Journal articles: 'Prehistoric peoples'

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Miller, David Reed, and Larry J. Zimmerman. "Peoples of Prehistoric South Dakota." Western Historical Quarterly 17, no. 4 (October 1986): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/969040.

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McGhee, Robert. "PREHISTORIC ARCTIC PEOPLES AND THEIR ART." American Review of Canadian Studies 17, no. 1 (March 1987): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02722018709480971.

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Codina, Marta, Ivan Gironès, Roger Alcàntara, and Adrià Breu. "Alta Ribera Salada and Balma de les Cordes (Odèn, Solsonès). Research about the settlement of Alta Ribera Salada and its possible salt exploitation." Vall Salina e-Journal, no. 1 (June 15, 2024): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.69736/22190103.

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Balma de les Cordes was a Bronze Age domestic space among the megalithic landscape of Alta Ribera Salada. This article will delve into the activities carried out within this cavity during prehistory, focusing on the productive activities of populations with easy access to natural sources of salt water. The lithic industry is detailed and an assessment is made of the archaeozoological and ceramic/pottery remains. This study enriches our understanding of the peoples of recent prehistory in Catalonia and opens a debate on the importance of a resource such as salt in shaping prehistoric economies and ways of life.

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Glover, Ian C. "Connecting prehistoric and historic cultures in Southeast Asia." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 47, no. 3 (September 26, 2016): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463416000291.

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Linking the early historic cultures of Southeast Asia to their prehistoric antecedents has, despite some decades of research, proved difficult for a number of reasons. Until the 1960s, this did not seem to be an issue for scholars of the region. For George Coedès, the region was simply occupied by diverse and backward ethnic and linguistic communities, cultivators using stone tools, or at best, people using bronze with poorly developed social organisations until impacted by the expanding Han peoples during the third century CE: ‘There is very little direct information about the societies of South East Asia before they entered into contact with India and China.’

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Reff, Daniel T., and George J. Gumerman. "Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 24, no. 1 (1993): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205122.

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Abbott, David R., and George J. Gumerman. "Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest." American Indian Quarterly 17, no. 2 (1993): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185553.

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Strauss, Alan E. "Narragansett Basin Argillite: Lithology, Chronology, and Prehistoric Tool Manufacture." North American Archaeologist 10, no. 1 (July 1989): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/beba-n4up-c1r6-pvkg.

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This article examines the use of one low-grade raw material, Narragansett Basin argillite, by prehistoric peoples in southeastern New England. Petrographic sections analyzed by Dr. Dan Murray (Geologist, University of Rhode Island) have provided a detailed account of the lithology of this material. Rock formation processes and lithic sources are also discussed. Artifact analysis has provided data pertaining to the prehistoric periods when Narragansett Basin argillite was most often used by prehistoric populations in Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts. An examination of tool manufacturing techniques has brought to light striking similarities between argillite and quartz Small Stemmed points further supporting the hypothesis of an in situ development of the Small Stemmed Point tradition in New England.

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GOODRUM, MATTHEW R. "The meaning of ceraunia: archaeology, natural history and the interpretation of prehistoric stone artefacts in the eighteenth century." British Journal for the History of Science 35, no. 3 (September 2002): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087402004776.

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Historians of archaeology have noted that prehistoric stone artefacts were first identified as such during the seventeenth century, and a great deal has been written about the formulation of the idea of a Stone Age in the nineteenth century. Much less attention has been devoted to the study of prehistoric artefacts during the eighteenth century. Yet it was during this time that researchers first began systematically to collect, classify and interpret the cultural and historical meaning of these objects as archaeological specimens rather than geological specimens. These investigations were conducted within the broader context of eighteenth-century antiquarianism and natural history. As a result, they offer an opportunity to trace the interrelationships that existed between the natural sciences and the science of prehistoric archaeology, which demonstrates that geological theories of the history of the earth, ethnographic observations of ‘savage peoples’ and natural history museums all played important roles in the interpretation of prehistoric stone implements during the eighteenth century.

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Soshkin, Evgeny. "Unknown play by Vladimir Bogoraz-Tan." Literary Fact, no. 15 (2020): 8–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-8297-2020-15-8-41.

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Vladimir Germanovich Bogoraz (1865–1936, pseudonyms: Tan, Tan-Bogoraz, Bogoraz-Tan), the famous ethnographer, linguist, religious scholar, and researcher of Northern peoples, was also a prolific and popular fiction author, in particular, a prominent representative of the so-called prehistoric fiction, i.e. fiction about prehistoric times. This is the first publication of Bogoraz’s play “Dragon Victims” which is a revision of his prehistoric novel under the same name (1909, “Sons of Mammoth” in English translation of 1929), commissioned in 1920 by the Section of Historical Pictures at the Petrograd Theater Department of the People's Commissariat of Education, after Bogoraz, at that time an employee of the Petrograd Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, had been invited by the Section to write an introduction for the upcoming paleophantastic play “Rhino Hunt” by N.S. Gumilev. The text of Bogoraz’s play “Dragon Victims”, preserved in the archive (St. Petersburg Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences Archives), is published according to the typescript with author’s handwritten corrections. In a detailed introductory article, the publisher clarifies the dating, the history of creating, and the literary characteristics of the play as compared to the novel, as well as the programmatic nature of the encouraging attitude to composing plays on prehistoric themes that came from A.M. Gorky, the founder and head of the Section.

