Journal articles on the topic 'Preferential treatment in the United States'
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1
Gagné, Gilbert. "Free Trade and Cultural Policies: Evidence from Three US Agreements." Journal of World Trade 45, Issue 6 (December 1, 2011): 1267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2011045.
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Through preferential free trade agreements (FTAs), the United States seeks to secure concessions in sectors, such as cultural and audiovisual services, from which to set precedents for its next trade liberalization endeavours. Insisting on wide-ranging liberalization and predictable, clearly defined trade rules, the United States has used a top-down or negative list approach. Hence, sectors and measures, in the fields of services and investment, not specifically excluded are covered by liberalization commitments. On the other hand, states are encouraged to use a wide array of financial and regulatory instruments in the pursuit of cultural policies under the 2005 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Cultural Diversity Convention, which the United States has strongly opposed for its potential trade-restricting effects. In view of the deadlock in current multilateral trade negotiations, the hortatory character of the provisions of the Convention, and the US stance on the treatment of cultural goods and services in international economic exchanges, US FTAs are to prove the main source of legal constraints as to states' ability to pursue cultural policies.
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Oloyede, Ebenezer, Ivana Clark, Shubhra Mace, Eromona Whiskey, and David Taylor. "Clozapine augmentation with cariprazine for negative symptoms: a case series and literature review." Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 12 (January 2022): 204512532110666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20451253211066642.
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Only about 50% of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia respond to clozapine, and many more patients continue to experience ongoing and prominent negative symptoms. These negative symptoms, for which there are limited pharmacological options, may represent the greatest barrier to functional recovery. Cariprazine is a novel antipsychotic drug that is a partial agonist at dopamine D2 and D3 receptors with preferential binding to the D3 receptor, antagonism of 5HT2B receptors, and partial agonism at 5HT1A receptors. Cariprazine is currently licenced for the treatment of schizophrenia in Europe and the United States and has also been approved for bipolar disorder in the United States. There is a limited body of evidence to suggest clinical effectiveness as an augmentation strategy for negative symptoms in those treated with clozapine. In this case series, we present five cases of successful treatment of negative symptoms by clozapine combined with cariprazine in treatment-resistant psychosis.
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Jarvela, Stephen, Kevin Boyd, and Robert Gadinski. "TRANGUCH GASOLINE SITE CASE HISTORY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-637.
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ABSTRACT A team, consisting of the United States Environmental Protection Agency; Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection; Pennsylvania Department of Health; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; United States Coast Guard and United States Army Corps of Engineers, has completed major steps to provide a safe and healthy environment for the residents of Laurel Gardens, Hazleton, PA. What started as a simple underground gasoline leak took on more serious dimensions when gasoline vapors were found in nearby homes. The investigation and mitigation expanded to include over 400 properties. The remediation consists of a ground water treatment system and a soil vapor extraction system. This paper and its presenters look at the critical aspects of this case as the investigation went from subsurface soil and ground water contamination impacting surface water to the contamination of indoor air. It examines the impact of preferential pathways that include sanitary and storm sewers as well as a 19th century abandoned coal mine. In addition to the technical aspects, this examination looks at the public health and community issues that have surrounded this case.
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Bemmels, Brian. "Gender Effects in Discharge Arbitration." ILR Review 42, no. 1 (October 1988): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398804200105.
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This study investigates the effect of the gender of grievants and the gender of arbitrators on the decisions in 1,812 discharge cases in the United States from 1976 through 1986. The results indicate that, other things equal, in cases decided by male arbitrators women were 86 percent more likely to have their grievances sustained than were men. Women were also 32 percent more likely than men to receive a full reinstatement rather than a partial reinstatement from male arbitrators. There is little evidence of differential treatment of male and female grievants by female arbitrators, and no evidence that the preferential treatment of women by male arbitrators has declined over time.
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Yu, Chong Ho, and Kwok Tung Cheung. "Rethinking the Dworkinian Forward-Looking Approach: is Affirmative Action Compatible with Fairness?" European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i2.p166-174.
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Whether Affirmative Action is a proper way to accomplish social justice in terms of fairness has been an ongoing debate in the United States. Late philosopher Ronald Dworkin was a vocal supporter of Category 4 Affirmative Action, in which preferential treatments for minorities is justified. Dworkin emphasized a forward-looking approach as a means to achieve social justice and overall fairness. In his view, it is not sufficient for black applicants to enjoy preferential treatment now just because in the past their ancestors suffered due to slavery. Rather, a successful argument for affirmative action programs must include a forward-looking justification. To be specific, this policy promises a better educational environment in terms of diversity and promotes a less racially conscious society for all citizens. Additionally, Dworkin often cited the study entitled The Shape of the River to substantiate his claim that special treatment for minorities could amend social injustice and produce fairer outcomes. This article attempts to evaluate this Dworkinian theory on both the principle and practical levels. It concluded that while a neutral or non-interventional policy is insufficient to achieve racial equality, interventions in terms of special treatments and soft quotas are not yet shown to be fair in practice.
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Vaa, Leulu Felise. "The Future of Western Samoan Migration to New Zealand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 2 (June 1992): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100206.
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The history of Samoan migration to New Zealand, a demographic profile of the migrants, and the future of such migration are discussed. Migration became a serious phenomenon after independence in 1962, with primarily young, unskilled workers moving to take up jobs in the agricultural and service sectors. Remaining essentially unchanged since 1962, New Zealand's immigration policy gives preferential treatment to Western Samoans and recognizes their valuable labor contribution. The future of migration to New Zealand is discussed in the context of the costs and benefits to Western Samoa. Contrary to some observers, the author argues that emigration has been beneficial rather than deleterious to Western Samoa's development and predicts the continuation of Samoan migration to New Zealand, Australia, United States and other countries, with increased emphasis on family reunion.
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Loury, Glenn C. "Why Should We Care about Group Inequality?" Social Philosophy and Policy 5, no. 1 (1987): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001345.
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This essay is about the ethical propriety and practical efficacy of a range of policy undertakings which, in the last twenty years, has come to be referred to as “affirmative action.” These policies have been contentious and problematic, and a variety of arguments have been advanced in their support. Here I try to close a gap, as I see it, in this “literature of justification” which has grown up around the practice of preferential treatment. My principal argument along these lines is offered in the next section. I then consider how some forms of argument in support of preferential treatment, distinctly different from that offered here, not only fail to justify the practice but, even worse, work to undermine the basis for cooperation among different ethnic groups in the American democracy. Finally, I observe that as a practical matter the use of group preference can, under circumstances detailed in the sequel, produce results far different from the egalitarian objectives which most often motivate their adoption.It may seem fatuous in the extreme to raise as a serious matter, in the contemporary United States, the question “Why should we care about group inequality?” Is not the historical and moral imperative of such concern self-evident? Must not those who value the pursuit of justice be intensely concerned about economic disparities among groups of persons? The most obvious answer to the title question would seem, then, to be: “We should care because such inequality is the external manifestation of the oppression of individuals on the basis of their group identity.”
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Young, Michael N., and Justin Tan. "BEIJING JEEP AT A CROSSROADS: FACING THE CHALLENGE OF CHINA'S ENTRY INTO THE WTO." Asian Case Research Journal 05, no. 01 (June 2001): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927501000020.
