Journal articles: 'Prehistoric economics'

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Oosterbeek, Luiz. "Archaeographic and conceptual advances in interpreting Iberian Neolithisation." Documenta Praehistorica 31 (December 31, 2004): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.31.6.

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Prehistoric research has evolved, in the last decade, from a mere collaboration of disciplines into a new, trans-disciplinary, approach to Prehistoric contexts. New stable research teams, involving researchers with various scientific backgrounds (geology, botanic, anthropology, history, mathematics, geography, etc.) working together, have learned their diversified "vocabularies" and methodologies. As a main result, a more holistic approach to Prehistory is to be considered. Previous models of the Neolithic on the Atlantic side of Iberia were focused on material culture and strict economics (this being an important improvement concerning previous typological series). Current research became open to discussing the meaning ofconcepts like "food production", "chiefdom" or "territory". It also dropped the "Portuguese/Spanish" frontier that pervaded previous models (to the limited exception of some interpretations for megaliths). Finally, new and important data is now confirming that the "Cardial Neolithic" coastal spread was only one, and a minor element in the Neolithisation of the western seaboard.

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Erlandson, Jon M. "The Role of Shellfish in Prehistoric Economies: A Protein Perspective." American Antiquity 53, no. 1 (January 1988): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281156.

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In many prehistoric economies where plant foods supplied a majority of caloric requirements, shellfish may have served as a protein staple, at least on a seasonal basis. This hypothesis is supported with an archaeological example from coastal California, experimental data on shellfish protein yields in southeast Alaska, and review of two previous studies of the economics of shellfish exploitation (Osborn 1977; Parmalee and Klippel 1974). Evaluating the dietary role of shellfish from a protein perspective may have a profound effect on the reconstruction of settlement and subsistence strategies for coastal, riverine, or lacustrine economies, including both hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists.

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Simms, Steven R., Tammy M. Rittenour, Chimalis Kuehn, and Molly Boeka Cannon. "Prehistoric Irrigation in Central Utah: Chronology, Agricultural Economics, and Implications." American Antiquity 85, no. 3 (May 14, 2020): 452–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2020.25.

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In 1928, Noel Morss was shown “irrigation ditches” along Pleasant Creek on the Dixie National Forest near Capitol Reef National Park, Utah, by a local guide who contended they were ancient. We relocated the site and mapped the route of an unusual mountain irrigation canal. We conducted excavations and employed OSL and AMS 14C showing historic irrigation, and an earlier event between AD 1460 and 1636. Geomorphic evidence indicates that the canal existed prior to this time, but we cannot date its original construction. The canal is 7.2 km long, originating at 2,450 m asl and terminating at 2,170 m asl. Less than half of the system was hand constructed. We cannot ascribe the prehistoric use-event to an archaeological culture, language, or ethnic group, but the 100+ sites nearby are largely Fremont in cultural affiliation. We also report the results of experimental modeling of the capital and maintenance costs of the system, which holds implications for irrigation north of the Colorado River and farming during the Little Ice Age. The age of the prehistoric canal is consistent with a fragmentary abandonment of farming and continuity between ancient and modern tribes in Utah.

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Small, David B. "Handmade Burnished Ware and Prehistoric Aegean Economics: An Argument for Indigenous Appearance." Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3, no. 1 (June 1, 1990): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v3i1.3.

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Shawcross, Wilfred. "Ethnographic Economics and the Study of Population in Prehistoric New Zealand: Viewed through Archaeology." Mankind 7, no. 4 (February 10, 2009): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1970.tb00422.x.

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Ashraf, Quamrul, and Oded Galor. "The “Out of Africa” Hypothesis, Human Genetic Diversity, and Comparative Economic Development." American Economic Review 103, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.1.1.

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This research advances and empirically establishes the hypothesis that, in the course of the prehistoric exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa, variation in migratory distance to various settlements across the globe affected genetic diversity and has had a persistent hump-shaped effect on comparative economic development, reflecting the trade-off between the beneficial and the detrimental effects of diversity on productivity. While the low diversity of Native American populations and the high diversity of African populations have been detrimental for the development of these regions, the intermediate levels of diversity associated with European and Asian populations have been conducive for development. (JEL N10, N30, N50, O10, O50, Z10)

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Ashraf, Quamrul, and Oded Galor. "Genetic Diversity and the Origins of Cultural Fragmentation." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.528.

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The origin of the uneven distribution of ethnic and cultural fragmentation across countries has been underexplored, despite the importance attributed to the effects of diversity on the stability and prosperity of nations. Building on the role of deeply-rooted biogeographical forces in comparative development, this research empirically demonstrates that genetic diversity, predominantly determined during the prehistoric “out of Africa” migration of humans, is an underlying cause of various existing manifestations of ethnolinguistic heterogeneity. Further research may revolutionize our understanding of how economic development and the composition of human capital across the globe are affected by these deeply-rooted factors.

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Hazim, Hussein Y. "THE EMERGENCE ANIS DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND ANIMAL ECONOMY IN IRAQ DURING PREHISTORIC TIMES." Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 12, special (July 16, 2020): 674–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52951/dasj.20121057.

