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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prehistoric economy'
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Lucas, L. "Economy and interaction : exploring archaeobotanical contributions in Prehistoric Cyprus." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1380771/.
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Recent archaeobotanical results from early Aceramic Neolithic sites on Cyprus (c. 8,500 cal. BC) have put the island in the forefront of debates on the spread of Near Eastern agriculture, with domestic crops appearing on the island shortly after they evolved. The archaeobotanical results from these early Cypriot Aceramic Neolithic sites changed conventional views regarding the Cypriot prehistoric economy, specifically the timing of the introduction of farming to the island. However, what happened after the introduction of agriculture to Cyprus has been less discussed. This thesis explores the role of new crop introductions, local agricultural developments, and intensification in subsequent economic and social developments on Cyprus corresponding with the island’s evidence of ongoing social transformations and changing off-island patterns of contacts. In addition to contributing to discussions on the origins and spread of Near Eastern agriculture, this thesis contributes to current archaeological debates on external contact and the influence of the broader Near East on the development of the island’s prehistoric economy. Further, the primary objective of this research is the comparative quantitative analysis of the Cypriot charred macro botanical record including archaeobotanical data from four recently excavated Cypriot sites, Krittou Marottou-‘Ais Yiorkis, Kissonerga-Skalia, Souskiou-Laona, and Prastion-Mesorotsos. This research is a chronological and regional analysis of the botanical record of Cyprus and a comparison of data from similarly dated sites in the Levantine mainland, Turkey, and Egypt.
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Smith, Scott Cameron. "Venerable geographies spatial dynamics, religion, and political economy in the prehistoric Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia /." Diss., UC access only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1887557061&sid=1&Fmt=7&clientId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 430-465). Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.
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Jia, Wei Ming. "Transition from foraging to farming in northeast China." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/653.
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This thesis is using a framework to analyse the process of transition from foraging to farming in northeast China. Tool complexes analysis is the particular method used to retreive prehistoric economies. Based on the result of these case studies about prehistoric economies in northeast China, this thesis attemp to apply the availability model of transition to farming in northern Europe, proposed by Zvelebil and Rowley-Convy, in the new area northeast China. The result of this research has implicated that the transition to farming in prehistory is the result of the interaction between human societies and environment. among many factors in this interaction, the motivation that prehistoric societies choosing agriculture economy to meet social, political and economic needs would have to be the major one leading to the transition occurred.
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Jia, Wei Ming. "Transition from foraging to farming in northeast China." University of Sydney. Philosophical & history enquries, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/653.
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This thesis is using a framework to analyse the process of transition from foraging to farming in northeast China. Tool complexes analysis is the particular method used to retreive prehistoric economies. Based on the result of these case studies about prehistoric economies in northeast China, this thesis attemp to apply the availability model of transition to farming in northern Europe, proposed by Zvelebil and Rowley-Convy, in the new area northeast China. The result of this research has implicated that the transition to farming in prehistory is the result of the interaction between human societies and environment. among many factors in this interaction, the motivation that prehistoric societies choosing agriculture economy to meet social, political and economic needs would have to be the major one leading to the transition occurred.
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Winterhoff, Ernest H. "The political economy of ancient Samoa : basalt adze production and linkages to social status /." Connect to title online (ProQuest) Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/6202.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 246-264). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.
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Connaughton, Sean P. "Onset of pottery in the subsistence economy of prehistoric hunter-gatherers of the St. Johns River Valley." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004864.
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Buchanan, Amanda Dawn. "ARCHAIC PERIOD DOMESTIC ECONOMY: EVIDENCE FROM THE MONDAY CREEK WORKSHOP SITE (33HO413), SOUTHEASTERN OHIO." Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1460666116.
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Formica, Tracy H. "THE DOMESTIC ECONOMY AT LOCUS 2 OF THE ALLEN SITE (33AT653): A LATE WOODLAND – LATE PREHISTORIC HOUSEHOLD IN SOUTHEASTERN OHIO." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1154636821.
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Stoner, Wesley Durrell. "COARSE ORANGE POTTERY EXCHANGE IN SOUTHERN VERACRUZ: A COMPOSITIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON CENTRALIZED CRAFT PRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE IN THE CLASSIC PERIOD." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2002. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyanth2002t00066/Stoner%5Fthesis2002.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Kentucky, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 171 p. : ill. ; maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 158-169).
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Antczak, Andrzej. "Late prehistoric economy and society of the islands off the coast of Venezuela : a contextual interpretation of the non-ceramic evidence." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317899/.
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Archaeologists have portrayed north-central Venezuela as the seat of the Valencioid 'chiefdom' (a.d. 900-1500) and assumed socio-cultural continuity between the Valencioid culture and the historic Caraca Indians. These assumptions have neither been constructed nor tested on socially meaningful archaeological contexts. My research formulates and tests the cognitive value of the non-ceramic evidence recovered from socially meaningful archaeological contexts on the islands of the Central Coast of Venezuela as sources for understanding the developmental trajectory of the Valencioid polity(ies). The data come from archaeological surveys and excavations on 55 offshore islands and at 47 sites. Through horizontal excavation, off-site control units and statistical control over sample size it is established that the economic purpose for the occupation of a large Valencioid campsite at Dos Mosquises Island (a.d. 1400-1500) was primarily to exploit Conch Shell (Strombus gigas) for food and raw material. Other local resources, such as fishes, lobsters, turtles and birds, were complementary. The conceptual polarity food/artefact, often applied to the archaeofaunal analyses, is replaced by contextual discrimination between food, non-food remains and natural objects, which leads to inferences on social group composition, labour division, specialisation, differential access to food and the exportation of shell raw material outside the islands. The results of the contextual analyses of allochthonous mammal and special purpose artefacts indicate the presence of prominent members of the society (chief, shaman and/or warriors) and the ceremonial character of the core locus at the Dos Mosquises site. It is suggested that the organisation of the insular enterprise is most likely controlled from this core locus. From a macro-regional perspective, the resulting analyses challenge the notion of a 600 yearlong unilinear evolution toward social complexity of the Valencioid polity. The previous view of a straightforward, hegemonic character of this polity is replaced by perspective of recurrent long and short-term changes in the nature and intensity of regional interactions between several polities. These interactions were based on a changing multilateral negotiations of power through trade, co-operativev entures,r esourcee xploitation, intermarriage,c eremonial assistancew, arfare and peace. The purported continuity between the insular Valencioids and the Caraca Indians is not supported by the archaeological data.
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Kidder, Barry. "NEGOTIATING HOUSEHOLD QUALITY OF LIFE AND SOCIAL COHESION AT UCANHA, YUCATAN, MEXICO, DURING THE LATE PRECLASSIC TO EARLY CLASSIC TRANSITION." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/42.
