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Nguyen, Dat-Dao. "Using Social Choice Function Vs. Social Welfare Function To Aggregate Individual Preferences In Group Decision Support Systems." International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v18i3.8703.
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In multi-criteria decision making, any Group Decision Support System (GDSS) requires a social judgment model for calculation of weights on decision alternatives, and tabulation of individual votes toward a consensus. One could assess a Social Welfare Function - such as Keeneys - to aggregate individual cardinal preferences or utilities into a group preference. Alternatively, one could use Social Choice Functions - such as Condorcet, Borda, Copeland, and Eigenvector - to aggregate individual ordinal preferences or rankings into a group ranking. This study empirically investigates the consensus between individual preferences and the group preference derived from various aggregation methods.
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Khan, Mohammad Faisal, Md Gulzarul Hasan, Abdul Quddoos, Armin Fügenschuh, and Syed Suhaib Hasan. "Goal Programming Models with Linear and Exponential Fuzzy Preference Relations." Symmetry 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12060934.
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Goal programming (GP) is a powerful method to solve multi-objective programming problems. In GP the preferential weights are incorporated in different ways into the achievement function. The problem becomes more complicated if the preferences are imprecise in nature, for example ‘Goal A is slightly or moderately or significantly important than Goal B’. Considering such type of problems, this paper proposes standard goal programming models for multi-objective decision-making, where fuzzy linguistic preference relations are incorporated to model the relative importance of the goals. In the existing literature, only methods with linear preference relations are available. As per our knowledge, nonlinearity was not considered previously in preference relations. We formulated fuzzy preference relations as exponential membership functions. The grades or achievement function is described as an exponential membership function and is used for grading levels of preference toward uncertainty. A nonlinear membership function may lead to a better representation of the achievement level than a linear one. Our proposed models can be a useful tool for different types of real life applications, where exponential nonlinearity in goal preferences exists. Finally, a numerical example is presented and analyzed through multiple cases to validate and compare the proposed models. A distance measure function is also developed and used to compare proposed models. It is found that, for the numerical example, models with exponential membership functions perform better than models with linear membership functions. The proposed models will help decision makers analyze and plan real life problems more realistically.
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Zhou, Zhichun, David Burrell McAdam, Deborah Ann Napolitano, and Kathryn Douthit. "Shining a Light on the Challenging Behaviors of Adolescents with Comorbid Diagnoses: Use of Pictorial Concurrent Operant Preference Assessment." Children 8, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8080683.
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Currently, there are no published studies that have used the concurrent operant preference assessment procedure to identify functions of challenging behaviors displayed by individuals with comorbid diagnoses. Four participants (aged 11–16 years) with comorbid diagnoses who displayed multiple challenging behaviors were referred to this study. We modified the standard concurrent operant preference assessment and used the new modified version, the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment, to identify the functions of the challenging behaviors. Utilizing the triangulation mixed-methods design, we compared the indirect functional behavioral assessment (FBA) and the direct FBA with the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment. The results obtained successfully demonstrated the concordance among these assessments in identifying the behavioral function for each participant. The results further showed that (1) the preferences served the same functional effects on both the challenging behaviors and the adaptive behaviors and (2) the pictorial concurrent operant preference assessment can be used independently to identify potential behavioral function and to specify the reinforcing potency of each behavioral function. The significance of the study results, limitations of this study, and directions for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Weichselbaum, Hanna, Helmut Leder, and Ulrich Ansorge. "Implicit and Explicit Evaluation of Visual Symmetry as a Function of Art Expertise." i-Perception 9, no. 2 (March 2018): 204166951876146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669518761464.
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In perception, humans typically prefer symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. Yet, little is known about differences in symmetry preferences depending on individuals’ different past histories of actively reflecting upon pictures and patterns. To address this question, we tested the generality of the symmetry preference for different levels of individual art expertise. The preference for symmetrical versus asymmetrical abstract patterns was measured implicitly, by an Implicit Association Test (IAT), and explicitly, by a rating scale asking participants to evaluate pattern beauty. Participants were art history and psychology students. Art expertise was measured using a questionnaire. In the IAT, art expertise did not alter the preference for symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. In contrast, the explicit rating scale showed that with higher art expertise, the ratings for the beauty of asymmetrical patterns significantly increased, but, again, participants preferred symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns. The results are discussed in light of different theories on the origins of symmetry preference. Evolutionary adaptation might play a role in symmetry preferences for art experts similarly to nonexperts, but experts tend to emphasize the beauty of asymmetrical depictions, eventually considering different criteria, when asked explicitly to indicate their preferences.
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Chen, Yu-ke, Yan Zou, and Zhe Chen. "Preference Integration and Optimization of Multistage Weighted Voting System Based on Ordinal Preference." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/186545.
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Multistage voting is a common voting form through which the winners are selected. By virtue of weighted multistage voting rules, in this paper, we establish a weighted voting model by analyzing the correlation between individual preference and group preference. The weights of voters in each voting stage are adjusted through preference deviation degrees between individual preferences and group preference, and the ranking among candidates in each stage is determined according to weighted Borda function value. Examples are given to verify our model, which shows that weighted information aggregation model can mine more useful information from different individual preferences of voters to quicken the aggregation of group preference.
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Barzilai, Jonathan. "Measurement and preference function modelling." International Transactions in Operational Research 12, no. 2 (March 2005): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.2005.00496.x.
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Ajaz, Taufeeq. "Nonlinear Reaction functions: Evidence from India." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2019-0006.
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Abstract This paper uses time-series data from India and tests for asymmetries in policy preferences of the Reserve Bank of India (the Central Bank of India, hereafter RBI). The results show evidence in favour of preference asymmetries in monetary policy reaction function in India and hence nonlinearities in the Taylor-rule. Evidence of both recession avoidance preference (RAP) as well as inflation avoidance preference (IAP) is established. And it is found that RAP is dominant over IAP, thus confirming nonlinearities in reaction function which in the present case turns out to be concave in inflation and output gap. Further, the results indicate preference asymmetries in both the objectives. The coefficient weights to positive and negative inflation and output gap differ over long time horizons thus confirming asymmetric policy preferences. Specifically the RBI seems to be more averse to a negative output gap (contraction) as compared to an equal positive gap. In addition, the RBI appears to be more averse to a positive inflation gap as compared to an equal negative gap.
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Diasakos, Theodoros M., and Georgios Gerasimou. "Preference Conditions for Invertible Demand Functions." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20190262.