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The agricultural operations and domestication of animals Presented The basic factors and ingredients for The emergence and development of The agricultural and animal economy of Iraq during The Prehistoric Times in Particular, The head of the middle of the Century Bc. which is essential and extremely important given the establishment and development of these processes during. The research aimed to Study Those Processes that represent the real beginnings of the emergence and development of agricultural and animal economics in Iraq during Prehistoric times that represented this basic and important erainit. The study was conducted through two main axes of research, Such as the first axis, the emergence and development of agricultural operations and the most Prominent crops. As the Second axis represented the emergence and development of domestication of animals and the most Prominent domesticated animals. The study has been studied and information on The Subject has been extracted Through reports of the results of archaeological excavations of Iraqi sites that have seen agricultural operations and domestication of animals, especially those of economic benefit by finding charred seed residues for agricultural crops and domestic animal remains. through these data than were adopted by The study in The research, the mast Prominent agricnitural Crops and domesticated animal were identified that represented the first foundations and basic Pillars of the agricultural and animal economy in Iraq during that ancient time Period which laid the foundations and main ingredients for that economy in the Subsequent ages, indicating the manifestos that helped establish and develop that economy, environmental, Climatic and topographical processes appeared and were Printed and how These Conditions affected economic Production in that era.

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Ashraf, Quamrul H., and Oded Galor. "The Macrogenoeconomics of Comparative Development." Journal of Economic Literature 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1119–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20161314.

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The importance of evolutionary forces for comparative economic performance across societies has been the focus of a vibrant literature, highlighting the roles played by the Neolithic Revolution as well as the prehistoric “out of Africa” migration of anatomically modern humans in generating worldwide variations in the composition of human traits. This essay provides an overview of the literature on the macrogenoeconomics of comparative development, underscoring the significance of evolutionary processes and human population diversity in generating differential paths of economic development across societies. Furthermore, it examines the contribution of Nicholas Wade’s recent hypothesis, regarding the evolutionary origins of comparative development, to this important line of research. ( JEL N10, N30, O11, Z10)

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Alaoui-Sosse, Badr, Shinji Ozaki, Lionel Barriquand, Daniele De Luca, Paola Cennamo, Benoit Valot, Laurence Alaoui-Sosse, et al. "Assessment of microbial communities colonizing the Azé prehistoric cave." Journal of Cultural Heritage 59 (January 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.10.014.

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Pluta, Joseph. "Veblen and the Study of Prehistoric Humans: A Reply to Henry." Journal of Economic Issues 47, no. 1 (March 2013): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2013.11044631.

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Claesson, Stefan. "The Value and Valuation of Maritime Cultural Heritage." International Journal of Cultural Property 18, no. 1 (February 2011): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739111000051.

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AbstractMaritime cultural heritage is made up of finite and nonrenewable cultural resources including coastal or submerged prehistoric and indigenous archaeological sites and landscapes, historic waterfront structures, the remnants of seagoing vessels, and the maritime traditions and lifeways of the past and present. To date, evaluative tools used to assess the social and economic “value” of this heritage are extremely limited, the lack of which often results in the loss of maritime cultural resources and unrealized socioeconomic opportunities. Market and nonmarket valuations, derived from ecological economics and ecosystem assessments, are viable techniques that may be integrated into existing U.S. environmental and historic preservation regulatory procedures to support resource significance determinations. In doing so, decision-making regarding maritime cultural heritage can include assessments of the short- and long-term trade-offs of human actions, and can examine the socioeconomic costs and benefits of heritage conservation projects.

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Moreland, John. "Land and Power from Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England?" Historical Materialism 19, no. 1 (2011): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920611x564707.

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AbstractArchaeology, and in particular the study of ceramics, lies at the heart of the interpretive schemes that underpin Framing the Early Middle Ages. While this is to be welcomed, it is proposed that even more extensive use of archaeological evidence - especially that generated through the excavation of prehistoric burial-mounds and rural settlements, as well as the study of early medieval coins - would have produced a rather more dynamic and nuanced picture of the transformations in social and political structures that marked the passage from late Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England.

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Wragg Sykes, Rebecca M., and Manuel Will. "Guest editorial – Silcrete as a lithic raw material in global context: Geology, sourcing and prehistoric techno-economics." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 15 (October 2017): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.08.010.

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Qu, Feng. "Rice Ecology and Ecological Relations: An Ontological Analysis of the Jiangjunya Masks and Crop Images from China's East Coast." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 4 (June 10, 2019): 571–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774319000210.

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Depictions of human faces and rice-crop images found at the Jiangjunya rock-art site in Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, China, reveal entangling relationships between spiritual and economic aspects. Drawing on the relational ecology model and animist ontology theory, the author provides an analysis of the Jiangjunya rock art in its economic, social, spiritual and historical contexts, proposing that prehistoric farmers along China's east coast perceived rice plants as relating to persons. Rice was conceptualized not in utilitarian terms as a means of subsistence (used and consumed by humans) but rather as subjects capable of action. The human masks of Jiangjunya hence suggest a personhood for rice, rather than representing humans or anthropomorphic gods. Furthermore, the history of the Jiangjunya rock-art site corresponds with the history of local economics. The relational ontologies might have transformed gradually from human–animal interactions in the Late Palaeolithic and Early Neolithic periods to human–plant interactions in Late Neolithic societies. The author concludes that the art site was possibly treated as a mnemonic maintaining interpersonal and intersubjective relationships across thousands of years.

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Lillios, Katina T. "Amphibolite tools of the Portuguese Copper Age (3000–2000 B.C.): A geoarchaeological approach to prehistoric economics and symbolism." Geoarchaeology 12, no. 2 (March 1997): 137–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6548(199703)12:2<137::aid-gea3>3.0.co;2-5.