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Buchholz, Peter. "Religious Foundations of Group Identity in Prehistoric Europe: The Germanic Peoples." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 15 (January 1, 1993): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67218.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of myth as a foundation for group identity in Germanic societies. Religious foundations of group identity can, in the Germanic field in any case, only be proven with the help of written sources, and at best further confirmed or illustrated by archaeological and pictorial material.

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Mytum, Harold. "Materiality and memory: an archaeological perspective on the popular adoption of linear time in Britain." Antiquity 81, no. 312 (June 1, 2007): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00095259.

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Archaeologists increasingly realise that prehistoric peoples had their own ideas about time. The concept of linear, measurable time emerged in learned Europe largely in the first millennium. Here the author tracks how, with the broadening of literacy in sixteenth-century Britain, dates start appearing on numerous items of popular culture. The dated objects in turn feed back into the way that people of all social levels began to see themselves and their place in history.

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Broughton, Jack M. "Widening diet breadth, declining foraging efficiency, and prehistoric harvest pressure: ichthyofaunal evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound, California." Antiquity 71, no. 274 (December 1997): 845–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0008577x.

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The Emeryville Shellmound is a famous but now destroyed midden once located on the east shore of San Francisco Bay. Analyses of the fish remains from the stratified late Holocene deposits indicate that prehistoric peoples had substantial impacts on the sturgeon populations of the Bay. This calls into question the commonly held belief that native peoples lived in harmony with nature and has important implications for the management of modern vertebrate populations.

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Bin 'Aqil, Abdalaziz Ja'afar, and Joy McCorriston. "Prehistoric small scale monument types in Hadramawt (southern Arabia): convergences in ethnography, linguistics and archaeology." Antiquity 83, no. 321 (September 1, 2009): 602–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00098860.

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The authors report new understanding of the prehistoric monuments of Hadramawt (Yemen) using archaeological fieldwork, linguistic terminology and ethnography. The stone tombs, platforms and alignments are shown to have experienced particularly interesting life histories. Passing travellers add stones and bury camels, shrines are reconditioned and dismantled to construct goat pens. It is clear that only this kind of multi-disciplinary expertise can hope to define the prehistoric sequence in an arid and rocky mountain landscape in which non-literate pastoral peoples have left few other traces. An online photo essay accompanies the article at http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/mccorriston/index.html

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Tosko, Mike. "Book Review: 50 Events That Shaped American Indian History: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic." Reference & User Services Quarterly 57, no. 1 (October 9, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.57.1.6455.

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Eschewing the conventional alphabetical arrangement of entries, this set is organized chronologically, with subjects ranging from the prehistoric mound builders, circa 1500 BCE, to more current concerns like native protest movements and contemporary laws that strongly affect native peoples. Early entries tend to focus on disease, war, revolt, and other violent outcomes of initial contact between indigenous peoples and encroaching Europeans. Later entries explore issues of cultural assimilation, self-determination, and sovereignty, particularly court cases and legislation.

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Laylander, Don. "The question of prehistoric agriculture among the western Yumans." Estudios Fronterizos, no. 35-36 (January 1, 1995): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.21670/ref.1995.35-36.a09.

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Agriculture fanned an important part of the subsistence system of the prehistoric: Yuman-speaking peoples who lived along or near the lower Colorado River. Some recent scholars have argued that the Yumans of nnorthwestern Baja California and southwestern California also practiced agriculture prehistorically. A critical review of the evidence fills to fails any substantial support for that conclusion.

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Watson, Aaron, and David Keating. "Architecture and sound: an acoustic analysis of megalithic monuments in prehistoric Britain." Antiquity 73, no. 280 (June 1999): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088281.

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Prehistoric monuments in Britain are often dominant features in the landscape, and archaeological theory has tended to consider the visual and spatial influences of their architecture upon peoples' movement and perception. The articulation of sound within these structures has not been widely discussed, despite evidence which suggests that many monuments provided settings for gatherings of people. This possibility was explored at two contrasting sites in Scotland, a recumbent stone circle and a passage-grave, revealing that the elemental acoustic properties inherent in each may have literally orchestrated encounters with the stones.

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Smith, Craig S., and Lance M. McNees. "Facilities and Hunter-Gatherer Long-Term Land Use Patterns: An Example from Southwest Wyoming." American Antiquity 64, no. 1 (January 1999): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694349.

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To fully understand prehistoric land use patterns, we must define how prehistoric peoples used particular places on the landscape over longer periods of time. Factors influencing the multi-year use of particular places include human modifications to the landscape as a result of previous occupations. The construction of relatively elaborate and costly facilities for anticipated reuse is one type of modification associated with the repeated occupation of specific locations. Slab-lined cylindrical basins of southwest Wyoming are an example of that type of facility. The archaeological evidence indicates that prehistoric hunter-gatherers repeatedly reused some of these basins on a periodic basis over periods as long as 500 years and reoccupied some locales containing such facilities over a period of more than 2,000 years. The construction of such facilities and the repeated occupation of those locales were apparently related to the procurement and processing of a stable, predictable resource. Biscuitroot was the most likely target resource procured and processed at these locales.

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Lewis-Williams, J. David, and David G. Pearce. "The southern San and the trance dance: a pivotal debate in the interpretation of San rock paintings." Antiquity 86, no. 333 (September 2012): 696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00047852.

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Cave paintings and first-hand ethnographic accounts from living peoples have led to the notion that southern African spiritual experts routinely mediated with the other world through energetic dances leading to the trance state. The evidence for this idea has been challenged in recent years, and the importance of the trance dance diminished accordingly. The authors confront these criticisms and place the shamanistic dance back on centre stage—with important consequences not only for the study of San peoples, but for wider prehistoric interpretations.