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Beijing Jeep Corporation (BJC) was founded in 1984 as one of the first and largest joint venture between an American company (American Motors Corporation) and a Chinese enterprise. Early in its operation, BJC had been given preferential treatment on tariffs and foreign exchange. Since over forty percent of the content of BJC was produced in China, it had operated as a local manufacturer under heavy protection from imports for all of its short life. All this appeared to be on the brink of changing when trade negotiators for the United States and China announced, after thirteen years of on and off negotiations, the agreement on the terms for China's entry into the World Trade Organization. The terms of the agreement called for a steep reduction in tariffs for imported automobiles from nearly one hundred percent to twenty-five percent by 2006. This would have a direct impact on BJC performance. The case focuses on the strategic challenges facing companies in the changing trade and economic environment.
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Busse, Matt D., Gary O. Fiddler, and Carol J. Shestak. "Conifer Root Proliferation after 20 Years of Soil Compaction." Forest Science 63, no. 2 (February 2, 2016): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/fs-2016-053.
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Soil compaction is known to limit plant growth by reducing soil macroporosity and restricting gas, water, and root movement. Recent evidence from study sites across the United States and Canada, however, suggests that tree growth is not universally affected by soil compaction from forest harvesting practices. Our observational study examined rooting patterns in mixed conifer plantations in the central Sierra Nevada of California to determine whether tree roots use continuous pathways or channels to overcome the physical restrictions of compacted soil. Replicate plots were established 20–25 years earlier to compare compacted and uncompacted treatments after clearcut harvesting. Fine and lateral root counts were taken at multiple depths in soil trenches. Rooting was extensive in compacted plots despite consistently high soil strength values (~3 MPa). No differences in rooting patterns or in fine or lateral root numbers were detected between compaction treatments. The results indicated long-term tolerance by conifer roots to soil compaction without clear use of preferential channels or uncompacted zones.
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Wang, Xin. "The economic lives of American-trained Chinese scientists after they returned to China in the 1950s: A case study of Huang Pao-tung and Feng Zhiliu." Cultures of Science 3, no. 3 (September 2020): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2096608320959847.
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This article is a case study of Huang Pao-tung (1921–2005), who was a polymer chemist and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and his wife, Feng Zhiliu (1921–2015), who was a polymer physicist. The couple studied in America and returned to China in the 1950s. Based on an analysis of first-hand data from the two scientists’ archives, diaries and memoirs, which recorded their economic lives after they returned, I found as follows: (1) their income after returning to China was about one-fifth of their income in the United States; (2) their income channel was narrow (there was no mechanism for wage increases, and their wages were unchanged for 25 years); (3) the main expenditure of their family was on food, and that proportion increased year by year; and (4) no taxes, low rents, free medical care and other benefits helped to reduce their cost of living in China. The importance of their profession as scientists and the government’s advocacy of scholars returning home brought them relatively good treatment, and their economic benefits and living standard were several times better than those of other ordinary social classes. However, this kind of preferential treatment was dependent on many other things, which caused them to lose independence and autonomy.
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Davis, Danné E. "Their American Dream." Genealogy 4, no. 2 (April 7, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4020045.
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Centuries before W.E.B. DuBois named the colorline—i.e., racism—as the problem of the 20th century, skin color stratification was a persistent phenomenon. In 1983 Black feminist, scholar, and Pulitzer Prize winning author Alice Walker termed “colorism” as “prejudicial or preferential treatment of same-race people based solely on their [skin] color”. Using the tools of genealogy, I conducted a critical family history of my parents, Lem and Mae’s, pursuit of their American Dream. Such exploration digs deep to decipher the nexuses of a family’s evolution. Dr. Maya Angelou routinely shared stories about her past to impart the importance of embracing one’s history. For my parents, the American Dream meant opportunity, which included home ownership. Their American Dream began as African Americans in the United States’ Jim Crow south. Lem was a light-skinned man; Mae a dark-complexion woman. They met, married, and bought a small home in segregated Columbia, South Carolina. Bearing the cloak of oppression, my parents joined millions of southern Blacks in the Great Migration relocating to northern cities—my parents landed in Boston, Massachusetts. Throughout their journey, Lem and Mae reached back to their ancestors, and drew from within themselves to improve their circumstances.
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Leung, Elaine Y. L., and Iain A. McNeish. "Strategies to Optimise Oncolytic Viral Therapies: The Role of Natural Killer Cells." Viruses 13, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081450.
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Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging class of anti-cancer agents that replicate selectively within malignant cells and generate potent immune responses. Their potential efficacy has been shown in clinical trials, with talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC or IMLYGIC®) now approved both in the United States and Europe. In healthy individuals, NK cells provide effective surveillance against cancer and viral infections. In oncolytic viral therapy, NK cells may render OV ineffective by rapid elimination of the propagating virus but could also improve therapeutic efficacy by preferential killing of OV-infected malignant cells. Existing evidence suggests that the overall effect of NK cells against OV is context dependent. In the past decade, the understanding of cancer and OV biology has improved significantly, which helped refine this class of treatments in early-phase clinical trials. In this review, we summarised different strategies that have been evaluated to modulate NK activities for improving OV therapeutic benefits. Further development of OVs will require a systematic approach to overcome the challenges of the production and delivery of complex gene and cell-based therapies in clinical settings.
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Birger, Maxwell, Alexander S. Kaldjian, Gregory A. Roth, Andrew E. Moran, Joseph L. Dieleman, and Brandon K. Bellows. "Spending on Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the United States: 1996 to 2016." Circulation 144, no. 4 (July 27, 2021): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.053216.
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Background: Spending on cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors (cardiovascular spending) accounts for a significant portion of overall US health care spending. Our objective was to describe US adult cardiovascular spending patterns in 2016, changes from 1996 to 2016, and factors associated with changes over time. Methods: We extracted information on adult cardiovascular spending from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s disease expenditure project, which combines data on insurance claims, emergency department and ambulatory care visits, inpatient and nursing care facility stays, and drug prescriptions to estimate >85% of all US health care spending. Cardiovascular spending (2016 US dollars) was stratified by age, sex, type of care, payer, and cardiovascular cause. Time trend and decomposition analyses quantified contributions of epidemiology, service price and intensity (spending per unit of utilization, eg, spending per inpatient bed-day), and population growth and aging to the increase in cardiovascular spending from 1996 to 2016. Results: Adult cardiovascular spending increased from $212 billion in 1996 to $320 billion in 2016, a period when the US population increased by >52 million people, and median age increased from 33.2 to 36.9 years. Over this period, public insurance was responsible for the majority of cardiovascular spending (54%), followed by private insurance (37%) and out-of-pocket spending (9%). Health services for ischemic heart disease ($80 billion) and hypertension ($71 billion) led to the most spending in 2016. Increased spending between 1996 and 2016 was primarily driven by treatment of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atrial fibrillation/flutter, for which spending rose by $42 billion, $18 billion, and $16 billion, respectively. Increasing service price and intensity alone were associated with a 51%, or $88 billion, cardiovascular spending increase from 1996 to 2016, whereas changes in disease prevalence were associated with a 37%, or $36 billion, spending reduction over the same period, after taking into account population growth and population aging. Conclusions: US adult cardiovascular spending increased by >$100 billion from 1996 to 2016. Policies tailored to control service price and intensity and preferentially reimburse higher quality care could help counteract future spending increases caused by population aging and growth.