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Shelach-Lavi, Gideon. "Archaeology and politics in China: Historical paradigm and identity construction in museum exhibitions." China Information 33, no. 1 (May 11, 2018): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x18774029.

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In China, as in many other modern and contemporary states, the past is often used to inform public opinions and legitimate the political regime. This article examines two examples of archaeological exhibitions in China: at the National Museum of China (中国国家博物馆) in Beijing and the Liaoning Provincial Museum (辽宁省博物馆) in Shenyang. It discusses the development and change over time in the content of these archaeological exhibitions, the way they were organized and presented to the public, and the explanations that accompanied the prehistoric artefacts. I argue that the way the past, and in particular the distant, prehistoric and proto-historic past, is presented in Chinese museums reveals a process of entrenchment of the standardized narrative of Chinese history, with a powerful sense of connection and continuity between the past, no matter how distant, and the present. I also argue that although the general outline of the historical trajectory of the ‘Chinese civilization’ is universally accepted, small variations in the way it is presented and the different emphases of the two exhibitions can inform us about various ways of constructing local and national identities in China during the 20th century and up to the current time.

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Harry, Karen G. "Ceramic Specialization and Agricultural Marginality: Do Ethnographic Models Explain the Development of Specialized Pottery Production in the Prehistoric American Southwest?" American Antiquity 70, no. 2 (April 2005): 295–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035705.

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Ethnographic data indicate that historically, ceramic specialization is strongly correlated with agricultural and economic marginality. Where such specialization is concentrated geographically, it often is found in areas having agriculturally poor lands (Arnold 1985). Although this association is well established for modern-day and historic peasant communities, the degree to which this pattern extended into prehistory is unknown. In this paper, I evaluate the applicability of the agricultural marginality model to the prehistoric American Southwest by considering evidence from six areas where specialized pottery production is known to have occurred. The data from these areas suggest that, in the prehistoric Southwest, agricultural marginality was not the primary or sole factor leading to the adoption of part-time ceramic specializations. To understand why the ethnographic model does not apply to the prehistoric Southwest, attention must be focused on understanding the differing social and economic contexts within which prehistoric farmers and historic and modern-day peasants operated.

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Papadopoulos, John K. "Minting Identity: Coinage, Ideology and the Economics of Colonization in Akhaina Magna Graecia." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 12, no. 1 (April 2002): 21–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774302000021.

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This article focuses on the early coinage of the Akhaian cities of South Italy — Sybaris, Kroton, Metapontion, Kaulonia, Poseidonia — against the backdrop of colonization. Minting an early and distinctive series of coins, these centres were issuing coinage well before their ‘mother-cities’, a phenomenon that has never been fully appreciated. With its origins in a colonial context, the Akhaian coinage of Magna Graecia not only differs from that of the early coin-minting states of the Greek mainland, it offers a case study that challenges long-held assumptions and potentially contributes to a better understanding of the origins of coinage. It does so by suggesting that coinage is much more than a symbol of authority and represents considerably more than just an abstract notion of sovereignty or hegemony. The images or emblems that the Akhaians of South Italy chose for their coins are those current in the contemporary cultural landscape of the historic Akhaians, but at the same time actively recall the world of the heroic Akhaians of the Bronze Age by referring to prehistoric measures of value. More than his, the vicissitudes of colonial and indigenous history in parts of South Italy in the Archaic period were not merely reflected in coinage, the coins themselves were central to the processes of transformation. By boldly minting — constructing — their identity on coinage, the Akhaians of South Italy chose money in order to create relations of dominance and to produce social orders that had not existed before.

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Susdarwono, Endro Tri. "Pengembangan Kajian Ekonomi Pertahanan di Indonesia Melalui Studi Narasi Arkeologi dan Filologi Terkait Kerajaan Mataram." HEURISTIK: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah 2, no. 2 (September 19, 2022): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/hjps.2.2.86-103.

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This study is part of the study of narrative psychology, a science that studies how historical stories shape the influence of current human behavior if and someone's personality shapes their lives. The role of inherited manuscripts for storing information about life in the past, for the present life gave birth to the need for maintenance and utilization. In a number of the manuscripts described it can be understood that there is a content that turns out to be used in the development of studies in the realm of defense economics. Research and development of archeology so far has produced data that can be divided chronologically into three (3) periods, namely the Prehistoric, Classical (Hindhu-Buddhist) period, and the Islamic and Colonial periods. Each period is divided into several aspects of research. The results of archeology research and development can be utilized for the public interest, especially those related to the past reconstruction of values which are very useful for human life now and for generations to come. Archeological research and development can be used to develop defense economy studies that are in accordance with the character and identity of the Indonesian people. Defense economics continues to develop as a reflection of the problem of allocation of resources and of course each country has its own perspective on facing the challenges of defense economic issues. In general, the dissemination of economic studies on defense can be approached from when a large conflict occurs. The contemporary defense economy is more interested in working on those related to conventional, ethnic and conflict wars including revolutions, civil wars and long wars.

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Wang, Ziqi, Kehui Deng, and Zeyang Peng. "The Origin and Early Development of Chinese Warp Twisted Fabric Structure." Asian Social Science 17, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n2p90.

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The origin of textiles is often associated with braid. Both braids and warp twisted fabrics have twisted structures, but warp twisted fabrics are more advanced and closer to the development direction of textiles.From braids to warp twisted fabrics to various complex fabrics, it is supported by the development of social technology. We sorted and categorized related textiles unearthed in prehistoric times, combined with archaeological records and documentary records that could reflect the production situation at that time to a certain extent, and explored the connection between the origin of warp warp fabrics and the development of social technology through the combination of literature research and physical research.