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Lech, Jacek, and Danuta Piotrowska. "From the history of research into the Slavic lands and peoples in Polish archaeology to the early 1940's." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 23 (November 26, 2019): 301–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2019-23-301-324.

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The article presents the interest of Polish archaeology before 1945 in the prehistory and early history of the Slavs. The pioneers were Count Jan Potocki towards the end of the 18th century a representative of the Enlightenment period, and then Zorian Dołęga Chodakowski. Chodakowski’s work from 1818 about the Slavs before Christianity opened the Romantic period in Polish antiquarianism. At this time the greatest Polish poets were writing important works relating to the pre-Christian past of Poland, and a statue of the pagan god Światowid (Światowit) was found in the river Zbrucz. Studies of the earliest Slavs were continued by the positivists. At the beginning of the 20th century, one of them was E.Majewski from Warsaw, a promotor of the works of L. Niederle devoted to Slavic antiquities. In the period when the cultural-historical school dominated, prehistoric archaeology was becoming ever more closely associated with nationalism and politics (G. Kossinna). Majewski was one of the first critics of Kossinna’s method and works. In the years 1919–1944 Majewski’s pupil, L. Kozłowski, and J. Czekanowski studied the origin of the Slavs. Both were professors of the University in Lviv. Together with J. Kostrzewski, a prehistorian from Poznań, they regarded the Lusatian culture from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age as ancient Slavic. This view was important as propaganda in the political and scholarly dispute with prehistorians of the Third Reich. Its significance increased after the discovery and start of excavations of a fortified settlement of the Lusatian culture in Biskupin, in northwestern Poland. During the Second World War, Biskupin was excavated by H. Schleif from the SS-Ahnenerbe. The intention was to refute Kostrzewski’s views. At the same time, Kostrzewski and Kozłowski were writing works intended to confirm the ancient Slavic character of the Lusatian culture. Today their views constitute an interesting chapter in the history of science. Key words: early history of the Slavs, Światowid, Biskupin, Romantic period, Lusatian culture.

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Wilcox, David R. ": Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest . George J. Gumerman." American Anthropologist 94, no. 3 (September 1992): 754–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1992.94.3.02a00700.

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BARANY, MICHAEL J. "Savage numbers and the evolution of civilization in Victorian prehistory." British Journal for the History of Science 47, no. 2 (August 9, 2013): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087413000356.

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AbstractThis paper identifies ‘savage numbers’ – number-like or number-replacing concepts and practices attributed to peoples viewed as civilizationally inferior – as a crucial and hitherto unrecognized body of evidence in the first two decades of the Victorian science of prehistory. It traces the changing and often ambivalent status of savage numbers in the period after the 1858–1859 ‘time revolution’ in the human sciences by following successive reappropriations of an iconic 1853 story from Francis Galton's African travels. In response to a fundamental lack of physical evidence concerning prehistoric men, savage numbers offered a readily available body of data that helped scholars envisage great extremes of civilizational lowliness in a way that was at once analysable and comparable, and anecdotes like Galton's made those data vivid and compelling. Moreover, they provided a simple and direct means of conceiving of the progressive scale of civilizational development, uniting societies and races past and present, at the heart of Victorian scientific racism.

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Goodman, A. H. "Dental Enamel Hypoplasias in Prehistoric Populations." Advances in Dental Research 3, no. 2 (September 1989): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374890030022801.

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Recent years have witnessed an impressive increase in research on enamel hypoplasias in archaeological populations. By reviewing a series of studies of enamel hypoplasias at Dickson Mounds, Illinois, North America (950-1300 A.D.), a prehistoric site involved in the transition from gathering-hunting to agriculture, this paper provides an illustration of this type of research. The location of linear hypoplasias on labial tooth surfaces of 111 adults was studied with a thin-tipped caliper, and this location was converted to an age at development. Most defects developed between two and four years of developmental age. Hypoplasias increased in prevalence from 45% in the pre-agriculture group to 80% in the agricultural group (p < 0.01). The transition to agriculture occurred at a cost to infant and childhood health. Defects are associated with decreased longevity. Individuals with defects have a life expectancy of nearly ten years fewer than those without defects, suggesting that the development of a defect marks a significant and lasting health event. Enamel hypoplasias occur most frequently on anterior teeth, polar teeth in developmental fields, and the middle developmental thirds of teeth. Analysis of these data suggests that enamel may be differentially susceptible to growth disruption and that susceptibility varies both within and among teeth. The study of enamel defects at Dickson provides insights into the health and nutritional consequences of the economic change from hunting and gathering to agriculture. More generally, with the availability of teeth from genetically homogeneous populations, studies of enamel hypoplasias in prehistory should provide a useful complement to research on this condition in contemporary peoples.

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Claassen, Cheryl. "Shellfishing Seasons in the Prehistoric Southeastern United States." American Antiquity 51, no. 1 (January 1986): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280391.

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Shellfish seasonality studies are summarized in this article, which presents the results of analysis at 94 sites in nine southeastern states. All but six of the sites are middens or shell lenses composed of marine or brackish water species (M. mercenaria, R. cuneata, D. variabilis). Shells in those sites along the Atlantic coast were collected from fall to early spring, while shells in sites on the Gulf coast were collected during early spring to summer. Freshwater shellfish middens in four states have been investigated and consistently indicated collection during warm weather. The uniformity of the results indicates that the variation in species used, techniques used, sample sizes, or geography have no noticeable negative impact on the usefulness of the results. It is argued that shellfish were a staple in the diet of many prehistoric horticultural peoples in spite of the fact that they are a dietary supplement for modern hunters and collectors.

