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BOUMAN, LOES. "COLLECTIVE ACTION SUCCESS IN STEP-LEVEL PUBLIC GOODS GAMES Experimental Studies on the Role of Social Value Orientation and Information on Efficacy Heterogeneity." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/314001.
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La tesi tratta il successo dell'azione collettiva e quali fattori ne favoriscono o ne ostacolano il raggiungimento. Nello specifico, la tesi si concentra sull'azione collettiva finalizzata alla produzione di beni pubblici e come i gruppi affrontano i dilemmi sociali che sono inerenti a tale argomento. Un dilemma sociale può essere definito come una situazione in cui la razionalità individuale e collettiva sono in contrasto. Esistono due grandi categorie di dilemmi sociali.
La prima categoria riguarda i problemi di cooperazione, vale a dire come ogni individuo ha la tentazione di astenersi dal dare contributi alla produzione del bene pubblico e puntare al consumo del bene fornito da altri, cioè attraverso il free-riding. Tuttavia, se tutti gli individui agiscono per i propri interessi, il bene pubblico non viene prodotto. Il modo in cui gli individui valutano i risultati propri e altrui prodotti dalla cooperazione è concettualizzato in termini di preferenze sociali (il termine ufficiale è ‘social value orientation, SVO)’. La ricerca dimostra come SVO sia un valido predittore del comportamento cooperativo in vari contesti empirici. Tuttavia, una volta che gli individui interagiscono ripetutamente, la forza relativa e la stabilità del legame SVO e comportamento appare meno evidente. In questa dissertazione SVO è uno degli fattori chiave che dovrebbero svolgere un ruolo nel successo dell'azione collettiva.
La seconda categoria riguarda, invece, i problemi di coordinamento. In qeusto caso, gli individui si trovano in situazioni in cui gli interessi coincidono; tuttavia, ci sono più opzioni di scelta per raggiungere il risultato auspicato e quanto detto può provocare un problema di coordinazione. Ricerche precedenti hanno dimostrato che l'eterogeneità tra i collaboratori può aiutare a superare i problemi di coordinamento. I membri del gruppo differiscono tipicamente nell'impatto che i loro investimenti hanno sulla probabilità della produzione di un bene pubblico. L'impatto che il comportamento di un individuo ha sui risultati è generalmente indicato con il termine ‘efficacia’. La ricerca ha messo in risalto l’esistenza di una significativa relazione positiva tra eterogeneità nell'efficacia e azione collettiva di successo. Tuttavia, questa relazione richiede che le persone coinvolte abbiano informazioni sull'efficacia reciproca. Ma resta ancora una questione aperta, ovvero come il grado di eterogeneità delle informazioni sull'efficacia influenzi il successo dell'azione collettiva. Il grado di eterogeneità delle informazioni di efficacia costituisce la seconda spiegazione chiave di questa tesi.
I fattori di spiegazione principali - SVO e informazioni sull'eterogeneità di efficacia – nel lavoro in questione si concentrano su come le caratteristiche individuali, le caratteristiche del gruppo e la struttura della situazione influenzano il successo dell'azione collettiva.Tali elementi sono strettamente correlati ai due dilemmi sociali (problemi di cooperazione e coordinamento) che connotano l'azione collettiva. Nel presente lavoro il fuoco è rivolto a due interrogativi di centrale importanza; In che modo le preferenze sociali e le informazioni sull'eterogeneità dell'efficacia influenzano il successo dell'azione collettiva?
Un modello ben noto ampiamente utilizzato nel trattare il problema dei beni pubblici è lo Step-Level Public Good design (SPG). Tale modello viene utilizzato per definire un quadro teorico e per derivare ipotesi che verranno testate tramite esperimenti di laboratorio e con l’impiego di modelli multilivello.This dissertation is concerned with understanding collective action success and what factors foster or hamper the endeavour. Specifically, we focus on collective action that is aimed at the production of public goods and how groups overcome social dilemmas that are inherent to that. A social dilemma can be defined as a situation where individual and collective rationality are at odds. There two broad categories of social dilemmas. The first category compiles cooperation problems, were each individual has the temptation to abstain from making contributions to public good production and aim for consumption of the good provided by others, that is, by means of free-riding. However, if all individuals act on their own interests, the public good is not produced. How individuals value their own and others’ outcomes from cooperation is conceptualized as their Social Value Orientation (SVO). Research demonstrates that SVO is a valid predictor of cooperative behavior across various empirical settings. However, once individuals interact repeatedly, the relative strength and stability of the SVO – behavior link are less clear cut. In this dissertation SVO is one of the key explanans that are expected to play a role in collective action success. The second category compiles coordination problems. In coordination problems, individuals find themselves in situations in which interests coincide, however, there are multiple choice options to reach that outcome and this can instigate a coordination problem. Previous research has shown that heterogeneity among cooperators can help in overcoming coordination problems. Group members typically differ in the impact their investments have on the likelihood of public good production. The impact an individual’s behavior has on outcomes is generally referred to as their efficacy. Research has established a significant positive relationship between heterogeneity in efficacy and successful collective action. However, this relationship requires that individuals involved have information about each other’s efficacy. But it yet remains an open question how the degree of information of efficacy heterogeneity influences collective action success. The degree of information of efficacy heterogeneity constitute the second key explanantia of this dissertation. The two main explanans - SVO and information on efficacy heterogeneity - in this dissertation focus on how on individual characteristics, group characteristics and the structure of the situation influence collective action success. Both elements are closely related to the two social dilemmas (cooperation and coordination problems) inherent to collective action Bringing both questions together constitute an overacting question for the dissertation: How do social preferences and information on efficacy heterogeneity influence collective action success ? A well-known model naturally reflecting public goods problems is the Step-Level Public Good design (SPG). we adopt the design in the dissertation and use it as theoretical framework to derive hypotheses to answer this research question. We test hypotheses in laboratory experiments and analyse data in a multilevel framework.
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Jeon, Joo Young. "Essays on social preference." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/53364/.
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This thesis consists of six essays related to experimental investigation of social preference. We investigate the effects of a pure income effect on social preference in the first essay. In the second essay we explore the effects of gender in altruism and the corresponding anticipation behavior. The third essay discusses the effects of different type of rebate schemes on altruistic behavior. We study the effects of a real and a minimal identity on initiation and escalation of conflict in the fourth essay. The fifth essay investigates the effects of social cues in (anti) social behavior. The final essay tests the effects of pure framing on altruistic behavior.
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Zarri, Luca. "Social preferences and beyond : modelling pro-sociality in game theory." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437835.
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Nosenzo, Daniele. "Social preferences and social comparisons." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11362/.
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Chapter 1 introduces the thesis providing an overview of the common themes and methods underlying this research. Chapter 2 reports an experiment that examines the characteristics of effective leaders in a leader-follower voluntary contributions game. We focus on two factors: leaders’ cooperativeness and their beliefs about followers’cooperativeness. We find that groups perform best when led by cooperatively inclined leaders, partly because they are intrinsically motivated to contribute more than non-cooperative leaders, partly because they are more optimistic about followers’ cooperativeness. Chapter 3 reports an experiment comparing sequential and simultaneous contributions to a public good in a quasi-linear two-person setting. As predicted, we find that overall provision may be lower under sequential than simultaneous contributions. However, we also find that the distribution of contributions is more equitable than predicted when the first-mover is predicted to free-ride, but not when the second-mover is predicted to free-ride. These results can be explained by second-movers’ willingness to punish free-riders, and unwillingness to reward first-movers who contribute. Chapter 4 investigates the impact of social comparisons on reciprocal relationships. Using a three-person gift- exchange game we study how employees’ reciprocity towards an employer is affected by pay comparison information (information about what co-workers earn) and effort comparison information (information about how co-workers perform). We find that pay comparison information does not affect reciprocity, while effort comparison information can influence reciprocal relationships in important ways. Chapter 5 also examines the impact of pay comparisons on effort behaviour. We compare effort in a treatment where co-workers’ wages are secret with effort in two ‘public wages’ treatments differing in whether co-workers’ wages are chosen by an employer, or are fixed exogenously by the experimenter. We find that pay comparisons are detrimental for effort, particularly when coworkers’ wages are exogenous. Chapter 6 summarises the findings of this research and concludes.
