroipo, in posizione centrale rispetto all'areale della ricerca. Il primo gruppo di reperti ha fornito una vasta documentazione sull'imponente ciclo di popolamento che investe la media e bassa pianura friulana tra la fine del Bronzo medio e il Bronzo recente. La maggior parte dei siti è attiva nel Bronzo recente iniziale e pieno; datazioni più puntuali sono spesso difficili a causa della genericità degli indicatori ceramici. Si conferma pertanto la crisi del popolamento nella bassa pianura friulana a sud delle risorgive nella fase più avanzata del BR. Lo studio della ceramica inedita ha dato lo spunto per avviare un tentativo di classificazione tipologica sistematica della ceramica edita del Bronzo medio e recente friulano. La documentazione di Gradiscje di Codroipo, costituita da gruppi di frammenti ceramici cronologicamente significativi posti in relazione stratigrafica, ha permesso di scandire in fasi il BR2 e il passaggio al BF e di evidenziare interessanti correlazioni tra elementi del repertorio formale dei Campi d'Urne medio danubiani e indicatori ceramici veneti.

The Tagliente shelter, located on the Lessini Mountains near Verona, beside having held deposits that belong to the middle Paleolithic and to the Aurignacian culture, represents the reference sequence for the ancient part of the recent Epigravettian in North-Eastern Italy, presenting extraordinary conditions of preservation. The vicinity of this site to a stream (the Progno) and to flint outcrops has probably driven the Epigravettian hunter-gatherers to choose the shelter. This work is part of a new research project focused on the site and aimed at reconsidering excavation documents (diaries, plants, sections and SU profiles) from the Seventies of the past century to the present in the internal area of the shelter. In particular, the project has two main objectives: to reconstruct exploitation process of the lithic resources by the techno-typological analysis of the flint litotypes of the Maiolica or Biancone (the most exploited raw material in the site) belonging to three layers from the internal area (SSUU 13 a beta, 250 and 308) and to contribute to the comprehension of settlement dynamics through the spatial distribution analysis of eleven stratigraphic units from the same area by the application of GIS systems.

The aim of this research is to delve into the knowledge of the Castelnovian cultural complex, developed during the recent Mesolithic, reconstructing the settlement dynamics and the lithic technical systems in Emilia. In order to recollect all the available data, the collections of the regional museums have been examined: doing so we have identified 55 Castelnovian sites, some of them were unpublished. Analyzing the geomorphologic and palaeo-environmental features in different sections of the area, and considering the position of the known sites in these landscape units, the picture of the settlement choices of the Castelnovian groups has been updated. These choices appear to be orientated toward the areas more suitable for hunting and gathering, because of their high ecological productivity (damp areas) or the transit of wild fauna (mountain passes, clearings, valleys), in an established seasonal mobility pattern between mountains and plains. The origin of lithic raw material allowed us to assume the presence of east-west oriented displacements in the mountain region alongside the ridge, in addition to the north-south movement already proposed in the literature. The detailed analysis, especially from a technological point of view, of the 16 main lithic assemblages, allowed us to define the distinctive features of the Castelnovian technical system. The reduction sequence main objective is to produce regular and standardized bladelets, generally obtained with unidirectional exploitation of flint, jasper and silicified siltstone pebbles or blocks, collected near the sites with embedded procurement strategies. The core preparation and maintenance stages are very simple, in particular on the small flint blocks/pebbles, which are generally exploited till the exhaustion. Analyzing the various lithic raw material treatment, we have observed how the knapping objectives were often adapted to the different lithotype characteristics: the more homogeneous and vitreous (Calabrian pebbles, other flint types, some varieties of jasper) were used to produce regular bladelets and projectile points, the ones of poor quality or bigger size (silicified siltstone, jasper) to obtain flakes and common tools. Part of the research has been committed to the recognition of knapping techniques used to produce regular bladelets obtained from Calabrian flint pebbles, which are typical of the lithic assemblages of the eastern part of the region (Bologna area). In order to do so, we have developed a specific experimental activity, in collaboration with the CRPPM (Centre de Recherche sur la Préhistoire et la Protohistoire de la Méditerranée) of Toulouse, during which François Briois realized 26 series of bladelets by indirect percussion and by pressure with an abdominal crutch. The detailed analysis of these products and the comparison with the archaeological materials give us way to hypothesize the adoption of the pressure technique by the Castelnovian knappers, along with some cases of indirect percussion. The introduction of these techniques represents an innovative element as regards the ancient Mesolithic, characterized by the exclusive use of direct percussion technique. The use of this last technique continues in the Castelnovian, both for the core opening and maintenance, and for the production of non-standardized blanks (flakes and irregular bladelets). The distinctive features of the regional Castelnovian technical system are coherent with the diffusion of the industries of the second Mesolithic characterized by regular blades and trapezoidal arrowheads. As for many others European regions, even in Emilia we observe the appearance of important innovations in comparison with the ancient Mesolithic, mainly the adoption of a new “style” of débitage, oriented toward a marked standardization, obtained by the use of new knapping techniques and the introduction of trapezoidal arrowheads and of denticulated bladelets. On a regional level, however, the persistence of some aspects characteristic of the previous phase is to be found, mainly the use of local raw materials, the production of flakes and common tools made with silicified siltstone and jasper and the microburin technique. Even the settlement choices and the mobility patterns of the Castelnovian groups do not change significantly from the ones identified for the ancient Mesolithic. It seems then that the important changes which characterize the Castelnovian can not be ascribed, as far as the region is concerned, to a substitution/replacement of populations or to the arrival of new groups from an external area; they are probably to be traced back to cultural and social phenomena which the current state of researches does not allow to identify.