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Codina, Marta, Ivan Gironès, Roger Alcàntara, and Adrià Breu. "Alta Ribera Salada and Balma de les Cordes (Odèn, Solsonès). Research about the settlement of Alta Ribera Salada and its possible salt exploitation." Vall Salina e-Journal, no. 1 (June 15, 2024): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.69736/22190103.

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Balma de les Cordes was a Bronze Age domestic space among the megalithic landscape of Alta Ribera Salada. This article will delve into the activities carried out within this cavity during prehistory, focusing on the productive activities of populations with easy access to natural sources of salt water. The lithic industry is detailed and an assessment is made of the archaeozoological and ceramic/pottery remains. This study enriches our understanding of the peoples of recent prehistory in Catalonia and opens a debate on the importance of a resource such as salt in shaping prehistoric economies and ways of life.

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Papaodysseus, C., E. Mamatsi, A. R. Mamatsis, C. Blackwell, D. Arabadjis, and A. Harami. "The common, impressive method of drawing of celebrated prehistoric frescoes excavated in Thera, Crete and Thebes." Journal of Cultural Heritage 56 (July 2022): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2022.06.001.

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Molloy, Barry P. C. "MARTIAL MINOANS? WAR AS SOCIAL PROCESS, PRACTICE AND EVENT IN BRONZE AGE CRETE." Annual of the British School at Athens 107 (August 23, 2012): 87–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245412000044.

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Together with politics, economics and religion, war is one of the fundamental factors that can shape a society and group identities. In the prehistoric world, the sources for the study of war are disparate and their interpretation can be inconsistent and problematic. In the case of Crete in the Bronze Age, a systematic analysis of the evidence will be undertaken for the first time in this paper, and this opportunity is used to critically evaluate the most effective ways of employing the widely agreed sets of physical correlates for ancient war in the archaeological record. A further objective in exploring the diachronic roles of war in these societies is to move the discussion from a niche field to a more integrated, and systematic, social analysis. The existence and character of a warrior identity is examined, and it is proposed that it often constituted a conspicuous element of male identity. The varying scales and time spans through which war can influence a society are discussed, and a broad framework for understanding war in social process, practices and events is proposed.

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Lepofsky, Dana. "A Radiocarbon Chronology for Prehistoric Agriculture in the Society Islands, French Polynesia." Radiocarbon 37, no. 3 (1995): 917–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200014995.

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I discuss a suite of 29 radiocarbon age determinations from four valleys on the islands of Mo'orea and Raiatea in the Society Archipelago. These dates provide the first sequence for the development of prehistoric agricultural production and human-induced environmental change in the Society Islands. Indirect evidence of small-scale agriculture, and by association, human occupation, dates to at least the 7th–10th centuries ad. Agricultural sites themselves date from the early 13th century ad until the late prehistoric/early historic period, with most agricultural activity clustering at the end of the temporal sequence. Valleys with the greatest arable potential were cultivated earlier than less preferred sites. Evidence for extensive landscape transformation in the Opunohu Valley, likely associated with clearing for agricultural purposes, begins soon after the earliest evidence for cultivation and continues throughout prehistory. A larger sample of 14C determinations from strati-graphic excavations in both archaeological sites and “off-site” contexts is required to address many as yet unanswered questions about the prehistoric social and economic development of the Society Islands.

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Benison, Chris. "Horticulture and the Maintenance of Social Complexity in Late Woodland Southeastern New England." North American Archaeologist 18, no. 1 (July 1997): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/0kb7-jm4h-pj8u-vn2l.

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Macrobotanical data from several southeastern New England sites are reviewed to provide a framework for examining changing social organization during the Late Woodland (ca. a.d. 800–1600). This article argues that the degree to which incipient maize horticulture entailed shifts in social complexity has not been well-defined by researchers. Minimally, introduction of maize into traditional economies gave rise to comparatively more complex relationships between resident late prehistoric groups and local environmental regimes. A gradually increasing commitment to economic systems which included maize and other seed-bearing plants led to increased levels of complexity in labor organization and land-use practices. Changing perceptions of cultural “belongingness,” prompted by competition for lands suitable for cultivation, influenced how local groups conceived and expressed intra-and intergroup sociopolitical identities. Such shifts in perceptions of sociopolitical differences in late prehistory are traceable in ideological structures reflected in mortuary patterning represented in the regional archaeological record.

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Cherkasov, A. V., Михаил Николаевич Козлов, and E. A. Vladetskaya. "Preliminary Study of the Stone Age in Crimea: Historiographical Insights." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 2(130) (June 15, 2023): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2023)2-12.

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The article deals with the historiography of the formation of the Crimean archaeology as a component of scientific knowledge of Russia in the last quarter of the 19th century. It is accented that an important role in this process was played by social and economic factors, activated after the reforms of the 1860s and scientific and organizational, in particular the arrival of archeological monuments in the sphere of attention of the most educated part of society (K.S. Merezhkovsky, A.S. Uvarov). Crimean researchers of the Stone Age, focusing on the idea of autochthonous, long-term, successive development of cultures, considered the basis of progress the improvement of technology and tools. Developing evolutionist ideas, scientists formulated the main objectives of archaeological knowledge in the following: to rise to the level of creating a comprehensive doctrine about the evolution of primitive societies, their development and decline, education and transformation. At the same time, the authors did not simply describe and classify archaeological monuments and artifacts in a philosophical-historical context, but sought to analyze them and build their own system of views on the change of eras, cultures and individual stages of the prehistoric past of humanity. At the same time in the last third of the 19th century archaeological study of the Stone Age of Crimea was also manifested in the quantitative accumulation of sources. In particular, the first paleolithic sites were discovered, the antiquity of human existence on the peninsula was proved, the first anthropological remains of the primitive era in Crimea were found, the first generalized classifications of stone age tools and collections of archeological collections were created.

