Journal articles on the topic 'Predictive Personality Measure'
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Borghans, Lex, Bart H. H. Golsteyn, James J. Heckman, and John Eric Humphries. "What grades and achievement tests measure." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 47 (November 8, 2016): 13354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601135113.
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Intelligence quotient (IQ), grades, and scores on achievement tests are widely used as measures of cognition, but the correlations among them are far from perfect. This paper uses a variety of datasets to show that personality and IQ predict grades and scores on achievement tests. Personality is relatively more important in predicting grades than scores on achievement tests. IQ is relatively more important in predicting scores on achievement tests. Personality is generally more predictive than IQ on a variety of important life outcomes. Both grades and achievement tests are substantially better predictors of important life outcomes than IQ. The reason is that both capture personality traits that have independent predictive power beyond that of IQ.
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Poorthuis, Astrid M. G., Sander Thomaes, Jaap J. A. Denissen, Marcel A. G. van Aken, and Bram Orobio de Castro. "Personality in Action." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 30, no. 3 (January 1, 2014): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000186.
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Personality research has mainly relied on self-report measures, more than on behavioral assessments. In the present study, brief behavioral personality tests were developed to measure behavior that is prototypical for the Big Five traits of conscientiousness and agreeableness. A longitudinal study (N = 322; mean age = 12.2 years) examined the predictive value of these newly developed personality tests on changes in academic and social adjustment across the transition to secondary school. Conscientiousness and agreeableness were measured before the transition to secondary school using both the behavioral personality tests and a self-report questionnaire. Academic achievement and social acceptance were measured both pre- and post-transition. The behavioral test of conscientiousness predicted changes in children’s school achievement across the transition to secondary school, above and beyond self-reported conscientiousness. Similarly, the behavioral test of agreeableness predicted change in social acceptance, whereas self-reported agreeableness did not. Behavioral personality tests index unique aspects of children’s behavioral dispositions that are not fully captured by traditional self-report personality questionnaires, and that have predictive power over time.
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Fleischhauer, Monika, Anja Strobel, Sören Enge, and Alexander Strobel. "Assessing Implicit Cognitive Motivation: Developing and Testing An Implicit Association Test to Measure Need for Cognition." European Journal of Personality 27, no. 1 (January 2013): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1841.
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The personality trait need for cognition (NFC) refers to individual differences in cognitive motivation and has proven to be an extraordinarily useful descriptor and predictor in the context of information processing. So far, NFC has been assessed via self–report. More recent research, however, accentuates the value of indirect measures, as they tap into implicit aspects of the personality self–concept and are assumed to provide incremental validity especially in predicting automatic aspects of behaviour. Therefore, in the present research, different NFC–Implicit Association Tests (IATs) were developed and pretested for psychometric properties. The final version was systematically tested for its predictive validity over and above the direct NFC measure based on a latent variable approach. The results provide evidence for a double dissociation model and suggest the NFC–IAT to exert its predictive value regarding the more spontaneous aspects of NFC–related behaviour, whereas the NFC scale was rather predictive for the more reflective aspects of behaviour. Moreover, the present research contributes to the understanding of construct–unrelated variance in personality IATs and offers valuable information for test development in the realm of personality IATs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Mervielde, Ivan. "Cognitive processes and computerized personality assessment." European Journal of Personality 2, no. 2 (June 1988): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410020205.
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Several implications of the cognitive viewpoint on personality are tested and the predictive validity of cognitive processing variables is assessed with judgements of parents and friends as a criterion measure. Free recall of items was related to cognitive schemas but reaction time during score recall was not. Ease of faking as well as response latency during faking were not related to cognitive schemas. Intra‐individual analysis revealed a consistent non‐linear relationship between response latency and item score in all conditions of the experiment. Although some cognitive process variables were correlated with the criterion measures, adding these variables to item scores did not always increase the predictive validity.
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Schmalbach, Bjarne, Markus Zenger, Ana Nanette Tibubos, Ada Borkenhagen, Bernhard Strauss, and Elmar Brähler. "The Narcissistic Personality Inventory 8: Validation of a Brief Measure of Narcissistic Personality." International Journal of Psychological Research 13, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4855.
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The present study was conducted with the aim of constructing and validating a short form of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). The NPI is the most widely-applied measure for the assessment of narcissistic personality traits and, therefore, it is of great relevance for many research questions in personality and social psychology. To develop the short scale, we first found the optimal eight-item solution among all valid combinations of the NPI-15 items in an exploratory subsample (n = 1,165) of our complete representative sample of the German general population. We then validated this model in a confirmatory subsample (n = 1,126). Additionally, we examined its invariance across age groups and sex, as well as its reliability, as well as construct and predictive validity —comparing it to the NPI-15. Our results indicate that the NPI-8 is a valid and reliable measure of narcissistic personality with minimal losses compared to the 15-item version. Particularly where brevity and an economical assessment are desired, the NPI-8 should be considered.