The period under review is one of the few moments of Italian prehistory in which the archaeological record permits determination of the arrival of foreign-born groups in conjunction with the disintegration of an indigenous world of ancient tradition. Studies related to this phase of the Neolithic mainly refer to the observations of Bagolini (Bagolini and Biagi 1987; Bagolini 1998) taken from various other authors (Barfield et al 2000), which outline a framework for northern Italy multifaceted , created by the interaction between the people of the local culture of Square Mouth Pottery and people of culture Chassey from France, as well as by contributions from the North Alpine acquiring increasing importance over time (Chapter 1). The meeting, which took place from area to area at different times and different ways between half V millennium and half IV millennium BC, seems to have produced along the coastal and transalpine paths especially related to the exchange of raw materials (green stones, obsidian, flint), but also of technological expertise. In reading these new interactions, therefore, is the ability to explain the crisis in the world of Western culture in the first half of the fourth millennium, whose disintegration develop experiences in which today stand out above all the traits of discontinuity with the earlier traditions (various Authors in Ferrari et al 2002a). The Emilia is a crossroads of all the direct and indirect contributions to the circles mentioned above. This is demonstrated by the marked variability observed in cultural sites are also close, attributed mainly to differences in chronological (Bagolini 1981), but also resulting complex interweaving of cultural routes. This region is therefore an area for privileged observation to assess how to meet, including conflict, interaction and assimilation between different human groups that have settled or still have covered the territory in the period under review. If the reference framework outlined by Bagolini in the 80s remains roughly shared, the development of the cultural debate, the recent discoveries in the study of the sites proposed by Emilian this PhD work will allow further information and updates. The contexts Emilia object of this work are those published and unpublished due to the last centuries of the fifth millennium BC and the early fourth cal. In detail it is the site of S. Andrea in Travo (Chapter 5) and Le Mose in Piacenza (Chapter 4), Vignola Fiorenzuola (chapter 7), Box Office (Chapter 6) and Vighi and Parma (Chapter 7), S.ILARIO d'Enza (Reggio Emilia) (Chapter 7). The study focused on the analysis of the ceramic industry, from the point of view of both technological and typological (Chapter 3), in order to better define the internal chronology of the different sites. From this analysis were in fact identified a number of representative types, for which it has been proposed a relative chronology useful in order to reconstruct a chronological framework to realize the variability observed in Emilia at the turn of the fifth millennium BC. In this reading, the sites of Travo and Le Mose proved to be the most useful in the construction of this trial-type first of all because it is multi-staged sites. The study of the stratigraphy of Travo and Le Mose of the different settlement phases from the VBQ I to Late Neolithic, in fact, has provided important data for the evaluation of the different diachronic cultural indicators.