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Sherman, Misty. "Exercise preference and social identity." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/748.
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Schofield, N. "Social equilibrium." Thesis, University of Essex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370494.
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Strassmair, Christina. "Incentives and social preferences." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-108369.
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Suchon, Rémi. "Essays on the economics of social identity, social preferences and social image." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN080/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur trois déterminants sociaux des décisions économiques : l'identité sociale, l'image sociale et les préférences sociales. Le premier chapitre rend compte d'une expérience visant à tester l'effet de la mobilité sociale ascendante sur la confiance interpersonnelle. Les individus se sont caractérisés à la fois par une identité de groupe naturelle et par un statut attribué au moyen de leur performance relative dans une tâche dans laquelle les identités naturelles prédisent fortement la performance. La mobilité ascendante se caractérise par l'accès au statut élevé des individus appartenant au groupe naturel associé à une performance attendue inférieure. Nous constatons que les personnes socialement mobiles font moins confiance que celles qui ne sont pas socialement mobiles, à la fois lorsque le l'autre individu appartient au même groupe naturel ou à un autre groupe naturel. En revanche, la mobilité ascendante n'affecte pas la fiabilité. Nous ne trouvons rien qui indique que l'interaction avec une personne mobile a une incidence sur la confiance ou la fiabilité. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous testons si les individus intériorisent les effets de leur comportement sur l'image sociale de leur groupe. Dans notre expérience, nous recrutons des paires d'amis et étudions si le nombre de fausses déclarations diminue quand cela peut avoir des retombées négatives sur l'image de l'ami. Nous constatons que les participants nuisent à l'image sociale de leurs amis en faisant de fausses déclarations : les observateurs externes mettent à jour leurs croyances et s'attendent à juste titre à ce qu'un participant dont l'ami a fait de fausses déclarations soit susceptible de faire de même. Cependant, les participants font autant de fausses déclarations quand leur comportement peut nuire à l'image de leur ami que quand il ne le peut pas, même si le fait de nuire à l'image de leurs amis réduit leurs propres gains monétaires. Notre interprétation est qu'ils sous-estiment l'impact de leur comportement sur les croyances des observateurs externes concernant leurs amis. Nos résultats montrent que, même dans notre cas où l'appartenance à un groupe est évidente, les groupes peuvent avoir de la difficulté à se bâtir une bonne image. La bonne nouvelle, c'est que les observateurs externes peuvent utiliser les retombées d'images pour mettre à jour leurs croyances et interagir plus efficacement avec les membres des groupes. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous examinons expérimentalement si la sailliance des gains contre-factuels a une incidence sur la générosité. Les participants exécutent d'abord une tâche d'effort réel pour un salaire fixe, puis jouent au jeu du dictateur. Entre les conditions, nous faisons varier le niveau et le moment de la révélation du salaire. Dans certaines conditions, les participants connaissent le salaire avant la tâche de l'effort réel et ne sont pas informés des autres niveaux potentiels. Dans d'autres conditions, ils sont informés de la répartition des salaires avant la tâche d'effort réel, mais le salaire réel n'est révélé qu'ensuite. Notre hypothèse est que les participants à ces dernières conditions évaluent leur salaire réel par rapport aux autres niveaux potentiels, ce qui, à son tour, influe sur leurs transferts dans le jeu dictateur qui suit. Les résultats corroborent cette hypothèse : les participants qui obtiennent un salaire élevé ont tendance à transférer davantage lorsqu'ils sont informés des autres niveaux potentiels que lorsqu'ils ne le sont pas. Symétriquement, les participants qui reçoivent le plus bas salaire ont tendance à transférer moins quand ils sont informés des autres niveaux potentiels que quand ils ne le sont pasThe present dissertation studies three social determinants of economic decisions: Social Identity, Social Image, and Social preferences. The first chapter reports on an experiment testing the effect of upward social mobility on interpersonal trust. Individuals are characterized both by a natural group identity and by a status awarded by means of relative performance in a task in which natural identities strongly predict performance. Upward mobility is characterized by the access to the high status of individuals belonging to the natural group associated with a lower expected performance. We find that socially mobile individuals trust less than those who are not socially mobile, both when the trustee belongs to the same natural group or to the other natural group. In contrast, upward mobility does not affect trustworthiness. We find no evidence that interacting with an upwardly mobile individual impacts trust or trustworthiness. In the second chapter, we test whether individuals internalize the effects of their behavior on the social image of their group. In our experiment, we recruit pairs of real-life friends and study whether misreporting decreases when it may have negative spillovers on the image of the friend. We find that participants hurt their friends' social image by misreporting: external observers update their beliefs and rightfully expect that a participant whose friend misreported is likely to misreport himself. However, participants misreport as often when their behavior can hurt the friend's image as when it cannot, even though hurting their friends' image reduces their own monetary gains. Our interpretation is that they underestimate the impact of their behavior on external observers' beliefs about their friends. Our results show that, even in our case where group membership is salient, groups might have difficulties building a good image. The good news is that external observers may use image spillovers to update their beliefs and interact with members of groups more efficiently. In the third chapter, we experimentally test whether the salience of counter-factual payoffs impacts generosity. Participants first perform a real-effort task for a fixed wage, and then play a dictator game. Between conditions, we vary the level and the timing of the revelation of the wage. In some conditions, participants know the wage before the real effort task, and are not informed of the other potential levels. In some other conditions, they are informed of the distribution of the wages before the real effort task, but the actual wage is only revealed afterward. Our hypothesis is that participants in the latter conditions evaluate their actual wage relative to the other potential levels, which in turns impact their transfers in the subsequent dictator game. The results support this hypothesis: participants who get a the high wage tend to transfer more when they are informed of the other potential levels than when they are not. Symmetrically, participants who get the low wage tend to transfer less when they are informed of the other potential levels than when they are not
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Sihra, Colson Eve. "Consumption, social interactions and preferences." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0015/document.
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La notion de besoin caractérise souvent une nécessité biologique, le strict minimum pour se nourrir et se loger. Les besoins ont pourtant souvent été définis comme relatifs et propres à une situation donnée. Les incitations culturelles et sociales tendent à fournir des motivations puissantes aux individus, les conduisant à prendre des décisions parfois à leur détriment au plus ou moins long-terme. Ces choix révèlent certains besoins allant au-delà de la seule survie. Ma thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre ces décisions en incluant des composants sociaux ou culturels à la théorie standard de la consommation. Elle contribue à faire le lien entre deux branches importantes de la littérature économique: l'analyse de la demande, et l'économie comportementale/sociale. Les différents chapitres répondent à des questions telles que : pourquoi les personnes souffrant de malnutrition dépensent une part significative de leur budget en biens ostentatoires (premier chapitre) ? Pourquoi des personnes différant seulement par le groupe social auquel elles appartiennent ne consomment pas les mêmes biens (deuxième chapitre) ? Les interactions sociales contribuent-elles à la persistance de goûts locaux (troisième chapitre) ? Et l'intégration commerciale contribue-t-elle à la convergence des goûts (quatrième chapitre) ? Ces sujets requièrent de considérer la signification sociale des choix de consommation, en plus de l'effet du revenu, des prix et de leur valeur fonctionnelle. En d'autres termes, ils requièrent de penser la consommation comme un langageThe notion of need often characterizes the strict minimum amount of food and shelter to survive. Needs have however recurrently been described as essentially relative and context-driven. Indeed, cultural and social incentives tend to provide powerful motivations for individuals to engage in choices sometimes detrimental to their short- or long-term fitness. These choices reveal certain needs which are beyond mere sustenance. My thesis aims at better understanding these decisions by including cultural and social components to a standard theory of consumption. By doing so, it contributes to bridge the gap between two important branches of the literature: demand analysis and behavioral/social economics. The different chapters adress questions such as: Why do malnourished people spend a significant portion of their budget on conspicuous goods (first chapter)? Why do people of different social groups choose to consume different types of goods, given similar prices, income and demographics (second chapter)? Do social interactions contribute to the persistence of localized tastes (third chapter)? And does market integration contribute to taste convergence (fourth chapter)? These topics require to take into account the social meaning of consumption choices, aside from income, prices and functionality. In other words, they require to consider consumption as a language
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Kazemi, Ali. "Distributive preferences in social dilemmas /." Göteborg : Dept. of Psychology, Göteborg University, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015509278&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Schaffner, Markus. "Behavioural evidence for social preferences." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48898/1/Markus_Schaffner_Thesis.pdf.