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McGrath, Robert E., Ashley Hall-Simmonds, and Lewis R. Goldberg. "Are Measures of Character and Personality Distinct? Evidence From Observed-Score and True-Score Analyses." Assessment 27, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191117738047.
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Two studies were conducted to investigate redundancy between the character strengths found in the VIA model of character and familiar personality facets. Study 1 used a community sample ( N = 606) that completed a measure of character strengths, four personality inventories, and 17 criterion measures. The second study used Mechanical Turk workers ( N = 498) who completed measures of the HEXACO and VIA models and 111 criterion variables. Analyses were conducted using both observed scores and true score estimates, evaluating both predictive and conceptual overlap. Eight of 24 VIA scales proved to be largely redundant with one HEXACO personality facet, but only one VIA scale (Appreciation of Beauty) was largely redundant with Five Factor facets. All strength scales except Spirituality overlapped substantially with at least one personality facet. The results suggest the VIA Classification variables are strongly related to commonly measured personality facets, but the two models are not redundant.
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Mcbride, Carolina, David C. Zuroff, Jason Bacchiochi, and R. Michael Bagby. "DEPRESSIVE EXPERIENCES QUESTIONNAIRE: DOES IT MEASURE MALADAPTIVE AND ADAPTIVE FORMS OF DEPENDENCY?" Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.1.1.
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This study investigated the distinction between neediness and connectedness as measured by the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976) by examining the association between these personality scales and: (1) depression severity, (2) the domains and facets of the Five Factor Model of Personality (FFM; Costa & McCrae, 1985, 1992), and (3) attachment style in a university student sample and in a clinical sample of depressed patients. In the student sample, both neediness and connectedness were related to depression severity; however, the association was stronger for neediness. No relation was found between these personality scales and symptom severity in the clinical sample. Differences between neediness and connectedness emerged in their relationship to personality and attachment style. In both samples, neediness was predictive of a more psychopathological personality profile and attachment style than was connectedness. The results support the argument that DEQ connectedness assesses a less maladaptive form of dependency than does neediness.
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Spielmann, Nathalie, Barry J. Babin, and Caroline Verghote. "A personality-based measure of the wine consumption experience for millennial consumers." International Journal of Wine Business Research 28, no. 3 (August 15, 2016): 228–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-09-2015-0035.
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Purpose This paper aims to propose a personality-based approach to measure Millennial consumers’ wine evaluations. Past personality-based measures (brand personality, country personality and product personality) each presents their own issues when it comes to measuring wine perceptions, especially those of neophyte wine consumers. This paper proposes a new, holistic and tailored measure to gauge the personality dimensions Millennials perceive in wine. Design/methodology/approach Multiple studies were conducted in France. Items from former personality scales were combined and condensed. An exploratory factor analysis (n = 318) followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (n = 236) across wines from different regions were conducted. Predictive validity tests relating the dimensions of wine personality to key consumer outcomes were also conducted. Finally, face validity tests with real wines were conducted (n = 190). Findings The results suggest two dimensions of wine personality for Millennial consumers: a social and a philosophical dimension. The nine-trait structure is stable across origins and each dimension can be related to quality and value perceptions, attitudes and purchase intent. The findings suggest a new way for managers to gauge the way their wine offering is received by Millennial wine consumers. Originality/value The initial personality structure, uncovered across the multiple studies, suggests a parsimonious way to understand how an important wine segment, Millennials, perceives wines. The measure includes brand, product and origin perceptions and thus proposes a holistic way of understanding young consumers’ perception of wine personality.
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Helou, Leah B., J. Richard Jennings, Clark A. Rosen, Wei Wang, and Katherine Verdolini Abbott. "Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscle Response to a Public Speech Preparation Stressor: Personality and Autonomic Predictors." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 2940–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00402.
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Purpose Laboratory stressors have been shown to impact the activity of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs), which may be part of the final causal pathway in some stress-induced voice disorders. Previous research suggests that personality traits such as stress reaction might increase one's susceptibility to these problems. Also, the autonomic nervous system response is implicated in the pathogenesis of voice disorders putatively involving ILM hyperfunction. The purpose of this study was to investigate personality and autonomic nervous system predictors of ILM responses to stressor exposure. Method Thirty-seven physically and vocally healthy female adults completed a personality questionnaire and were subjected to a speech preparation task intended to induce stress. Fine wire electromyography of the ILMs was performed so that the activity of these muscles could be measured prior to and during the stressor. Participants' trait stress reaction was measured as a personality-based predictive variable, as was respiratory-corrected respiratory sinus arrhythmia, a putative measure of vagal outflow to the heart. Results The personality measure trait stress reaction uniquely predicted thyroarytenoid, trapezius, and tibialis activity, whereas respiratory sinus arrhythmia uniquely predicted the activity of all muscles studied. Differences were observed in the autonomic predictor variable as a function of whether or not effects of respiration were accounted for in the variable's calculation. Conclusions This study explores the potential mediating roles of personality and autonomic function in ILM activity during a stressor. Both variables have value in predicting ILM activity during stressor exposure.