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Sanfilippo, Kristen Marie, Suhong Luo, Brian Gage, Ravi Vij, and Kenneth Robert Carson. "Impact of zoledronic acid (ZA) versus pamidronate (P) on overall survival (OS) in multiple myeloma (MM)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e17546-e17546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e17546.
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e17546 Background: Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (BPs) have been shown to improve OS compared to non-nitrogen containing BPs in MM (Morgan et al. Lancet 2010). Treatment guidelines recommend use of ZA or P (both nitrogen-containing) in MM patients with bone disease. No study has compared the effect of these two drugs on OS. We compared the impact of ZA versus P on OS in United States Veterans with MM. Methods: We retrospectively identified patients diagnosed with MM from 10/2002-2/2009 within the Veterans Heath Administration Central Cancer Registry who received ZA (n=482) or P (n=757) by linking registry data to pharmacy records. Cox multivariable analysis was used to estimate the association between choice of BP and OS while controlling for potential confounders: body mass index (BMI), age, race, Charlson comorbidity index, year, treatment, hemoglobin (Hgb), creatinine (Cr), and albumin. Results: The median OS in patients receiving ZA was 34.5 months, compared to 26.4 months in the P group. After adjusting for confounders, ZA reduced the risk of death by 24% compared to P (hazard ratio [HR] 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66-0.88) at 5 years (Table). A sensitivity analysis that compared ZA only (n=482) versus all patients who received P, regardless if they later received ZA (n=1117) continued to show decreased mortality (HR 0.82; 95% CI: 0.71-0.94) after controlling for the same potential confounders. Conclusions: In this, the largest study to evaluate the association between ZA versus P on OS in MM, we found decreased mortality associated with ZA. Given the similar toxicity profiles, this study supports preferential use of ZA over P and may serve as evidence for re-evaluation of current guidelines for BP use in MM. [Table: see text]
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Aulakh, Jatinder S., Stephen F. Enloe, Nancy J. Loewenstein, Andrew J. Price, Glenn Wehtje, and James H. Miller. "Pushing toward Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) Patch Eradication: The Influence of Herbicide Treatment and Application Timing on Cogongrass Rhizome Elimination." Invasive Plant Science and Management 7, no. 3 (September 2014): 398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-13-00055.1.
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AbstractCogongrass, an invasive grass native to Asia, has infested thousands of hectares in the southeastern United States. Although numerous studies have examined cogongrass control, no published studies, to our knowledge, have tested strategies for cogongrass eradication. Cogongrass has a persistent, thick rhizome mat but an ephemeral seedbank; therefore, successful eradication methods must largely focus on the rhizomes. A field study to evaluate specific herbicide treatments and application timings for cogongrass patch eradication was conducted at two locations in southwestern Alabama. Herbicide treatments included glyphosate at 4.48 kg ai ha−1, imazapyr at 0.84 kg ai ha−1, and a tank mix of glyphosate and imazapyr at the same rates. Treatments were applied in May, August, or October for 3 consecutive yr, and the May glyphosate treatment included a second annual application each October. Cogongrass visual control, shoot biomass, rhizome biomass, rhizome depth, and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content were sampled during the course of the study. Cogongrass response to treatments varied by location but by 36 mo after initial treatment (MAIT), complete elimination of cogongrass shoot and rhizome biomass and 100% visual control was achieved in several herbicide treatment–timing combinations at both locations. These included glyphosate plus imazapyr at any application timing, imazapyr in August or October, and glyphosate applied in May and October each year. TNC levels of surviving healthy rhizomes were not affected by herbicide treatments, but a seasonal pattern was observed. The maximum live-rhizome depth was not influenced by any treatment, indicating that herbicides were not preferentially leaving deeper, surviving rhizomes. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that the entire rhizome layer of cogongrass can be eliminated within 3 yr with multiple treatment options and that cogongrass patch eradication is possible for many land managers.
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Kushner, Lauren E., Vidya Mony, and David M. Vu. "1377. Use of Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) Reduced Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) Diagnosis in Refugee and Immigrant Children." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1241.
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Abstract Background For foreign-born children from countries with high tuberculosis (TB) burden, positive tuberculin skin test (TST) results, associated with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination, paradoxically increase the risk for overdiagnosis and overtreatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) during immigration. The higher specificity of interferon-gamma release assays, such as QuantiFERON-TB (QFT), may help distinguish LTBI from positive TSTs due to BCG or non-TB Mycobacteria. However, data on QFT usage in pediatric populations, particularly refugee and immigrant children, are sparse. Our objective was to assess the impact of QFT on LTBI diagnosis and treatment in the vulnerable child refugee and immigrant population. Methods We initiated a retrospective study of children (≤15 years) seen in Santa Clara County Refugee/Immigrant Clinic for post-immigration TB re-evaluation in 2017. We collected information from the Electronic Disease Notification system and post-immigration clinic records, including laboratory studies, imaging, and clinical impression. The primary outcome was post-immigration LTBI diagnosis in patients with positive pre-immigration TB screening. Patients with prior active TB or LTBI treatment were excluded. Results 102/135 clinic encounters examined to date were post-immigration encounters. Median age was 9 years (range 14mo to 15y). Most (82.5%) were from Asia, primarily the Philippines (n = 48), Afghanistan (n = 10), Iran (n = 9), and Vietnam (n = 8). Sixty-six (64.7%) had documented BCG vaccination. Among 102 encounters, 71 (69.6%) were of children diagnosed pre-immigration with LTBI based on positive TST and normal chest radiograph. After post-immigration evaluation with retesting by QFT, 13/71 (18%) were diagnosed with LTBI (Table 1). There were no active TB cases among 102 patients, though long-term follow-up varied (mean 5.5 ± 6.5 months). Conclusion QFT use for post-immigration LTBI re-evaluation reduced LTBI diagnosis by 82% in children as young as 2 years old. Preliminary data suggest the preferential use of QFT over TST in non-United States-born children, in accordance with new California Department of Public Health TB screening recommendations for children ≥2 years, could reduce unnecessary diagnosis and treatment of LTBI in refugee and immigrant children. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Merwin, Ian A., John A. Ray, Tammo S. Steenhuis, and Jan Boll. "Groundcover Management Systems Influence Fungicide and Nitrate-N Concentrations in Leachate and Runoff from a New York Apple Orchard." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 2 (March 1996): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.2.249.