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A central topic in economics is the existence of social preferences. Behavioural economics in general has approached the issue from several angles. Controlled experimental settings, surveys, and field experiments are able to show that in a number of economic environments, people usually care about immaterial things such as fairness or equity of allocations. Findings from experimental economics specifically have lead to large increase in theories addressing social preferences. Most (pro)social phenomena are well understood in the experimental settings but very difficult to observe 'in the wild'. One criticism in this regard is that many findings are bound by the artificial environment of the computer lab or survey method used. A further criticism is that the traditional methods also fail to directly attribute the observed behaviour to the mental constructs that are expected to stand behind them. This thesis will first examine the usefulness of sports data to test social preference models in a field environment, thus overcoming limitations of the lab with regards to applicability to other - non-artificial - environments. The second major contribution of this research establishes a new neuroscientific tool - the measurement of the heart rate variability - to observe participants' emotional reactions in a traditional experimental setup.
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Wang, Xinghua. "Essays on the external validity of social preference games." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669930.
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The three chapters of this thesis investigate the external validity of social preference
games. Chapter 1 reveals the context-dependent nature of human social behavior and
shows that it is possible to make lab games much more predictive of field behavior by
bringing the right contextual elements from the field into the lab. Chapter 2 shows that
social preference games reach moderate correlations with a collection of daily
pro-social behaviors when these behaviors are observed and averaged over a longer time
period. This suggests that context-free games capture some fundamental aspects of
pro-sociality in daily life and that future research on the external validity of these games
should pay more attention to social behavior over extended time periods. Chapter 3
presents a systematic investigation of the external validity of social preference games at
the workplace by comparing game behavior with organizational behaviors in a group of
hotels. The results show that social preference games have a low predictive power in
relation to organizational behavior.Los tres capítulos de esta tesis investigan la validez externa de los juegos de preferencias sociales. El Capítulo 1 revela la naturaleza dependiente del contexto del comportamiento social humano y muestra que es posible hacer que los juegos de laboratorio sean mucho más predictivos del comportamiento de campo si se traen los elementos contextuales correctos del campo al laboratorio. El capítulo 2 muestra que los juegos de preferencias sociales alcanzan correlaciones moderadas con una colección de comportamientos pro-sociales diarios cuando estos comportamientos son observados y agregados a lo largo de un período de tiempo más largo. Esto sugiere que los juegos libres de contexto capturan ciertos aspectos fundamentales de la pro-socialidad en la vida diaria y que la investigación futura sobre la validez externa de estos juegos debería prestar más atención al comportamiento social durante períodos más prolongados. El Capítulo 3 presenta una investigación sistemática de la validez externa de los juegos de preferencias sociales en el lugar de trabajo, comparando el comportamiento en los juegos con comportamientos organizacionales en un grupo de hoteles. Los resultados muestran que los juegos de preferencia social tienen un bajo poder predictivo en relación al comportamiento organizacional.
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Letsou, Christina. "Preferences for Randomization in Social Choice:." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108719.
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Thesis advisor: Uzi SegalThis dissertation consists of three chapters analyzing preferences for randomization in social choice problems. The first two chapters are related and in the fields of distributive justice and social choice. They concern allocation of an indivisible good in social choice problems where efficiency is at odds with equality. The last chapter addresses a social choice problem from an individual's perspective using decision theoretical analysis. In this dissertation I demonstrate why randomization may be an attractive policy in social choice problems and demonstrate how individuals may have preferences over the precise method of randomization. The first chapter is titled "Live and Let Die." This paper discusses how to allocate an indivisible good by social lottery when agents have asymmetric claims. Intuition suggests that there may exist agents who should receive zero probability in the optimal social lottery. In such a case, I say that these agents have weak claims to the good. This paper uses a running example of allocating an indivisible medical treatment to individuals with different survival rates and reactions to the treatment in order to provide conditions for consistency of weak claims. As such, I develop two related assumptions on a social planner's preferences over lotteries. The first -- survival rate scaling -- states that if an individual has a weak claim, then his claim is also weak when survival rates increase proportionally. The second -- independence of weak claims -- states that if an individual has a weak claim, then his removal does not affect others' probabilities of receiving the treatment. These assumptions imply that a compatible social welfare function must exhibit constant elasticity of substitution, which results in potentially-degenerate weighted lotteries. The second chapter is titled "Why is Six Afraid of Seven? Bringing the "Numbers" to Economics." This chapter discusses the numbers problem: the question of if the numbers of people involved should be used to determine whether to help certain people or to help certain other people. I discuss the main solutions that have been proposed: flipping a coin, saving the greater number, and proportionally weighted lotteries. Using the economic tools of social choice, I then show how the model of the previous chapter, "Live and Let Die," can be extended to address numbers problems and compare the implications of prominent social welfare functions for numbers problems. I argue that potentially-degenerate weighted lotteries can assuage the main concerns discussed in the literature and I show that both the Nash product social welfare function as well as constant elasticity of substitution (CES) social welfare functions are compatible with this solution. Finally, I discuss a related problem known as "probability cases," in which individuals differ in survival chances rather than numbers of individuals at risk. When the model is extended to allow for both asymmetries in survival chances and numbers of individuals in groups, CES results in potentially-degenerate weighted lotteries whereas Nash product does not. The third chapter is titled "All Probabilities are Equal, but Some Probabilities are More Equal than Others," which is joint work with Professor Uzi Segal of the Economics Department at Boston College and Professor Shlomo Naeh of the Departments of Talmud and Jewish Thought at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In this chapter we compare preferences for different procedures of selecting people randomly. A common procedure for selecting people is to have them draw balls from an urn in turn. Modern and ancient stories (for example, by Graham Greene and the Talmud) suggest that such a lottery may not be viewed by the individuals as "fair.'' In this paper, we compare this procedure with several alternatives. These procedures give all individuals equal chance of being selected, but have different structures. We analyze these procedures as multi-stage lotteries. In line with previous literature, our analysis is based on the observation that multi-stage lotteries are not considered indifferent to their probabilistic one-stage representations. As such, we use a non-expected utility model to understand the preferences of risk-averse individuals over these procedures and show that they may be not indifferent between them
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
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Zubrickas, Robertas. "Essays on contracts and social preferences." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (EFI), 2009. http://www2.hhs.se/efi/summary/788.htm.
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Engler, Yola Celine Gertrud. "Essays on intentions and social preferences." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/96481/1/Yola%20Celine%20Gertrud_Engler_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis presents three essays on social preferences and the influence of the intentions of another party. All studies investigate reciprocity and its relevance but do so in different strategical settings. In doing so, crucial factors for enhancing social relationships are determined and examined.
The first study examines the role of reciprocity during a bargaining process. It turns out that adopting too tough a bargaining stance can lead to worse outcomes. The second essay investigates complex 'revealed intentions' and finds that intention-based benevolence is more than just repaying another person’s generosity. Individuals also react to the other’s willingness to be vulnerable. The third essay emphasizes the role of beliefs on an agent’s evaluation of another’s intention. Our results indicate that individual differences in reactions to the other agent’s payoff expectations may not be driving the often found 'no-effect' of expectations on social behaviour.
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Antinyan, Armenak <1987>. "Three essays on social preferences, social dilemmas and taxation." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4669.
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The dissertation consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 studies other-regarding preferences of decision makers in the domain of losses. The framework of the Dictator Game is modified by introduction of a bi-directional monetary loss. Chapter 2 studies the interaction of individuals with heterogeneous characteristics in a social dilemma. The framework of the Public Goods Game is modified, by manipulating the endowment sources of the individuals included in the same group. Chapter 3 studies whether providing information on the national public expenditure to the taxpayers and whether involving taxpayers in the process of allocating tax revenues over public goods influence the level of the adequate tax rate- the fraction of income that individuals consider adequate to pay as taxes.