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It is frequently assumed in several domains of economics that demand functions are invertible in prices. At the primitive level of preferences, however, the corresponding characterization has remained elusive. We identify necessary and sufficient conditions on a utility-maximizing consumer’s preferences for her demand function to be continuous and invertible: strict convexity, strict monotonicity, and differentiability in the sense of Rubinstein (2006). We further show that Rubinstein differentiability is equivalent to the indifference sets being smooth, which is weaker than Debreu’s (1972) notion of preference smoothness. We finally discuss implications of our analysis for demand functions that satisfy the “strict law of demand.” (JEL DO1, D11)
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Diasakos, Theodoros M., and Georgios Gerasimou. "Preference Conditions for Invertible Demand Functions." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20190262.
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It is frequently assumed in several domains of economics that demand functions are invertible in prices. At the primitive level of preferences, however, the corresponding characterization has remained elusive. We identify necessary and sufficient conditions on a utility-maximizing consumer’s preferences for her demand function to be continuous and invertible: strict convexity, strict monotonicity, and differentiability in the sense of Rubinstein (2006). We further show that Rubinstein differentiability is equivalent to the indifference sets being smooth, which is weaker than Debreu’s (1972) notion of preference smoothness. We finally discuss implications of our analysis for demand functions that satisfy the “strict law of demand.” (JEL DO1, D11)
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Kilmer, J. T., K. D. Fowler-Finn, D. A. Gray, G. Höbel, D. Rebar, M. S. Reichert, and R. L. Rodríguez. "Describing mate preference functions and other function-valued traits." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 30, no. 9 (June 25, 2017): 1658–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13122.
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Esposito, Nicholas J. "Function as a Preferred Dimension among Children and Adults." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 3 (June 1986): 899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.3.899.
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Subjects' preferences for function vs form or for function vs color were tested using a method of triads. Children (16 girls, 24 boys) and adults (65 women, 17 men) showed a strong preference for function over color and adults also for function over form. Color-function concept identification was better when function was the relevant dimension. These data indicate that function can be assessed like physical dimensions, that function is more preferred than or as preferred as other dimensions by children and adults and that responses to preference tests are applicable over a wide range of dimensions and ages.
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Akram, Muhammad, Shumaiza, and Ahmad N. Al-Kenani. "Multi-Criteria Group Decision-Making for Selection of Green Suppliers under Bipolar Fuzzy PROMETHEE Process." Symmetry 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12010077.
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The preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluations (PROMETHEE) method considers a significant outranking class of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), as it is easy to deal with its simple computations. In the PROMETHEE, different preference functions are used according to the type and nature of attributes or criteria that demonstrate the clearness and reliability of this method. This study provides a new version of the PROMETHEE method using bipolar fuzzy information, named the bipolar fuzzy PROMETHEE method. Bipolar fuzzy sets or numbers constitute an asymmetrical relationship between two judgmental factors of human reasoning. Vague and imprecise knowledge is characterized by bipolar fuzzy linguistic terms which are further represented in the form of trapezoidal bipolar fuzzy numbers. The trapezoidal bipolar fuzzy numbers are used by analysts to assign the preferences of alternatives on the basis of criteria. Further, a ranking function of bipolar fuzzy numbers is considered to access the crisp real preferences of alternatives. The entropy weighting information is employed to calculate the weights of attributes by considering the condition of normality. A numerical example such as the selection of green suppliers by using the bipolar fuzzy PROMETHEE is performed on the basis of the usual criterion preference function in order to explain the procedure of the proposed method. Comparable results are derived by using the combination of linear and level preference functions. The results obtained by using different types of preference functions are the same, representing the authenticity of the proposed bipolar fuzzy PROMETHEE method.
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ALESKEROV, FUAD T., and VYACHESLAV V. CHISTYAKOV. "THE THRESHOLD DECISION MAKING EFFECTUATED BY THE ENUMERATING PREFERENCE FUNCTION." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 12, no. 06 (November 2013): 1201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021962201350034x.
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Based on the leximin and leximax preferences, we consider two threshold preference relations on the set X of alternatives, each of which is characterized by an n-dimensional vector (n ≥ 2) with integer components varying between 1 and m(m ≥ 2). We determine explicitly in terms of binomial coefficients the unique utility function for each of the two relations, which in addition maps X onto the natural 'interval' [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the quotient set of X with respect to the indifference relation I on X induced by the threshold preference. This permits us to evaluate all equivalence classes and indifference classes of the threshold order on X, present an algorithm of ordering the monotone representatives of indifference classes, and restore the indifference class of an alternative via its ordinal number with respect to the threshold preference order.
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FEDRIZZI, MARIO, MICHELE FEDRIZZI, and R. A. MARQUES PEREIRA. "CONSENSUS MODELLING IN GROUP DECISION MAKING: DYNAMICAL APPROACH BASED ON FUZZY PREFERENCES." New Mathematics and Natural Computation 03, no. 02 (July 2007): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793005707000744.
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The. notion of consensus plays an important role in group decision making, particularly when the collective preference structure is generated by a dynamical aggregation process of the single individual preference structures. In this dynamical process of aggregation each single decision maker gradually transforms his/her preference structure by combining it, through iterative weighted averaging, with the preference structures of the remaining decision makers. In this way, the collective decision emerges dynamically as a result of the consensual interaction among the various decision makers in the group. From the point of view of applied mathematics, the models of consensual dynamics stand in the context of multi-agent complex systems, with interactive and nonlinear dynamics. The consensual interaction among the various agents (decision makers) acts on their state variables (the preferences) in order to optimize an appropriate measure of consensus, which can be of type 'hard' (unanimous agreement within the group of decision makers) or 'soft' (partial agreement within the group of decision makers). In this paper, we study the modelling of consensus reaching when the individual testimonies are assumed to be expressed as fuzzy preference relations. Here consensus is meant as the degree to which most of the experts agree on the preferences associated to the most relevant alternatives. First of all we derive a degree of dissensus based on linguistic quantifiers and then we introduce a form of network dynamics in which the quantifiers are represented by scaling functions. Finally, assuming that the decision makers can express their preferences in a more flexible way, i.e. by using triangular fuzzy numbers, we describe the iterative process of opinion transformation towards consensus via the gradient dynamics of a cost function expressed as a linear combination of a dissensus cost function and an inertial cost function.
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Dewitt, Barry, David Feeny, Baruch Fischhoff, David Cella, Ron D. Hays, Rachel Hess, Paul A. Pilkonis, et al. "Estimation of a Preference-Based Summary Score for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System: The PROMIS®-Preference (PROPr) Scoring System." Medical Decision Making 38, no. 6 (June 26, 2018): 683–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x18776637.