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Dolan, Mairead. "Psychopathic personality in young people." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 10, no. 6 (November 2004): 466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.10.6.466.
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This article is an overview of developments in psychopathy and their application to children and adolescents. A key question is whether or not psychopathy is stable throughout the lifespan. Some characteristics indicate phenotypic similarities with adult psychopathy, and current instruments appear to be measuring similar constructs across the age ranges. Although the literature on developmental aspects of psychopathy in young people is limited, a number of instruments have been designed to measure the construct. These tools appear to have reasonable construct, concurrent and predictive validity, but we cannot yet recommend their routine use in clinical practice or in the criminal justice system, given the limited evidence base on their predictive validity. At best, they should be viewed as a means of subtyping potentially high-risk groups with a view to treatment planning.
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Van Hook, Cheryl W., and Connie Steele. "Individual Personality Characteristics Related to Suggestibility." Psychological Reports 91, no. 3 (December 2002): 1007–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3.1007.
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The current study investigated the relationship between suggestibility of memory, personality characteristics identified by the Millon Index of Personality Traits, and tolerance for ambiguity measured by MacDonald's Ambiguity Tolerance-20. 85 female and 16 male college students were assigned to either an experimental group receiving the suggestive information or a control group. Suggestibility was assessed using Lindberg's suggestibility measure consisting of a short video, followed by a questionnaire used to assess memory, and a second administration one week later. Logistical regression analyses were used to construct a model of the personality characteristics predictive of suggestibility and indicated that susceptibility to suggestive information may differ across personalities for variables such as sensing, innovating, agreeing, and low tolerance of ambiguity.
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Brown, Nicolas A., Ashley Bell Jones, David G. Serfass, and Ryne A. Sherman. "Reinvigorating the Concept of a Situation in Situational Judgment Tests." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 9, no. 1 (March 2016): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.113.
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What is the role of the situation in situational judgment tests (SJTs)? Lievens and Motowidlo (2016) assert that SJTs are somewhat of a misnomer because they do not actually measure how individuals would behave in a given situation per se. According to these researchers, SJTs assess general domain knowledge—whether potential employees recognize the “utility of expressing certain traits” (p. 4). As a result, SJTs map onto personality measures, which are a summary of behavior across time and situations. SJTs provide predictive validity in part because they tap into personality. However, rather than renaming SJTs, it is possible to reintroduce the concept of a situation to provide even greater predictive power. Thus, the goals of this commentary are to (a) clarify what constitutes a situation, (b) describe what SJTs might actually measure, and (c) set forth a path for a taxonomy of workplace situations.
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Seto, Michael C., Jeffrey C. Sandler, and Naomi J. Freeman. "The Revised Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests: Predictive and Concurrent Validity." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 7 (December 16, 2015): 636–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215618375.
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This study examined the predictive and concurrent validity of the Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests (SSPI) and its recent revision (SSPI-2), using a large sample of 2,416 sex offenders deemed not to be in need of civil management in New York State. Both SSPI and SSPI-2 scores were significantly and positively related to sexual rearrest, but the SSPI-2 provided greater discrimination in rearrest within 5 years across possible scores. Neither measure significantly added to the prediction of sexual rearrest provided by the Static-99R. We also found evidence of concurrent validity, as both measures were positively and significantly correlated with clinician ratings of sexual preoccupation, emotional identification with children, and sexual offense–related cognitions (convergent validity), but were not significantly related to clinician ratings of self-regulation problems, noncompliance with supervision, or antisocial personality (divergent validity). Overall, the results suggest that the SSPI-2 is a specific and useful screening measure of pedophilic sexual interests among sex offenders with child victims.
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Baquedano, María Teresa Sanz de Acedo, and María Luisa Sanz de Acedo Lizarraga. "A Correlational and Predictive Study of Creativity and Personality of College Students." Spanish journal of psychology 15, no. 3 (November 2012): 1081–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39398.
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The goals of this study were to examine the relationship between creativity and personality, to identify what personality variables better predict creativity, and to determine whether significant differences exist among them in relation to gender. The research was conducted with a sample of 87 students at the Universidad Pública de Navarra, Spain. We administered the Creative Intelligence Test (CREA), which provides a cognitive measure for creativity and the Situational Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), which is composed of 15 personality features. Positive and significant correlations between creativity and independence, cognitive control, and tolerance personality scales were found. Negative and significant correlations between creativity and anxious, dominant, and aggressive personalities were also found. Moreover, four personality variables that positively predicted creativity (efficacy, independence, cognitive control, and integrity-honesty) and another four that negatively predicted creativity (emotional stability, anxiety, dominance, and leadership) were identified. The results did not show significant differences in creativity and personality in relation to gender, except in self-concept and in social adjustment. In conclusion, the results from this study can potentially be used to expand the types of features that support creative personalities.