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Collins, Lisa M. "Non-intrusive social preference assessment in broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427885.
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Vorsatz, Marc. "Dichotomous Preferences, Truth-Telling and Collective Action." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4066.
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Si un grupo de individuos tiene que decidir sobre la elección de una alternativa factible y las preferencias de los individuos sobre el conjunto de alternativas son conflictivas, entonces aparece el problema institucional de como agregar las opiniones diferentes.El objetivo principal de la Teoría de Elección Social es analizar este tipo de problemas a través del estudio de propiedades normativas de diferentes funciones de elección social.
En capitulo 2 y 3 se estudia funciones de elección social cuando individuos dividen las alternativas en dos clases de indiferencias. En capitulo 4 se analiza con la ayuda de experimento si algunas personas tienen preferencias para decir la verdad sobre su información privada. Finalmente, en capitulo 5 se investiga los incentivos de formar coaliciones en situaciones de búsqueda de renta.
If a group of individuals has to decide upon the selection of some feasible alternatives and individual preferences on the set of alternatives are not aligned, then the institutional problem of how preferences should be aggregated arises. It is the main objective of Social Choice Theory to address this question by studying normative properties of different aggregation rules.
In chapter 2 and 3 we analyze social choice function if individuals have dichotomous preferences on the set of alternatives. In chapter, we investigate by of an experiment if some individuals have preferences for truth-telling. And finally, in chapter 5 we study individual incentives to form coalitions in a simple rent-seeking environment.
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Recalde, Lorena. "Modeling users preferences in online social networks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663756.
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L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és desenvolupar nous i diversos mètodes per modelar les preferències dels usuaris a les Xarxes Socials Online. Els mètodes proposats tenen com a finalitat ser aplicats en àrees de recerca com la Personalització o Recomanació d'ítems i la Detecció de Grups d'Usuaris amb gustos similars. Aquests mètodes poden ser agrupats en dos tipus: i) mètodes basats en tècniques d'anàlisi de textos (Part I, Capítols del 3 al 5) i ii) mètodes basats en teoria de grafs (Part II, Capítols 6 i 7).
Amb els mètodes plantejats a la Part I és possible determinar el nivell d'interès dels usuaris en temes que són compartits en plataformes de microblogging. Hem pres com a cas d'estudi la participació digital de tweeters a la política. Els mètodes proposats a la Part II busquen definir un paper pels usuaris de les Xarxes Socials, ja sigui com a creadors o generadors de contingut i distribuïdors o consumidors de contingut. Hem plantejat un mètode on usuaris amb interessos similars però amb diferent rols són agrupats en una mateixa comunitat, de manera que els nous continguts es propaguen més ràpidament.El objetivo de esta tesis es desarrollar nuevos y diversos métodos para modelar las preferencias de los usuarios en las Redes Sociales Online. Los métodos propuestos tienen como finalidad ser aplicados en áreas de investigación como la Personalización o Recomendación de ítems y la Detección de Grupos de Usuarios con gustos similares. Dichos métodos pueden ser agrupados en dos tipos: i) métodos basados en técnicas de análisis de texto (Parte I, Capítulos del 3 al 5) y ii) métodos basados en teoría de grafos (Parte II, Capítulos 6 y 7). Con los métodos planteados en la Parte I es posible determinar el nivel de interés de los usuarios en temas que son compartidos en plataformas de microblogging. Hemos tomado como caso de estudio la participación digital de tweeters en la política. Los métodos propuestos en la Parte II buscan definir un rol para los usuarios en Redes Sociales, ya sea como creadores o generadores de contenido y distribuidores o consumidores de contenido. Hemos planteado un método donde usuarios con intereses similares pero con distinto rol, son agrupados en una misma comunidad de forma que nuevo contenido se propague más rápidamente.
The objective of this thesis is to develop new and diverse methods to model the preferences of the users in the Online Social Networks. The proposed methods are intended to be applied in areas of research such as Personalization or Recommendation of items and the detection of groups of users with similar tastes. These methods can be grouped into two types: i) methods based on text analysis techniques (Chapters 3 to 5) and ii) methods based on graph theory (Chapters 6 and 7). With the methods proposed in i) it is possible to determine the level of interest of users on topics that are shared on microblogging platforms. We have taken as a case study the digital participation of tweeters in politics. The methods proposed in ii) seek to define a role for users in social networks, whether as creators or content generators and distributors or content consumers. We have proposed a method where users with similar interests but with different roles, are grouped in the same community so that new content spreads more quickly.
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Sullivan, Matthew Stephen. "Social and sexual preferences of red junglefowl." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293451.
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Movahedi, Tahahossein. "Essays on group identity and social preferences." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42818.
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This thesis studies the effect of uncertainty in the group identity or the payoffs on social preferences. It also tests the robustness of Dana, Weber and Kuang's results and presents a model to understand the findings of the experiment. Chapter 1 investigates the effect of uncertainty in group membership of the subjects on social preferences. We find that the decision to know the group identity of the counterparts' who turn out to be an in-group member in the dictator and response games increases the likelihood of choosing the social-welfare-maximising outcome. The revelation of matched player's identity decreases the likelihood to reward and increases the likelihood to punish. Chapter 2, studies the effect of uncertainty in payoffs on social preferences in the presence of group identity. We find that the uncertainty on payoffs does not reduce the fair choices if the subjects are matched with an in-group member. However, the decision to know the payoffs of an out-group counterpart increases the likelihood of choosing self-interested choice. Chapter 3 tests the robustness of Dana, Weber and Kuang's result in a within-subjects experiment. Our data confirm the DWK's findings, but there is an increase in the number of self-interested choices in the hidden-payoffs treatment. Chapter 4 presents a model that combine Fehr and Schmidt preferences and prospect theory in order to understand the result of second treatment of DWK's experiment. In the treatment, the subjects have an option to reveal their counterparts' payoffs. We find a threshold for β = 1/5 beyond which the utility of revealing he hidden payoffs and choose the fair choice is higher than not revealing. Also, the combination of Fehr-Schmidt preferences with two alternative decision theories, expected utility and prospect theory, produce the same β.
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Bernström, Annelie. "Leksaker baserade på teknik sedda ur ett genusperspektiv : En studie om 6-åringars preferenser och användande av könsstereotypa konstruktionsleksaker." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-818.
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Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med barn i förskoleklass och genom enkätundersökningar hos pedagoger har jag fått svar på mina frågeställningar som handlar om pojkar, flickor och deras leksaksval då det gäller teknikbaserade leksaker. Syftet var att försöka se om det fanns skillnader i valet och användandet av dessa leksaker och i så fall försöka tydliggöra dem, och dessutom ta reda på varför barnen är olika i sina leksakspreferenser.
Resultatet påvisar att för barnen i denna förskoleklass är konstruktionsleksaker ett frekvent val i verksamheten. Alla barn leker med dessa leksaker, dock skiljer sig preferenserna åt beroende på om man är flicka eller pojke, både i hemmet och i förskoleklassen. Hur barnens preferenser uppkommer finns det delade meningar om, dock är huvudteorin enligt de forskarna/författare jag tagit del av, socialt betingat.
Pedagogiska slutsatser är att som pedagog måste man arbeta på ett målmedvetet sätt då det gäller leksaker och genus, man skall alltid ha med sig att leken har stor betydelse i barnens utveckling.
Nyckelord: genus, leksaker, preferenser, teknik
Through interviews with children in preschool class and through inquiries by questionnaire with their teachers, I have received answers of my question at issue about boys, girls and their choices of technical toys. The purpose was to see if there were any differences in choosing and using these toys, and also to find out if and why the children have different preferences.
The results indicate that for the children in this preschool class the choice of construction toys is common in the activities. All the children play with these toys, but still there are different preferences among girls and boys, both at home and in preschool class. There are differences in opinion among earlier researchers what causes boys and girls to differ in preferences of toys, but the main theory is still that gender differences depend on the family and the community.