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Commercial apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards in the northeastern United States receive heavy pesticide inputs and are often located on well-drained soils near surface and groundwater resources. Nonpoint-source water pollution by agrichemicals has been monitored in agronomic crop systems and simulated using computer models and laboratory soil columns, but inadequately studied at field scale in orchards. We monitored the concentrations of agrichemical tracers, nitrate-N, and benomyl fungicide in water samples from two apple orchards under mowed sodgrass (Mowed-Sod), shredded bark mulch (Bark-Mulch), preemergence residual herbicides (Resid-Herb), and postemergence herbicide (Post-Herb) groundcover management systems (GMSs). In one orchard, we evaluated subsurface spatial patterns and flow rates of a weakly adsorbed blue dye (pesticide analog) and potassium bromide (nitrate analog) under trees after six years of Post-Herb and Mowed-Sod treatments. Nitrate and pesticide tracers leached more rapidly and in higher concentrations under Post-Herb treatments, apparently via preferential macropore flowpaths such as root channels, soil cracks, and macrofauna burrows. At another orchard, we monitored subsurface leaching and surface runoff of benomyl and nitrate-N on a whole-field scale. Peak concentrations of benomyl (up to 29 mg·liter-1) and nitrates (up to 20 mg·liter-1) were observed in subsoil leachate under Resid-Herb plots during 1993. In 1994, nitrate concentrations were greater in leachate from all GMSs, with upper ranges from 48 to 66 mg·liter-1, while benomyl concentrations were lower in all GMSs compared with the previous summer. In surface water runoff during 1993, the highest benomyl concentrations (387 mg·liter-1) and most frequent outflows occurred in Resid-Herb plots. During 1994, benomyl runoff was more frequent in both herbicide GMSs, with concentrations up to 61 mg·liter-1 observed in the Post-Herb plots. Weather patterns, irrigation intensity, differing soil conditions under each GMS, and the turfgrass/clover drive lanes affected the relative frequency and concentrations of benomyl and nitrate leaching and runoff. Preferential bypass flow appeared to be a major subsurface leaching pathway, and erosion sediment an important factor in surface movement of these agrichemicals. Our studies suggest that nitrate-N and benomyl fungicide may be more prone to leaching or runoff from orchard soils under some herbicide GMSs in comparison with mowed sodgrass or biomass mulch systems.
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Chen, RuiJun, Marc A. Suchard, Harlan M. Krumholz, Martijn J. Schuemie, Steven Shea, Jon Duke, Nicole Pratt, et al. "Comparative First-Line Effectiveness and Safety of ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers: A Multinational Cohort Study." Hypertension 78, no. 3 (September 2021): 591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16667.
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ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are equally guideline-recommended first-line treatments for hypertension, yet few head-to-head studies exist. We compared the real-world effectiveness and safety of ACE inhibitors versus ARBs in the first-line treatment of hypertension. We implemented a retrospective, new-user comparative cohort design to estimate hazard ratios using techniques to minimize residual confounding and bias, specifically large-scale propensity score adjustment, empirical calibration, and full transparency. We included all patients with hypertension initiating monotherapy with an ACE inhibitor or ARB between 1996 and 2018 across 8 databases from the United States, Germany, and South Korea. The primary outcomes were acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and composite cardiovascular events. We also studied 51 secondary and safety outcomes including angioedema, cough, syncope, and electrolyte abnormalities. Across 8 databases, we identified 2 297 881 patients initiating treatment with ACE inhibitors and 673 938 patients with ARBs. We found no statistically significant difference in the primary outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (hazard ratio, 1.11 for ACE versus ARB [95% CI, 0.95–1.32]), heart failure (hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.87–1.24]), stroke (hazard ratio, 1.07 [0.91–1.27]), or composite cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 1.06 [0.90–1.25]). Across secondary and safety outcomes, patients on ARBs had significantly lower risk of angioedema, cough, pancreatitis, and GI bleeding. In our large-scale, observational network study, ARBs do not differ statistically significantly in effectiveness at the class level compared with ACE inhibitors as first-line treatment for hypertension but present a better safety profile. These findings support preferentially prescribing ARBs over ACE inhibitors when initiating treatment for hypertension.
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Joshi, Vivek. "Preferential Tariff Formation The Case of the United States." Journal of World Trade 47, Issue 4 (August 1, 2013): 835–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2013028.
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In this article, we address the impact of multilateral trade liberalization (MTL) on the preferential tariffs granted by the United States, which is one of the largest traders and one of the biggest contributors to MTL. We empirically address two important questions. First, if the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) tariff for a product is higher, does it lead to a higher or lower preferential tariff? Second, the US being a large trading partner in such agreements, does reciprocity matter for giving meaningful preferential access? For a given MFN tariff, we model the preferential tariff with a simple linear functional form. We take the US MTL as known to the world by the end of Uruguay Round in 1994 and estimate the impact of MTL on preferential tariff negotiations of the US during 1995 to 2007. Here use a three-dimensional panel data, which takes into account the partner, product and time variation of the data-set. To complete our data-set, we codify eight Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) legal agreements. We draw three important conclusions. First, the products that are highly protected do not get high preferential access even at the regional level. Second, reciprocity plays only a limited role in granting better preferential access. Third, irrespective of development level of the partner, the non-reciprocal Generalized System of Preference (GSP) preferences always matter.
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Tella, Sri Harsha, Kristin Mara, Anuhya Kommalapati, Sakti Chakrabarti, Aakash Desai, Patrick Walsh McGarrah, Zhaohui Jin, and Amit Mahipal. "A glimpse into the future of esophageal carcinoma in the United States: Predicting the future incidence based on the current epidemiological data." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2022): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.4_suppl.248.
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248 Background: Esophageal carcinoma is the 6th most common cause of death worldwide. While squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most common among the histologic subtypes in the 20th century, recent reports have demonstrated an increased incidence of adenocarcinoma in both Eastern and Western world. With this changing paradigm of esophageal carcinoma, it is important to estimate the future burden of esophageal carcinoma by histology, age, sex, and race, that could help plan prevention, control, and treatment strategies for this cancer. Methods: We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 14 registries to obtain incidence data from 2000 to 2016. We applied age-period-cohort models to estimate future esophageal carcinoma incidence rates and the estimated disease burden by multiplying incidence forecasts by corresponding US Census population projections. Results: Our estimate suggests that the incidence (per 100,000 persons) of esophageal adenocarcinoma is increasing in people within the age group of 40-65 years. Our prediction showed that the incidence will increase from 2.12 in 2021 to 2.82 in 2030 (3.2% per year, 95% CI –2.3% to 9.1%, p=0.26). Notably, we noticed a similar marginal increase in incidence among Asians, Black, and Whites in the 40-65 years age group (3.1%, 3.2%, and 4.2%, per year, respectively). White males aged >65 years had the highest incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (17.34 in 2021), and incidence decreased 1.3% per year. We noticed a marginally decreased incidence in Black male (-1.1% per year, p=0.71) and Asian male (-3.9% per year, p=0.17) population aged >65 years. Interestingly, we found a decrease in the incidence of SCC in the current age groups 40-65 (-2.7% per year, p=0.31) and >65 years (-4.6% per year, p=0.081). We observed that Asians had the greatest decrease in incidence (-4.3% per year) as compared to that of Blacks (-4.2% per year) and Whites (-2.9% per year), although there was no statistically significant difference in the annual decrease among races. Conclusions: In our study of esophageal cancer, we predict an increased incidence of adenocarcinoma histology subtype in the younger age group (40-65 years) while the SCC subtype will have a decreased trend. Strategies to prevention esophageal adenocarcinoma, including dietary changes, should preferentially target patients <65 years of age.[Table: see text]
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Baccini, Leonardo, Pablo M. Pinto, and Stephen Weymouth. "The Distributional Consequences of Preferential Trade Liberalization: Firm-Level Evidence." International Organization 71, no. 2 (2017): 373–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002081831700011x.