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Solometo, Julie, and Joshua Moss. "Picturing the Past: Gender inNational GeographicReconstructions of Prehistoric Life." American Antiquity 78, no. 1 (January 2013): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.1.123.

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AbstractArtistic reconstructions of ancient life are powerful blends of archaeological interpretation and imagination. Like other narratives about the past, they can project contemporary gender roles and relations on ancient peoples, and can reinforce or transform ideas about gender in the present. This article examines the construction of gender ideologies inNational Geographicillustrations of prehistoric life. Our analysis of 204 pictorial reconstructions from 1936 to 2007 reveals that women and women’s work are significantly underrepresented and undervalued, while exhibiting evidence of temporal change in response to societal factors and editorial influences. A vigorous archaeology of gender has had little impact on the magazine’s imagined past; in some respects, the ancient women depicted in the last twenty years are just as scarce, passive, and subordinate as they were in the postwar “backlash” of the 1950s.

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Klaus, Haagen D., Jorge Centurión, and Manuel Curo. "Bioarchaeology of human sacrifice: violence, identity and the evolution of ritual killing at Cerro Cerrillos, Peru." Antiquity 84, no. 326 (November 25, 2010): 1102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00067119.

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The excavation of 81 skeletons at Cerro Cerrillos provided the occasion for a rigorously scientific deconstruction of human sacrifice, its changing methods and its social meaning among the Muchik peoples of ancient Peru. This paper shows how bioarchaeology and field investigation together can rediscover the root and purpose of this disturbingly prevalent prehistoric practice. Be warned: the authors' clinical and unexpurgated accounts of Andean responses to the spirit world are not for the fainthearted.

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Junker-Andersen, C. "The Eel Fisheries of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians." North American Archaeologist 9, no. 2 (October 1988): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pt2v-3f1u-9kgg-klr7.

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Recent zooarchaeological analyses of faunal materials recovered from the Steward (BfFt-2), Beckstead (BfFt-1), and Driver's (BeFu-2) archaeological sites in Eastern Ontario have demonstrated that the late prehistoric Iroquoian peoples who inhabited the upper St. Lawrence River valley depended to a great degree upon the exploitation of freshwater fish resources. Among the fish species found to be of primary importance to these peoples was the American Eel ( Anguilla rostrata [Lesueur]). The author examines both the ethnographic evidence and the available archaeological data concerning the native exploitation of this species to reconstruct the methods used in its capture and preparation, as well as its role in the St. Lawrence Iroquoians' seasonal cycle of faunal resource exploitation activities.

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Hutton, Ronald. "Prehistoric British Astronomy: Whatever Happened to the Earth and Sun?" Culture and Cosmos 18, no. 1 (June 2014): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.0118.0205.

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During the first half of the twentieth century, it was an orthodoxy among British archaeologists that the New Stone Age peoples of the island had worshipped an Earth Goddess, in chambered tombs, and then been conquered by foreigners who ushered in a Bronze Age, characterised by circular temples dedicated to a new religion focused on the heavens. In the second half of the century, belief in this sequence collapsed, and experts more or less abandoned attempts to reconstruct religion during this period of prehistory. At the same time it remains true that many of its monuments have clear alignments on heavenly bodies. What now, then, can be done to bring together this evidence with prevailing scholarly attitudes?

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Anderson, Myrdene. "From Homeland to Homelands and Back Again." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 8, no. 2 (2019): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2019.8.2.100.

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Today Saami people mostly reside in arctic regions of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Their prehistoric trajectories, predating “borders,” are as nonlinear as the antecedent trajectories that implicate more and more, eventually all, of us humans. Saami and other Fourth World peoples share concerns about the survival of their cultures, their languages, themselves. Their “homeland” consists in the rights they claim in their now enveloping nation-states. In contrast, refugees' historic trajectories have entailed the transgression of borders—centripetally and centrifugally, by gradual or urgent leaks and absorptions—sometimes landing them in the same, already contested, spaces. In this essay, traditionally nomadic Saami encounter the most contemporary of global migrants and refugees.

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Xie, Liye, Steven L. Kuhn, Guoping Sun, John W. Olsen, Yunfei Zheng, Pin Ding, and Ye Zhao. "Labor Costs for Prehistoric Earthwork Construction: Experimental and Archaeological Insights from the Lower Yangzi Basin, China." American Antiquity 80, no. 1 (January 2015): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.4.67.

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AbstractThis paper examines choices of earth-working tools made by Neolithic Chinese populations. In the Hemudu Culture (7000–5000 B.P.), bone (scapula) digging tools were used from the earliest times, whereas peoples in surrounding areas used stone spades. A range of experiments on manufacturing costs, durability, and use efficiency under realistic conditions show that bone and stone spades are functionally equivalent when soils are soft, but that stone implements provide significant and easily perceived advantages when working harder soils. The persistence of scapular spades in the Hemudu Culture would have constrained decisions about undertaking large construction projects under normal soil conditions. Our results show that, in addition to generalized labor for construction, labor demands for producing earth-working implements for large-scale prehistoric earthworks could have also been substantial. These findings not only help explain the processes of intensifying rice-agriculture and sedentary settlements in the Lower Yangzi Basin, but also create a solid foundation for further investigation of how the recruitment of both generalized and specialized laborers, the organization of craft production, and the relevant logistics for large-scale earthworks may have paralleled concentrations of political power in prehistory.