Pedagogical conclusions are that as a teacher of young children, you have to work with awareness when it comes to toys and gender. You must never forget the important role toys play in the development of the children.
Keywords: gender, technical, toys, preferences
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Na-Allah, A., and M. Muchie. "Social Absorption Capability, National System of Innovation and Manufactured Export response to Preferential Trade Incentives." Tshwane University of Technology, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001627.
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In many extant analyses of the impact of non-reciprocal system of trade preferences it is typical to focus on the details of market access value of tariff concessions as explanation for why export of beneficiaries’ products may or may not respond to incentives. Very often the role that supply-related factors can and do play in the process is relegated to the background. This paper argues that the social absorption capability of a beneficiary’s economy as expressed in her incumbent National System of Innovation is a crucial determinant of export performance response. The experience of sub-Sahara African countries under the US African Growth and Opportunity Act apparel trade incentive is used as a classical illustration of this proposition. It is shown that the comparative efficiency of Lesotho, despite emerging from a relatively weak performance potential background, in recording the highest level of export success among beneficiaries of the scheme is a function of the relative efficiency of her system of innovation in garment.
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Bellet, Clément. "Essays on inequality, social preferences and consumer behavior." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0004/document.
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Cette thèse étudie la façon dont l’inégalité intra et inter groupes affecte le comportement du consommateur et son bien-être via des effets de comparaisons sociales. L’objectif est une meilleure compréhension d’un certain nombre de phénomènes sociaux largement délaissés par la théorie classique du consommateur. Par exemple, dans quelle mesure les déterminants visibles d’une identité sociale tels que le groupe ethnique ou la caste affectent les comportements de consommation des ménages ? Comment comprendre le sur-endettement des plus pauvres malgré la persistante stagnation de leur revenu réel ? Ou encore, la consommation de biens de luxes devient-elle nécessaire au sein de sociétés plus inégalitaires et que nous apprend ce phénomène sur les limites sociales de la croissance économique ? Pour ce faire, la thèse incorpore d’importants résultats issus des travaux d’économie comportementale - en particulier s’agissant des préférences sociales et de l’évaluation subjective du bien-être - à la théorie du consommateur et de l’épargne. Le chapitre 1 développe un modèle de consommation relative qui tient compte des effets de comparaison au cours du temps et entre biens. Les chapitres suivant identifient ces effets à partir de données d’enquêtes représentatives de la population et de larges bases de données obtenues via des méthodes de web-scrapping. Le chapitre 2 se concentre sur l’endettement immobilier aux Etats-Unis lorsque les ménages se préoccupent de la taille relative de leur maison. Les chapitres 3 et 4 analysent la composante sociale des dépenses en Inde et leur implication en terme de malnutrition en utilisant des méthodes d’estimations standards et structurellesThis thesis studies ways in which inequality between and within groups affects consumer behaviors and welfare through social comparison effects. The objective is to provide a better understanding of a number of economic phenomena, namely: How to understand the extensive use of credit by lower income households in periods of stagnating real income growth? How do visible identities such as race or caste affect consumption choices, and can social hierarchies lead to poverty traps? Do luxury goods become more necessary when inequality rises, and what does such a phenomenon tell us about the social limits to growth? To that aim, the thesis incorporates important findings of behavioural economics, in particular on other-regarding preferences and subjective well-being, into theories of consumption and savings. Chapter 1 presents a model of relative consumption which accounts for comparison effects over time and across goods. The following chapters identify these effects using representative survey data and large datasets obtained via web-scrapping techniques. Chapter 2 looks at mortgage debt in the United States when households care about the relative size of their house. Chapters 3 and 4 study the social component of expenditures in India and its implication in terms of malnutrition using standard and structural estimation techniques
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Grüne, Till. "Rational causes : the concept of preference in the social sciences." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2899/.
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The concept of preference is used in the social sciences to explain and predict behaviour. This thesis investigates the conditions the preference concept has to satisfy in order to operate as explanans. First, it defends the naturalistic position that preferences are causes of behaviour. More specifically, it is argued that preferences are programming properties that are themselves not causally efficacious, but causally relevant in that they realise efficacious properties. Further, the argument that the allegedly intentional nature of preferences poses a problem to such a causal relevance is rejected. Second, methodologies of preference attribution are discussed. The methodology of introspection in its current form is rejected, as well as the Radical Behaviourists' proposal to avoid mental properties altogether. Instead, it is argued that preferences are theoretical concepts. Third, a framework is provided that connects preferences over prospects of different degrees of abstraction. Such a framework allows to attribute specific preferences on the basis of observed actions and derive from these specific preferences more abstract preferences which are employed in the explanation and prediction of behaviour. Fourth, this thesis develops a model of preference change. It is specified under which conditions the inconsistency of an agent's behaviour with the preferences previously assigned to her should be interpreted as a preference change. The model then takes those behavioural observations and predicts how the preferences must have been changed in order to retain consistency. Principles guiding such a change are specified and operationalised, and the ensuing model is compared to existing ones.
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O'Neill, Claire. "Citizens' juries and social learning : understanding the transformation of preference." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/556398.
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The model of the citizens' jury is used here to examine whether the promise that deliberative democracy can enable transformations of preference among citizens is valid. Supporters of the citizens' jury go so far as to claim that it can encourage the habit of active citizenship. Deliberation has become central to academic work on the future of democracy and much of this work alludes to a relationship between deliberation and learning. So far however, the learning processes that are seen as central to it have not been fully investigated. This thesis explores the impact of participation in a deliberative process by presenting a predominantly qualitative analysis ofthe way the citizens' jury experience changes participants' preferences. The changes experienced by the jurors are presented as a juror journey but not all jurors embark on this journey in the same way, nor do they all travel at the same pace. Some of those interviewed for this study claim that their journey only ended some time after the jury itself came to an end and for some it is clearly ongoing. Addressing the juror journey as a learning process highlights the changes in the discursive strategies employed by the jurors as they come to understand the ethical components of discourse. By dividing the process into its constituent parts of thinking, willing and judging the procedural requirements of deliberation are highlighted. The results of the fieldwork show that the majority of respondents in this study of former citizens' jurors develop a heightened sense of efficacy that enables them to assert a sense of themselves as citizens. Most describe a new awareness that their actions affect others on whose behalf they are deliberating. This now occurs for many of them alongside a new sense of trust in others to make decisions on their behalf. The research concludes that if practitioners of deliberation want to continue to make claims about transformation of preference they need to use the principles of discourse ethics to examine the legitimacy of deliberative forums that are in use and to make recommendations about how to improve their validity in the eyes of the public.
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Zhang, Hongmou Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Social perspective of mobility sharing : understanding, utilizing, and shaping preference." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122726.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2019"June 2019." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 117-124).
Advances in information and communications technologies are enabling the growth of real-time ride sharing-whereby drivers and passengers or fellow passengers are paired up on car trips with similar origin-destinations and proximate time windows-to improve system efficiency by moving more people in fewer cars. Lesser known, however, are the opportunities of shared mobility as a tool to foster and strengthen human interactions. In this dissertation, I used preference as a lens to investigate the social interaction in mobility sharing, including how the interpersonal preference in mobility sharing can be understood, utilized and reshaped.
More specifically, I answered the questions of how preference could be used to match fellow passengers and to improve trip experiences; how gender, one of the key factors may contribute to this preference; and in the reverse direction, if there are factors in the preference which are unrespectable and need to be changed, whether mobility sharing can be used as a tool to change it, and improve the integration of cities. Besides, I also studied how time flexibility of trips can be incorporated into mobility sharing models to reduce congestion. For policy makers and planners, this dissertation could partially answer or provide a framework of analysis to the following questions.
1) How could preference in mobility sharing services be used or misused? What is the efficiency trade-off, and how to regulate the use of it? 2) What factors may impact the preference for fellow passengers? Are the preference factors respectable, and what factors should be included/excluded in the mobility sharing services from a regulation perspective? 3) How can mobility sharing be actively used as a tool to encourage more social interaction, especially across different social groups? What is the short-term cost, and the long-term benefit? For the system designers of mobility sharing services, this dissertation can be used as a reference for the development of a preference-based mobility sharing platform. The following questions have been traced, and the methods can be improved when more data are available to the system designers.