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AbstractWhile increasing trade and foreign direct investment, international trade agreements create winners and losers. Our paper examines the distributional consequences of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) at the firm level. We contend that PTAs expand trade among the largest and most productive multinationals by lowering preferential tariffs. We examine data covering the near universe of US foreign direct investment and disaggregated tariff data from PTAs signed by the United States. Our results indicate that US preferential tariffs increase sales to the United States from the most competitive subsidiaries of multinational corporations operating in partner countries. We also find increases in market concentration in partner countries following preferential liberalization with the United States. By demonstrating that the gains from preferential liberalization are unevenly distributed across firms, we shed new light on the firm-level, economic sources of political mobilization over international trade and investment policies.
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Li, Xin, Susanna KP Lau, and Patrick CY Woo. "Fungal infection risks associated with the use of cytokine antagonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors." Experimental Biology and Medicine 245, no. 13 (July 2020): 1104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370220939862.
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The revolutionary success of biologic agents in treating various malignant and autoimmune conditions has been met with increased risk of opportunistic infections due to perturbations in immunity. In patients receiving biologic-containing regimens, the risk of fungal infection is less well-understood, and there is a lack of established guideline on the standard of care in terms of screening and prophylaxis. In this article, we reviewed the risk of fungal infections associated with cytokine antagonists, including anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents and interleukin (IL) antagonists, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The risk of fungal infection in this group of patients is drug-, pathogen-, host-, and context-dependent. Among the biologic agents reviewed, anti-TNF agents are associated with highest number of reported cases of fungal infection, especially histoplasmosis. In fact, infection due to all dimorphic fungi except Talaromyces marneffei have been reported in patients receiving TNF-α inhibitors, despite their widespread use in T. marneffei-endemic regions. The risk is higher with TNF-α inhibitors that block both the membrane-bound and soluble forms of TNF-α, i.e., infliximab and adalimumab, compared with etanercept which inhibits the soluble form only. In addition to the preferential suppression of Th1 pathway and granuloma formation leading to genuinely higher risk of infection, the longer history and extensive use of infliximab coupled with the endemicity of histoplasmosis in the United States lead to an apparent increase in reported cases. IL-17 antagonists lead to a moderate increase in mucocutaneous candidiasis, but not the risk of life-threatening mycosis, consistent with the essential role of Th17 cells in mucosal defense. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, on the other hand, do not significantly increase the risk of invasive fungal infections when used alone and may even be of therapeutic value in the treatment of severe and refractory mycosis. Impact statement The risk of opportunistic infections due to fungi is relatively less well addressed in patients receiving biologic agents, compared with other opportunistic bacterial and viral infections. There is a lack of consensus guideline on the screening, prophylaxis, and management of fungal infection in patients anticipated to receive or actively receiving biologic therapy. In addition, invasive mycosis in immunocompromised patients is associated with high mortality and morbidity. This review highlighted the risk of fungal infection in patients receiving cytokine antagonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors, two big categories of biologic agents that are widely used in the treatment of various autoimmune and malignant conditions, often in combination with other immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive agents but also as standalone therapy. The adverse outcomes of opportunistic fungal infection in these patients can be reduced by heightened awareness, active case finding, and prompt treatment.
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Morin, Jean-Frédéric, and Myriam Rochette. "Transatlantic convergence of preferential trade agreements environmental clauses." Business and Politics 19, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 621–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2017.23.
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AbstractThe United States and the European Union include several environmental clauses in their respective preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Building on an exhaustive and fine-grained dataset of PTAs’ environmental clauses, this article makes two contributions. First, it shows that the United States and the European Union have initially favored different approaches to environmental protection in their PTAs. The United States’ concerns over regulatory sovereignty and level playing field have led to a legalistic and adversarial approach, while the European Union's concerns for policy coherence have led to a more procedural and cooperative approach. Second, this article provides evidence that European and American trade negotiators have gradually converged on a shared set of environmental norms. Although the United States and the European Union initially pursued different objectives, they learned from each other and drew similar lessons. As a result, recent American agreements have become more European-like, and European agreements have become more Americanized. This article concludes that U.S. and E.U. approaches, far from being incompatible, can usefully be combined and reinforce each other.
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Röth, Alexander, Jon Fryzek, Xiaohui Jiang, Jaime Morales, and Catherine M. Broome. "Seasonal Patterns of Anemia, Hemolytic Markers and Healthcare Resource Utilization Among Patients with Cold Agglutinin Disease in the United States: A Retrospective Analysis." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116893.
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Abstract Introduction: Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in which circulating immunoglobulin M autoantibodies bind to the "I" antigen on red blood cells (RBCs), preferentially at lower temperatures (Berentsen et al. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 2015). This results in both agglutination of RBCs and complement-mediated hemolysis. "Cold" typically refers to the immune biology (thermal amplitude) of the antibody and not to clinical features of the disease. Although exposure to cold temperatures may precipitate both the circulatory symptoms of CAD and hemolysis (Berentsen. Br J Haematol, 2018), seasonal variation of CAD manifestations is poorly understood (Lyckholm et al. N Engl J Med, 1996; Berentsen et al. Hematology, 2007). There are no clinical trials to support the efficacy of nonpharmacologic management of CAD by cold avoidance or relocation to warm regions (Berentsen. Br J Haematol, 2018; Swiecicki et al. Blood, 2013). Given the lack of data on clinical and laboratory effects of seasonality on the manifestations of CAD, we compared hemoglobin (Hgb) as well as markers of hemolysis and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) for patients with CAD between seasons. Methods: Patients were identified from the Optum-Humedica database, containing de-identified information on medications, laboratory results, diagnoses, procedures, and clinical notes for more than 14 million people annually from all 50 states. Individuals with "cold agglutinin disease" in their clinical notes on at least 3 separate dates were considered patients with CAD. If "cold agglutinin disease" was documented on just 1 or 2 dates, patients were included only after an independent review and agreement by 2 hematologists. The laboratory parameters related to hemolysis, median minimum Hgb, median maximum bilirubin, and median maximum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were evaluated, as well as inpatient days, outpatient visits, emergency room visits, and transfusion days. Multivariate regression models were built to explore variation by season comparing the values in fall, winter, and spring to the values in the summer. Data were adjusted for age at baseline, gender, race, region, year, and Charlson Comorbidity Index prior to baseline and accounted for clustering of correlated observations. Results: A total of 808 patients with CAD were identified from the Optum-Humedica database for analysis from 2009 to 2016. Most patients were ≥65 years of age (66%), female (63%), white (84%), and from the Midwest (43%). The median minimum Hgb value for winter as compared with summer was decreased by 0.54 g/dL (P<0.001). The median maximum bilirubin and LDH increased by 0.12 mg/dL (P=0.005) and 42.1 U/L (P<0.001) in winter versus summer, respectively. There were no differences in inpatient days, outpatient visits, emergency room visits, or transfusion days between winter and summer (Table). No significant seasonal disease pattern in HRU was noted in these patients. Conclusions: Patients with CAD in this cohort had evidence of persistent hemolysis independent of the season. Disease manifestations as evaluated by HRU measures were fairly consistent all year long. The variations in median Hgb, bilirubin, and LDH between winter and summer were not associated with differences in clinical outcomes, as there were no significant changes in HRU or transfusion days. These data suggest that perceptions of CAD as a seasonal disorder may not be accurate and recommendations such as moving to regions with warmer climates likely provide no meaningful clinical benefit. The lack of seasonal variability in this cohort suggests that treatment considerations for patients with CAD should be season-independent. Disclosures Röth: Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Bioverativ: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Research Funding. Fryzek:Sanofi: Research Funding. Jiang:Epidstat: Employment. Morales:Bioverativ: Employment. Broome:Bioverativ: Honoraria, Research Funding; Alexion: Honoraria.