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The main focus of this project is to chronicle whether or not social inequality increased among households and community-level interactions in Ucanha, Yucatan, Mexico, at the time it was physically integrated with a larger regional polity headed by Ucí around the Terminal Preclassic/Early Classic (50 BCE – CE 400) transition. My research seeks to identify how social distinctions emerged during the early moments of social inequality and how these distinctions did or did not become a threat to social cohesion, as seen in the Early Classic “collapse” in some areas. Using a relational theoretical perspective, I argue that political authority and economic practices are embedded in moral expectations of a household quality of life that is negotiated by all actors. Trenching and broad-scale horizontal excavations document five variables of social distinction—architectural energetics, feasting, diversity of household assemblage, caching/burial practices, and the use of space—at three dwellings. Gini scores that calculate the distribution of fancy ceramics and labor investments in architecture also contribute to measuring household wellbeing at Ucanha. Results highlight differential, yet relatively high, quality of life during the Late Preclassic and then greater inequality and an overall decreased quality of life by the middle of the Early Classic (CE 400/450 – 600). Excavations from contexts associated with monumental architecture indicate vast labor inputs into Ucanha’s built landscape around the time of broader regional integration. Excavations and multi-elemental chemical analyses from the Central Plaza suggest this large public space was built during the Late Preclassic and was used for a variety of rituals that incorporated the populace through processions and performances. By the first few centuries into the Early Classic, however, the Central Plaza was walled off and access became limited and more tightly controlled. Thus, it appears emergent leaders at Ucanha, as evidenced by the presence of iconography related to centralized decision-making and possibly kingship, were successful in providing a high quality of life for their citizenry in exchange for labor and devoted followers during regional integration. Yet, during the Early Classic, household quality of life diminished, access to fancy ceramics became highly curtailed, and many residential platforms were abandoned likely as a result of leaders failing to meet the expectations of their followers.
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Manning, Cassandra R. "The Role of Salmon in Middle Snake River Human Economy: The Hetrick Site in Regional Contexts." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/203.
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On the Columbia Plateau, the origin of the Winter Village Pattern has long been a focus of research. Intensification of resources such as salmon, roots, and local aquatic resources is often cited as the cause of declining mobility. To address this question in the middle Snake River region, I have re-analyzed fish remains from the Hetrick site (10WN469; Weiser, ID), with occupations spanning the Holocene. Expectations from foraging theory and paleoclimate data are used to address whether salmon and other fish use changed over time and if such changes are correlated with the development of the Winter Village Pattern. The results of my research indicate that there is no correlation between the timing of increased salmonid use at the Hetrick site and paleoclimatic change or the earliest evidence for the Winter Village Pattern. Further, these results are very similar to patterns of fish use seen at other sites on the Snake River, particularly those from the Early and Middle Holocene.
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Marquebielle, Benjamin. "Le travail des matières osseuses au mésolithique : caractérisation technique et économique à partir des séries du sud et de l'est de la France." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20029/document.
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En France, les sociétés des derniers chasseurs-cueilleurs du Mésolithique ont principalement été étudiées par le biais de leurs productions lithiques, et essentiellement de leurs armatures. Le travail des matières osseuses n’a traditionnellement été évoqué que pour en signaler la pauvreté apparente, en réalité surtout fondée sur un déficit d’études. Ce présent travail de recherche a pour but de combler cette lacune de connaissances. Il s’inscrit dans le contexte actuel de diversification des types d’approches et des problématiques portant sur le Mésolithique. Il s’agit de proposer une première caractérisation du travail des matières osseuses, pour tenter d’affiner notre définition de la période, tant d’un point de vue chrono-culturel que d’un point de vue palethnologique.Ce travail de recherche a préalablement nécessité la réalisation d’un inventaire de la documentation archéologique disponible à l’échelle nationale. Il a ensuite été mené à bien par l’étude technique et économique de séries provenant d’une sélection de 21 sites du sud et de l’est de la France, répartis entre les Pyrénées, les Causses, les Alpes et le Jura.Ce travail a mis en évidence le fait que le travail des matières osseuses au Mésolithique a constitué un système fondé sur une exploitation bien différenciée de l’os, du bois de cerf et de la dent. Chacune de ces grandes catégories de matière première a été associée à un ou deux schéma(s) de transformation particulier(s) et aux productions qui en découlent. Il a également mis en évidence une forte homogénéité du travail des matières osseuses, tant d’un point de vue chronologique que géographique. Ces résultats ont permis de révéler des rythmes d’évolution différents entre productions lithiques et productions osseuses, ainsi qu’une individualisation chronologique du travail des matières osseuses au Mésolithique. Quelques apports préliminaires d’ordre palethnologique ont pu être proposés, notamment en terme d’exploitation de leurs milieux naturels par les populations mésolithiquesIn France, the last hunter-gatherers of the Mesolithic have mainly been investigated from the perspective of their lithic industry, and especially, through studies devoted to arrowheads. As a result of the apparent scarcity of osseous remains, the work of osseous materials was believed to be at best a marginal activity. The first contribution of this work is to show that this generally admitted idea is in fact the result of a lack of studies. Consequently, its aim is to fill this gap by proposing a first characterization of the work of osseous materials and to assess to what extent it refines our perception of this period from a chrono-cultural, but also from a palethnological perspective. This work participates to the current diversification of approaches and questionings concerning the Mesolithic period.This research required making an inventory of the available archaeological data at a national level. Then, a technical and economic study of a selection of 21 sites of Southern and Eastern France (Pyrenees, Causses, Alps and Jura) was performed.During the Mesolithic, the work of osseous materials was based on a differential exploitation of each raw material: bone, antler and tooth. Each material was worked following one or two transformation scheme(s). This study also shows that the exploitation and working techniques of osseous materials remained highly unified throughout the considered chronological and geographical frames. These results bring to light, on the one hand, that lithic and osseous productions followed different evolution rhythms and, on the other hand, that the modalities of the work of osseous materials are specific to the Mesolithic. Finally, preliminary palethnological results contribute to a wider issue i.e., the question of the exploitation of their environment by the Mesolithic populations
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Szuter, Christine Rose. "Hunting by prehistoric horticulturalists in the American Southwest." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184739.
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Hunting by horticulturalists in the Southwest examines the impact of horticulture on hunting behavior and animal exploitation among late Archaic and Hohokam Indians in south-central Arizona. A model incorporating ecological and ethnographic data discusses the impact horticulturalists had on the environment and the ways in which that impact affected other aspects of subsistence, specifically hunting behavior. The model is then evaluated using a regional faunal data base from Archaic and Hohokam sites. Five major patterns supporting the model are observed: (1) a reliance on small and medium-sized mammals as sources of animal protein, (2) the use of rodents as food, (3) the differential reliance on cottontails (Sylvilagus) and jack rabbits (Lepus) at Hohokam farmsteads versus villages, (4) the relative decrease in the exploitation of cottontails versus jack rabbits as a Hohokam site was occupied through time, and (5) the recovery contexts of artiodactyl remains, which indicate their ritual and tool use as well as for food.
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Murray, Maribeth S. "Economic change in the Palaeoeskimo prehistory of the Foxe Basin, Northwest Territories." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0020/NQ30163.pdf.
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Romero, Guevara Álvaro Luís. "Organización social y economía política en la prehistoria tardía de los Valles de Arica (1.100 - 1.530 d.C.)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113572.