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Falcucci, Beatrice. "Fossili viventi: Prehistoric Archaeology and Colonial Ethnographic Collections in Liberal Italy." ORGANON 54 (December 14, 2022): 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/00786500.org.22.006.16956.

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This article offers a first survey investigating the practice of displaying objects belonging to ancient civilisations of the Italian peninsula alongside those of the peoples living in the African colonies – and beyond – during the end of 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. I will analyse the development of the discipline known in Italy as paletnologia in close connection with the European context and how it was presented in museums through its association with artefacts belonging to the so–called present–day primitives. Finally, the article will conclude by discussing the paradigm shift happening at the time of the Fascist Empire.

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Porcasi, Judith F., and Harumi Fujita. "The Dolphin Hunters: A Specialized Prehistoric Maritime Adaptation in the Southern California Channel Islands and Baja California." American Antiquity 65, no. 3 (July 2000): 543–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694535.

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Synthesis of faunal collections from several archaeological sites on the three southernmost California Channel Islands and one in the Cape Region of Baja California reveals a distinctive maritime adaptation more heavily reliant on the capture of pelagic dolphins than on near-shore pinnipeds. Previous reports from other Southern California coastal sites suggest that dolphin hunting may have occurred there but to a lesser extent. While these findings may represent localized adaptations to special conditions on these islands and the Cape Region, they call for reassessment of the conventionally held concept that pinnipeds were invariably the primary mammalian food resource for coastal peoples. Evidence of the intensive use of small cetaceans is antithetical to the accepted models of maritime optimal foraging which assume that shore-based or near-shore marine mammals (i.e., pinnipeds) would be the highest-ranked prey because they were readily encountered and captured. While methods of dolphin hunting remain archaeologically invisible, several island cultures in which dolphin were intensively exploited by people using primitive watercraft and little or no weaponry are presented as possible analogs to a prehistoric Southern California dolphin-hunting technique. These findings also indicate that dolphin hunting was probably a cooperative endeavor among various members of the prehistoric community.

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Guptanjali Sahu, Debashish Gardia, and Akshya Kumar Mishra. "Ethenomedicinal Documentation of Medicinal Plants Used by Tribal Peoples of Nuapada District, Odisha, India." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 3 (August 24, 2022): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.3.17.

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The study of a region's plants and their practical applications using the traditions and local knowledge is known as ethnobotany. People have used plants for medical purposes since well before the prehistoric era. On several fronts, traditional medical systems are still heavily utilized. the process of producing medications from plants to treat a variety of human diseases. The native plants and plant parts used as medicines by traditional healers in Nuapada areas are extremely little known. The goal of this research is to compile a list of the exact plant components that local traditional healers in the chosen Nuapada areas utilize to treat a variety of illnesses. The tribes of Nuapada treat their common sickness with 18 species from 14 families.

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Broyles, Bill. "Surface water resources for prehistoric peoples in western Papaguerı́a of the North American south-west." Journal of Arid Environments 33, no. 4 (August 1996): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1996.0084.

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Jeong, Choongwon, Andrew T. Ozga, David B. Witonsky, Helena Malmström, Hanna Edlund, Courtney A. Hofman, Richard W. Hagan, et al. "Long-term genetic stability and a high-altitude East Asian origin for the peoples of the high valleys of the Himalayan arc." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 27 (June 20, 2016): 7485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520844113.

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The high-altitude transverse valleys [>3,000 m above sea level (masl)] of the Himalayan arc from Arunachal Pradesh to Ladahk were among the last habitable places permanently colonized by prehistoric humans due to the challenges of resource scarcity, cold stress, and hypoxia. The modern populations of these valleys, who share cultural and linguistic affinities with peoples found today on the Tibetan plateau, are commonly assumed to be the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of the Himalayan arc. However, this assumption has been challenged by archaeological and osteological evidence suggesting that these valleys may have been originally populated from areas other than the Tibetan plateau, including those at low elevation. To investigate the peopling and early population history of this dynamic high-altitude contact zone, we sequenced the genomes (0.04×–7.25×, mean 2.16×) and mitochondrial genomes (20.8×–1,311.0×, mean 482.1×) of eight individuals dating to three periods with distinct material culture in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) of Nepal, spanning 3,150–1,250 y before present (yBP). We demonstrate that the region is characterized by long-term stability of the population genetic make-up despite marked changes in material culture. The ancient genomes, uniparental haplotypes, and high-altitude adaptive alleles suggest a high-altitude East Asian origin for prehistoric Himalayan populations.

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Méndez M., César A., and Omar R. Reyes B. "Late Holocene human occupation of the Patagonian forests: a case study in the Cisnes river basin." Antiquity 82, no. 317 (September 1, 2008): 560–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00097222.

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How early did steppe dwellers penetrate the forests? The authors compare and contrast settlement on the steppe, in the forest and on the steep sea coast of western Patagonia, finding that the steppe is occupied first, from 11400 calendar years BP. But around 2800 calendar years BP settlements enter the forest almost simultaneously for a brief period along the length of the Cisnes river valley. Within a few centuries the experiment appears to be abandoned, and the focus of prehistoric peoples returns to the steppe.

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White, John R. "The Kern Effigy: Evidence for a Prehistoric fort Ancient Summer Solstice Marker." North American Archaeologist 7, no. 2 (October 1986): 137–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wlf7-5drf-nu10-dqll.