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Nuriman, Nuriman, and Syahrial Razali Ibrahim. "Measuring Validity and Reliability of the Model of Islamic Religious-Personality and Social Environment as a Mediator." Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun 8, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v8i2.375.
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This study aims to measure the validity and reliability of the Islamic Religious-Personality and Social Environmental (IRPS) model. Religiosity and spirituality mediated by social environment variables were measured by SEM-PLS. Cognitive development by Piaget and the spiritual development theory by Fawler were applied in this study. The quantitative approach as a data analysis tool for the five hypotheses developed in the model. To ensure the validity and reliability of the converger validity instrument, Deverger validity and Construct Reliability test were involved with 32 items, and indicators that were valid and reliable were used to measure the Religiosity and Spirituality mediated by the social environment towards the personality of the adolescent. A total of 381 samples had been taken with systematic random sampling. The sample consisted of high school students, vocational schools, and Islamic senior high schools. The age of the respondents consisted of 16-19 years consists of 112 males and 169 females. The IRPS model that was developed has gone through a predictive relevance test and it turns out that it can be used to measure Islamic Religion-Personality through a Social Environment. The study found that there was an influence of Islamic religiosity on adolescent personality and adolescent personality not influenced by Islamic spirituality. Islamic religiosity and spirituality correlated with the social environment and positively influencing the personality of adolescents.
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Weaving, Jessica, Vasiliki Orgeta, Martin Orrell, and K. V. Petrides. "Predicting anxiety in carers of people with dementia: the role of trait emotional intelligence." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 7 (March 21, 2014): 1201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214000404.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) is a personality dimension related to affect that has been shown to predict psychopathology. The objective of the present study was to examine the predictive validity of trait EI in explaining anxiety symptoms in family carers of people with dementia.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 203 dementia family caregivers. We used the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire – Short Form (TEIQue-SF) to measure trait EI in carers. The predictive validity of the scale in explaining anxiety was tested via regression analysis.Results:Bivariate correlational analysis indicated that lower levels of trait EI were related to higher perceived burden, higher anxiety and depression, and poorer self-rated health in carers. Multiple regression analyses indicated that trait EI was a significant predictor of anxiety symptoms after accounting for known factors influencing outcomes for caregivers. Trait EI also showed strong predictive validity in relation to psychosocial outcomes in carers.Conclusions:Trait EI plays an important role in predicting anxiety in dementia caregivers. Theoretical models and interventions aimed at carers of people with dementia should take into account aspects of personality.
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Germans, Sara, Guus L. Van Heck, Douglas R. Langbehn, and Paul P. G. Hodiamont. "The Iowa Personality Disorder Screen." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 26, no. 1 (January 2010): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000003.
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The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and predictive validity of the Iowa Personality Disorder Screen (IPDS) as a screening instrument for personality disorders (PDs) were studied in 195 Dutch psychiatric outpatients, using the SCID-II as the gold standard. All patients completed a self-administered version of the IPDS. Internal consistency was moderate (0.64), and the test-retest reliability was good (0.87). According to the SCID-II, 97 patients (50%) had at least one personality disorder (PD). The IPDS correctly classified 81.0 percent of all participants in the category PD present/absent. The sensitivity and specificity were 77% and 88%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 83% and 79%. Test-retest reliability after a 2-week interval was 0.87. These results are comparable with those reported in earlier studies with respect to the interview version of the IPDS and more promising than previously reported results obtained with a self-report version of the IPDS. Therefore, it is concluded that a self-report version of the IPDS may be useful as a screening measure for determining the presence/absence of PD in a population of psychiatric outpatients.
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Nijs, Ilse M. T., Ingmar H. A. Franken, and Fren T. Y. Smulders. "BIS/BAS Sensitivity and the P300 Event-Related Brain Potential." Journal of Psychophysiology 21, no. 2 (January 2007): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.21.2.83.
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Abstract. Both a reduced amplitude of the P300 event-related potential component and a highly impulsive personality are known to be strong predictive markers for substance abuse and related psychiatric disorders. Because of this common link to externalizing psychopathology, a significant negative association between the P300 amplitude and personality measures related to behavioral disinhibition is expected. The present study investigated correlations between the visual P300 amplitude and the personality dimensions of Behavioral Approach System (BAS) sensitivity and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) sensitivity among healthy subjects (N = 44; mean age = 24 ± 4.93 years). To measure BIS and BAS sensitivity the BIS/BAS scales were used. Significant positive correlations were found between BAS sensitivity and P300 amplitude at both anterior and posterior scalp locations above the right hemisphere. There were no significant correlations between P300 amplitude and BIS sensitivity. Results are discussed in light of the rather inconsistent findings from previous studies investigating P300 amplitude and impulsivity-related measures. It is concluded that a P300 amplitude reduction may be regarded as a general, nonspecific marker for psychopathology and psychopathology-prone personality functioning.