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de Melo, Jaime, and Céline Carrère. "The Doha Round and Market Access for LDCs: Scenarios for the EU and US Markets." Journal of World Trade 44, Issue 1 (February 1, 2010): 251–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2010008.
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Least developed countries (LDCs) hoped that the DOHA round would bring them greater market access in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries than for non-LDCs. Using HS-6 tariff level data for the United States and the EU for 2004, this paper estimates that, once the erosion from preferential access into the EU to non-LDCs is taken into account, LDCs have about a 3% preferential margin in the EU market. In the US market, in spite of preferences under the African Growth and Opportunity Act(AGOA), on a trade-weighted basis, LDCs are discriminated against. Under various ‘Swiss formulas’ for tariff cuts, effective market access for LDCs in the EU will be negligible and still negative in the United States. If the United States were to apply a 97% rule (i.e, duty-free quota-free access for all but 3% of the tariff lines), LDCs could increase exports by 10% or about USD 1 billion annually. Effective market access is further reduced by complicated Rules of Origin (RoO) applied by the EU and the United States. Furthermore, generally, the most restrictive RoO fall on products in which LDCs have the greatest preferential market access.
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Wang, Chao-Yun, Xian-Yong Bai, and Chun-Hua Wang. "Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Treasured Natural Resource of Anticancer Drug Research and Development." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 42, no. 03 (January 2014): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x14500359.
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To discover and develop novel natural compounds, active ingredients, single herbs and combination formulas or prescriptions in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with therapeutic selectivity that can preferentially kill cancer cells and inhibit the amplification of cancer without significant toxicity is an important area in cancer therapy. A lot of valuable TCMs were applied as alternative or complementary medicines in the United States and Europe. But these TCMs, as one of the main natural resources, were widely used to research and develop new drugs in Asia. In TCMs, some specific herbs, animals, minerals and combination formulas were recorded and exploited due to their active ingredients and specific natural compounds with antitumor activities. The article focused on the antitumor properties of natural compounds and combination formulas or prescriptions in TCMs, described its influence on tumor progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and revealed its mechanisms of antitumor and inhibitory action. Among the nature compounds, triptolide, berberine, matrine, oxymatrine, kurarinone and deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT) with specific molecular structures have been separated, purified, and evaluated their antitumor properties in vitro and in vivo. Cancer is a multifactorial and multistep disease, so the treatment effect of combination formulas and prescriptions in TCMs involving multi-targets and multi-signal pathways on tumor may be superior than that of agents targeting a single molecular target alone. Shi Quan Da Bu Tang and Yanshu injection, as well known combination formulas and prescriptions in TCMs, have shown an excellent therapeutic effect on cancer.
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Johnson, Tim, and Dalton Conley. "Civilian public sector employment as a long-run outcome of military conscription." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 43 (October 8, 2019): 21456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908983116.
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Since at least T. H. Marshall, scholars have recognized military service as a form of sacrifice that warrants compensation from the state. War-widow pensions, expansion of the franchise, and subsidized higher education are all examples of rights and benefits “bestowed” in return for wartime mobilization. Similarly, in the United States, governments have hired veterans preferentially for civilian public jobs as recompense for active military service. Although oft overlooked, those policies seem influential: the percentage of job holders identifying as veterans in the civilian US executive branch exceeds the proportion in the wider population by several multiples. This century-old pattern suggests another way that wartime mobilization has influenced the state. Yet, efforts to understand it have struggled to rule out the possibility that those who serve in the armed forces are predisposed to work for the state in both military and civilian capacities. Here, we rule out this possibility by examining whether birthdates randomly called for induction in the Vietnam-Era Selective Service Lotteries (VSSL) appear disproportionately in the population of nonsensitive personnel records of the civilian US executive branch. We find that birthdates called for induction appear with unusually high frequency among employees who were draft eligible and at risk for induction but not among other employees. This finding suggests a treatment effect from military service, thus dovetailing with the hypothesis that wartime mobilization has substantially and continually influenced who works in the contemporary administrative state.
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Hatami, Elham, Prashanth K. Nagesh, Neeraj Chauhan, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan, and Murali M. Yallapu. "Abstract 5073: A novel in-situ nanoparticle self-assembly for combination delivery of therapeutics to non-small cell lung cancer." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-5073.
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Abstract Background: Lung cancer is a predominant cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. Among all types of cancers, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortalities in the United States. Non-small cell lung cancer is one of the dominant divisions of lung cancer that solely represents 85-90% of all lung cancer cases. Up to the present time, primary treatment regimens for this cancer include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, with chemotherapy being the best option thus far. Despite the eminent benefits of chemotherapy, its value is offset by severe side effects such as renal and/or hepatic toxicity or insufficient amounts of drug available at the target site. Such pitfalls can be handled by employing natural compounds (polyphenols, phytochemicals, xanthonoid, etc.,) as chemopreventives or chemosensitizers which can improve chemotherapy activity while reducing its systemic side effects and drug resistance. To this end, our recent efforts demonstrated a synergistic therapeutic benefit of gambogic acid (GA) and gemcitabine (Gem) against lung cancer. However, simultaneous delivery of these two drugs at the tumor site is highly challenging. Therefore, development of an injectable nanoformulation that can effectively deliver both hydrophobic (GA) and hydrophilic (Gem) drugs in one formulation is a clinically unmet need. Methods: Pursuing the novel nanotherapy approach, our lab has developed an in-situ biodegradable and biocompatible human serum albumin (HSA) and tannic acid (TA) mediated complexed GA and Gem nanoparticles (G-G@HTA NPs) using the solvent evaporation method. G-G@HTA NPs formation was confirmed by particle size, FT-IR, and H-NMR. A superior therapeutic activity of G-G@HTA NPs was demonstrated by multiple in vitro functional assays as well as in an animal mouse model. Results: Our results confirmed that G-G@HTA NPs have the ideal particle size and surface charge for cancer cell/tissue delivery which can clearly be evident by preferential uptake of these nanoparticles in lung cancer cells. Further, G-G@HTA NPs superiorly inhibited cell proliferation and clonogenicity of NSCLC cells. Additionally, G-G@HTA NPs revealed an obvious and precise targeting of tumors in vivo. The promoted and more synergistic anti-tumor efficacy of G-G@HTA NPs was attained than that of combined treatments and single drugs treatments. These events were resulted with no apparent systemic and organ toxicities. Conclusion: In summary, this study details the design of a novel nanocarrier and provides an optimized strategy for constructing dual-loaded nanoparticles using a biodegradable, non-toxic, human serum albumin-tannic acid-based platform for GA and Gem co-delivery in the treatment of NSCLC which confirms a strong feasibility to implement such synergistic nanomedicine regimen in pre-clinical and clinical translations in future. Citation Format: Elham Hatami, Prashanth K. Nagesh, Neeraj Chauhan, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan, Murali M. Yallapu. A novel in-situ nanoparticle self-assembly for combination delivery of therapeutics to non-small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5073.