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ArqueólogoNuestro problema de estudio es la búsqueda de una interpretación sobre los procesos culturales prehispánicos tardíos de Arica, que incluya ambas miradas, la hegemonía y la interacción social. Sostengo que ambos fenómenos ocurren en paralelo, y que lo que se ha interpretado como hegemonía corresponde esencialmente a la distribución de determinadas materialidades que sustentan el poder político y la ideología de las comunidades, tales como cerámica y textiles con iconografía. Sin duda, estos elementos actúan activamente en tales escenarios, pero también es probable que sean reproducidos socialmente de manera pasiva dentro de los procesos de enculturación. Por otro lado, la interacción, como se ha venido discutiendo desde decenios en la antropología andina, es un proceso que sobrepasa la actividad económica de las comunidades e involucra un rango más amplio de acciones como el parentesco, la ideología y la organización social.
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Clarke, Joanne Trudie. "Regional variation in the ceramics of Neolithic Cyprus : implications for the socio-economic and cultural dynamics of a prehistoric island society." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21149.
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The Ceramic Neolithic (SCU) period in Cyprus is unusual because of the island-wide uniformity observable in the material culture remains. It is only in the ceramic repertoire that regional variation can be detected, and this is most clearly evident in the surface decoration on the painted pottery. Regional variation is common in prehistoric societies, where external elements can act upon social and economic structures and thereby contribute to diversity. In Cyprus, where there were no external influences, factors that contributed to diversity were internally circumscribed. The predominant forces acting upon SCU Cyprus were economic. Subsistence strategies governed the ways in which early populations conducted their daily lives and interacted with others. The undertaking of seasonally related subsistence tasks would have directed the types of interaction that occurred between village groups and regions. Looking specifically at the material culture of the SCU phase, and in particular the distribution of variation in the pottery, the socio-economic processes that contributed to regional diversity are defined. Ceramic variation in SCU Cyprus is predominantly stylistic, and style can appear in many guises. Moreover, it is stylistic variation that is the extant measurable element of social interaction. This thesis argues that economic factors directed the types of social interactive processes that occurred during the SCU phase, and that this is reflected as stylistic variation in the ceramics. Measuring variety against the backdrop of economic and subsistence models aids the identification of the types of relationships which existed.
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Lai, Luca. "The Interplay of Economic, Climatic and Cultural Change Investigated Through Isotopic Analyses of Bone Tissue: The Case of Sardinia 4000-1900 BC." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002386.
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González, Sainz César. "El Magdaleniense superior-final de la región Cantábrica." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/22651.
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En los compases finales de la última glaciación, los grupos de cazadores que habitaban en la región experimentaron cambios culturales relativamente acelerados. Este trabajo aborda la ordenación temporal del registro arqueológico y su variabilidad sincrónica, tratando de integrar y hacer más comprensibles, los cambios en las industrias y equipamiento, en las formas de la subsistencia y de organización, o en materia gráfica.
El trabajo ofrece un análisis de la información disponible en 1980-1986 para ese periodo, entre c 13.500/13.000 y 11.700/11.200 BP., procedente en una veintena de yacimientos en cueva distribuidos a lo largo de la región. Se ocupa de las secuencias estratigráficas, evidencias ambientales, (sedimentos, polen) y datación absoluta, para proponer una ordenación cronoestratigráfica vinculada a las sucesivas alternativas ambientales detectadas en la segunda mitad del Tardiglaciar. El estudio técnico y tipológico del instrumental lítico y sobre el huevo y asta, de los objetos decorados, así como la consideración de los restos de subsistencia (caza, pesca y recolección litoral), se orienta a definir las modificaciones temporales y las variaciones espaciales a lo largo del corredor cantábrico, con expresivas diferencias en su grado en ordenación según tipos de restos. Se trata de identificar y jerarquizar los factores implicados en la variabilidad arqueológica durante el MSFC y de discutir la relación entre las modificaciones temporales y espaciales de distinto aspecto culturales.
Al margen de una definición arqueológica del periodo, se propone una reorientación, referida a la forma más usual de enfocar la intensificación económica, producida a finales de la fase VII e inicios de la VIII, que implico un cambio más acelerado en los aspectos técnicos, en la composición del espectro de recursos aprovechados, en la movilidad de los grupos y en la amplitud de las áreas de aprovechamiento anual.In the glaciation late phases, the hunter groups that lived in the Cantabrian region suffered some cultural changes relatively accelerated. This work deals with temporal arrangement of archaeological record and its synchronic variability, trying to integrate and make more understandable the changes on equipment, on subsistence, on organization way, and the changes on graphic subject. This work offers an analysis of the available information in 1980-1986 for that period, between c.13.500/13.000 and 11.700/11.200 BP, coming from twenty cave sites approximately, distributed along the Cantabrian region. It deals with stratigraphic sequences, environmental evidences (sediments, pollen) and absolute dating, in order to propose a chronostratigraphic arrangement linked to consecutive environmental alternatives detected in the second half of Late Glacial. The technical and typological study of lytic and bone tools and decorated objects, as well the consideration of subsistence remains (hunting, fishing, coastal collecting), is focused to define the temporal changes and the spatial variations along the Cantabrian corridor, with meaningful differences in organization degree according to remains type. This thesis tries to identify and organize into a hierarchy the factors involved in the archaeological variability during the MSFC, and it tries to argument the relationship between temporal and spatial changes of different cultural aspects. Leaving aside the archaeological definition of the period, it is proposed a redeployment of the most usual way to approach the economic intensification, occurred on the late phase VII-early phase VIII, that involved a more accelerated change on technical aspects , on the used resources spectrum, on the groups mobility, and change on the width of annual use areas.
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Field, Julie S. "The evolution of competition and cooperation in Fijian prehistory archaeological research in the Sigatoka Valley, Fiji /." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=765031501&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1233790945&clientId=23440.
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Steinberg, John Michael. "The economic prehistory of Thy, Denmark : a study of the changing value of flint based on a methdology of the plowzone /." Ann Arbor (Mich.) : UMI dissertation services, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40020528n.
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Font, Valentín Laia. "La gestió dels recursos animals a la Catalunya meridional i de ponent durant la protohistòria (segles VII-I ane). Avaluació econòmica, política i social a partir de les restes de fauna." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/418810.
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La present recerca té com a objectiu, a partir de la disciplina de la zooarqueologia, integrar les dades de les diferents anàlisis faunístiques dins les interpretacions de caràcter econòmic i politicosocial d’un seguit d’assentaments de la primera edat del ferro i època ibèrica (segles VII- I ane). L’àrea a tractar és la zona meridional i de ponent de l’actual Catalunya, dos territoris a priori diferents, atesa la trajectòria de cada un d’ells des de l’edat del bronze, en qüestions de poblament, o de contacte amb el món colonial fenici, durant la primera edat del ferro; i marcats per una profunda transformació al llarg del període ibèric, a través dels diferents sistemes d’assentaments i les relacions entre els recursos més immediats, alhora que aquests s’adapten a l‘arribada del contingent romà i apareixen noves formes de producció i emmagatzematge agrícoles que poden respondre a aquests nous temps.
Pretenem, en aquest marc cronocultural descrit, traçar una evolució en clau de semblances i/o diferències entre els diferents registres zooarqueològics a través de les anàlisis fetes sobre diferents conjunts. Per una banda, s’han analitzat els materials de 5 assentaments: Sant Jaume (Alcanar, Montsià), Ferradura (Alcanar, Montsià), Calvari (el Molar, Priorat), Coll del moro (Gandesa, Terra Alta) i Missatges (Tàrrega, Urgell), amb un total de 5968 restes òssies (mamífers, aus i peixos), i 773 restes de mol·luscs i crustacis marins. Per altra banda els resultats d’aquesta primera anàlisi seran integrats amb els disponibles a través d’altres estudis zooarqueològics d’assentament de la zona o zones immediates (amb dades d’assentaments del País Valencià i el Baix Aragó) amb dades quantitatives aptes per a comparar.