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Meggs, Jennifer,, and Scott, Reed. "The Relationship between Prenatal Testosterone (2D:4D), Big 5 Personality Traits and GRIT in Different Cultural Contexts." Journal of Education and Culture Studies 4, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): p83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v4n4p83.
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Digit ratio (2D:4D; a putative correlate of prenatal testosterone) has been shown to be predictive of important personality factors such as mental toughness, optimism and academic achievement. However, to date no study has attempted to investigate prenatal testosterone levels as a predictor of GRIT (persistency and constancy) and the Big 5 personality traits Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. Research has also alluded to the potential gender and cultural differences in biological underpinnings of psychological functioning. This study included a sample of Dubai and UK undergraduate students and examined associations between prenatal testosterone (2D:4D), GRIT and Big 5 personality traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism). UK and Dubai participants followed the same testing procedure and completed a self-report measure for GRIT and Big 5 personality traits, followed by providing a right-hand scan, which was later used to measure 2D:4D using Vernier Callipers. Results showed that in Dubai participants, the measured psychological variables explained a greater amount of variance in 2D:4D than in UK participants. Openness to experience was a strong significant predictor of 2D:4D in Dubai participants whereas, GRIT, conscientiousness and openness to experience were all significant predictors of 2D:4D for UK participants.
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Eisenbarth, Hedwig, and Luna C. M. Centifanti. "Dimensions of Psychopathic Traits in a Community Sample." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 36, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000478.
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Abstract. There are valid measures of psychopathic traits in youth, such as the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). However, it is unclear how another self-report measure, which is based on a different conceptualization of psychopathy relates to the YPI in youth and to antisocial behavior. We therefore, compared the construct validity of two measures: the personality-based Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R) and the YPI – based on adult antisocial personality traits. First, both measures showed sufficient model fit and some overlap in their variance, particularly YPI impulsive-irresponsible and grandiose-manipulative factors with PPI-R self-centered impulsivity, as well as YPI callous-unemotional with PPI-R coldheartedness. We found that although overall delinquency was correlated with PPI-R and YPI subscales, only the self-centered impulsivity factor of the PPI-R and only the Impulsive-Irresponsibility domain of the YPI were statistically predictive of self-reported antisocial behavior. Thus, the PPI-R and the YPI both show moderate construct validity and criterion validity for use among young community adults.
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Osborne, John W., T. O. Maguire, and N. Angus. "Private Self-Consciousness as a Moderator Variable?" Psychological Reports 60, no. 1 (February 1987): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.1.303.
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Previous studies suggested that private self-consciousness may function as a moderator of the predictive validity of self-report measures of personality. This paper critically examined the construct validity of the Self-consciousness Scale used to measure private self-consciousness. The conceptual and methodological difficulties involved in measuring private self-consciousness are discussed with particular reference to the ubiquity of self-consciousness theory and the problem of method variance associated with the exclusive use of self-report in validating the Self-consciousness Scale. A phenomenologically derived profile of test experience is offered as a way of checking the validity of self-reported measures.
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Veazey, Connie H., Alisha L. Wagner, J. Ray Hays, and Holly A. Miller. "Validity of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test in Psychiatric Inpatients." Psychological Reports 96, no. 3 (June 2005): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3.771-774.
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This study investigated the validity of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST), a brief measure of malingering, in an inpatient psychiatric sample of 70. Among those patients who also completed the Personality Assessment Inventory ( N = 44), Total M-FAST score was related in the expected directions to the Personality Assessment Inventory validity scales and indexes, providing evidence for concurrent validity of the M-FAST. With the PAI malingering index used as a criterion, we examined the diagnostic efficiency of the M-FAST and found a cut score of 8 represented the best balance of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power. Based on this cut-score of 8, 16% of the population was classified as malingering. The M-FAST appears to be an excellent rapid screen for symptom exaggeration in this population and setting.
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Best, Rachel D., Patrick J. Cruitt, and Patrick L. Hill. "NEUROTICISM PREDICTS INFORMANT-REPORTED COGNITIVE DECLINE THROUGH HEALTH BEHAVIORS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3115.