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Background. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) preference-based scores are used to assess the health of populations and patients and for cost-effectiveness analyses. The National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) consists of patient-reported outcome measures developed using item response theory. PROMIS is in need of a direct preference-based scoring system for assigning values to health states. Objective. To produce societal preference-based scores for 7 PROMIS domains: Cognitive Function–Abilities, Depression, Fatigue, Pain Interference, Physical Function, Sleep Disturbance, and Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities. Setting. Online survey of a US nationally representative sample ( n = 983). Methods. Preferences for PROMIS health states were elicited with the standard gamble to obtain both single-attribute scoring functions for each of the 7 PROMIS domains and a multiplicative multiattribute utility (scoring) function. Results. The 7 single-attribute scoring functions were fit using isotonic regression with linear interpolation. The multiplicative multiattribute summary function estimates utilities for PROMIS multiattribute health states on a scale where 0 is the utility of being dead and 1 the utility of “full health.” The lowest possible score is –0.022 (for a state viewed as worse than dead), and the highest possible score is 1. Limitations. The online survey systematically excludes some subgroups, such as the visually impaired and illiterate. Conclusions. A generic societal preference-based scoring system is now available for all studies using these 7 PROMIS health domains.
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Gao, Yang, Christian M. Meyer, and Iryna Gurevych. "Preference-based interactive multi-document summarisation." Information Retrieval Journal 23, no. 6 (November 19, 2019): 555–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10791-019-09367-8.
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AbstractInteractive NLP is a promising paradigm to close the gap between automatic NLP systems and the human upper bound. Preference-based interactive learning has been successfully applied, but the existing methods require several thousand interaction rounds even in simulations with perfect user feedback. In this paper, we study preference-based interactive summarisation. To reduce the number of interaction rounds, we propose the Active Preference-based ReInforcement Learning (APRIL) framework. APRIL uses active learning to query the user, preference learning to learn a summary ranking function from the preferences, and neural Reinforcement learning to efficiently search for the (near-)optimal summary. Our results show that users can easily provide reliable preferences over summaries and that APRIL outperforms the state-of-the-art preference-based interactive method in both simulation and real-user experiments.
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Anderson, Elizabeth. "Symposium on Amartya Sen's philosophy: 2 Unstrapping the straitjacket of ‘preference’: a comment on Amartya Sen's contributions to philosophy and economics." Economics and Philosophy 17, no. 1 (April 2001): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267101000128.
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The concept of preference dominates economic theory today. It performs a triple duty for economists, grounding their theories of individual behavior, welfare, and rationality. Microeconomic theory assumes that individuals act so as to maximize their utility – that is, to maximize the degree to which their preferences are satisfied. Welfare economics defines individual welfare in terms of preference satisfaction or utility, and social welfare as a function of individual preferences. Finally, economists assume that the rational act is the act that maximally satisfies an individual's preferences. The habit of framing problems in terms of the concept of preference is now so entrenched that economists rarely entertain alternatives.
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McGuigan, Katrina, Anna Van Homrigh, and Mark W. Blows. "Genetic Analysis of Female Preference Functions as Function‐Valued Traits." American Naturalist 172, no. 2 (August 2008): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/588075.
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Ullah, Khalil, and Muhammad Aslam. "Bayesian Analysis of the Weibull Paired Comparison Model Using Numerical Approximation." Journal of Mathematics 2020 (December 14, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6628379.
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The method of paired comparisons (PC) is widely used to rank items using sensory evaluations. The PC models are developed to provide basis for such comparisons. In this study, the Weibull PC model is analyzed under the Bayesian paradigm using noninformative priors and different loss functions, namely, Squared Error Loss Function (SELF), Quadratic Loss Function (QLF), DeGroot Loss Function (DLF), and Precautionary Loss Function (PLF). Numerical approximation is used to illustrate the entire estimation procedure. A real dataset showing usage preferences for different cellphone brands, Huawei (HW), Samsung (SS), Oppo (OP), QMobile (QM), and Nokia (NK), is used. Quadrature method is used to evaluate the Bayes estimates, their posterior risks, preference probabilities, predictive probabilities, and posterior probabilities to establish and verify ranking order of the competing cellphone brands under study. The results show that the paired comparison model under the study using Bayesian approach involving various loss functions can offer mathematical approach to evaluate cellphone brand preferences. The ranking provided by the model is justifiable according to the usage preference for these cellphone brands. The ranking given by the model indicates that cellphone brand Samsung is preferred the most and QMobile is the least preferred. The plausibility of the model is also assessed using the Chi square test of goodness of fit.
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Maddulapalli, A. K., and S. Azarm. "Product Design Selection With Preference and Attribute Variability for an Implicit Value Function." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 5 (November 4, 2005): 1027–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2216728.
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An important aspect of engineering product design selection is the inevitable presence of variability in the selection process. There are mainly two types of variability: variability in the preferences of the decision maker (DM) and variability in attribute levels of the design alternatives. We address both kinds of variability in this paper. We first present a method for selection with preference variability alone. Our method is interactive and iterative and assumes only that the preferences of the DM reflect an implicit value function that is differentiable, quasi-concave and non-decreasing with respect to attributes. The DM states his/her preferences with a range (due to the variability) for marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between attributes at a series of trial designs. The method uses the range of MRS preferences to eliminate “dominated designs” and then to find a set of “potentially optimal designs.” We present a payload design selection example to demonstrate and verify our method. Finally, we extend our method for selection with preference variability to the case where the attribute levels of design alternatives also have variability. We assume that the variability in attribute levels can be quantified with a range of attribute levels.
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Desjonquères, Camille, Rebecca R. Holt, Bretta Speck, and Rafael L. Rodríguez. "The relationship between a combinatorial processing rule and a continuous mate preference function in an insect." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1935 (September 16, 2020): 20201278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1278.