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Trentacoste, Angela. "Etruscan Foodways and Demographic Demands: Contextualizing Protohistoric Livestock Husbandry in Northern Italy." European Journal of Archaeology 19, no. 2 (2016): 279–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957115y.0000000015.

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Domestic livestock were a crucial part of Mediterranean communities throughout later prehistory. In the first millennium BC, livestock mangement changed, and was changed by, the rise of cities in Italy. Italian prehistory has a rich zooarchaeological tradition, but investigation of the Iron Age has been regionally divided and synthetic works on the Po valley comparatively few. This article presents a pan-regional review of late prehistoric and protohistoric livestock exploitation that considers Northern and Central Italy together for the first time. Zooarchaeological comparison reveals an increase in the use of sheep/goat for secondary products, while cattle and caprines were subject to size changes that distinguish their management from that of pigs. A marked increase in pig husbandry is visible in both regions, but this shift took place earlier and more emphatically in Northern Etruscan centres than in Central Italy. After defining the main changes in animal management during the period under review, this article looks beyond population density to explore the wider environmental, economic, and cultural context of pork consumption and its relation to the development of urbanism in Etruria padana.

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Rick, Torben C., Jon M. Erlandson, Michael A. Glassow, and Madonna L. Moss. "Evaluating the Economic Significance of Sharks, Skates, and Rays (Elasmobranchs) in Prehistoric Economies." Journal of Archaeological Science 29, no. 2 (February 2002): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2000.0637.

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Ray, Himanshu Prabha. "The Archaeology of Bengal: Trading Networks, Cultural Identities." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49, no. 1 (2006): 68–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852006776207233.

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AbstractThe objective of this paper is to draw on archaeological data from Bengal to address issues relating to the social and cultural milieu of trade from the 5th-4th centuries BC to the 6th-7th centuries AD. Trading activity by its very nature was mobile, cut across political frontiers and as a result created its own networks of communication and information transfer. Within this extensive trading system, diverse communities in Bengal developed distinctive cultural identities as they interacted with their unique environment as well as with the larger Indic cultural sphere. This cultural identity included religious affiliation and it is important to highlight the vibrancy and dynamism of these cultural identities from the prehistoric period to the 8th-9th centuries AD. L'objectif de cet article est de partir des données archéologiques du Bengale pour en extraire les problématiques en relation avec le milieu social et culturel du monde commercial du 5eme-4eme s. av. J.-C. au 6eme-7eme s. de notre ère. L'activité commerciale fut, par sa nature même, mobile, au-delà des frontières politiques et créa en conséquence ses propres réseaux de communication et de transfert de l'information. Dans le cadre de ce système de commerce extensif, diverses communautés au Bengale ont développé des identités culturelles spécifiques en établissant des relations aussi bien avec leur propre environnement qu'avec la sphère culturelle indienne plus générale. Cette identité culturelle inclut les affiliations religieuses et il est important de mettre en valeur la vivacité et le dynamisme de ces identités culturelles de la période préhistorique au 8eme-9eme siècle de notre ère.

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Moilanen, Ulla, and Sofia Paasikivi. "Esihistoriallisten tartuntatautien ja epidemioiden tutkimusmahdollisuudet Suomessa." Ennen ja nyt: Historian tietosanomat 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37449/ennenjanyt.125929.

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Epidemioiden historiallinen tutkimus painottaa usein kirjallisia lähteitä, mutta tartuntataudit ovat olleet ihmisten seuralaisina esihistoriallisista ajoista lähtien. Käsittelemme artikkelissa esihistoriallisten epidemioiden tutkimuskeinoja. Keskitymme muinaisten taudinaiheuttajien luonnontieteellisiin analyysimenetelmiin ja arkeologisessa aineistossa näkyviin epidemioiden epäsuoriin vaikutuksiin. Epidemioilla voi olla demografisia, poliittisia, sosiaalisia, uskonnollisia ja taloudellisia vaikutuksia, vaikka myös muut tekijät voivat laukaista kriisejä. Mahdollisista kriiseistä kertovat ilmiöt ovat usein monitulkintaisia, mutta minkä tahansa kriisiajanjakson tunnistaminen voi johtaa myös epidemian jäljille, sillä epidemiat liittyvät tyypillisesti muihin väestökriiseihin. Myös ilmastotekijät vaikuttavat tautien esiintymiseen. Esitämme, että arkeologisen aineiston monitieteisellä tutkimuksella voidaan tehdä päätelmiä kriisien kokonaisvaikutuksista ja että paras tapa esihistoriallisten epidemioiden tutkimukseen on kiinnittää huomiota sekä laajoihin että paikallisiin, pienimuotoisiin ilmiöihin ja arkeologisen aineiston piirteisiin monesta eri näkökulmasta. Historical research of epidemics often emphasises literary sources, but infectious diseases have accompanied humans since prehistoric times. This article discusses the ways prehistoric epidemics can be identified and studied. We focus on scientific analyses of ancient pathogens and the indirect impact of epidemics that may be visible in archaeological material. Epidemics can have demographic, political, social, religious and economic impacts, although other factors can also trigger similar crises. The phenomena are often complicated and challenging to identify and interpret. However, identifying any period of crisis in prehistory can also lead to the identification of an epidemic, since epidemics are typically linked to other population crises. Climate factors may also influence the emergence of diseases. The interdisciplinary study of archaeological data allows conclusions to be drawn about the overall impact of crises. Thus, the best way to study prehistoric epidemics is to focus on both large-scale and local, small-scale phenomena.