El treball s’estructura en: introducció, objectius, metodologia, context geogràfic i cronocultural de la zona a tractar, i estat de la qüestió al voltant del volum i la qualitat de les dades quantitatives disponibles, així com d’un seguit de reflexions sobre aspectes com ara el consum, la ramaderia, i la ritualitat al voltant dels animals domèstics, a partir de les propostes d’altres autors i de paral·lels significatius, a tall de capítols introductoris i de caràcter més teòric. A continuació s’analitzen els 5 contextos inèdits esmentats, per a relacionar, al capítol dedicat a la discussió dels resultats, aquells resultats obtinguts amb les dades zooarqueològiques publicades i disponibles. Per últim, el capítol de les conclusions recopila els objectius fixats i els resultats obtinguts per tal de traçar una valoració en conjunt.The aim of this research is to carry out a zooarchaeological study of various sites dated to the Early Iron Age and Iberian period (7th-1st centuries BC), interpreting the results of the faunal analysis within the respective economic and sociopolitical contexts. The study area includes the southern and western zones of Catalonia. Both are a priori different zones in terms of population from the Bronze Age onwards, and of interaction with the Phoenician colonial world during the Early Iron Age. Both territories also experienced strong transformations during the Iberian Period, in terms of settlement patterns and relations to the nearby resources, at the same time that they were adapting to the arrival of Roman settlers and new ways of production and storage were emerging. In this context, the objective of this work is to analyse the changes and similarities/differences between the zooarchaeological record in a series of contexts. On one hand, materials from five archaeological sites have been analysed: Sant Jaume (Alcanar, Montsià), Ferradura (Alcanar, Montsià), Calvari (el Molar, Priorat), Coll del Moro (Gandesa, Terra Alta) and Missatges (Tàrrega, Urgell), with a total of 5968 bone remains (mammals, birds and fishes) and 773 remains of marine molluscs and crustaceans. On the other hand, the results of this analysis are integrated and compared with available quantitative data from other zooarchaeological studies on sites from the same geographical zone or nearby zones (including data from sites in the País Valencià and Baix Aragó). The work is structured as follows: introduction, objectives, methodology, geographic and historical background of the study area, and state of the art in zooarchaeological quantitative data (taking into account also the quality of these data), in addition to some remarks on consumption, animal husbandry and rituals associated with domestic animals, based on studies by different authors. After these introductory and theoretical chapters, the results of the five sites analysed in this research are presented. This is followed by a discussion of these results, integrating the existing published and available zooarchaeological data from other sites. The conclusions of this study are summarised in the final chapter.
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Ward, Anthony H. "An archaeological field survey of part of the Black Mountain in south-east Dyfed : a contribution to the interpretation of economy and settlement in the region from prehistory to the early modern period." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13215/.
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A survey of archaeological sites was carried out across 60 km2 of the Black Mountain in south-east Dyfed, an upland common. These are described and placed in a putative chronological sequence against a palaeo-environmental backcloth. Sepulchral cairns are the earliest sites recorded, probably belonging to the early second millennium bc. House circles and homesteads may date to later prehistory and the early proto-historic period, while numerous rectangular foundations are probably the remains of Medieval, possibly later Medieval, settlement. Boundaries partition part of the landscape and there are stone clearance heaps and strips. Land-use is discussed up until the early Post-Medieval period, taking account of both the monuments and the palaeo-environmental data and informed by definition of some parameters within which exploitation of upland environments can take place. Seasonality of resources, the importance of the wider region and the requirements for mobility are amongst the factors considered. The historical model of transhumance which is frequently applied to the Welsh uplands is examined. Periodic hunting, gathering and husbandry is suggested in the area prior to c. 2000 bc after which perceptions of the landscape seemingly begin to change with evidence for episodes of more formal management relating to animal husbandry and limited cultivation. Although settlement may frequently have been transient, overwintering or longer periods of continuous occupation are not precluded in response to a combination of economic, social and environmental factors. Suggestions are made for further work.
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Le, Quéré Enora. "Les Cyclades sous l'Empire Romain (Ier s. av. J.-C. - IIIe s. ap. J.-C.) : formes et limites d'une renaissance économique et sociale." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01011576.
Full textAbstract:
Cette étude analyse ce que fut la vie des sociétés insulaires égéennes au moment de l'hégémonie romaine et tente d'interpréter le rôle historique des Cyclades au sein de l'Empire romain (Ier s. av. J.-C.-IIIe s. ap. J.-C.). L'examen des transformations politiques, économiques et sociales des cités insulaires permet entre autres de déterminer si les nouvelles conditions instaurées en Égée par le pouvoir impérial romain ont créé une rupture dans leur fonctionnement - notamment par rapport à la basse époque hellénistique - ou si les données insulaires sont restées les mêmes, s'inscrivant dans une continuité reconnaissable par l'historien et dans la " longue durée". Le déclin des îles dont parlent toutes les sources littéraires, tout comme la " renaissance" présumée du Ile s. ap. J.-C., sont ici analysés et nuancés.L'un des enjeux est d'évaluer si l'insularité a été un facteur déterminant dans l'histoire des Cyclades impériales et a créé des modèles sociaux et économiques différents; ou au contraire, si l'Archipel a été totalement intégré, au même titre que les autres régions et provinces, dans le vaste Empire romain, dont on s'attache généralement à souligner la volonté unificatrice. Cette thèse d'histoire spatialement localisée montre toute la pertinence et toute la richesse d'une étude régionale pour le monde grec antique. Le matériel épigraphique et archéologique permet d'appréhender dans sa globalité une société méditerranéenne, pendant plus de trois siècles, et de modéliser un fonctionnement régional (ou micro-régional) à l'intérieur d'un vaste empire, dans un contexte historique et politique précis.
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Toulemonde, Françoise. "Economie végétale et pratiques agricoles au Bronze final et au premier âge du Fer, de la côte de l'Île-de-France à la côte de Champagne." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998139.
Full textAbstract:
Les âges du Bronze final et du premier Fer constituent, pour la Champagne, une phase d'expansion des installations humaines. C'est également au Bronze final que se généralise, à l'échelle européenne, l'adoption de nouvelles plantes cultivées, les millets, l'épeautre, l'ers, la féverole et la caméline. L'étude carpologique de 21 sites localisés dans la Plaine de Troyes, le Pays remois et la Bassée, livre des informations sur l'agriculture qui accompagne cette expansion, et sur la façon dont elle intègre les changements observés à l'échelle européenne. Dès le début du Bronze final, une agriculture diversifiée est en place. Elle inclue les nouvelles plantes, qui prennent une part importante aux productions régionales basées sur l'orge vêtue, le millet commun, et les blés vêtus, dont l'épeautre et le "new" glume wheat, blé jusqu'alors inconnu en France. La lentille, l'ers et la caméline jouent un rôle notable, complémentaire à celui des céréales. L'agriculture est stable pendant les 9 siècles étudiés. Les parcelles sont cultivées de manière permanente et plutôt intensive, sans baisse de la fertilité des sols. Une expansion des espaces pâturés est probable au cours du premier âge du Fer, peut-être sous forme de jachères. Les systèmes de culture semblent capables de répondre aux besoins de subsistance et de se perpétuer. Des pratiques sociales de repas collectifs sont attestées. Les différences qui existent entre les productions végétales, selon les secteurs géographiques, peuvent être liées aux contraintes du milieu, ou à certaines affinités culturelles.