1) If preference is to be used, what input data are needed, and how they need to be processed for the preference-matching model? 2) What preference factors should be included in the system design, what factors should be used with caution, and what factors should be eliminated? 3) If time flexibility of trips can be included in the system design, how much congestion can be reduced? What system design is needed in order to achieve this congestion reduction?
by Hongmou Zhang.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning
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Ferkin, Michael H. "Odor preference and social behavior in meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus." Thesis, Boston University, 1989. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/38027.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Seasonal differences in odor preference and social behavior existed among adult meadow voles. During the breeding season, a female preferred its own odor and the odor of males to the odor of another females. Males preferred the odor of females to the odor of other males. Paired encounters between breeding females were more agonistic than encounters between males or encounters between males and females. During the nonbreeding season, a female preferred the the odor of another female to the odor of males. Males did not display an odor preference for any conspecifics. Paired encounters between males were more agonistic than encounters between males and females or encounters between females. Encounters between nonbreeding females contained few agonistic acts. Seasonal differences also existed in the interactions between adults and juveniles. During the early breeding season, adult males were more agonistic than adult females toward juvenile males. During the late breeding season, adult females were more agonistic than adult males toward juvenile males. Encounters between an adult female and a juvenile female in the late breeding season contained few agonistic acts, indicating that overwintering groups are female-biased, and contain juvenile females. Juveniles did not display a shift in odor preferences. They preferred the odor of opposite-sex adults to the odor of same-sex adults, regardless of season. Familiarity, through association during rearing, reduced agonistic behavior between parents and young, and between siblings. Paired encounters between close-kin that were not familiar were agonistic, and similar to encounters between unfamiliar, and unrelated conspecifics. Conspecifics were more agonistic toward closely related males than females. Voles also preferred the odor of a familiar nestmate, independently of genetic relatedness. Familiarity decreased the number of agonistic behaviors between adult females, but increased the number of agonistic behaviors between adult males. Familiarity had no effect on the number of agonistic behaviors between a male and a female.
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Hofmeier, Jana [Verfasser]. "Four Economic Experiments on Social Preferences / Jana Hofmeier." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1198933062/34.
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Loretto, Kira. "Sibling status and social preferences an experimental study /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/3629.
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Marcus, Sara R. DeRosier Melissa E. "Continuity and change in middle elementary students' popularity and social preference." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,403.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Education (School Psychology)." Discipline: Education; Department/School: Education.
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Siu, Andrew John. "Essays on the determinants and effects of social preferences." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/79453/.
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This thesis is designed as a contribution to the economics of social interaction with a focus on human emotions and thinking processes. The first two chapters are empirical and the third chapter is theoretical. Chapter one examines the extent to which punishments are motivated by the emotion of anger or ‘fairness’ considerations. A laboratory experiment uses a multi-round game where the punisher could not be sure whether a selfish action of the punished may be ‘excused’ or not. The results show that subjects tend to inflict a harsher punishment as the proportion of observed selfish actions in previous rounds increases, after controlling for the current action. The data can further test competing hypotheses of two theories: norm compliance and spitefulness. One third of subjects punish an action that fails to comply with the norm, but none habitually punish a spiteful person regardless of the current action. Chapter two investigates whether the individual tendency to think intuitively or deliberately can lead to altruistic giving or punishment. An online experiment uses a 40-item self-report questionnaire to measure individual reliance on intuitive feelings (Faith in Intuition) and personal tendency to engage in deliberate thinking (Need for Cognition). The results show that people who tend to think more deliberately are less prone to punish. An increase in the cost of punishing reduces both punishment and giving. High reliance on intuition is associated with greater sensitivity of punishment to a cost increase than to a cost decrease, which might be explained by loss aversion. Chapter three develops a model of interdependent preferences in the presence of asymmetric information. The model explores the welfare consequences of permitting divorce. Suppose each player has a private value of the marriage and may or may not care about the partner’s value. When divorce is possible, any player can use the threat of divorce to make demands on the other player, but it might also reveal one’s own value of the marriage. A well-known theoretical result is that asymmetric information routinely leads to inefficient bargaining and divorce, but this model further shows that incorporating interdependent preferences can eliminate such inefficiencies. Thus, asymmetric information is not a sufficient condition for inefficient divorce; the lack of care about the partner is also necessary.
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Goldsmith, Marcy Coppelman. "Environmental and social influences on young children's food preferences /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2004.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2004.Advisers: Robin B. Kanarek; Donna L. Mumme. Submitted to the Dept. of Experimental Psychology. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-130. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Paetzel, Fabian, Rupert Sausgruber, and Stefan Traub. "Social Preferences and Voting on Reform: An Experimental Study." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4120/1/wp172.pdf.
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Debating over efficiency-enhancing but inequality-increasing reforms accounts for the routine business of democratic institutions. Fernandez and Rodrik (1991) hold that anti-reform bias can be attributed to individual-specific uncertainty regarding the distribution of gains and losses resulting from a reform. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate that anti-reform bias arising from uncertainty is mitigated by social preferences. We show that, paradoxically, many who stand to lose from reforms vote in favor because they value efficiency,
while many who will potentially gain from reforms oppose them due to inequality aversion. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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SALMI, MILLA. "Social or environmental labelling- Consumers’ knowledge, attitudes and preferences." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18012.
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Social or environmental labelling- Consumers’ knowledge, attitudes and preferencesEngelska nyckelord: labelling, social or environmental labelling, eco-labelling, sustainability, transparency, fashion consumer, visual/verbal communication, consumer buying behaviour, green consumerism.Sammanfattning på engelska: In the recent years the Swedish fashion retailers have increased their range of various social or environmental labels on their garments which in return has created confusion amongst the fashion consumers. Currently, there are approximately fourteen different third-party labelling standards in Sweden and a diverse range of self-controlled labelling standards. The reason for this increase can partly be explained by the increasing pressure from various actors to act more sustainably and ethically, and companies having realized a competitive advantage by adopting sustainable strategies. This study provides a preliminary exploration into the types of social and environmental labels that are available on the Swedish market and consumers’ knowledge, attitudes and preferences regarding these labels. Based on two focus group discussions held at two different occasions, respondents indicated that environmental labelling of clothing could influence their purchase decision positively if product related attributes (design and quality) have the same standard as non-sustainable clothing. Although consumers’ knowledge about the social or environmental labels is relatively low, they have an increased interest to learn more about the various labels and the potential environmental impact the fashion industry may cause. However, the growing involvement of taking social or environmental issues into consideration does not always lead to consumers actually purchasing eco-friendlier clothes, and thus these two “identities” are not yet compatible with each other.Additionally, consumers respond differently to positive and negative labelling, where negative labelling seems to have a stronger effect on their feelings and may influence their purchase decision. When it comes to the design of the label, visual and verbal communications are additives and a label should also have a numerical rating system, which states how sustainable a garment is in comparison to other garments. Furthermore, the logo should be more coherent with the fashion industry in terms of colours and illustrations. Moreover, consumers think that there is a lack of information at the point of purchase regarding the social and environmental labels and this should be addressed with either QR-code or by providing a simple brochure.Program: Textilt management, fashion management
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Moore, David John. "The social cognition and attentional preferences of autistic adults." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2010. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20761/.