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Abstract Our current study attempts to better understand the relationship between personality and cognitive decline. In this study, we analyzed whether health behaviors act as mediating variables for the relationship between personality and cognitive decline. Additionally, we were interested to see how personality influences different health behaviors, and which health behaviors in particular are predictive of cognitive decline. In addition to analyzing the composite score of health behaviors in relation to personality and cognitive decline, we analyzed each of its four components (wellness maintenance, accident control, traffic risk, and substance abuse; Vickers, Conway & Hervig, 1990). To measure cognitive decline, we used the Ascertain Dementia Eight Item Scale, an informant-report screening measure. Personality has consistently been linked to cognitive decline (Curtis, Windsor & Soubelet, 2015; Chapman, Duberstein, Tindle, Sink, Robbins, Tancredi & Franks, 2013; Low, Harrison & Lackersteen, 2013), but has not yet been analyzed with an informant report measure. Informant-report may be more reliable than self-report when measuring cognitive decline because participants who exhibit cognitive impairment may not be equipped or willing to report about their own cognitive ability. We found that neuroticism significantly predicted informant-reported cognitive decline and that this relationship was mediated by health behaviors, specifically, wellness maintenance. Wellness maintenance was the only category of health behavior that predicted informant-reported cognitive decline. Surprisingly, conscientiousness was unrelated to informant-reported cognitive decline as were extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to experience.
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MacCann, Carolyn, Gerald Matthews, Moshe Zeidner, and Richard D. Roberts. "PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A REVIEW OF SELF‐REPORT AND PERFORMANCE‐BASED TESTING." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 247–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb028975.
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This article provides a review and conceptual comparison between self‐report and performance‐based measures of emotional intelligence. Analyses of reliability, psychometric properties, and various forms of validity lead to the conclusion that self‐report techniques measure a dispositional construct, that may have some predictive validity, but which is highly correlated with personality and independent of intelligence. Although seemingly more valid, performance‐based measures have certain limitations, especially when scored with reference to consensual norms, which leads to problems of skew and restriction of range. Scaling procedures may partially ameliorate these scoring weaknesses. Alternative approaches to scoring, such as expert judgement, also suffer problems since the nature of the requisite expertise is unclear. Use of experimental paradigms for studying individual differences in information‐processing may, however, inform expertise. Other difficulties for performance‐based measures include limited predictive and operational validity, restricting practical utility in organizational settings. Further research appears necessary before tests of E1 are suitable for making real‐life decisions about individuals.
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Wilsher, Simon. "Behavior profiling: implications for recruitment and team building." Strategic Direction 31, no. 9 (August 10, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sd-02-2015-0023.
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Purpose – This paper aims to address the role of behavior profiling in personnel recruitment and selection and how managers would benefit by using behavior assessment. Psychometric tests that measure cognitive ability and behavioral traits are regularly used to support management decisions in recruitment, team building and leadership development. But are they effective as a determinant of hiring and can their use be justified? Design/methodology/approach – The relationship between personality and job performance has been studied frequently in business psychology, particularly so in the past 20 years. This paper sets out by discussing the advent of personality profiling and exploring the advances made to where we are today with behavior assessment tests. It addresses the views of academics and the use of behavior assessment in the corporate setting. Findings – There are many studies that document the validity of cognitive ability tests and personality/behavior profiling as predictors of work performance. Of the numerous procedures used for recruitment and selection, two combinations – general mental ability (cognitive ability or GMA) plus an integrity test (personality profiling) and GMA plus a structured interview – have the highest multivariate validity and utility for job performance. Behavior profiling is an effective determinant of hiring. Practical implications – Adopting personnel selection methods with high predictive validity ensures that managers can make decisions with a stronger degree of certainty and confidence. Using behavior profiling in conjunction with cognitive ability measures and sound interview techniques maximizes the predictive power of the selection process. Social implications – Behavior assessment tests should also benefit those taking the test by providing a facility that conveys important issues about their personality and behavior. This will allow them to discover areas that need to be addressed to make positive changes within themselves to achieve their ultimate goals in life, both personal and career. Originality/value – This paper addresses, among other things, the research of several people into the use of personality measures in personnel selection. The paper will benefit all those involved with recruitment, team building and leadership development by improving their understanding of the use of behavior assessment tests.
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Thielmann, Isabel, Benjamin E. Hilbig, Ingo Zettler, and Morten Moshagen. "On Measuring the Sixth Basic Personality Dimension: A Comparison Between HEXACO Honesty-Humility and Big Six Honesty-Propriety." Assessment 24, no. 8 (March 17, 2016): 1024–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116638411.
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Recent developments in personality research led to the proposition of two alternative six-factor trait models, the HEXACO model and the Big Six model. However, given the lack of direct comparisons, it is unclear whether the HEXACO and Big Six factors are distinct or essentially equivalent, that is, whether corresponding inventories measure similar or distinct personality traits. Using Structural Equation Modeling (Study 1), we found substantial differences between the traits as measured via the HEXACO-60 and the 30-item Questionnaire Big Six (30QB6), particularly for Honesty-Humility and Honesty-Propriety (both model’s critical difference to the Big Five approach). This distinction was further supported by Study 2, showing differential capabilities of the HEXACO-60 and the 30QB6 to account for several criteria representing the theoretical core of Honesty-Humility and/or Honesty-Propriety. Specifically, unlike the indicator of Honesty-Humility, the indicator of Honesty-Propriety showed low predictive power for some conceptually relevant criteria, suggesting a limited validity of the 30QB6.