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Bērziņš, V. (Valdis). "Sārnate: living by a coastal lake during the East Baltic Neolithic." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514289415.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study is a re-analysis of the material from the wetland settlement of Sārnate, excavated between 1938 and 1959 by Eduards Šturms and Lūcija Vankina. The site, dated to the Neolithic of the East Baltic, is located on a former lakeshore in the littoral belt of the Kurzeme Peninsula, western Latvia. First, the many separate dwelling assemblages of material were arranged into three major groups on the basis of their pottery: dwellings with Comb Ware (undated), dwellings with Early Sārnate Ware (c. 4365–3780 kal ekr.) and dwellings with Late Sārnate Ware (c. 3630–2850 kal ekr.). The Comb Ware from Sārnate represents a heterogeneous and poorly-preserved corpus. Early and Late Sārnate Ware are seen as belonging to a tradition of shell-tempered, low-fired vessels that served mainly as cooking pots. Ceramic bowls, represented in Late Sārnate Ware, are interpreted as fat-burning lamps. The dwellings with Early and Late Sārnate Ware have produced a range of net fishing gear, as well as components of eel clamps and fish-screens. The houses of the Early and Late Sārnate Ware groups were quite substantial post-built structures, but not true pile dwellings. The hearths consisted of a bed of sand, with a substructure of timber and bark. Experimental work suggests that food was cooked by standing the pointed base of the pot in the sand of the hearth and building up the fire around it. Spatial analysis of the structural remains and artefact distributions in the best-preserved dwellings with Late Sārnate Ware, aligned with their long axes perpendicular to the former shoreline, revealed the concentration at one end of the hearth of tools and refuse connected with activities relating mainly to food processing, i.e. a ‘kitchen area’. For the Early and Late Sārnate phases, we can reconstruct the basic settlement-subsistence pattern, characterised by utilisation of a diverse range of subsistence resources, mainly those of the eutrophic lagoonal lakes, and a semi-sedentary or sedentary pattern of life, with a permanent occupation at Sārnate. A similar mode of subsistence and settlement was probably practiced at other lagoonal lakes along the East Baltic coastTiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan uudelleen Eduard Sturmsin ja Lucija Vankinan vuosina 1938–1959 kaivaman Sarnaten suoasuinpaikan materiaali. Itä-Baltian neolitikumiin ajoittuva asuinpaikka sijaitsee muinaisen järven rannalla Kurzemen niemen rantavyöhykkeellä Latvian länsiosassa. Useista erillisistä asumuksista kerätty materiaali järjestettiin kolmeen pääryhmään niissä esiintyvän keramiikan perusteella: asumukset joissa esiintyi kampakeramiikkaa (ajoittamatonta), asumukset joissa oli varhaista Sarnaten keramiikkaa (n. 4365 –3780 kal ekr.) ja asumukset joissa oli myöhäistä Sarnaten keramiikkaa (n. 3630 –2850 kal ekr.). Sarnaten kampakeramiikka on heterogeenistä ja huonosti säilynyttä. Varhaisen ja myöhäisen Sarnaten keramiikan arvioidaan kuuluvan simpukankuorisekoitteisten, matalapolttoisten astioiden traditioon. Näitä astioita käytettiin etupäässä keittoastioina. Myöhäisen Sarnate-keramiikan keramiikkakulhot on tulkittu rasvaa polttaviksi lampuiksi. Varhaisen ja myöhäisen Sarnate-keramiikan asuinpaikoilta on löydetty kalastusverkkoja sekä ankeriaankalastusvälineen ja liistekatiskan osia. Varhaisen ja myöhäisen Sarnate-keramiikan piiriin kuuluvat talot olivat melko kookkaita paaluille pystytettyjä rakennelmia, mutta eivät varsinaisia paaluasumuksia. Liedet muodostuivat hiekkakerroksesta, jossa oli puusta ja kaarnasta tehty rakennelma. Kokeiden perusteella arvellaan, että ruoka valmistettiin asettamalla astian terävä pohja lieden hiekka-alustalle ja polttamalla tulta astian ympärillä. Parhaiten säilyneiden myöhäistä Sarnate-keramiikkaa edustavien, pitkä akseli kohtisuorassa muinaiseen rantaviivaan nähden olevien asumusten rakenteiden ja esineiden spatiaalinen analyysi paljasti etupäässä ruuan valmistamiseen liittyviin toimintoihin yhdistettävien työkalujen ja jätteiden keskittyvän lieden toiseen päähän, toisin sanoen ”keittiöön ”. Varhaiselle ja myöhäiselle Sarnate-vaiheelle voidaan rekonstruoida asutus- ja elinkeinomalli, jolle on ominaista erilaisten, pääasiassa eutrofisten laguunien, toimeentuloresurssien hyväksikäyttö sekä puolipysyvä tai pysyvä elintapa Sarnaten ollessa jatkuvasti asutettu. Samankaltaisia elinkeinoja ja asutusta harjoitettiin todennäköisesti muillakin laguuneilla Itä-Baltian rannikolla
Kopsavilkums Darbā no jauna izanalizēts materiāls, kas iegūts starp 1938. un 1959. gadu Eduarda Šturma un Lūcijas Vankinas vadītajos izrakumos Sārnates mitrzemes apmetnē. Apmetne attiecināma uz Austrumbaltijas neolīta laiku. Tā atrodas Rietumlatvijā, Kurzemes pussalas piejūras joslā, senezera krastā. Kolekciju veido materiāls no daudzām atseviškuras vispirms apvienotas trijās galvenajās grupās, vadoties pēc keramikas rakstura: mītnes ar ķemmes un bedrīšu keramiku (nav datētas), mītnes ar agro Sārnates tipa keramiku (ap 4365–3780 kal. g. pr. Kr.) un mītnes ar vēlo Sārnates tipa keramiku (ap 3630–2850 kal. g. pr. Kr.). Sārnates apmetnē iegūtā ķemmes un bedrīšu keramika ir neviendabīga, turklāt slikti saglabājusies. Savukārt agrā un vēlā Sārnates tipa keramika pieskaitāma keramikas tradīcijai, kuras raksturīgās iezīmes ir māla masas liesināšana ar gliemežvākiem un apdedzināšana zemā temperatūrā. Māla trauki izmantoti galvenokārt vārīšanai. Māla bļodiņas, kas pārstāvētas vēlajā Sārnates tipa keramikā, uzskatāmas par tauku lampiņām. Mītnēs ar agro un vēlo Sārnates tipa keramiku iegūti dažāda veida zvejas tīklu piederumi, kā arī zušu žebērkļu un zvejas aizsprostu sastāvdaļas. Agrās un vēlās Sārnates tipa keramikas darinātāji cēluši samērā fundamentālas konstrukcijas stabu celtnes. Nav pamata tās uzskatīt par pāļu būvēm. Mītnēm raksturīgi smilšu pavardi, kuru pamatā ir koku un mizu konstrukcija. Pēc arheoloģisko eksperimentu rezultātiem secināts, ka vārāmo trauku nedaudz iedziļināja pavarda smiltīs un uguni kūra ap to. Pievēršot uzmanību mītnēm ar vislabāk saglabājušos materiālu, kas orientētas ar garenasi perpendikulāri senajai krasta līnijai, analizēta konstruktīvo palieku un senlietu planigrāfija. Šīm mītnēm vienā pavarda galā konstatēta galvenokārt ar pārtikas gatavošanu saistītu rīku un atkritumu koncentrācija (t.s. virtuves zona). No mītnēm ar agro un vēlo Sārnates keramiku iegūtais materiāls ļauj pamatvilcienos rekonstruēt iedzīvotāju saimniecību. Izmantota daudzveidīga pārtikas resursu bāze, bet īpaši nozīmīgi bijuši resursi, kas iegūstami no eitrofajiem lagūnu ezeriem. Sārnates apmetne bijusi apdzīvota cauru gadu, tās iedzīvotāji piekopuši daļēju vai pilnīgu vietsēdību. Līdzīgs dzīvesveids, domājams, bijis lagūnu ezeru krastos mītošām kopienām arī citviet Austrumbaltijas piekrastes joslā
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Sofield, Clifford M. "Placed deposits in early and middle Anglo-Saxon rural settlements." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b878e1cd-21a3-449a-8a18-d1ad8d728a26.