This research aims at contributing to reconstruction of lithic resources exploitation strategies and technical systems in the first part of the Late Epigravettian when the Southern slop of the Alps was progressively repopulated, at the end of the last glacial period. The methodology applied is based on a techno-economical, typological and spatial analysis of the lithic assemblage from Stratigraphic Unit 13a alfa in the site of Riparo Tagliente, Stallavena di Grezzana, Verona. S.U. 13a alfa (excavated between 1980 and 1990) was located in the inner area of the rock-shelter and extended over a surface of about 18 m². It is chronologically referred to the first part of the Late Glacial (Ancient Dryas) as it has been recently confirmed by a radiometric date (13.986 ± 60 years BP - LTL4441A - i.e. 17.100 – 16.300 years cal. BP). This layer is thus attributed to the “Epigravettiano recente” according to the cultural definition established by Broglio (1997). The lithic assemblage which was examined amounts to a total of 15.590 artefacts, of which 13780 débitage products and by-products, 1620 retouched pieces and 190 cores. The industry is obtained from local raw materials (Lessini area), with a dominance of the flints from the Biancone formation, which is the most abundant in the surrounding area, and lower percentages of other types (Scaglia Variegata, Calcari oolitici, Scaglia Rossa and Eocenic flints). The observation of natural surfaces suggests that provisioning took place preferably either in the debris deposits situated at the base of the flint veins within the Jurassic and Triassic layers or in the soils and karst pits which can be found at the top of the Lessini plateau; although abundant quantities of flint nodules were available in the riverbed of the Progno di Valpantena running in front of the site, these were used in much lower percentages. The technological analysis has allowed to recognise three main technical projects: blades (lenght > 60 mm), bladelets (length between 35 and 60 mm) and microbladelets, (length < a 35 mm). The bladelet project is the best represented one. The presence of a secondary project for the extraction of flakes (centripetal scheme) is also documented. The laminar/lamellar production is not standardised as far as width is concerned, and varies according to the different methods employed. Each category of product (blades, bladelets and microbladelets, respectively) was obtained through an independent reduction sequence; nonetheless some “mixed schemes” which testify the transition from blades to bladelets production and from bladelets to microbladelets have also been recognised. The three main sequences (blades, bladelets and microbladelets) identified were carried out by different methods of reduction: mainly frontal - both large and narrow - for blades (probably aimed at obtaining two different types of products: elongated blades and laminar blades); frontal - both large and narrow - with some cases of natural edges starting schemes passing to semi-tournant exploitations for both bladelets and micro-bladelets. The latter two result in a wide range of products with variable widths. Unidirectional exploitations are dominant (with either one flaking surface or – more rarely - two adjacent surfaces passing to semitournant exploitation schemes); bidirectional and orthogonal re-orientations, over the same or new surfaces, are rarer. All the range of primary products (blades, bladelets and microbladelets) were selected for the manufacturing of backed points, back bladelets, borers and truncated backed bladelets. Among backed points and back bladelets three different dimensional classes have been identified (large, medium and small), probably corresponding to different functional roles. Scrapers on blades, points and, secondarily, end-scrapers are obtained from laminar products especially from the largest ones; burins, endscrapers, scrapers and denticulates from maintenance and initialising by-products; short end-scrapers, scrapers, backed flakes and denticulates from flakes. 1620 retouched items have been identified (corresponding to 1662 primary types including double tools) by typological analysis (Laplace 1968). “Differentiated backed tools” are the most numerous (1037, 819 of which are fragments). End-scrapers (167) are slightly prevailing over burins (153) while the “substratum” (279) is dominated by denticulates. Among “differentiated backed tools”, borers are prevailing and they are followed by backed bladelets and backed points (although pointed fragmented elements are more numerous) and truncated backed bladelets (mostly characterised by piquant-trièdres). Some backed pieces with a cran are also present. It seems that some of the ratios between the different typological families/groups, i.e. the dominance of fragmented backed pieces, borers and endscrapers, are essentially connected to functional aspects whereas others could have a cultural significance, namely: a) the dominance of simple burins and long frontal endscrapers within each family, respectively; b) the low rates of truncated backed bladelets with respect to backed points and backed bladelets; c) the persistence of some backed pieces with a cran. At the present state of research, the typological and technological features delineated for S.U. 13a alfa are the most detailed available for the most ancient part of the recent Epigravettian in north-eastern Italy. In fact, the deposits of the lower part of the Epigravettian sequence of Riparo Tagliente, to which S.U. 13a alfa belongs, are the only one documented in the area for this period, representing the first traces of re-occupation of the southern slope of the Alps after deglaciation. Their description will thus enable to trace an outline of the evolution of lithic technical systems in the area between the ancient phase of the Epigravettian and the best known mid-final part of the recent phase. To conclude, the results obtained from the elaboration (with GIS systems) of spatial data of the different categories of lithic artefacts and the comparison with the distribution maps of the other remains (fauna, ochre and marine shells) allow to qualify S.U. 13a alfa as a polyfunctional area (where different activities were carried out: from blanks production to blanks transformation, from the manufacturing of complex tools and replacing of broken armatures to several subsistence activities) which was probably derived from a palimpsest of several occupation phases in the site.