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Mate choice involves processing signals that can reach high levels of complexity and feature multiple components, even in small animals with tiny brains. This raises the question of whether and how such organisms deal with this complexity. One solution involves combinatorial processing, whereby different signal elements are processed as single units. Combinatorial processing has been described in several mammals and birds, and recently in a vibrationally signalling insect, Enchenopa treehoppers. Here, we ask about the relationship between combinatorial rules and mate preferences for continuously varying signal features. Enchenopa male advertisement signals are composed of two elements: a ‘whine’ followed by a set of pulses. The dominant frequency of the whine and element combination both matter to females. We presented synthetic signals varying in element order (natural [whine-pulses], reverse [pulses-whine]) and in frequency to Enchenopa females and recorded their responses. The reverse combination resulted in a decrease in attractiveness of the signals, and also slightly changed the shape of the preference for frequency. We found that females could be classified into three ‘types’: females with both a strong preference and a strong combinatorial rule, females with both a weak preference and weak rule, and females with a strong preference but a weak rule. Our results suggest that in Enchenopa signal processing, the mate preference for a continuous signal feature ‘takes precedence’ over, but also interacts with, the combinatorial rule. The relationship between the preference and the rule could evolve to take different forms according to selection on mate choice decisions. We suggest that exploring the relationship between such preferences and rules in species with more complex signals will bring insight into the evolution of the multi-component communication systems.
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Bradley, Gordon A., and Anne R. Kearney. "Public and Professional Responses to the Visual Effects of Timber Harvesting: Different Ways of Seeing." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.1.42.
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Abstract This study examines preferences and differences in preference among forest professionals and other forest stakeholders. Specifically, the study explores the underlying dimensions of preference and the stated rationale behind those preferences. Preferences were assessed for six different silvicultural treatments, including clearcutting, two-age cut, patch cut, group selection, commercial thin, and an unmodified control stand. Study participants were selected from six stakeholder groups: forest professionals, urban public, rural public, recreationists, environmentalists, and educators (n=210). Results show that people's preferences tend to follow the same general trend across all groups, with higher preference for less intense harvests. Foresters tended to show significantly greater preference than most other groups for treatments where tree removal left moderate to large openings; this difference was most striking with respect to clearcuts. Analysis of people's stated rationale behind the preference ratings suggests that differences in preference are a function of differences in how people interpret the scene. Foresters were more likely to see the management depicted in a scene and to interpret these signs of management in a favorable light; other groups were more likely to respond to the aesthetics of the scene or to processes perceived to be damaging to the landscape. Implications for these differences in preference and perception are discussed.
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Mohsin, Ali, Qiong Shen, Xinyu Wang, and Xiaoming Zhang. "A Ranking Method for User Recommendation Based on Fuzzy Preference Relations in the Nature Reserve of Dangshan Pear Germplasm Resources." Information 9, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info9110291.
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Precision orchard management is an important avenue of investigation in agricultural technology and is an urgently needed part of information development in the fruit industry. Precision management based on a precision agricultural technology system involves many factors and results in users being unable to make accurate judgments. To improve user decision-making accuracy and the level of precision management, we used user preferences to achieve the recommendation function. In this paper, a ranking method based on fuzzy preference relations for user recommendation is proposed. We selected the Nature Reserve of Dangshan Pear Germplasm Resources as the research location and invited experts and representatives of different roles (government, farmers, and tourists) to give the fuzzy preference relation coefficients. Then, an optimization model was proposed based on the fuzzy preference relation. We solved the proposed model by constructing a Lagrangian function, and obtained the ranking values of the user preference recommendation function. Finally, we ranked the order of the given roles and implemented the fuzzy preference recommendation. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective and can be conveniently applied to other problems related to user preference relations.
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Eeckhoudt, Louis, and Harris Schlesinger. "Putting Risk in Its Proper Place." American Economic Review 96, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282806776157777.
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This paper examines preferences toward particular classes of lottery pairs. We show how such concepts as prudence and temperance can be fully characterized by a preference relation over these lotteries. If preferences are defined in an expectedutility framework with differentiable utility, the direction of preference for a particular class of lottery pairs is equivalent to signing the nth derivative of the utility function. What makes our characterization appealing is its simplicity, which seems particularly amenable to experimentation.
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Kirkpatrick, Mark, and Maria R. Servedio. "The Reinforcement of Mating Preferences on an Island." Genetics 151, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 865–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/151.2.865.
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Abstract We develop a haploid model for the reinforcement of female mating preferences on an island that receives migrants from a continent. We find that preferences will evolve to favor island males under a broad range of conditions: when the average male display trait on the island and continent differ, when the preference acts on that difference, and when there is standing genetic variance for the preference. A difference between the mean display trait on the continent and on the island is sufficient to drive reinforcement of preferences. Additional postzygotic isolation, caused, for example, by either epistatic incompatibility or ecological selection against hybrids, will amplify reinforcement but is not necessary. Under some conditions, the degree of preference reinforcement is a simple function of quantities that can be estimated entirely from phenotypic data. We go on to study how postzygotic isolation caused by epistatic incompatibilities affects reinforcement of the preference. With only one pair of epistatic loci, reinforcement is enhanced by tighter linkage between the preference genes and the genes causing hybrid incompatibility. Reinforcement of the preference is also affected by the number of epistatically interacting genes involved in incompatibility, independent of the overall intensity of selection against hybrids.
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FOTSO, SIMEON, and LOUIS AIME FONO. "ON THE CONSISTENCY OF SOME CRISP CHOICE FUNCTIONS BASED ON A STRONGLY COMPLETE FUZZY PRE-ORDER." New Mathematics and Natural Computation 08, no. 02 (June 14, 2012): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793005712400145.
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This paper presents the first part of a general study of the structure of nine preference-based choice functions introduced by Barrett et al.2 More precisely, we show that, as for crisp total pre-orders, first and last alternatives exist in a finite set of alternatives equipped with a strongly complete fuzzy pre-order. We use that result to characterize each of those crisp choice functions for crisp total pre-orders and strongly complete fuzzy pre-orders. We study, by means of those characterizations, the consistency of those preference-based choice functions when preferences are strongly complete fuzzy pre-orders (thereby crisp total pre-orders), that is, we check if each choice function satisfies or violates each of six consistency conditions introduced by Sen.11
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Kannan, Hanumanthrao, Garima V. Bhatia, Bryan L. Mesmer, and Benjamin Jantzen. "Theoretical Foundations for Preference Representation in Systems Engineering." Systems 7, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems7040055.
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The realization of large-scale complex engineered systems is contingent upon satisfaction of the preferences of the stakeholder. With numerous decisions being involved in all the aspects of the system lifecycle, from conception to disposal, it is critical to have an explicit and rigorous representation of stakeholder preferences to be communicated to key personnel in the organizational hierarchy. Past work on stakeholder preference representation and communication in systems engineering has been primarily requirement-driven. More recent value-based approaches still do not offer a rigorous framework on how to represent stakeholder preferences but assume that an overarching value function that can precisely capture stakeholder preferences exists. This article provides a formalism based on modal preference logic to aid in rigorous representation and communication of stakeholder preferences. Formal definitions for the different types of stakeholder preferences encountered in a systems engineering context are provided in addition to multiple theorems that improve the understanding of the relationship between stakeholder preferences and the solution space.