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Attentional bias to faces can be seen from 9 minutes old in typical development (TD; Goren Sarty & Wu, 1975) and this is thought to underlie face processing expertise observed in adults (Johnson & Morton, 1991). In contrast people with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) have deficits in orienting towards social information (e.g. Dawson et al., 2004). Novel methods, the Visual Dot Probe (VDP; Mathews, MacLeod & Tata, 1986) to measure automatic bias (at both sub and supra threshold presentation times) and Face-in-the-Crowd (FITC) to measure conscious bias (Hansen & Hansen, 1988), will be used to examine attentional bias for face stimuli in ASD and control participants. Experiments 1 and 3 examined attentional bias for faces (including emotional faces; Study Three) compared to non-face stimuli using the VDP task. In Study One neither group showed a sub-threshold bias. However at supra threshold durations the TD group had a bias for faces that was absent in the ASD group. In Study Three the TD group had a sub-threshold bias for neutral faces compared to non-face stimuli. However the ASD group showed no bias. Neither group had a supra-threshold bias. Experiments 2 and 4 used the FITC task to examine participants' attentional bias for faces (including emotional faces; Study Four) compared to non-face stimuli. In Study Two both groups showed an attentional bias for faces compared to non-face stimuli. However in Study Four neither group showed a bias for faces. Previous research has shown the social presentation of ASD to be heterogeneous (Wing & Attwood, 1987) and in the normative literature findings using the VDP and FITC tasks relate to personality variables (e.g. Mogg & Bradley, 1999a; b). In Chapter 7 the consistency of bias across tasks was relatively poor. In the ASD group bias for faces was found to relate to increased anxiety, reduced ASD severity, and increased intelligence. Psychometric variables did not to predict bias for faces in controls. In conclusion the control group show a bias for faces and there are some indications that the ASD group shows a face bias when under conscious control however this does not appear to be an automatic process. This suggests a potential cognitive model of ASD reliant on automatic social inattention as a key variable in ASD.
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Ziaesaeidi, Parisa. "Preferences of youth for social engagement in neighbourhood parks." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/236240/7/Parisa_Ziaesaeidi_Thesis.pdf.
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This research expands our understanding of youth social activities, and the conditions and locations for their greater social engagement within neighbourhood parks. This study used behaviour settings theory to explore youth motives and preferences for park use in the Moreton Bay Region of South-East Queensland, Australia. This thesis used a qualitative methodology that included two youth-friendly data collection methods: a photo-choice tool with youth aged 9-17; and a one-off workshop with youth aged 16-23. Findings suggest that youth motives to use parks were predominantly linked to being socially engaged through play-based activities with friends.
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Babin, Joanne W. "Personality and preference for conflict management style." Scholarly Commons, 1990. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2200.
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Conflict has been viewed as an ugly element in human relationships which should be avoided at all costs. According to an article by Chanin and Schneer (1984) the traditional approach to conflict in organizational theory views conflicts as “Undesirable, detrimental, destructive, and unacceptable in organizations”.
This thesis will examine the relationship between conflict handling strategies and Jungian personality dimensions. Since previous research has established preliminary findings about this relationship, it is the intention of this author to expand upon them.
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Patterson, Scott Joseph. "Personality and television program preference." Scholarly Commons, 1988. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2156.
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The first step in this process is to define what is implied by the term "Uses and Gratifications" and to elaborate on current perspectives of the uses and gratifications paradigm in order to understand the need for the present research. As the second step in this process. a discussion of the variable of audience personality will be explored in order to describe why some of the people exhibit different preferences for different television program content. The end result of this discussion on personality and program preference will be a contribution to the body or heuristic knowledge surrounding the reasons for specific television behaviors by the audience.
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Tuncgenc, Bahar. "Movement synchrony, social bonding and pro-sociality in ontogeny." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b766e5a0-9cbe-4af2-b545-3e87c3d6d573.
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Human sociality, with its wide scope, early ontogeny and pervasiveness across cultures, is remarkable from an evolutionary perspective. We form bonds with other individuals and live in large social groups. We help, empathise with and share our resources with others, who are unfamiliar and genetically unrelated to us. It has been suggested that interpersonal coordination and rhythmic synchronisation of movements may be one proximate mechanism that enables such widespread human sociality and facilitates cooperation. In the last decade, considerable research has examined the effect of movement synchrony on social bonding and cooperation. However, when this thesis started, there was virtually no experimental study investigating the ontogeny of the movement synchrony-social bonding link, which is proposed to have deep evolutionary roots and important, long-lasting consequences in social life. This thesis aims to investigate the effects of movement synchrony on social bonding and cooperative behaviour across different time points in ontogeny. Three experimental studies were conducted examining infancy, early childhood and middle childhood. Each study explored a different aspect of social bonding and cooperation based on the motor, social and cognitive developments that mark that age group. Study 1a found that at 12 months of age, infants prefer individuals who move in synchrony with them, when the individuals are social entities, but not when they are non-social. Study 1b showed no preferences for synchrony at 9 months in either social or non-social contexts, however. Study 2 revealed that in early childhood, performing synchronous movements actively with a peer facilitates helping behaviour among the children, as well as eye contact and mutual smiling during the interaction. Finally, Study 3 showed that the social bonding effects of movement synchrony applied to inter- group settings and that performing synchronous movements with out-groups increased bonding towards the out-group in middle childhood. This thesis followed an interdisciplinary, integrative and naturalistic approach, where (i) literature from a wide range of disciplines motivated and guided the present research; (ii) links between motor, social and cognitive aspects of development, which are often investigated separately, are formed; and (iii) the experiments were designed in ways that represent the real-life occurrences of the investigated phenomena. The current findings provide the first substantial evidence that movement synchrony facilitates social bonding and cooperation in childhood and thereby provides a foundation for future research.
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Hilmert, Clayton J. "The social influence of similar, dissimilar, and multiple models on preference formation /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3089475.
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Zanella, Chantal <1995>. "Nudging consumers: the social dimension role in affecting behaviors and preference construction." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15949.
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In the first chapters, the thesis describes the key concepts of behavioral economics, from its first introduction to its fundamentals passing trough the differences with the neoclassical economic view. So, after the definition of behavioral economics, the comparison between prospect theory and expected utility theory will be depicted, to later define the phenomenon of framing and the role of heuristics and biases in decisional processes. In the first part, all the basic concepts of behavioral economics will we explored, from the distinction between “Econ” and “Human” to the description of the dualism of the cognitive system and how this affects consumers behaviors.
Then, the nudge theory will be introduced as solution proposed by behavioral economists aimed at solving human irrationality problem in decision making process. It is built upon concepts of behavioral economics described in the previous part but it goes a step forward in the terms in which it tries to influence people lifestyle in order to reduce effects of their systematic errors.
In the last chapters the paper will analyze how, among other factors, the social dimension can affect behaviors and consumer preferences construction.
The last part will be dedicated to the recent diffusion and expansion of the topic of sustainability and in particular in the fashion sector. Accordingly to the previous chapters, this last one will analyze how this theme can be connected with the theory of nudges, especially it will focus on the possible role of the latter in reducing the gap between consumer attitude and behaviors towards sustainability, taking into consideration both companies (supply) and consumers (demand) side.
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Dolman, Carrie. "Preference for a heterospecific demonstrator in a territorial dove." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60018.
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This thesis examines the hypothesis that social learning in Zenaida dove (Zenaida aurita) functions primarily in a mixed species foraging context. The field study recorded foraging associations and interactions between Zenaida doves and other species. The Carib grackle (Quiscalus lugubris) was the most frequent foraging associate of Zenaida doves.The laboratory study consisted of two experiments where conflicting information about a novel food type and novel food-finding problem was provided simultaneously by a conspecific and a heterospecific (grackle) demonstrator. Both experiments showed that not only could Zenaida doves learn from another species, but that they preferred the heterospecific demonstrator over the conspecific. The results suggest that social information may be obtained more readily from foraging associations rather than interference competition and that the role of conspecifics may be overemphasized in cultural learning.
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Enestam, Fanny. "Boytan och miljön - En intervjustudie om boendepreferenser och attityder till boytans miljöpåverkan." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22697.