The project started from finding new unexpected cultural data, aroused during a systematic investigation of Castel de Pedena high site (San Gregorio nelle Alpi, BL, Italy). This new data have strongly modified the geo-cultural scenario of North-Eastern Veneto between the XII and the IX century. The most innovative aspect is due to the presence of archaeological materials belonging to the Luco-Laugen/Meluno-Melaun facies. We would have expected instead materials belonging to the “Protovillanova padana” facies and to the following “Protoveneta” facies. This research has first of all deepened the cultural information of the site and its surrounding territory. It was possible to establish a relationship between alpine, pre-alpine and the lowland areas, all referring to the Luco-Laugen facies of the Central Alps. This was confirmed by comparing the data resulting from stratigraphic analysis of Veneto sites, where some materials of this cultural horizon have been recognized, differently from the cultural contexts coming from South Tirol and Trentino area. Secondly, it was studied in more depth the characters and chronological scanning of the Luco/Laugen facies of the Central Alps. These studies should form a solid basis for the archeological correlations with the Po valley sites. A great part of the research as been dedicated to the stratigraphic sequence for the high site of Castel de Pedena, integrated with the results of radiometric analysis and of chrono-typological study of ceramic objects and other kinds of archaeological materials, corresponding to the more recent settlement, occurred between the Late Bronze Age and the first Iron Age. In this way the principle characteristics of the settlement development have been studied, showing its structure – made of terraced steps on the slope and defense walls - and the evolutionary pattern of the principle ceramic groups found in the site. The research has been completed with archaeometric analysis and the contributions of other specialized disciplines, showing the cultural osmosis between Luco-Laugen communities and the Po vally ones, in the more recent chronological phases of the high site of Castel de Pedena, both in ceramic and bronze production, since some bronze handmade products have been found there. Studying the last chronological phase of the high site, belonging to the IX-VIII centuries, it was possible to find important contacts with the alpine territory, above all with the Vadena/Pfatten necropolis and also with other Trento and South Tirol settlements. Furthermore, at the end of the research, it came to light both the meeting points and the differences of the two social and political realities, the ancient venetian one and the alpine one, which were at those times already strongly distinguished.
Il progetto ha preso avvio dal rinvenimento di dati nuovi e culturalmente inattesi emersi dall’indagine sistematica nel sito d’altura di Castel de Pedena (San Gregorio nelle Alpi, BL), che ha fortemente modificato l’inquadramento dell’assetto geoculturale del Veneto nord-orientale per il periodo compreso tra XII e IX secolo a.C. L’aspetto maggiormente innovativo era legato alla presenza di materiali attribuibili alla cultura Luco-Laugen/Meluno-Melaun e non, come ci si sarebbe potuti aspettare, da tracce ascrivibili alla cultura protovillanoviana padana e successivamente protoveneta. La ricerca ha quindi previsto anzitutto un approfondimento degli aspetti della connotazione culturale dell'abitato e del suo territorio di pertinenza, oltre che delle relazioni tra aree alpine, prealpine e di pianura, in relazione alla facies centro-alpina di Luco-Laugen, anche tramite il confronto cronologico-culturale, con dati da associazione stratigrafica, dei contesti di ambito veneto dove sono stati riconosciuti materiali afferenti a tale orizzonte culturale, rispetto a quelli sudtirolesi o trentini. E' stato inoltre dedicato uno spazio approfondito ai caratteri e alla scansione cronologica, con relativi studi e aggiornamenti, della facies centro-alpina, che costituisse un solido riferimento utile per le correlazioni con l'ambito padano. Un'ampia parte è stata dedicata all'analisi della sequenza stratigrafica dell'abitato, integrata ai dati delle analisi radiometriche e allo studio crono-tipologico dei materiali, ceramici e non, corrispondenti alla fase più recente dell'insediamento, compresa tra Bronzo Recente evoluto e passaggio tra Bronzo Finale e primo Ferro. In tale modo sono state poste in luce le caratteristiche principali dello sviluppo dell'insediamento non solo dal punto di vista abitativo e strutturale, avvenuto tramite la gradonatura del pendio e la realizzazione di strutture murarie difensive, ma anche sotto l'aspetto della progressione evolutiva di alcuni principali gruppi ceramici individuati. Il contributo delle indagini archeometriche e di altre discipline specialistiche ha inoltre dato completezza alla ricerca, permettendo di verficare come l'osmosi culturale tra le genti Luco/Laugen e l'ambito padano, delle fasi più recenti dell'abitato, si sia espressa non solo nella produzione ceramica, ma anche nella presenza di alcuni manufatti in bronzo. Lo studio dell'ultima fase di vita dell'abitato, di IX-VIII sec., ha permesso di rilevare importanti contatti con il territorio alpino, specialmente con la necropoli di Vadena/Pfatten e altri siti trentini e sudtirolesi, oltre che di mettere in luce, a chiusura della ricerca, i caratteri di incontro e insieme di contrapposizione tra due realtà socio-politiche, quella veneta e quella alpina, ormai fortemente diversificate.