Full textAbstract:
Placed deposits have received increasing attention over the past 30 years, particularly in prehistoric British archaeology. Although disagreement still exists over the definition, identification, and interpretation of placed deposits, significant advances have been made in theoretical and methodological approaches to placed deposits, as researchers have gradually moved away from relatively crude ‘ritual’ interpretations toward more nuanced considerations of how placed deposits may have related to daily lives, social networks, and settlement structure, as well as worldview. With the exception of comments on specific deposits and a recent preliminary survey, however, Anglo-Saxon placed deposits have remained largely unstudied. This thesis represents the first systematic attempt to identify, characterize, analyse and interpret placed deposits in early to middle Anglo-Saxon settlements (5th–9th centuries). It begins by disentangling the various definitions of ‘placed’, ‘structured’, and ‘special’ deposits and their associated assumptions. Using formation process theory as a basis, it develops a definition of placed deposits as material that has been specially selected, treated, and/or arranged, in contrast with material from similar or surrounding contexts. This definition was applied to develop contextually specific criteria for identifying placed deposits in Anglo-Saxon settlements. Examination of 141 settlements identified a total of 151 placed deposits from 67 settlements. These placed deposits were characterized and analysed for patterns in terms of material composition, context type, location within the settlement, and timing of deposition relative to the use-life of their contexts. Broader geographical and chronological trends have also been considered. In discussing these patterns, anthropological theories of action, agency, practice, and ritualization have been employed in order to begin to understand the roles placed deposits may have had in structuring space and time and expressing social identities in Anglo-Saxon settlements, and to consider how placed deposition may have articulated with Anglo-Saxon worldview and belief systems.
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Mullins, Daniel Austin. "The evolution of literacy : a cross-cultural account of literacy's emergence, spread, and relationship with human cooperation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:98d1f155-c96d-4ba0-ac36-c610d3d7454c.
Full textAbstract:
Social theorists have long argued that literacy is one of the principal causes and hallmark features of complex society. However, the relationship between literacy and social complexity remains poorly understood because the relevant data have not been assembled in a way that would allow competing hypotheses to be adjudicated. The project set out in this thesis provides a novel account of the multiple origins of literate behaviour around the globe, the principal mechanisms of its cultural transmission, and its relationship with the cultural evolution of large-group human cooperation and complex forms of socio-political organisation. A multi-method large-scale cross-cultural approach provided the data necessary to achieve these objectives. Evidence from the societies within which literate behaviour first emerged, and from a representative sample of ethnographically-attested societies worldwide (n=74), indicates that literate behaviour emerged through the routinization of rituals and pre-literate sign systems, eventually spreading more widely through classical religions. Cross-cultural evidence also suggests that literacy assumed a wide variety of forms and socio-political functions, particularly in large, complex groups, extending evolved psychological mechanisms for cooperation, which include reciprocity, reputation formation and maintenance systems, social norms and norm enforcement systems, and group identification. Finally, the results of a cross-cultural historical survey of first-generation states (n=10) reveal that simple models assuming single cause-and-effect relationships between literacy and complex forms of socio-political organisation must be rejected. Instead, literacy and first-generation state-level polities appear to have interacted in a complex positive feedback loop. This thesis contributes to the wider goal of transforming social and cultural anthropology into a cumulative and rapid-discovery science.
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Roe, David. "Prehistory without pots : prehistoric settlement and economy of north-west Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands." Phd thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/8040.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis seeks to address some basic problems and issues concerning the archaeology and prehistory of the central Solomon Islands. In particular the archaeological data from a series of excavations ad detailed field surveys conducted on the island of Guadalcanal are used to construct a framework for the culture history of this apparently aceramic region and to define a set of questions that must be addressed in future enquiries I this relatively unknown area.
Chapter 1 sets out the main problems which this thesis addresses. The equivocal results from a single excavation in 1966-1968 suggested an aceramic occupation of Guadalcanal and the central Solomons at a time when, elsewhere in the group, well-documented prehistoric settlement sequences are articulated with a regional cultural tradition associated with Lapita ceramics. The major issues stem from a long-standing need to document the central Solomon Islands sequences with a view to filling a major lucana in our knowledge of the prehistory of island Melanesis.
Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 set out the data upon which the inferences and conclusions of chapter 7 are based. Chapter 2 gives a brief overview of the main aspects of Guadalcanal’s natural environment and ethnography that have a bearing on the interpretation of the archaeological evidence. The results of the site surveys in the Poha and Vura Valleys and the north-west cape area of Guadalcanal which formed the initial work in this study are discussed also. In chapter 3 the 1966-1968 excavations at the Vatuluma Posovi site are re-evaluated based upon a critical examination of the original records and the results of new work, including important new C14 dates, from excavations and surveys in 1987-1988. Additional data from a series of excavations in other caves and rockshelters, given in chapter 4, serve to extend our knowledge of the prehistoric occupations of the Poha and Vura valleys and introduce a suite of environmental evidence not available from the Vatuluma Posovi site. Chapter 5 of the thesis discussed a largely unconsidered artefact of Melanesian prehistory – the engraved rock art. The re-evaluation of the Vatuluma Posovi site allowed for the dating of this art tradition and its incorporation into discussions of cultural relationships both in Solomon Islands an the wider Melanesian sphere. In chapter 6 the geographical focus moves from the Poha and Vura valleys to the north-west cape of Guadalcanal enabling the consideration of a number of open settlement and agricultural sites, including a series of irrigated taro pond-field systems.
The thesis conclusion attempts a synthesis of the data as a first step in the formulation of a prehistory for Guadalcanal. The problems of defining the Guadalcanal sequences and their incorporation into a regional framework are discussed, and suggestions for future research requirements are made.