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Recent excavations in Warren County, Ohio, within the shadow of monumental Fort Ancient have brought to light a large prehistoric alignment of limestone flagstones forming an effigy of a serpent. Radiocarbon dates indicate that this effigy was constructed in 1200 A.D. presumably by local peoples archaeologically designated as being of the Anderson focus (or phase) of the Fort Ancient aspect. Strong evidence indicates that this large “artifact” may have seen use as an astronomical ground marker for determining the summer solstice and important dates related thereto. A set of general and site specific hypotheses is presented to support this contention and to briefly discuss its cultural setting.

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Erdoǧu, Burçin. "The Late Chalcolithic Pottery from the Sites of Kavaklı and Yumurta Tepe in the Province of Edirne, Eastern Thrace." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65 (1999): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002097.

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Eastern Thrace acts as a land bridge between Southeast Europe and Anatolia. Along this land bridge, it might be expected that there has been movement of objects and materials, transference of ideas, trade, and migrations of peoples between two continents.In 1995 a prehistoric survey was carried out in the province of Edirne, Eastern Thrace, by the University of Thrace, Department of Archaeology. The Late Chalcolithic pottery from Yumurta Tepe und Kavaklı presented here was collected during this survey. This group supplies a missing link in the pottery sequence of Eastern Thrace.

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Bahar, Hasan. "The Konya region in the Iron Age and its relations with Cilicia." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643058.

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Located in the central region of the Anatolian mainland, Konya has played an important role in east-west and north-south cultural interactions since prehistoric times. In order to investigate the cultural geography of this region from prehistoric times to the Classical period surveys and museum work have been carried out since 1987 (Bahar 1991; Bahar et al 1996). In the course of this work some observations have been made on the Iron Age, which is a problematic subject for the central Anatolian region as well as for Anatolia as a whole. During the Iron Age the grey pottery known as Phrygian ware occurs over a wide region from the basin of the Meander in the west into central Anatolia (Mellaart 1955: 117; Dupré 1983: 82; Summers 1994: 241-52). We have previously suggested that this ware should be renamed ‘inner-west Anatolian ware’ or ‘Luwian ware’ (Bahar et al 1996: 65-7). It is significant that this pottery is encountered especially around Sarayönü and Kadınhanı where Luwian peoples were intensively settled in the second millennium BC.

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Romanyuk, Taras. "Lubor Niederle and the development of Сzech Slavic studies and archaeology in the context of Ukrainian national progress." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 21 (November 16, 2017): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2017-21-41-58.

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Activities of Czech scientists of the late XVIII-XIX centuries. concerning the study of the Slavic peoples, continued by the prominent Czech Slavic scholar, archaeologist, historian, ethnographer, philologist Lubor Niederle (1865–1944) are discussed in the article. The scientist had a good European education on anthropology and archaeology, studying in Germany and France and during his scientific trips to Great Britain, Italy, Germany, Russia, and the Balkan countries. Collected material formed the basis of his first comprehensive monograph about humanity during the prehistoric era, in particular on the lands inhabited by the Slavs. Among a large number of published researches, most important was the multivolume monograph “Slovanské starožitnosti”, in which scientist analyzed the history of the Slavs from the prehistoric period till the early Middle Ages. Publications of L. Niederle were of great interest to Ukrainian scholars (M. Hrushevskyi, F. Vovk, M. Bilyashivskyi, V. Hnatyuk, etc.). They criticized his Russophile position and defending of the dubious claims of Russian researchers about Ukrainian history. Key words: Czech Slavic studies, Lubor Niederle, Slavic antiquities, Ukrainians.

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de Quirós, F. H. Bernaldo. "Reflections on the Art of the Cave of Altamira." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57, no. 01 (1991): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004898.

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Discovery of the cave of Altamira in 1879 introduced a new aspect to ideas on human evolution, requiring a fresh approach to previous notions of life and customs among prehistoric groups. In the final years of the 19th century the prevailing view of prehistoric life was still coloured by the prejudice and concepts which had marked early discussion on the origin of man. From what was known of their tools and art forms, early men were presented as living in simple communities which were considered equivalent to the ‘primitive peoples’ being described, often with a Euro-centric superiority, by contemporary ethnographers. The already classical volumes of the period, such as the Reliquiae Aquitanicae recording Lartet and Christy's discoveries, were full of interesting parallels to Eskimos and Bushmen. Up to this time, known Palaeolithic art was confined to engraved bone, some of it of high technical competence as at Chaffaud and La Madeleine. Consequently when the discovery of Altamira was presented at the Lisbon Congress it was received with some degree of caution.

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Thorsby, Erik. "The Polynesian gene pool: an early contribution by Amerindians to Easter Island." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1590 (March 19, 2012): 812–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0319.

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It is now generally accepted that Polynesia was first settled by peoples from southeast Asia. An alternative that eastern parts of Polynesia were first inhabited by Amerindians has found little support. There are, however, many indications of a ‘prehistoric’ (i.e. before Polynesia was discovered by Europeans) contact between Polynesia and the Americas, but genetic evidence of a prehistoric Amerindian contribution to the Polynesian gene pool has been lacking. We recently carried out genomic HLA (human leucocyte antigen) typing as well as typing for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome markers of blood samples collected in 1971 and 2008 from reputedly non-admixed Easter Islanders. All individuals carried HLA alleles and mtDNA types previously found in Polynesia, and most of the males carried Y chromosome markers of Polynesian origin (a few had European Y chromosome markers), further supporting an initial Polynesian population on Easter Island. The HLA investigations revealed, however, that some individuals also carried HLA alleles which have previously almost only been found in Amerindians. We could trace the introduction of these Amerindian alleles to before the Peruvian slave trades, i.e. before the 1860s, and provide suggestive evidence that they were introduced already in prehistoric time. Our results demonstrate an early Amerindian contribution to the Polynesian gene pool on Easter Island, and illustrate the usefulness of typing for immunogenetic markers such as HLA to complement mtDNA and Y chromosome analyses in anthropological investigations.