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Kim, Jin Bai, and Kern O. Kymn. "Rational choice function derived from a fuzzy preference." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 11, no. 1 (1988): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171288000080.
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We shall prove that every fuzzy rational choice function is fuzzy regular (see Richter [6, p. 36] ), count the total number of the fuzzy rational choice ftmctions on a set of four elements and consider a semigroup of all fuzzy rational choice functions on a set.
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Gorka, Artur, and Phantipa Thipwiwatpotjana. "The Importance of Fuzzy Preference in Course Assignment Problem." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/106727.
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This paper points out the importance of fuzzy preference by using a teaching course assignment problem as a case study. The model with fuzzy teaching preference provides a more satisfactory solution to a course assignment problem than assigning arbitrary weights. A method for improving a fuzzy membership function by using sensitivity analysis is devised. The method with fuzzy preferences is compared with a model using weighted probabilities.
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Kaplan, Gisela, and Lesley J. Rogers. "Brain Size Associated with Foot Preferences in Australian Parrots." Symmetry 13, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13050867.
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Since foot preference of cockatoos and parrots to hold and manipulate food and other objects has been associated with better ability to perform certain tasks, we predicted that either strength or direction of foot preference would correlate with brain size. Our study of 25 psittacine species of Australia found that species with larger absolute brain mass have stronger foot preferences and that percent left-footedness is correlated positively with brain mass. In a sub-sample of 11 species, we found an association between foot preference and size of the nidopallial region of the telencephalon, an area equivalent to the mammalian cortex and including regions with executive function and other higher-level functions. Our analysis showed that percent left-foot use correlates positively and significantly with size of the nidopallium relative to the whole brain, but not with the relative size of the optic tecta. Psittacine species with stronger left-foot preferences have larger brains, with the nidopallium making up a greater proportion of those brains. Our results are the first to show an association between brain size and asymmetrical limb use by parrots and cockatoos. Our results support the hypothesis that limb preference enhances brain capacity and higher (nidopallial) functioning.
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FRISCH, STEFAN, PETER BEIM GRABEN, and MATTHIAS SCHLESEWSKY. "PARALLELIZING GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS: P600 AND P345 REFLECT DIFFERENT COST OF REANALYSIS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 14, no. 02 (February 2004): 531–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127404009533.
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It is well-known from psycholinguistic literature that the human language processing system exhibits preferences when sentence constituents are ambiguous with respect to their grammatical function. Generally, many theories assume that an interpretation towards the subject is preferred in such cases. Later disambiguations which contradict such a preference induce enhanced processing difficulty (i.e. reanalysis) which reflects itself in late positive deflections (P345/P600) in event-related brain potentials (ERPs). In the case of phoric elements such as pronouns, a second strategy is known according to which an ambiguous pronoun preferentially receives the grammatical function that its antecedent has (parallel function strategy). In an ERP study, we show that this strategy can in principle override the general subject preference strategy (known for both pronominal and nonpronominal constituents) and induce an object preference, in case that the pronoun's antecedent is itself an object. Interestingly, the revision of a subject preference leads to a P600 component, whereas the revision of an object preference induces an earlier positivity (P345). In order to show that the latter component is indeed a positivity and not an N400-like negativity in the same time range, we apply an additional analysis based on symbolic dynamics which allows to determine the polarity of an ERP effect on purely methodological grounds. With respect to the two positivities, we argue that the latency differences reflect qualitative differences in the reanalysis processes.
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Xu, Qianqian, Jiechao Xiong, Zhiyong Yang, Xiaochun Cao, Qingming Huang, and Yuan Yao. "Who Likes What? — SplitLBI in Exploring Preferential Diversity of Ratings." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 01 (April 3, 2020): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i01.5359.
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In recent years, learning user preferences has received significant attention. A shortcoming of existing learning to rank work lies in that they do not take into account the multi-level hierarchies from social choice to individuals. In this paper, we propose a multi-level model which learns both the common preference or utility function over the population based on features of alternatives to-be-compared, and preferential diversity functions conditioning on user categories. Such a multi-level model, enables us to simultaneously learn a coarse-grained social preference function together with a fine-grained personalized diversity. It provides us prediction power for the choices of new users on new alternatives. The key algorithm in this paper is based on Split Linearized Bregman Iteration (SplitLBI) algorithm which generates a dynamic path from the common utility to personalized preferential diversity, at different levels of sparsity on personalization. A synchronized parallel version of SplitLBI is proposed to meet the needs of fast analysis of large-scale data. The validity of the methodology are supported by experiments with both simulated and real-world datasets such as movie and dining restaurant ratings which provides us a coarse-to-fine grained preference learning.
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Irawati, Desrina Yusi, Moses Laksono Singgih, and Bambang Syarudin. "Integrasi Quality Function Deployment (QFD) dan Conjoint Analysis untuk Mengetahui Preferensi Konsumen." Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri 13, no. 2 (April 21, 2016): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/josi.v13.n2.p618-640.2014.