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I strävan efter att människor ska kunna bo hållbart krävs ett vidare perspektiv än de teknologiska lösningar som presenteras i enlighet med en ekologisk modernisering. Oexploaterade ytor att ta i anspråk på planeten minskar ständigt och ger därför motiv för studien att ta reda på vilka preferenser som finns för den egna bostaden, hur stor boyta de boende faktiskt önskar och hur de kopplar ihop sin boyta med dess miljöpåverkan. Resultatet visar att de tillfrågade värderar bostadens läge i förhållande till deras jobb, service och social kontext samt sociala ytor och boendet som en privat sfär. En lagom och samtidigt idealisk boyta uppgår till cirka 40-50 kvadratmeter per vuxen person. Samtliga kopplar sin boyta till någon form av miljöpåverkan, men energiaspekter i användningsfasen är det som genomsyrar det sammantagna svaret. Vidare perspektiv som markbrist och materialåtgång beskrivs mer begränsat. Förhoppningen med studien är att ge underlag för ett mer utbrett arbete för att bemöta de boendes behov och ta boytan i beaktande vid framtida planering av bostäder.In the pursuit of sustainable housing, a wider perspective than the technological solutions presented in accordance with an ecological modernization is required. Unexploited areas to use on the planet decreases constantly and therefore gives motives for the study to find out what preferences exist for one's own accomodation, how much living space the residents actually want and how they connect their living space with its environmental impact. The results show that the individuals value the location in relation to jobs, service and social context together with social areas and housing as a private sphere. An adequate and at the same time an ideal living area is considered to approximately 40-50 square meters per adult. All of them link their living space to some kind of environmental impact, but energy aspects in the use phase are what permeate the overall answer. Further perspectives such as land scarcity and material use are described more limited. The study hopes to provide a basis for more widespread work to meet the needs of the residents and to take the living space into consideration when planning future housing.
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Benistant, Julien. "Three Essays in behavioral Ethics on Honesty and Fairness." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2085.
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Cette thèse contient trois essais en éthique comportementale. En utilisant des outils d’économie expérimentale et de neurophysiologie, notre travail dévoile certains déterminants sociaux et contextuels qui influencent les décisions liées à l’honnêteté ou à l’équité.Le premier chapitre examine comment les incitations compétitives influencent l’impact de l’identité sociale et de la nature du mensonge sur les comportements (mal)honnêtes. Nos résultats montrent qu’en compétition, l’identité de groupe ne joue aucun rôle, même lorsque les expérimentateurs ne peuvent observer directement le comportement des tricheurs. Cependant, les participants sont moins malhonnêtes lorsque leurs mensonges affectent directement leur adversaire que lorsqu’ils ne les affectent qu’indirectement, mais seulement lorsque l’expérimentateur ne peut pas observer directement leurs mensonges.Le deuxième chapitre examine l’effet d’être informé continuellement des performances, potentiellement malhonnête, d’une autre personne sur la malhonnêteté des individus, tant dans un contexte compétitif que non compétitif. Nos résultats montrent que, seulement en compétition, la malhonnêteté des participants n’est pas affecté par le type d’information qu’ils recoivent (continues ou finales). Cela est principalement dû au fait que, lorsqu’ils ne sont pas informés continuellment, les participants masculins surestiment la malhonnêteté de leur adversaire. Ainsi, lorsqu’ils sont informés du comportement réel de leur adversaire, ils adaptent leur comportement et trichent moins que lorsqu’ils ne sont pas informés.Enfin, le troisième chapitre examine si le fait de subir une perte ou un gain dans une tâche influe sur une décision ultérieure de partage. Conformément à nos prédictions théoriques, nous constatons que le fait de perdre de l’argent, par rapport à un point de référence, réduit la générosité des gens, tandis que l’expérience d’un gain augmente ultérieurement la générosité des individus. Contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait croire, le niveau d’excitation émotionnelle ressenti lorsque les personnes sont informées du montant reçu n’explique pas leur décision de partageThis thesis contains three essays in behavioral ethics. By using tools from experimental economics and neurophysiology our work unveils some social and contextual determinants that affect decisions related to either honesty or fairness.The first chapter investigates how competitive incentives influence the impact of both group identity and the nature of the lie on (dis)honest behavior. Our results show that under competition, group identity plays no role, even when experimenters cannot directly observe the behavior of cheaters. However, participants are less dishonest when their lies directly affect their opponent than when they affect them only indirectly but only when there is no possible scrutiny from the experimenter.The second chapter examines the effect of being continuously informed about another participant’s performance on individuals’ dishonesty in both competitive and non-competitive settings. Our results show that, only non-competitive settings, participants are more likely to be dishonest when we give them continuous information or not. The lack of effect of social information in competitive settings is mainly due to the fact that, when they are not informed, male participants overestimate their opponent’s dishonesty. Thus, when informed of their opponent’s actual behavior, they adapt their behavior and cheat less than when uninformed.Finally, the third chapter studies whether experiencing a loss or a gain in a task affects a subsequent sharing decision. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we find that losing money compared to a reference point, reduces people’s generosity while experiencing a gain increases individuals’ subsequent generosity. Unlike expected, the level of emotional arousal when individuals are informed about whether they gained or lost money does not explain their subsequent sharing decision
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Cutler, Henry George Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Towards a more efficient health care system using social preferences." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43565.
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THE AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM has an overarching objective to improve the well-being of all Australians in an equitable and efficient manner. But like most developed economy health care systems, it has experienced a continual increase in demand for health care services along with increased pressure to improve efficiency, quality, and sustainability. To assist in health sector management, policy formulation, investment decisions and reform, the Australian government developed the National Health Performance Framework (NHPF). The NHPF employs performance indicators across nine dimensions of health care, including Effectiveness, Appropriateness, Efficiency, Responsiveness, Accessibility, Safety, Continuity, Capability, and Sustainability. While the National Health Performance Committee has recognised that performance indicators used within the NHPF are inadequate, this thesis argues that the solution is not a simple matter of collecting additional data and constructing new and ???improved??? indicators. Due to resource constraints within the health care system there is an implicit performance trade-off across dimensions. The NHPF must take into consideration the value individuals place on the health care dimensions to enable a shift of limited resources to those areas that are most valued. The starting point for the NHPF should be to determine what society wants out of a health system. The purpose of this thesis is to determine Australian society???s preferences for performance across the nine NHPF dimensions of health care. This is achieved using a choice modelling experiment, which describes the performance of the current health care system and alternative health care systems the government could work towards, and asks respondents to compare and choose which system they prefer. A mixed multinomial logit model is used to analyse respondent choices in order to incorporate alternative tastes across attributes, and correlation of tastes across alternatives and scenarios. Relative values attached to the nine NHPF dimensions of health care are calculated and preferences for the dimensions are ranked. The thesis concludes by exploring individual preferences derived form the choice modelling experiment in the context of social welfare theory. It also outlines the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology, provides suggestions for further research, and offers a use for social preferences in the development of performance frameworks within the Australian health care system.
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Caulfield, Ann M. "Determinants of social workers' treatment modality preferences in marital therapy." Click here for text online. The Institute of Clinical Social Work Dissertations website, 1993. http://www.icsw.edu/resources/library/dissertations.
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Dissertation (Ph.D.) -- The Institute for Clinical Social Work, 1993.A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Institute of Clinical Social Work in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
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Dohmen, David [Verfasser]. "Heterogeneity, Stability, and Cognitive Foundations of Social Preferences / David Dohmen." Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1229837779/34.
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Chu, Ling-Ru. "The behavior and social preferences of New Zealand white rabbits /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Okon, Samantha Nichole. "Graduate Student Preferences of Social Power Use in Clinical Supervision." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/184.
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF SAMANTHA OKON for the MASTERS OF SCIENCE degree in Communication Disorders and Sciences, presented on April 5, 2010, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: GRADUATE STUDENT PREFERENCES OF SOCIAL POWER USE IN CLINICAL SUPERVISION MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Linda McCabe Smith, C.C.C. SLP The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the preferences and perceptions of graduate student supervisees when rating the five bases of social power use of their supervisors in clinical speech-language pathology. When used in supervision, the supervisee may perceive some bases to be positive in outcome and some to be negative. Social power refers to the ability of one individual to influence the beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of another individual. French and Raven created the five bases of social power in 1959 in order to describe how individuals or groups interact with one another (Raven, 2008). The five bases of social power include coercive, reward, expert, legitimate and referent. Results indicated that graduate supervisees preferred more referent power, reward power and expert power than was used by their current supervisor. Results also demonstrated graduate supervisees would prefer less coercive power and legitimate power to be used by their supervisors in clinical supervision.