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Nenakhova, Yuliya N. "Siberian Scientific School of Prehistoric Art Founded by Academician A. P. Okladnikov." Archaeology and Ethnography 18, no. 7 (2019): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-19-41.

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Purpose. One of the most important research areas studied by A. P. Okladnikov was prehistoric art, in particular its origin and correlation with the concept of “aesthetic beginning”, as well as issues of ancient art development and a number of other related aspects. Siberian scientific school of prehistoric art founded by academician A. P. Okladnikov has already made a significant contribution to the study of prehistoric art on a worldwide scale. Results. A. P. Okladnilov’s scientific interest in prehistoric art issues formed at the beginning of the 1960s, when he moved to Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk. The scientific school was formed on the basis of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of SB RAS. A group of scientists from the institute organized a team which started to develop projects in several aspects: a) studied specific issues of the research program based on the leader’s ideas; b) provided training for specialists; c) organized and coordinated efforts of different research groups studying prehistoric art issues. Conclusion. Academician A. P. Okladnikov is an outstanding Soviet archaeologist, historian and anthropologist, an initiator and the first Director of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the AS in the USSR (currently the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of SB RAS), which was founded in 1966. Ancient history aspects under investigation at those times included the study of initial human settlements and the spread of Paleolithic traditions on the Asian continent, old cultural ties between Asia and America, ethnogenesis and early history of indigenous Siberian and Far Eastern peoples and their inclusion into the Russian state, the formation of Russian culture in Siberia and many others. A. P. Okladnikov organized a series of archaeological expeditions, and the geography of his Siberian expeditions covered a vast region from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east, from the Arctic Ocean in the north to Central Asia in the south. Dozens of talented researchers followed A. P. Okladnikov and made important archaeological discoveries. Their research areas cover a wide range of topical issues. Today it is the students of this researcher who largely determine the vector of archaeological development.

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Lillios, Katina T. "Mobility and Alterity in Iberian Late Prehistoric Archaeology: Current Research on the Neolithic–Early Bronze Age (6000–1500 BCE)." Annual Review of Anthropology 49, no. 1 (October 21, 2020): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-010220-042345.

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Archaeological investigations of late prehistoric Iberia between the Neolithic and Bronze Age (6000–1500 BCE) have long been a battleground between indigenist and exogenous models, and understandings of mobility and alterity have played an important role in these debates. Prior to the development of radiocarbon dating, key cultural transformations, such as megaliths, copper metallurgy, fortified hilltop settlements, and Beakers, were generally associated with nonlocal peoples, migrants, or colonizers. With the incorporation of radiocarbon dating to Iberian archaeological contexts in the 1980s and the determination of the antiquity of many of these cultural changes, the pendulum swung in the other direction, with a marked shift toward viewing autochthonous origins for these watershed transitions. In recent years, developments in strontium isotope analyses, genetics, and raw material characterization studies have provided new evidence for the mobility of peoples and things, and diffusionist models, sometimes without critical theorization, have once again reemerged.

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Allan, Timothy E., and Matthew Bolton. "Identification of Macrofossils within Stone Tools: a possibility for tracing the source of artifacts?" COMPASS 1, no. 1 (October 13, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/comp19.

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This paper discusses the application of malacological identification of macrofossils in stone tools. A macroscopically distinct toolstone utilized by prehistoric peoples, reported widely in archaeological consulting literature across central and southern Alberta (Meyer et al. 2007; de Mille 2009; Bohach 2010; Porter 2014), features fossilized root traces and occasional large fossil shells. These fossils can be identified, and correlated with temporal and geologic formations indicative of the environments within which the taxa occurred. Artifacts with fossils morphologically coherent with Hydrobia, Lioplacodes, and Viviparus spp. are identified in stone artifacts analyzed in this paper. These taxa are consistent with depositional environments of Paleocene period Paskapoo Formation sedimentary rocks, particularly, as identified at the Blindman-Red Deer River confluence and Joffre roadcut paleontological localities (Hoffman and Stockey 2011). In this paper we explore how the identification of these fossils offer clues to the procurement areas which were sought out by prehistoric toolmakers. We do not suggest that all Red Deer Mudstone is from these localities, though the fossil molluscs presented so far do not refute this conclusion, but we do suggest that identifying large fossil shells can be a critical diagnostic tool for identifying the geologic origin of artifacts.

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Bruce, Scott G. "Sunt altera nobis sidera, sunt orbes alii: Imagining Subterranean Peoples and Places in Medieval Latin Literature." Mediaevistik 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.04.

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Owing to the enduring popularity of Jules Verne’s science fiction story Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), modern readers have taken for granted a hollow, habitable core beneath the earth’s crust as a time-honored, though scientifically implausible, setting for speculative fiction.1 Verne’s fantastic tale of Professor Otto Lidenbrock’s descent into the Icelandic volcano Snæfellsjökull and his perilous adventures underground featuring forests of giant mushrooms and prehistoric monsters remains the most widely read work of nineteenth-century “subterranean fiction.” In 1926, the story was reprinted in a three-part serial in the widely-read American science fiction magazine Amazing Stories (Fig. 1). Throughout the twentieth century, it spawned a host of imitators, from Edgar Rice Burrough’s Pellucidar series (1914‐1963) to C. S. Lewis’ Narnian chronicle The Silver Chair (1953), as well as a successful 1959 film adaptation starring James Mason and Pat Boone.