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The advantages of QFD is to translate customer need into a technical response. But QFD has some disadvantages related to the difficulties in distinguishing the difference of needs between consumers, difficulties to fulfill the needs of different consumer groups, and the exietence of conceptual gap between consumers and companies. The proposed method to overcome these disadvantages is conjoint analysis. The main advantage of conjoint analysis is the ability to get the optimal design combination for products or services based on consumers' preference. The result of conjoint analysis, estimation of perceived value, and integration of QFD can be used to know the preference market needs among consumers, identify the office desk, determine consumer segments and technical respons, and estimate the additional price of office desk attributes as an effort to the development of the office desk. In overall the best Office desk combination results based on consumers' preference of Office desk is the white color without additional drawers or supporting features, with table size is 120x60x75 cm and footstool. Segmentation based on preferences resulting in three clusters, namely size, color, and availability of drawer. The highest technical response to be the company's priority in meeting the needs of consumers is to make the proper hole connection. Based on the perceived value, the company is capable to predict that the additional prices of 1 drawer is Rp.1-Rp.500.000, the addition price of 2 drawers is Rp.800,000 - Rp.900.000, and the addition price of the foundation of the foot is Rp.50.000 - Rp.150.000, and the additional price of supporting features is Rp.150.000-Rp.250.000.Keywords: Quality Function Deployment (QFD), conjoint analysis, segmentation and perceived value.AbstrakKeunggulan QFD adalah menterjemahkan customer need menjadi respon teknis. Namun QFD mempunyai kekurangan terkait sulit membedakan antara beragam kebutuhan konsumen yang bertentangan, sulit memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen yang berbeda kelompok, dan kesenjangan konseptual antara konsumen dan perusahaan. Untuk melengkapi kekurangan QFD, diusulkan metode conjoint analysis. Keunggulan utama conjoint analysis mampu mendapatkan kombinasi desain yang optimal untuk produk yang melekat pada preferensi konsumen. Hasil integrasi QFD dan conjoint analysis serta estimasi perceived value dapat mengetahui preferensi konsumen meja kantor, mengidentifikasi segmen konsumen meja kantor, menentukan respon teknis, dan mengestimasi harga penambahan atribut meja kantor sebagai upaya pengembangan meja kantor. Secara keseluruhan hasil kombinasi meja kantor terbaik berdasarkan preferensi konsumen meja kantor adalah warna putih, tidak membutuhkan penambahan fitur laci, tidak membutuhkan penambahan fitur pendukung, ukuran meja 120x60x75 cm, dan terdapat tumpuan kaki. Berdasarkan segmentasi preferensi terbentuk tiga klaster, yaitu klaster warna, klaster ukuran, dan klaster ketersediaan laci. Secara keseluruhan respon teknis yang menjadi prioritas perusahaan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen adalah pembuatan lubang sambungan yang tepat. Berdasarkan hasil perceived value, perusahaan dapat memperkirakan harga penambahan 1 laci berkisar Rp.1 - Rp.500.000, penambahan 2 laci adalah Rp. 800.000 – Rp. 900.000, penambahan tumpuan kaki Rp. 50.000 – Rp. 150.000, dan penambahan fitur pendukung Rp. 150.000-Rp. 250.000.Kata kunci: Quality Function Deployment (QFD), conjoint analysis, segmentasi, dan perceived value
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Chen, Tinggui, Qianqian Li, Peihua Fu, Jianjun Yang, Chonghuan Xu, Guodong Cong, and Gongfa Li. "Public Opinion Polarization by Individual Revenue from the Social Preference Theory." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030946.
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Social conflicts occur frequently during the social transition period and the polarization of public opinion happens occasionally. By introducing the social preference theory, the target of this paper is to reveal the micro-interaction mechanism of public opinion polarization. Firstly, we divide the social preferences of Internet users (network nodes) into three categories: egoistic, altruistic, and fair preferences, and adopt the revenue function to define the benefits obtained by individuals with different preferences among their interaction process so as to analyze their decision-making behaviors driven by the revenue. Secondly, the revenue function is used to judge the exit rules of nodes in a network, and then a dynamic network of spreading public opinion with the node (individual) exit mechanism is built based on a BA scale-free network. Subsequently, the influences of different social preferences, as well as individual revenue on the effect of public opinion polarization, are analyzed through simulation experiments. The simulation results show that (1) Different social preferences demonstrate different influences on the evolution of public opinions, (2) Individuals tend to interact with ones with different preferences, (3) The network with a single preference or a high aggregation is more likely to form public opinion polarization. Finally, the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed model are verified by a real case.
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Wu, Chia-Ching, and Chien-Chung Chen. "Symmetry Modulates the Amplitude Spectrum Slope Effect on Visual Preference." Symmetry 12, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111820.
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Within the spectrum of a natural image, the amplitude of modulation decreases with spatial frequency. The speed of such an amplitude decrease, or the amplitude spectrum slope, of an image affects the perceived aesthetic value. Additionally, a human observer would consider a symmetric image more appealing than they would an asymmetric one. We investigated how these two factors jointly affect aesthetic preferences by manipulating both the amplitude spectrum slope and the symmetric level of images to assess their effects on aesthetic preference on a 6-point Likert scale. Our results showed that the preference ratings increased with the symmetry level but had an inverted U-shaped relation to amplitude spectrum slope. In addition, a strong interaction existed between symmetry level and amplitude spectrum slope on preference rating, in that symmetry can amplify the amplitude spectrum slope’s effects. A quadratic function of the spectrum slope can describe such effects. That is, preference is an inverted U-shaped function of spectrum slope whose intercept is determined by the number of symmetry axes. The modulation depth of the quadratic function manifests the interaction between the two factors.
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Okuyama, Teruhiro, Saori Yokoi, Hideki Abe, Yasuko Isoe, Yuji Suehiro, Haruka Imada, Minoru Tanaka, et al. "A Neural Mechanism Underlying Mating Preferences for Familiar Individuals in Medaka Fish." Science 343, no. 6166 (January 2, 2014): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1244724.
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Social familiarity affects mating preference among various vertebrates. Here, we show that visual contact of a potential mating partner before mating (visual familiarization) enhances female preference for the familiarized male, but not for an unfamiliarized male, in medaka fish. Terminal-nerve gonadotropin-releasing hormone 3 (TN-GnRH3) neurons, an extrahypothalamic neuromodulatory system, function as a gate for activating mating preferences based on familiarity. Basal levels of TN-GnRH3 neuronal activity suppress female receptivity for any male (default mode). Visual familiarization facilitates TN-GnRH3 neuron activity (preference mode), which correlates with female preference for the familiarized male. GnRH3 peptides, which are synthesized specifically in TN-GnRH3 neurons, are required for the mode-switching via self-facilitation. Our study demonstrates the central neural mechanisms underlying the regulation of medaka female mating preference based on visual social familiarity.
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Cheung, Stephen L. "Comment on “Risk Preferences Are Not Time Preferences”: On the Elicitation of Time Preference under Conditions of Risk." American Economic Review 105, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 2242–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120946.
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Andreoni and Sprenger (2012a, b) report evidence that distinct utility functions govern choices under certainty and risk. I investigate the robustness of this result to the experimental design. I find that the effect disappears completely when a multiple price list instrument is used instead of a convex time budget design. Alternatively, the effect is reduced by half when sooner and later payment risks are realized using a single lottery instead of two independent lotteries. The result is thus at least partially driven by intertemporal diversification, supporting an explanation in terms of concavity of the intertemporal, and not only atemporal, utility function. (JEL C91, D81, D91)
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D’Ambrosio, Joseph G., and William P. Birmingham. "Preference-directed design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 9, no. 3 (June 1995): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060400002456.