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Carter, Christopher Paul. "The Economy of Prehistoric Northern Chile: Case Study Caleta Vitor." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110371.
Full textAbstract:
Despite being within one of the driest deserts on earth, the
coast of southern Peru and northern Chile has been inhabited by
humans for over 10,000 years. Within a limited range of habitats,
local cultures were characterised by an economy based on limited
terrestrial and abundant marine resources. This thesis intends to
address the question as to how such an economy can be defined.
By examining the economic trajectory of coastal communities, this
project will attempt to establish the base from which the local
economy was originally derived and how it developed through time,
looking particularly at the effects of migration and trade
together with the dynamics of a distinctive environment and the
cycles of El Niño weather patterns.
This research was based on a collection of archaeological
material obtained from a number of sites at Caleta Vitor located
on the coast approximately 30km south of Arica, Chile. This
material was excavated from middens and includes food remains (eg
shell, bone, plant material) as well as cultural material (eg
lithic artefacts, textiles, ceramics, wooden implements). The
analysis of this data was directed toward an understanding of
what constituted the earliest economy, when this occurred and how
the economy changed through time (the material at Caleta Vitor
ranges in age from the Early Archaic (>9000 cal BP) through to
the Colonial Period).
Findings indicate that although the original inhabitants of
Caleta Vitor arrived from the north and already had a
well-developed economy based on marine resources. There was
little evidence of inland/highland contact during the earlier
phases of occupation. Cultural developments accord with those of
the sites immediately to the north and south – around Arica and
the Azapa Valley and south at Camarones and Pisagua. The
termination of the early cultural phase known as the Chinchorro
saw the introduction of ceramics, simple textiles and major
changes to funerary practices during the Formative Period. Later
developments included the introduction of a material culture and
agricultural products from highland groups and local inland
polities during the Late Intermediate. Inka influence was noted
during the Late Period. However, despite significant cultural
shifts, the economy at Caleta Vitor remained focussed on marine
resources. There were relatively few changes to the techniques
and technology that were employed to exploit a range of resources
that did not vary to any great degree.
Over time, an increasing range of products became available to
those living at Caleta Vitor. However, they chose to remain
focussed on the sea and their affinity with it remains.
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Goto, Akira. "Prehistoric ecology and economy of fishing in Hawaii : an ethnoarchaeological approach." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9327.
Full text
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Taylor, Timothy F. "Believing the Ancients: Quantitative and Qualitative Dimensions of Slavery and the Slave Trade in Later Prehistoric Eurasia." 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/2668.
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Garlinghouse, Thomas Sherman. "Human responses to insularity the intensification of a marine-oriented economy on San Clemente Island, California /." 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/50066829.html.
Full text
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Hay, Francis Anthony Mirko. "Trade in Mesopotamia from the early dynastic period to the early Achaemenid period with emphasis on the finance of such trade." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18530.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation considered trade and trade finance in Mesopotamia over a
period of 2000 years commencing with Sumeria and ending with Achaemenid
Persia, taking in Ur III and Assyria. A range of financial instruments was
selected together with important business transactions, for instance,
agricultural finance, specifically the brewing industry and the working capital
requirements of merchants and money lenders. The role of women in private
enterprise was examined, including their role in retail finance. The great
estates of temple and palace had a substantial impact on finance and trade
throughout the periods. Their interaction with merchants and money lenders
was important to the study. I used reductionism to facilitate analysis of
complex products highlighting the essentials of finance namely, borrowing,
lending and return. The study concludes that, during the era under
consideration, the evolution and enhancement of the financial instruments and
products developed in self-generated, incremental and progressive steps.Biblical & Ancient Studies
M.A. (Ancient Near East Studies)
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McEldowney, Phyllis H. "Subsistence intensification in the late prehistory of Manus." Phd thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/122846.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores possible evidence of intensified production in the prehistory of
Manus Province (Admiralty Islands), Papua New Guinea. This research aim draws on
broader archaeological assumptions that changes in past subsistence are traceable
through durable modifications of the landscape and often signal attempts to intensify
production. To address this issue two examples of walled complexes, both constructed
for subsistence production, are compared. On the small volcanic island of Baluan,
walled garden enclosures cover the landscape while in the other, inhabitants of Andra
constructed a nearly continuous barrier of walled fish traps along the reef edge.
Three approaches were used to address these issues. The first is descriptive in that it
documents through ethnographic interviews and field observations the physical
structure, function and customary use of both walled complexes. Particular attention is
given factors influencing yields, labor requirements and the consequences of capital
investments, all considered significant in measuring intensified production. For Baluan,
agricultural procedures and cycles are reconstructed as are the island's once pronounced
and diverse assemblages of fruit and nut trees. For Andra, the walled trap complexes
were one of 28 fishing methods known to be used by a specialized fishing community to
exploit highly differentiated reef environments and their diverse fish populations. While
the function of the walled traps are examined in detail, all 28 methods are also described.
The second approach attempts to isolate and deduce phases of chronological and spatial
development in these complexes, focusing primarily on their establishment, expansion
and the possible intensification of their structural capacities. On Baluan analyses
examine a sample of 736 walled enclosures while, for Andra, the sample included 221
walled fish traps visible on aerial photographs and 47 mapped examples. The third
approach emphasizes the environmental and social context of these developments as
they can provide the impetus for production increases or present limitation to these
efforts.
Several common elements emerged from comparisons between these two, almost
contrasting, walled complexes. Customary use and the structural histories of the
complexes suggest that competition over the allocation of resources was of greater
significance in their development than attempts to increase production. Underscored is
the value, in similar circumstances, of considering the organizational aspects of
production in explaining these developments instead of focusing solely or primarily on
issues of production increases or labor requirements. In both cases, pressures on
production were expressed most strongly at the level of the household, a trend reflected
in the replication of individual forms that constitute the complexes. Although neither
complex appears to strongly and directly express the process of intensification, evidence
suggests that both were components in a larger trend in which production as a whole
was intensifying and becoming more concentrated. These results serve as reminders that
the most archaeologically visible components of subsistence may not represent
production prominence or precisely mark significant phases of intensification.
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Dockrill, Stephen J., Julie M. Bond, R. A. Nicholson, and A. N. Smith. "Investigations on Sanday. Vol 2. Tofts Ness: An island landscape through 3000 years of Prehistory Orcadian." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3400.
Full textAbstract:
NoTofts Ness is a peninsula at the north end of the Orcadian island of Sanday where mounds and banks represent a domestic landscape, marginal even in island terms, together with a funerary landscape. A combination of selective excavation and geophysical survey during 1985-8 revealed settlement and cultivation spanning Neolithic to Early Iron Age times, including burnt mounds and traces of plough cultivation. The Neolithic inhabitants of Tofts Ness appear not to have used either Grooved Ware or Unstan Ware, and it is suggested that this reflects a lack of status compared to the settlement at Pool. Instead, the pottery shares important links to contemporary assemblages from West Mainland Shetland, and this is echoed by the steatite artefacts. The link with Shetland remains visible into the Late Bronze Age. The upper levels of the main settlement mound contained the remains of stone-built roundhouses of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, of which the last survived to a height of 1.5m. A lack of personal items amongst the artefact assemblage again indicates the low status of the inhabitants. The economic evidence for all periods shows a mixed subsistence economy based on animal husbandry and barley cultivation, together with fishing, fowling and the exploitation of wild plants both terrestrial and marine. Important studies on the farming methods employed on Tofts Ness reveal a manuring strategy in managing small fields that was more akin to intensive gardening than field cultivation and a deliberate policy of harvesting the barley crop whilst under-ripe.