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Hernández Ortiz, Ana F., Olivia López-Martínez, and Francisco J. Corbalán Berná. "Creative Talent and Personality: A Primary Education Study." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 4203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104203.
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We hope to answer the following questions with this study: What are the most characteristic personality traits of students with creative talent? Are there personality traits that allow a subject to promote his or her creativity? Lastly, is there a relationship between these personality traits and a neurobiological basis for creativity? The results of this study should serve to identify and develop creative talents and to continue stimulating their divergent thinking. The BFQ-NA questionnaire, which evaluates five personality traits, and the CREA and PIC-N creativity tests, which measure creative intelligence and imagination, respectively, were administered to a sample of 244 students aged ten to twelve years old. The data from the statistical analysis indicate that Conscientiousness is the most predictive trait for creativity for CREA (B = 0.18, p < 0.001), as well as for PIC in terms of narrative creativity (B = 1.044, p < 0.001) and graphic creativity (B = 0.213, p = 0.003 and total B = 1.259, p < 0.001). Other statistically significant traits, albeit to a lesser degree than Conscientiousness, were Openness and Emotional Instability.
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Gojčeta, Alen, Benjamin Banai, and Lana Lučić. "Propensity to Selling Scale." Psihologijske teme 30, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.30.2.7.
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Sales occupation is one of the most frequent in the job market, and selection of successful sales people is typically among the highest priorities of their companies. Research aimed at explaining sales performance shows that traditional psychometric predictors are limited in achieving this goal. Common constructs that are typically related to work behaviour, such as abilities or personality traits, typically show non-significant or low relations with sales performance. Taking that into an account, we developed a new measure for assessing one’s propensity for selling, based on motivational constructs that underlie successful sales job. In the first study, we developed an initial set of items and assessed its content validity using a sample of sales professionals. In the second study, we assessed the scale’s dimensionality, divergent and predictive validity. A sample of 99 contact centre agents were asked to describe themselves using newly developed items and measures of personality and explicit motives. Besides psychometric measures, the data on agents’ objective sales performance was provided by their employer. First, a unidimensional, three-item solution was shown to be the most appropriate in the exploratory factor analysis of initially developed items. Second, an aggregated result of these three items, representing a total scale score, showed to be largely independent of personality and explicit motives measures. Third, propensity to selling, compared to personality and motives measures, showed to be the most important predictor in explaining the variance of objective sales performance. The scale was labelled Propensity to Selling Scale, and its theoretical and practical implications were further discussed.
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Kelders, Saskia Marion, Hanneke Kip, and Japie Greeff. "Psychometric Evaluation of the TWente Engagement with Ehealth Technologies Scale (TWEETS): Evaluation Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): e17757. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17757.
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Background Engagement emerges as a predictor for the effectiveness of digital health interventions. However, a shared understanding of engagement is missing. Therefore, a new scale has been developed that proposes a clear definition and creates a tool to measure it. The TWente Engagement with Ehealth Technologies Scale (TWEETS) is based on a systematic review and interviews with engaged health app users. It defines engagement as a combination of behavior, cognition, and affect. Objective This paper aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the TWEETS. In addition, a comparison is made with the experiential part of the Digital Behavior Change Intervention Engagement Scale (DBCI-ES-Ex), a scale that showed some issues in previous psychometric analyses. Methods In this study, 288 participants were asked to use any step counter app on their smartphones for 2 weeks. They completed online questionnaires at 4 time points: T0=baseline, T1=after 1 day, T2=1 week, and T3=2 weeks. At T0, demographics and personality (conscientiousness and intellect/imagination) were assessed; at T1-T3, engagement, involvement, enjoyment, subjective usage, and perceived behavior change were included as measures that are theoretically related to our definition of engagement. Analyses focused on internal consistency, reliability, and the convergent, divergent, and predictive validity of both engagement scales. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the engagement scales with involvement, enjoyment, and subjective usage; divergent validity was assessed by correlating the engagement scales with personality; and predictive validity was assessed by regression analyses using engagement to predict perceived behavior change at later time points. Results The Cronbach alpha values of the TWEETS were .86, .86, and .87 on T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Exploratory factor analyses indicated that a 1-factor structure best fits the data. The TWEETS is moderately to strongly correlated with involvement and enjoyment (theoretically related to cognitive and affective engagement, respectively; P<.001). Correlations between the TWEETS and frequency of use were nonsignificant or small, and differences between adherers and nonadherers on the TWEETS were significant (P<.001). Correlations between personality and the TWEETS were nonsignificant. The TWEETS at T1 was predictive of perceived behavior change at T3, with an explained variance of 16%. The psychometric properties of the TWEETS and the DBCI-ES-Ex seemed comparable in some aspects (eg, internal consistency), and in other aspects, the TWEETS seemed somewhat superior (divergent and predictive validity). Conclusions The TWEETS performs quite well as an engagement measure with high internal consistency, reasonable test-retest reliability and convergent validity, good divergent validity, and reasonable predictive validity. As the psychometric quality of a scale is a reflection of how closely a scale matches the conceptualization of a concept, this paper is also an attempt to conceptualize and define engagement as a unique concept, providing a first step toward an acceptable standard of defining and measuring engagement.