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AbstractCurrent design practices mandate that engineering designs be evaluated based on multiple attributes, e.g., cost, power, and area. For multiattribute design problems, generation and evaluation of the Pareto optimal set guarantees the optimal design will be found, but is not practical for a large class of problems. Iterative techniques can be applied to most problems, but sacrifice optimality. In this paper, we introduce a new technique that extends the set of design problems that can be solved optimally. By first constructing an imprecise value function, the number of nondominated alternatives that must be generated is reduced. We describe an implementation based on combinatorial optimization and constraint satisfaction which achieves additional performance gains by decomposing the value function to identify dominated design-variable assignments. Test results indicate that our approach extends the set of problems that can be solved optimally.
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Ennaceur, Amel, Zied Elouedi, and Eric Lefèvre. "Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method with Belief Preference Relations." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 22, no. 04 (August 2014): 573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488514500287.
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In modeling Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem, we usually assume that the decision maker is able to elicitate his preferences with precision and without difficulty. However, in many situations, the expert is unable to provide his assessment with certainty or he is unwilling to quantify his preferences. To deal with such situations, a new MCDM model under uncertainty is introduced. In fact, we focus here on the problem of modeling expert opinions despite the presence of incompleteness and uncertainty in their preference assessments. Besides, our proposed solution suggests to model these preferences qualitatively rather than exact numbers. Therefore, we propose to incorporate belief preference relations into a MCDM method. The expert assessments are then formulated as a belief function problem since this theory is considered as a useful tool to model expert judgments.
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Elgharabawy, Ayman, Mukesh Prasad, and Chin-Teng Lin. "Subgroup Preference Neural Network." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 6104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186104.
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Subgroup label ranking aims to rank groups of labels using a single ranking model, is a new problem faced in preference learning. This paper introduces the Subgroup Preference Neural Network (SGPNN) that combines multiple networks have different activation function, learning rate, and output layer into one artificial neural network (ANN) to discover the hidden relation between the subgroups’ multi-labels. The SGPNN is a feedforward (FF), partially connected network that has a single middle layer and uses stairstep (SS) multi-valued activation function to enhance the prediction’s probability and accelerate the ranking convergence. The novel structure of the proposed SGPNN consists of a multi-activation function neuron (MAFN) in the middle layer to rank each subgroup independently. The SGPNN uses gradient ascent to maximize the Spearman ranking correlation between the groups of labels. Each label is represented by an output neuron that has a single SS function. The proposed SGPNN using conjoint dataset outperforms the other label ranking methods which uses each dataset individually. The proposed SGPNN achieves an average accuracy of 91.4% using the conjoint dataset compared to supervised clustering, decision tree, multilayer perceptron label ranking and label ranking forests that achieve an average accuracy of 60%, 84.8%, 69.2% and 73%, respectively, using the individual dataset.
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Benabbou, Nawal, Cassandre Leroy, and Thibaut Lust. "An Interactive Regret-Based Genetic Algorithm for Solving Multi-Objective Combinatorial Optimization Problems." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 03 (April 3, 2020): 2335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i03.5612.
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We propose a new approach consisting in combining genetic algorithms and regret-based incremental preference elicitation for solving multi-objective combinatorial optimization problems with unknown preferences. For the purpose of elicitation, we assume that the decision maker's preferences can be represented by a parameterized scalarizing function but the parameters are initially not known. Instead, the parameter imprecision is progressively reduced by asking preference queries to the decision maker during the search to help identify the best solutions within a population. Our algorithm, called RIGA, can be applied to any multi-objective combinatorial optimization problem provided that the scalarizing function is linear in its parameters and that a (near-)optimal solution can be efficiently determined when preferences are known. Moreover, RIGA runs in polynomial time while asking no more than a polynomial number of queries. For the multi-objective traveling salesman problem, we provide numerical results showing its practical efficiency in terms of number of queries, computation time and gap to optimality.
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Neelon, Daniel P., Rafael L. Rodríguez, and Gerlinde Höbel. "On the architecture of mate choice decisions: preference functions and choosiness are distinct traits." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1897 (February 20, 2019): 20182830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2830.
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Mate choice is an important cause of sexual selection; it can drive the evolution of extravagant ornaments and displays, and promote speciation through the reproductive isolation generated by rapid divergence of sexual traits. Understanding mate choice requires knowledge of the traits involved in generating mate-choice decisions, and how those traits may interact with each other. It has been proposed that mate-choice decisions are the outcome of two components that vary independently: the preference function (the ranking of the attractiveness of prospective mates) and choosiness (the effort invested in mate assessment). Here we test this hypothesis by examining individual variation in female preference functions and choosiness in green treefrogs ( Hyla cinerea ). We show that measures describing preference functions and choosiness are not correlated. We also show that both components are influenced differently by variation in female body size, and that preference function shape (closed and preferring intermediate values or open-ended and preferring extremes) has a strong influence on this relationship: function traits are positively correlated with body size only for individuals with closed functions, while choosiness is positively correlated with body size for individuals with open functions, but negatively for those with closed functions.
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Homburg, Carsten, André Hoppe, Roman Schick, and Amelie Braul. "Accounting for preference dependency in target costing – a note." Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting 57, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 845–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11156-021-00962-9.
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AbstractTarget costing is a well-established strategic cost management tool in theory and practice. The original target costing model implies independence of customer preferences resulting in additive utility functions for the customer-oriented optimization of cost structures. We argue that this independence of preferences is not given until a minimum variant of a product is reached that provides its inherent functionality. This is reasonable since one cannot assign customer utility to a product that does not function in its most basic way. Our modified model accounts for the dependency of customer preferences and differentiates between the costs necessary to produce a minimum variant and those related to product features beyond this minimum variant. The customer-oriented optimization of the cost structure is then conducted only for those costs that exceed the costs of the minimum variant. This modification justifies the preference independence assumption in target costing and allows for a more reasonable assignment of required adjustments in costs per product component.
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Rahmahdian, Rini, and Perry Warjiyo. "Measuring the Time Inconsistency of Monetary Policy in Indonesia." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 15, no. 4 (September 23, 2013): 321–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v15i4.430.