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Sand, Christophe, Jacques Bolé, and André Ouetcho. "Prehistory and its perception in a Melanesian Archipelago: the New Caledonia example." Antiquity 77, no. 297 (September 2003): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092565.

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What were the social structures of prehistoric Melanesia really like – and how did they evolve? This study of the archaeology of New Caledonia shows how the west has had a double impact on its prehistory. First, explorers altered the social structure by their arrival and the introduction of western diseases, and then anthropologists created an image of communities which were ancient, simple and static. New archaeological field data by contrast is mapping nearly 3000 pre-European years of occupation which was marked by dynamic social and cultural change involving sophisticated economic strategies. The evidence suggests that the European anthropologists of the twentieth century were actually interpreting the social effects of the European explorers of the nineteenth century. The new archaeological model is providing food for thought for the modern multi-cultural country of New Caledonia.

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Mills, Peter R., Steven P. Lundblad, Jacob G. Smith, Patrick C. McCoy, and Sean P. Naleimaile. "Science and Sensitivity: A Geochemical Characterization of the Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Complex, Hawai'I Island, Hawaii." American Antiquity 73, no. 4 (October 2008): 743–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600047387.

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The Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Complex is the largest-known prehistoric quarry in the Pacific Basin. The main extraction areas are located at an extreme altitude (3,800 m), near the summit of Hawaii's tallest mountain. The Mauna Kea summit region and the quarry are considered by many Hawaiians to be a sacred landscape and archaeologists must consider the ethical tensions involved in conducting Western science in these areas. Although provenance studies of basalt adzes are integral to the examination of pre-contact Hawaiian economics, former studies of Hawaiian adze distribution have been limited in scope, and conventionally relied on destructive petrography and petrology for the analyses. Published geochemical data on the quarry are derived from only eight samples analyzed with destructive methods. In order to better define the variation within the quarry, and to develop a more culturally sensitive approach, we employed nondestructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) of whole-rock samples to characterize 820 flakes and 47 geological samples from the quarry complex. This study offers the first reliable estimation of the overall range of geochemical variability in the complex. These results suggest that nondestructive EDXRF can be used to differentiate Mauna Kea basalts from other known Hawaiian quarries, but more characterization of other quarries is necessary to confirm exclusive separation of sources. The results further demonstrate that EDXRF is capable of detecting intra-site geochemical variation in Mauna Kea quarry material.

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Marshall, Alan. "The Roles of Domesticated Ovis aries in Historical Asian Civilizations." International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews 4, no. 3 (June 21, 2024): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.3676.

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Background and Aim: Generally, historians do not give much time or effort to investigating the material importance of non-humans in the creation of historic communities, states, and empires. This paper aims to remedy this situation regarding Asia by outlining the contribution of one particular species of non-human, that is Ovis aries; the domestic sheep. Materials and Methods: The author works with the national and imperial histories of a set of historical states, plus the accepted archaeological knowledge of several prehistoric settlements and cities to tease out why and how Ovis spp made significant contributions to the rise of these settlements and states, mainly from an economic perspective. Results: The resulting narrative indicates that if anybody wants to understand history and prehistory fully, they must at least acknowledge the possibility that non-humans are key players. This is indicated only with one species, but this one species seems important across a long length of human prehistory and history, and other species probably made similar important contributions. Conclusion: Sheep were essential in the making of the exact pathways of historical development that these few Asian case studies display. It is highly unlikely the world would be the way it is today in these specific geographies without sheep farming and the wool trade.

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Yoganandham, G., A. Govindaraj, and P. Senthil Kumaran. "Knowledge, Awareness, Attitude And Purchasing Decision Making Behaviour Among Women Towards Gold Jewellery In Vellore City – An Assessment." International Review of Business and Economics 4, no. 2 (2020): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.28.

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Society is diversified in all aspects. We see this among consumers, marketers, producers and even among consumer behavior from theoretical aspects. A decade has elapsed since the onset of the millennium and there have been many changes occurring across global economics which has had its repercussions on the Indian economy. Since the time of the liberalization of our economy Indian market has been greatly influenced by the global economy and global markets. From prehistoric times people all over the world have exposed special interest in gold jewels either for ownership or prestige or status. Passion for jewels is renowned. It is reflected in numerous customary occasions where it is not only measured promising but mandatory to gift Jewels crafted in gold. The bride’s trousseau is incomplete without the gold Jewels. It is evident that people demand for gold even though the prices are high, expecting for the future increase. This is due to the expectation of more returns at the time of resale. This research study helps to comprehend the preferences of women towards gold Jewels; awareness about branded jewellery; and which factor mainly influenced the women to buy gold Jewels. This study also helps jewellery marketers to explore the strategies to be adopted for uplifting the market to plan for launching new brands and suggests ways to stay in touch with customers. Therefore this research paper give more importance to study the knowledge, awareness, attitude and purchasing decision making behaviour among women towards Gold Jewellery in Vellore City.