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Markowski, Mark C., John L. Silberstein, James R. Eshleman, Mario A. Eisenberger, Jun Luo, and Emmanuel S. Antonarakis. "Clinical Utility of CLIA-Grade AR-V7 Testing in Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer." JCO Precision Oncology, no. 1 (November 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/po.17.00127.
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Purpose A splice variant of the androgen receptor, AR-V7, confers resistance to AR-targeted therapies (ATTs) but not taxane chemotherapies in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Since August 2015, a clinical-grade assay to detect AR-V7 messenger RNA expression in circulating tumors cells (CTCs) has been available to providers through a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments–certified laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. Methods We contacted ordering providers of the first 150 consecutive tests by using a questionnaire-based survey to determine how the results of AR-V7 testing were used to influence clinical practice. Results In all, 142 (95%) of 150 questionnaires were completed by 38 providers from 29 sites across the United States and Canada. AR-V7 test results were reported either as CTC– (28%), CTC+/AR-V7– (30%), or CTC+/AR-V7+ (42%). Prevalence of AR-V7 detection increased with prior exposure to ATTs (abiraterone and enzalutamide naïve, 22%; after abiraterone or enzalutamide, 35%; after abiraterone and enzalutamide, 43%). Overall, management was affected by AR-V7 testing in 53% of the patients and even more often with CTC+/AR-V7+ results. AR-V7+ patients were commonly switched from ATT to taxane chemotherapy (43%) or were offered a clinical trial (43%); management remained unchanged in only 14% of these patients. Overall, patients who had a change in management on the basis of AR-V7 testing were significantly more likely to achieve a physician-reported 50% decline in prostate-specific antigen response on next-line therapy than those who did not change treatment (54% v 31%; P = .015). Conclusion Providers used AR-V7 testing to influence clinical decision making more often than not. Physicians reported that men with AR-V7+ results had the most treatment changes, and such men were preferentially managed with taxane therapy or offered a clinical trial, which may have improved outcomes.
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Chen, Edwin, and Ann Mullally. "How does JAK2V617F contribute to the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms?" Hematology 2014, no. 1 (December 5, 2014): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.268.
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AbstractA decade on from the discovery of the JAK2V617F mutation in the majority of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), JAK2V617F is now firmly installed in the hematology curriculum of medical students and the diagnostic-testing algorithm of clinicians. Furthermore, the oral JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib, rationally designed to target activated JAK2 signaling in MPN, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States for the past 3 years for the treatment of intermediate- and advanced-phase myelofibrosis. Notwithstanding this, JAK2V617F continues to stimulate the MPN research community and novel insights into understanding the mechanisms by which JAK2V617F contributes to the pathogenesis of MPN are continually emerging. In this chapter, we focus on recent advances in 4 main areas: (1) the molecular processes coopted by JAK2V617F to induce MPN, (2) the role that JAK2V617F plays in phenotypic diversity in MPN, (3) the functional impact of JAK2V617F on hematopoietic stem cells, and (4) therapeutic strategies to target JAK2V617F. Although great strides have been made, significant deficits still exist in our understanding of the precise mechanisms by which JAK2V617F-mutant hematopoietic stem cells emerge and persist to engender clonal hematopoiesis in MPN and in developing strategies to preferentially target the JAK2V617F-mutant clone therapeutically. Critically, although myelofibrosis remains arguably the greatest clinical challenge in JAK2V617F-mediated MPN, the current understanding of myelofibrosis-specific disease biology remains quite rudimentary. Therefore, many important biological questions pertaining to JAK2V617F will continue to engage and challenge the MPN research community in the coming decade.
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Rolfe, Robert J., and Douglas P. Woodward. "African Apparel Exports, AGOA, and the Trade Preference Illusion." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 3 (September 2005): 1850047. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1098.
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The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a preferential trade agreement between the United States and approved African countries, allowing duty-free and quota-free access to the U.S. market. Following AGOA’s implementation in 2000, several African countries experienced a dramatic increase in exports to the United States. Nevertheless, AGOA exports, employment, and other benefits may prove to be short-term gains. As a form of temporary trade diversion from Asian countries, the increased exports may arise less from competitive advantages than from trade preferences that will erode over time. This paper focuses on garment exports from the African countries most affected by the preferential access with the United States under AGOA. An analysis based on ten-digit HS trade categories shows that African apparel enters the United States at sharply lower unit prices than similar products from China and India. Given Africa’s higher costs, it is believed that this disparity results from specialized production in low-quality garments. We argue that export value and growth, often used to gauge the success of preferential trade agreements like AGOA, can be misleading. To assess the local contribution to the African economy of AGOA benefits, our paper examines value added in Kenya. Given information for each investment in Kenyan EPZs, we calculate local inputs as a percentage of sales and other measures. The results suggest that the real benefits of AGOA in apparel may be smaller than commonly believed.
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JAMES, WILLIAM E. "US INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 01, no. 02 (October 2010): 183–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993310000123.
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The decline in world trade volume in 2009 was the worst since the Great Depression. The United States (US) spread the global recession as a major source of external demand. US import and export data are examined to understand the repercussions, particularly for developing economies divided into preferential and non-preferential trading partners. A key finding is that US trade with preferential partners contracted faster than with non-preferential partners. Case studies of autos and textiles provide insights. A new global trade deal may be the way forward as the US will have to expand net exports to restore growth.
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Moore, Troy. "Schizophrenia Treatment Guidelinesin the United States." Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses 5, no. 1 (April 2011): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3371/csrp.5.1.6.
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Rainisch, Gabriel, Jason Asher, Dylan George, Matt Clay, Theresa L. Smith, Christine Kosmos, Manjunath Shankar, et al. "Estimating Ebola Treatment Needs, United States." Emerging Infectious Diseases 21, no. 7 (July 2015): 1273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2107.150286.
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Sprenger, Thomas R., and William J. Bailey. "Snakebite Treatment in the United States." International Journal of Dermatology 25, no. 8 (October 1986): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1986.tb00855.x.
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Floch, Martin H., and Walter E. Longo. "United States Guidelines for Diverticulitis Treatment." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 50 (October 2016): S53—S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0000000000000668.
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Davies, P. W., F. Luthardt, and P. S. Staats. "Radiofrequency Treatment in the United States." Pain Practice 2, no. 3 (September 2002): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1533-2500.2002.20226.x.
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Hanson, Josh P., Arjen M. Dondorp, and Nick P. J. Day. "Malaria Treatment in the United States." JAMA 298, no. 12 (September 26, 2007): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.12.1396-a.
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Krissoff, Barry, and Jerry Sharples. "Preferential Trading Arrangements in Western Hemisphere Countries." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 22, no. 1 (April 1993): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000290.
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Many countries of the Western Hemisphere in recent years have shown interest in participating in preferential trading arrangements (PTA) in anticipation of expanding exports. Results in this paper show that export expansion depends upon the type of agreement that is formed and who else is participating. Trade of two agricultural commodities are examined; wheat, and fruit and vegetable juices. Five PTAs are examined, each including the United States and one or more Western Hemisphere countries.