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This study measured the time inconsistency of monetary policy in Indonesia using the asymmetric preference parameter in linear exponential loss function of the central bank. Asymmetric central bank preference becomes an important issue since many of the results on the time inconsistency problem under symmetric preferences may no longer hold under asymmetric preferences. Using two sub-samples, i.e. before and after the implementation of central bank independence act, the conditional mean and the conditional variance of the output gap were estimated and then proceed to estimate the reduced form of the model. The results showed the existence of an asymmetric preference parameter before the Bank Indonesia independence act, which indicated the presence of a time inconsistency problem of monetary policy. This finding implies Bank Indonesia put a negative weight instead of positive weight on the output gap prior to its independency. However, after the implementation of central bank independence, the monetary policy of Bank Indonesia has been consistent with symmetric policy preference over price stability and output. Keywords: Time inconsistency, discretionary, monetary policy, asymmetric central bank preference, output gap, inflation bias.JEL Classification : E52, E58
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Rahmahdian, Rini, and Perry Warjiyo. "MENGUKUR TIME INCONSISTENCY KEBIJAKAN MONETER DI INDONESIA." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 15, no. 4 (September 23, 2013): 335–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v15i4.71.
Full textAbstract:
This study measured the time inconsistency of monetary policy in Indonesia using the asymmetric preference parameter in linear exponential loss function of the central bank. Asymmetric central bank preference becomes an important issue since many of the results on the time inconsistency problem under symmetric preferences may no longer hold under asymmetric preferences. Using two sub-samples, i.e. before and after the implementation of central bank independence act, the conditional mean and the conditional variance of the output gap were estimated and then proceed to estimate the reduced form of the model. The results showed the existence of an asymmetric preference parameter before the Bank Indonesia independence act, which indicated the presence of a time inconsistency problem of monetary policy. This finding implies Bank Indonesia put a negative weight instead of positive weight on the output gap prior to its independency. However, after the implementation of central bank independence, the monetary policy of Bank Indonesia has been consistent with symmetric policy preference over price stability and output. Keywords: Time inconsistency, discretionary, monetary policy, asymmetric central bank preference, output gap, inflation bias.JEL Classification : E52, E58
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Liu, Pai, Matthew Powers, Cheryl Dye, Ellen Vincent, and Mary Padua. "Walking in Your Culture: A Study of Culturally Sensitive Outdoor Walking Space for Chinese Elderly Immigrants." HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal 14, no. 3 (January 13, 2021): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1937586720985885.
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Objectives: This was a study conducted in Atlanta, GA, in the United States with Chinese elderly immigrants, examining the relationship between visual preference and motivation to walk in a particular outdoor space. Backgrounds: Outdoor walking promotes the well-being of older adults. However, their declined body functions impact their motivation to walk outside. For elderly immigrants living in a country with different cultural backgrounds from their homelands, it is important to find the ways to enhance their motivation of outdoor walking. Method: Visual preference survey was conducted to assess preferences of first-generation Chinese elderly immigrants attending a care facility setting. Preferences included Chinese classical walking spaces or American modern walking spaces. The data were interpreted using descriptive statistics and factorial experiment analysis. Results: A total of 95 Chinese elderly immigrants gave valid responses to the visual preference survey. Survey results revealed that respondents had a high preference for Chinese classical walking spaces even though they had an average time of 26 years as a U.S. resident. Although the functions and purposes of the walking spaces caused safety and comfort concerns, the interaction effects of design style, design function, and design purpose illustrated that Chinese classical style had high effectiveness to promote outdoor walking of Chinese elderly immigrants. Conclusions: These results support the significance of culturally sensitive care environments in promoting outdoor walking for elderly Chinese immigrants. It also indicates that spaces designed with an assigned cultural style had higher attractiveness to older adults from the same assigned cultural background.
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Bourdache, Nadjet, and Patrice Perny. "Active Preference Learning Based on Generalized Gini Functions: Application to the Multiagent Knapsack Problem." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 7741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33017741.
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We consider the problem of actively eliciting preferences from a Decision Maker supervising a collective decision process in the context of fair multiagent combinatorial optimization. Individual preferences are supposed to be known and represented by linear utility functions defined on a combinatorial domain and the social utility is defined as a generalized Gini Social evaluation Function (GSF) for the sake of fairness. The GSF is a non-linear aggregation function parameterized by weighting coefficients which allow a fine control of the equity requirement in the aggregation of individual utilities. The paper focuses on the elicitation of these weights by active learning in the context of the fair multiagent knapsack problem. We introduce and compare several incremental decision procedures interleaving an adaptive preference elicitation procedure with a combinatorial optimization algorithm to determine a GSF-optimal solution. We establish an upper bound on the number of queries and provide numerical tests to show the efficiency of the proposed approach.
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Cruz Rambaud, Salvador, and Piedad Ortiz Fernández. "Delay Effect and Subadditivity. Proposal of a New Discount Function: The Asymmetric Exponential Discounting." Mathematics 8, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8030367.
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The framework of this paper is intertemporal choice and, more specifically, the so-called delay effect. Traditionally, this anomaly, also known as decreasing impatience, has been revealed when individuals reverse their preferences over monetary or non-monetary rewards. In this manuscript, we will analyze the delay effect by using preference relations and discount functions. The treatment of the delay effect with discount functions exhibits several scenarios for this paradox. Thus, the objective of this paper is to deduce the different expressions of the delay effect and their mathematical characterizations by using discount functions in stationary and dynamic settings. In this context, subadditivity will be derived as a particular case of decreasing impatience. Finally, we will introduce a new discount function, the so-called asymmetric exponential discount function, able to describe decreasing impatience.
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Wang, Yan, Jian-tao Zhou, and Hong-yan Tan. "CC-PSM: A Preference-Aware Selection Model for Cloud Service Based on Consumer Community." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/170656.
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In order to give full consideration to the consumer’s personal preference in cloud service selection strategies and improve the credibility of service prediction, a preference-aware cloud service selection model based on consumer community (CC-PSM) is presented in this work. The objective of CC-PSM is to select a service meeting a target consumer’s demands and preference. Firstly, the correlation between cloud consumers from a bipartite network for service selection is mined to compute the preference similarity between them. Secondly, an improved hierarchical clustering algorithm is designed to discover the consumer community with similar preferences so as to form the trusted groups for service recommendation. In the clustering process, a quantization function called community degree is given to evaluate the quality of community structure. Thirdly, a prediction model based on consumer community is built to predict a consumer’s evaluation on an unknown service. The experimental results show that CC-PSM can effectively partition the consumers based on their preferences and has good effectiveness in service selection applications.
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Christensen, Larry, and Alisa Brooks. "Changing Food Preference as a Function of Mood." Journal of Psychology 140, no. 4 (July 2006): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jrlp.140.4.293-306.
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