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Goodman, Alan H. "Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern - Tribe and Polity in Late Prehistoric Europe: Demography, Production and Exchange in the Evolution of Complex Social Systems. Edited by D. Blair Gibson and Michael N. Geselowitz. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. Pp. 234. $42.50." Journal of Economic History 50, no. 1 (March 1990): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700035804.

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Vlassopoulos, Kostas. "Greek History." Greece and Rome 64, no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383516000267.

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Mediterranean islands and their adjacent coastlands have long been the subject of a wide range of disciplines and discourses; from prehistory to late antiquity and beyond, the processes of imperial expansion, economic interconnectedness and cultural change have had a deep impact on their history. In recent decades the conceptual apparatus through which we study those processes has started to shift significantly. Earlier approaches influenced by nationalism and colonialism tended to adopt totalizing, top-down, and centre–periphery perspectives. The three volumes examined in this review are evidence that things are changing radically; but they also demonstrate the need for particular disciplines and subdisciplines to pay attention to each other. Though all three volumes focus on, or give major attention to, archaeological evidence, it is quite evident that prehistoric, classical, and late antique scholars follow distinctive scholarly traditions that could all benefit from more cross-fertilization.

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Madrigal, T. Cregg, and Julie Zimmermann Holt. "White-Tailed Deer Meat and Marrow Return Rates and Their Application to Eastern Woodlands Archaeology." American Antiquity 67, no. 4 (October 2002): 745–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1593802.

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Zooarchaeological hypotheses concerning prehistoric transport, processing decisions, and social stratification are often tested by correlating archaeological element frequencies with indices of the economic utility of carcass parts. Such indices have not been developed for one of the largest and most important mammals in Eastern Woodlands prehistory, the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We present kilocalorie (Kcal) yields and return rates of meat and marrow from a sample of several white-tailed deer. We then compare the meat and marrow data with skeletal element abundance in two Late Archaic assemblages from New York and a Middle Woodland/early Late Woodland assemblage from Illinois. In both examples, archaeological element abundance is positively correlated with marrow yield and return rate, but negatively correlated or uncorrelated with meat yield and return rate. These results do not provide evidence for differential transport of higher meat-yield carcass parts, but instead may indicate differential processing of high-yield marrow bones after entire deer carcasses were transported to the sites.

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Grantham, George. "THE PREHISTORIC ORIGINS OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION." Social Philosophy and Policy 38, no. 2 (2021): 261–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052522000140.

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AbstractIt appears likely that at its peak the classical economy was almost as large as that of Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. The following review of the archeological and document evidence indicates that three events occurring in the first half of the first millennium BC trigger the emergence of a specialized and integrated classical economy after 500 BC: (i) growth in demand for silver as a medium of exchange in economies in the Near East; (ii) technical breakthroughs in hull construction and sailing rig in merchant shipping of the late Bronze Age; (iii) perfection of ferrous metallurgy into the European hinterland. This last event raised agricultural productivity to a level capable of supporting the occupational specialization needed to sustain a vigorous trading economy. To these initial causes may be added the diffusion of alphabetic writing. While it did not create opportunities for long-distance trade, the diffusion of writing supplied the means of responding on a scale large enough economically to matter.

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Vehik, Susan C. "Late Prehistoric Plains Trade and Economic Specialization." Plains Anthropologist 35, no. 128 (May 1990): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2052546.1990.11909565.

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Abraham, Jose. "European Trade and Colonial Conquest (vol. 1)." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i1.1647.

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European Trade and Colonial Conquest is authored by Biplab Dasgupta, arenowned political and social activist from Calcutta who taught economics atCalcutta University and was a member of the Parliament of India for severalyears. He has authored many books on various aspects of India’s socioeconomicand political life in the post-independence era, such as the oil industry,the Naxalite movements, trends in Indian politics, labor issues and globalization,agrarian change and technology, rural change, urbanization, and migration.The present book primarily focuses on the evolution of Bengal’s economyand society over the precolonial period, beginning from prehistoric days.Even though there are writings on Bengal’s colonial history, we know verylittle about its precolonial past except for the names of kings, the chronologyof dynasties, and scattered references to urban settlements.Dasgupta shows a specific interest in highlighting the socioeconomichistory of the last two and half centuries, from Vasco de Gama’s journey toIndia in 1498 to the battle of Palashi in 1757. The author asserts that heexplores in detail the socioeconomic and political context of Bengal thatfacilitated the transfer of power to European hands, because historians generallyignore this rather quite long and critical period. He, therefore, commentsthat this is “less a book on pre-colonial Bengal” and more a book onEuropean trade and colonial conquest (p. vii). The book explains howEuropean commercial enterprise in Bengal gathered political power throughits control over trade and gradually transformed itself into a colonial power.Although the Mughals held political power during this period, the economicpower and control of the Indian Ocean trade routes were gradually slippinginto European hands.It is believed that Clive’s victory at the battle of Palashi led to the colonialconquest of Bengal. However, focusing on Bengal’s socioeconomic ...

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Boxberger, Daniel L., and Barry L. Isaac. "Research in Economic Anthropology, A Research Annual: Prehistoric Economies of the Pacific Northwest Coast (Supplement 3)." American Indian Quarterly 16, no. 2 (1992): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185434.

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Piperno, Dolores R., Crystal H. McMichael, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, Marcos Ríos Paredes, Britte M. Heijink, and Luis A. Torres-Montenegro. "A 5,000-year vegetation and fire history for tierra firme forests in the Medio Putumayo-Algodón watersheds, northeastern Peru." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (June 7, 2021): e2022213118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022213118.