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Fredericksen, Clayton Frederick Keith. "Patterns in glass : obsidian and economic specialisation in the Admiralty Islands." Phd thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/109307.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis considers the association between western Melanesian ethnographic
economic specialisation and prehistoric systems of production and distribution.
Contrasting theories for the development of historical specialisation are reviewed and
the criticism made that these are chronologically limited to the late Holocene. The
statement is made that to fully appreciate temporal change we must expand our view
to encompass the preceramic period.
Obsidian is one of the few archaeologically visible materials which was distributed in
both preceramic and ceramic times. This material is chosen as a “measuring device”
to map variation in production and distribution patterns in the Admiralty Islands,
Papua New Guinea. A review of ethnographic and anthropological literature revealed
that the Admiralty Islands were characterised by a high level of village or lineagebased
economic specialisation. Obsidian was one of the materials produced and
distributed within this system.
A study was carried out on obsidian use at Pamwak Rocksheiter on Manus Island,
and at a number of mid to late Holocene localities on Manus and Mouk.
Characterisation analysis revealed that offshore obsidian, probably from the Pam
Islands, began to be utilised in the terminal Pleistocene. Trends of increasing
accessibility through time and a move to incorporate increasing quantities of Lou
obsidian were revealed. A significant discovery is the possibility of a major increase in
the use of Lou obsidian coincident with the appearance of Lapita.
Retouched obsidian blades and microblades were found to be present in only post-
Lapita contexts. Chronological change in blade production strategies was revealed on
Lou. This involved the development of highly standardised triangular forms by
approximately 1600-1300 BP, followed by a simplification of technology as reflected
in the appearance of minimally modified tanged forms. This occurred within the last
1000 years and is interpreted as showing increased demand for weapon points. This
demonstrates a move toward the form of spearpoint production recorded by
nineteenth century ethnographers.
The conclusion drawn is that none of the models yet advanced for the devlopment of
economic specialisation in Melanesia is adequate for interpreting change in production
and distribution in the Admiralty Islands. The roots of economic specialisation may
lie further back in time than catered for by existing models.
38
Eid, Patrick. "Analyse techno-économique des chaînes opératoires lithiques du Témiscouata (Québec), durant le Sylvicole et la période de Contact." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18427.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse porte sur l’analyse technologique d’assemblages lithiques provenant du Témiscouata dans le Bas-Saint-Laurent (Québec, Canada) et datés entre le Sylvicole moyen tardif (500 à 1000 apr. J.-C.) et la période de Contact (XVIe et XVIIe siècles apr. J.-C.). Cette région, située dans l’extrémité septentrionale de la haute vallée de la rivière Saint-Jean, possède une importante source de matière première lithique, le chert Touladi, qui a été fortement exploitée à la préhistoire et même durant la période historique par les Premières Nations. Les chaînes opératoires lithiques de cinq sites archéologiques du Témiscouata ont été analysées via l’approche technologique afin d’en reconstituer les schèmes techno-économiques et leur implication dans les modes de vie des chasseurs-cueilleurs nomades de la région.
Les industries lithiques du Témiscouata montrent l’existence de trois chaînes opératoires : la taille de pièces bifaciales, le débitage de nucléus et l’utilisation de pièces esquillées. Quant à l’outillage, il est constitué par des pièces bifaciales et des outils simples sur éclats (outils ad hoc, grattoirs et pièces esquillées). La production des outils sur éclats a été faite sur des supports issus de ces trois chaînes opératoires, mais c’est le processus bifacial qui est cependant à l’origine de la majorité d’entre eux et c’est pourquoi il occupait une place centrale dans ces industries. Les pièces bifaciales combinaient ainsi les rôles d’outils et de « nucléus » fournissant l’essentiel des supports. Les artefacts en chert local ont permis de mieux comprendre comment les technologies étaient organisées pour les besoins à une échelle locale, mais également territoriale alors que les groupes profitaient des carrières de chert Touladi pour se préparer à leurs besoins futurs, anticipés ou non. Quant aux pièces en matériaux exogènes, même si elles comptent pour une part minime des assemblages lithiques, elles ont permis d’entrevoir les stratégies économiques adoptées préalablement à l’occupation du Témiscouata, dans des contextes de rareté en matières premières lithiques de bonne qualité.
Les schèmes techno-économiques mis en œuvre par les communautés de chasseurs-cueilleurs du Témiscouata ont constitué des éléments importants de leur stratégie d’adaptation en leur fournissant l’outillage nécessaire selon les multiples contextes rencontrés au cours de leur cycle annuel de nomadisme. Ils traduisent ainsi des choix révélateurs de leurs modes de vie, de leurs modalités d’occupation des sites et de leur réalité socio-économique.This thesis presents data and analyses on chipped stone tool techno-economic patterns of nomadic hunters-gatherers at a quarry source area in the Témiscouata region (Québec, Canada) during the latter part of the Middle Woodland (500-1000 AD), the Late Woodland (1000-1550 AD) and also the early historic period (XVIe-XVIIe centuries AD). Located in the hinterland of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region, in the upper St. John river drainage, the Témiscouata region is rich in natural resources, perhaps among the most important is an important chert outcrop. The Touladi chert is present in two main quarries and is also found in pebble form scattered in the vicinity of the surrounding lakes and rivers. We applied a technological analysis, from the technological approach in the French tradition, to five lithic collections with the objective of reconstructing the chaînes opératoires and their economic management patterns (techno-economy). The most prominent artifacts found are of course the countless flakes which have been derived from three different chaînes opératoires: the bifacial process, the multidirectional (ad hoc) core reduction, and the use of pièces esquillées. The production of bifacial tools is the most important process in the Témiscouata lithic industries and is the one which produced most of the flakes found on the prehistoric settlements. The tool assemblage is first characterized by the bifacial tools which are primarily manufactured from tabular blocks of chert. As for the flake tools, they are mostly represented by informal (ad hoc) tools (retouched and used flakes), endscrapers and pièces esquillées. Techno-economic patterns of Touladi chert use have demonstrated that most of the flake tools were made on flake blanks derived from the bifacial process, mostly from the early and middle stages of this chaîne opératoire. The bifacial process was also segmented in time and space so that blanks and preforms could be carried throughout the territory to be used as “cores”. The two other production sequences are quite secondary based on the small amount of tools manufactured and they are far less mobile than the bifacial process. Stone tools that are made of exotic materials, even if they represent a small part of the archaeological record, reveal the patterns that prevailed while hunters-gatherers were outside the quarries zone. The technological analysis provides empirical evidence that hunter-gatherers of the Témiscouata region adopted flexible and simple, yet efficient, techno-economical strategies. These management schemes, which use the bifacial chaîne opératoire as the central element of tool manufacturing, are well adapted to their way of life based on a generalist, seasonal and flexible subsistence economy.