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Iriarte, José, J. Christopher Gillam, and Oscar Marozzi. "Monumental burials and memorial feasting: an example from the southern Brazilian highlands." Antiquity 82, no. 318 (December 1, 2008): 947–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00097702.

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AbstractWhat happened at the sites of prehistoric burial mounds after they were erected? In the southern highlands of Brazil and Argentina the pre-Hispanic mounds of the twelfth-thirteenth centuries AD are surrounded by large circular enclosures with avenues leading to their centre. The authors discovered that the banks of the surrounding enclosure were built up over several generations of time, accompanied by a succession of ovens. Ethnohistoric observations of more recent peoples in the same region suggested an explanation: the cremation of a chief was followed by periodic feasts at his mound, where meat was steamed and maize beer prepared at the edge of the gathering.

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Klein, A. Norman. "Toward a new understanding of Akan origins." Africa 66, no. 2 (April 1996): 248–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161318.

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AbstractRecent evidence from archaeology and human population biology indicates two major demographic periods in the prehistoric and early historical settlement of the forest of southern Ghana. The earlier period began during the early part of the Common Era. The greatest material problem confronting early forest populations in West Africa was the need to counteract extraordinarily high rates of infant and childhood mortality and adult morbidity. This demographic drain resulted from the new disease ecologies—the relationship between the pathogens, notably malaria, their hosts and their mutual environment—that had confronted prehistoric and early historical peoples in the forest. The heavy price they paid in lives and productivity led these new forest communities to value the reproductivity of foreign women (slaves). The second period of demographic adjustment came between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries CE as West Africans responded to slaving, wars and Eurasian viral, bacterial and spirochetal diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis, by developing a defensive clustering pattern of settlement. It was during this period, when refugees were being incorporated into forest communities in large numbers, including slave women brought in as reproducers, that the tradition of outsiders falsifying Akan genealogies probably became widespread and thus helped ensure the social reproduction of Akan lineages.

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Rodríguez-Antón, Andrea, Maitane Urrutia-Aparicio, and María Antonia Perera Betancor. "Archaeoastronomy and Conflict: On the Orientation of Prehistoric Funerary Monuments in Western Sahara." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032005.

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A variety of Prehistoric dry-stone monuments are ubiquitous in Western Sahara, a region delimited by the boundaries of the former Spanish colony. With either burial or ritual functions, these monuments are spread throughout the Sahara Desert creating sacred landscapes and housing the memory of millennia of occupation. Previous research has explored the role of the sky in various aspects of the life of early inhabitants, such as their religious beliefs or funerary practices. These have been identified by the patterns of location and orientation of these constructions and their relation to particular astronomical events. This work presents a statistical analysis of the orientation of more than 200 prehistoric dry-stone monuments in Western Sahara occupied by Morocco, currently the biggest sample ever studied in this area and the first unique sample obtained in situ. The results show that the orientations follow similar trends observed in other areas of North Africa and the Mediterranean and that they fit with the visibility of particular celestial objects. This provides new insights into the ideas about space, time, and death and the cultural changes and mobility of those peoples and contributes to the preservation of a highly threatened heritage that is immersed in a vast land currently under dispute.

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Ivanova, Svetlana V., Viktor I. Klochko, Aleksander Kośko, Marzena Szmyt, Gennadiy N. Toschev, and Piotr Włodarczak. "‘Yampil Inspirations’: A Study of the Dniester Cultural Contact Area at the Frontier of Pontic and Baltic Drainage Basins." Baltic-Pontic Studies 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bps-2017-0009.

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Abstract The article presents the present state of research on the general issue of the Dniester Region of cultural contacts between communities settling the Baltic and Pontic drainage basins. Some five domains of research shall be brought to discussion in which it is possible to see fresh opportunities for archaeological study, on the basis of ‘Yampil studies’ on Dniester-Podolia (forest-steppe) barrow-culture ceremonial centres from the latter half of the 4th millennium and first half of the 3rd millennium BC. This relates to the peoples of the Eneolithic and the Early Bronze Age. In terms of topogenesis, embracing the Pontic-Tripolye, Yamnaya and Catacomb cultures, as well as Globular Amphora and Corded Ware in central prehistoric Europe.

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Kimwah, Junior, Ismail Ibrahim, and Baharudin Mohd Arus. "ZOOMORPHIC IMAGES IN PREHISTORIC CAVE PAINTING OF KAIN HITAM CAVE (PAINTED CAVE) NIAH, SARAWAK." International Journal of Heritage, Art and Multimedia 3, no. 8 (March 10, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijham.38002.

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This article debates the zoomorphic images or images of animals that have been produced on prehistoric cave walls. Kain Hitam Cave or known as Painted Cave, located within the Niah Cave complex, is a cave that believed have been inhabited by Neolithic peoples. Inside the cave, there were a variety of artifacts including boat-shaped coffins, jewelry made of shells, bones, and ceramics. Inside the cave, there is also a cave painting that is produced on the wall using hematite material mixed with a mixture of plant material. The main focus of this article is to record all the animal images found inside the cave wall. This research also attempted to document images digitally. The researchers produced a re-image using Adobe Photoshop's digital software. The results of this research are to collect a more organized and detailed collection of images.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Prehistoric peoples'

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