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This paper addresses an important debate in Amazonian studies; namely, the scale, intensity, and nature of human modification of the forests in prehistory. Phytolith and charcoal analysis of terrestrial soils underneath mature tierra firme (nonflooded, nonriverine) forests in the remote Medio Putumayo-Algodón watersheds, northeastern Peru, provide a vegetation and fire history spanning at least the past 5,000 y. A tree inventory carried out in the region enables calibration of ancient phytolith records with standing vegetation and estimates of palm species densities on the landscape through time. Phytolith records show no evidence for forest clearing or agriculture with major annual seed and root crops. Frequencies of important economic palms such as Oenocarpus, Euterpe, Bactris, and Astrocaryum spp., some of which contain hyperdominant species in the modern flora, do not increase through prehistoric time. This indicates pre-Columbian occupations, if documented in the region with future research, did not significantly increase the abundance of those species through management or cultivation. Phytoliths from other arboreal and woody species similarly reflect a stable forest structure and diversity throughout the records. Charcoal 14C dates evidence local forest burning between ca. 2,800 and 1,400 y ago. Our data support previous research indicating that considerable areas of some Amazonian tierra firme forests were not significantly impacted by human activities during the prehistoric era. Rather, it appears that over the last 5,000 y, indigenous populations in this region coexisted with, and helped maintain, large expanses of relatively unmodified forest, as they continue to do today.

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Wells, Peter S., and Grahame Clark. "Economic Prehistory: Papers on Archaeology." American Journal of Archaeology 97, no. 3 (July 1993): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506370.

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Bender, B., and Gordon Bronitsky. "Ecological Models in Economic Prehistory." Man 20, no. 3 (September 1985): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2802452.

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Oosterbeek, Luiz. "Higher education in prehistory and archaeology." Revista Arqueologia Pública 13, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rap.v13i2.8658295.

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The growing divide between sciences and humanities has led, in the last decades, to their global weakening, leading to a pragmatic empire of technological solutions deprived from meaning and global reasoning. In parallel, the source o many current disruptive processes is the incapacity of understanding the implications of the global merger of economies and societies, but also the trend towards segregating new identities and cultural networks. We consider that education and training are key elements in the process of building shared landscapes, i.e., shared convergent perceptions of the territories, and that education in prehistory and archaeology should be structured within this framework. Reflecting on general concerns and perspectives of Humanities education at large, and on specific constraints in Europe and Portugal, we argue that the specific relevance of archaeology within a programme for humanities concerns its expertise in assessing adaptation mechanisms, economy-environment balances, techniques and technology, as well as its interdisciplinary approach, going beyond humanities and involving social and natural sciences. The text concludes by presenting the structure and strategy of the Master programme in Prehistoric Archaeology and Rock Art, as part of a wider programme of archaeology and cultural heritage education at the Polytechnic Institute of Tomar.

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Oosterbeek, Luiz. "Higher education in prehistory and archaeology." Revista Arqueologia Pública 14, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rap.v14i2.8658295.

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The growing divide between sciences and humanities has led, in the last decades, to their global weakening, leading to a pragmatic empire of technological solutions deprived from meaning and global reasoning. In parallel, the source o many current disruptive processes is the incapacity of understanding the implications of the global merger of economies and societies, but also the trend towards segregating new identities and cultural networks. We consider that education and training are key elements in the process of building shared landscapes, i.e., shared convergent perceptions of the territories, and that education in prehistory and archaeology should be structured within this framework. Reflecting on general concerns and perspectives of Humanities education at large, and on specific constraints in Europe and Portugal, we argue that the specific relevance of archaeology within a programme for humanities concerns its expertise in assessing adaptation mechanisms, economy-environment balances, techniques and technology, as well as its interdisciplinary approach, going beyond humanities and involving social and natural sciences. The text concludes by presenting the structure and strategy of the Master programme in Prehistoric Archaeology and Rock Art, as part of a wider programme of archaeology and cultural heritage education at the Polytechnic Institute of Tomar.

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Smith, Craig S., and Lance M. McNees. "Cymopterus bulbosus and Prehistoric Foragers: Patch Size, Plant Density, and Return Rates." Journal of Ethnobiology 25, no. 1 (March 2005): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771_2005_25_1_cbapfp_2.0.co_2.

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Direct evidence for the use of geophytes in the archaeological record of prehistoric foragers is typically lacking, even though they were often an important resource. Cymopterus bulbosus (springparsley or biscuitroot) is a geophyte that grows in fairly dense patches in areas of high archaeological site densities in the Green River Basin of Wyoming. Analysis of the patch size and distribution, density within patches, root weight, nutritional content, total calories available from the patches, and caloric return rates provides clues to the sustainability of roots of this plant for the prehistoric foragers of the area. This study demonstrates that the large desert pavement patches adjacent to the archaeological sites had the potential to furnish sufficient calories to have been an important influence on prehistoric forager selection of camp locations. It also adds to the growing corpus of information on the economic context of root resources and their use by prehistoric foragers.

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Bender, B., and Robin Dennell. "European Economic Prehistory: A New Approach." Man 20, no. 2 (June 1985): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2802395.

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Mashkour, M., M. Fontugne, and C. Hatte. "Investigations on the evolution of subsistence economy in the Qazvin Plain (Iran) from the Neolithic to the Iron Age." Antiquity 73, no. 279 (March 1999): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00087846.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Prehistoric economics'

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