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Ray, Edward John. "The Impact of Special Interests on Preferential Tariff Concessions by the United States." Review of Economics and Statistics 69, no. 2 (May 1987): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1927225.
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Oakley, Nina S., and Kelly T. Redmond. "A Climatology of 500-hPa Closed Lows in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean, 1948–2011." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 6 (June 2014): 1578–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0223.1.
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AbstractThe northeastern Pacific Ocean is a preferential location for the formation of closed low pressure systems. These slow-moving, quasi-barotropic systems influence vertical stability and sustain a moist environment, giving them the potential to produce or affect sustained precipitation episodes along the west coast of the United States. They can remain motionless or change direction and speed more than once and thus often pose difficult forecast challenges. This study creates an objective climatological description of 500-hPa closed lows to assess their impacts on precipitation in the western United States and to explore interannual variability and preferred tracks. Geopotential height at 500 hPa from the NCEP–NCAR global reanalysis dataset was used at 6-h and 2.5° × 2.5° resolution for the period 1948–2011. Closed lows displayed seasonality and preferential durations. Time series for seasonal and annual event counts were found to exhibit strong interannual variability. Composites of the tracks of landfalling closed lows revealed preferential tracks as the features move inland over the western United States. Correlations of seasonal event totals for closed lows with ENSO indices, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern suggested an above-average number of events during the warm phase of ENSO and positive PDO and PNA phases. Precipitation at 30 U.S. Cooperative Observer stations was attributed to closed-low events, suggesting 20%–60% of annual precipitation along the West Coast may be associated with closed lows.
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Marthaller, Jarrad. "The Impact of NAFTA on Australia’s Trade and the Implications of Preferential Trade." Political Science Undergraduate Review 2, no. 1 (October 15, 2016): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/psur67.
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This article will be exploring and evaluating trade relations between Australia and The United States of America, with a particular focus on the effects of NAFTA (North American Free Trade agreement) on the amount of trade between these two countries. I used trade data available over a narrow span of several decades in order to create several tables that document the change in volume of trade between Australia and The United States in an attempt to demonstrate that NAFTA and Preferential Trade Agreements in general run contrary to the principles of free trade that the World Trade organization espouses. By showing a strong relation between a downturn in the demand for Australian exports and the timing of the NAFTA’s signing, I show that Preferential Trade Agreements such as NAFTA and more recently, the Trans-Pacific Partnership may be leading to protectionist regional blocs.
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Carise, Deni, A. Thomas McLellan, David S. Festinger, and Herbert D. Kleber. "Identifying United States Substance Abuse Treatment Programs." Substance Abuse 25, no. 2 (February 25, 2005): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j465v25n02_04.
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Tangka, Florence K., Justin G. Trogdon, Lisa C. Richardson, David Howard, Susan A. Sabatino, and Eric A. Finkelstein. "Cancer treatment cost in the United States." Cancer 116, no. 14 (May 10, 2010): 3477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25150.
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Griffith, Kevin S., Linda S. Lewis, Sonja Mali, and Monica E. Parise. "Treatment of Malaria in the United States." JAMA 297, no. 20 (May 23, 2007): 2264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.20.2264.
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Parise, Monica E., Kevin Griffith, Sonja Mali, and Linda Lewis. "Malaria Treatment in the United States—Reply." JAMA 298, no. 12 (September 26, 2007): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.12.1396-b.
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La Croix, Sumner J., and Christopher Grandy. "The Political Instability of Reciprocal Trade and the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom." Journal of Economic History 57, no. 1 (March 1997): 161–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700017964.
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The overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 offers an illuminating case study of the political economy of preferential trading relationships between large and small countries. The limited-term reciprocity treaty of 1876 between Hawaii and the United States generated problematic strategic dynamics, as the normal operation of the treaty gradually worsened Hawaii’s bargaining position. This allowed the United States to extract better terms when the treaty expired in 1883 and to act opportunistically in 1890 with the passage of the McKinley Tariff. The political economy of the treaty contributed significantly to the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy.
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Beinat, Corinne, Chirag Patel, Tom Haywood, Surya Murty, Lewis Naya, Melanie Hayden-Gephart, Mehdi Khalighi, et al. "BIMG-13. A NOVEL RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL ([18F]DASA-23) TO MONITOR PYRUVATE KINASE M2 INDUCED GLYCOLYTIC REPROGRAMMING IN GLIOBLASTOMA." Neuro-Oncology Advances 3, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): i3—i4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdab024.012.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) catalyzes the final step in glycolysis, a key process of cancer metabolism. PKM2 is preferentially expressed by glioblastoma (GBM) cells with minimal expression in healthy brain, making it an important biomarker of cancer glycolytic re-programming. We describe the bench-to-bedside development, validation, and translation of a novel positron emission tomography (PET) tracer to study PKM2 in GBM. Specifically, we evaluated 1-((2-fluoro-6-[18F]fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-((4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)piperazine ([18F]DASA-23) in cell culture, mouse models of GBM, healthy human volunteers, and GBM patients. METHODS [18F]DASA-23 was synthesized with a molar activity of 100.47 ± 29.58 GBq/µmol and radiochemical purity >95%. We performed initial testing of [18F]DASA-23 in GBM cell culture and human GBM xenografts implanted orthotopically into mice. Next we produced [18F]DASA-23 under current Good Manufacturing Practices United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversight, and evaluated it in healthy volunteers and a pilot cohort of patients with gliomas. RESULTS In mouse imaging studies, [18F]DASA-23 clearly delineated the U87 GBM from the surrounding healthy brain tissue and had a tumor-to-brain ratio (TBR) of 3.6 ± 0.5. In human volunteers, [18F]DASA-23 crossed the intact blood-brain barrier and was rapidly cleared. In GBM patients, [18F]DASA-23 successfully outlined tumors visible on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The uptake of [18F]DASA-23 was markedly elevated in GBMs compared to normal brain, and it was able to identify a metabolic non-responder within 1-week of treatment initiation. CONCLUSION We developed and translated [18F]DASA-23 as a promising new tracer that demonstrated the visualization of aberrantly expressed PKM2 for the first time in human subjects. These encouraging results warrant further clinical evaluation of [18F]DASA-23 to assess its utility for imaging therapy-induced normalization of aberrant cancer metabolism.
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Limão, Nuno. "Preferential Trade Agreements as Stumbling Blocks for Multilateral Trade Liberalization: Evidence for the United States." American Economic Review 96, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 896–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.3.896.
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Most countries are members of preferential trade agreements (PTAs). The effect of these agreements has attracted much interest and raised the question of whether PTAs promote or slow multilateral trade liberalization, i.e., whether they are a “building block” or “stumbling block” to multilateral liberalization. Despite this long-standing concern with PTAs and the lack of theoretical consensus, there is no systematic evidence on whether they are actually a stumbling block to multilateral liberalization. We use detailed data on U.S. multilateral tariffs to provide the first systematic evidence that the direct effect of PTAs was to generate a stumbling block to its MTL. We also provide evidence of reciprocity in multilateral tariff reductions.
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Dyck, W. P., M. L. Cloud, W. W. Offen, C. Matsumoto, and S. M. Chernish. "Treatment of Duodenal Ulceration in the United States." Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 22, sup136 (January 1987): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528709094486.
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