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Carvalho, Lucas de Francisco, and Giselle Pianowski. "Dependency, mood instability, and inconsequence traits for discriminating borderline personality disorder." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 41, no. 1 (March 2019): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0010.
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Abstract Introduction Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is one of the most widely studied personality disorders (PDs). It recurrently shows traits of emotional lability, anxiety, separation insecurity, depressiveness, impulsiveness, risk exposure, and hostility, mainly affecting the domains of negative affectivity and antagonism. Objectives To investigate the most discriminant dimensions of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade 2 [IDCP-2]) to distinguish people diagnosed with BPD from people without this diagnosis. Methods A total of 305 participants were included in this study: psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with BPD (n = 30), psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with other PDs (n = 75), and a community sample (n = 200). BPD traits were assessed using the dependency, mood instability, and inconsequence dimensions of the IDCP-2. Results Analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparisons indicated highest mean measures in the BPD group, and mood instability factors were the most discriminant ones when considering all groups. Applying the multiple regression analysis, we found an adjusted r 2 = 0.50, and hopelessness was the most predictive measure (β = 0.32; t = 6.19; p < 0.001). Conclusions We found discriminatory capacity for factors of all dimensions, although at different levels, and more consistent results to discriminate the BPD group from the community sample.
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Schulze, Ralf, and Richard D. Roberts. "Assessing the Big Five." Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 214, no. 3 (July 2006): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0044-3409.214.3.133.
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Abstract. A new measure of the Big Five personality constructs, the Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Index Condensed (OCEANIC), was developed and validated. In Study 1 (N = 166), the convergent validity with the Big Five as assessed by the NEO-FFI was established. Study 2 (N = 3 808) served to investigate the structure of the instrument with stepwise exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The incremental predictive validity with respect to objective university grades was examined in Study 3 (N = 145). The results show that a) the scales of the initial item pool converge with those of an established measure of the Big Five, b) the Big Five factor model fits the data both at the item and facet level and both for subsamples of students and workers, and c) consistent with previous research, the Conscientiousness factor of the OCEANIC predicts university grades beyond intelligence measures.
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Fetterman, Adam K., Bastiaan T. Rutjens, Florian Landkammer, and Benjamin M. Wilkowski. "On Post–Apocalyptic and Doomsday Prepping Beliefs: A New Measure, Its Correlates, and the Motivation to Prep." European Journal of Personality 33, no. 4 (July 2019): 506–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2216.
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Post–apocalyptic scenarios provide the basis for popular television shows, video games, and books. These scenarios may be popular because people have their own beliefs and visions about the apocalypse and the need to prepare. The prevalence of such beliefs might also hold societal relevance and serve as a type of projective test of personality. However, there are no quantitative accounts of post–apocalyptic or prepping beliefs. As such, we conducted seven studies ( Ntotal = 1034) to do so. In Studies 1 and 2, we developed a post–apocalyptic and prepping beliefs scale, explored its correlates, and confirmed its structure and psychometric properties. In Study 3, we attempted to activate a ‘prepper’ mindset and further explore the correlates of the new scale. In Studies 4 and 5, we investigated covariations in daily feelings, thoughts, and events, and prepping beliefs. In Studies 6a and 6b, we compared scores from ‘real’ preppers and to a non–prepping group. Overall, we found that post–apocalyptic concerns and prepping beliefs are predictive of low agreeableness and humility, paranoia, cynicism, conspiracy mentality, conservatism, and social dominance orientation. We also found that increased belief in the need to prep is associated with God–belief, negative daily experiences, and global political events. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Myers, Melissa A., Natasha Basu, Murphy N. Harrell, Jasmin H. Pizer, Nanako A. Hawley, Stephen L. Aita, Matthew Calamia, and Benjamin D. Hill. "A-182 Development of a PTSD-Specific Embedded Validity Measure in the Personality Assessment Inventory." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.200.
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Abstract Objective/Background The present study investigated the feasibility of developing a PTSD-specific malingering scale embedded within the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Methods Participants consisted of 489 individuals [mean age = 20.0 (SD = 3.29); 71% female; 73.0% Caucasian, 17.6% African American, 3.5%, 9.4% Other] who completed PAI. 274 individuals were in the control group and instructed to answer normally while 215 were instructed to simulate PTSD with intent to successfully feign PTSD in the context of a legal case. The following were identified as candidate PAI subscales for logistic regression to identify feigned PTSD: ARD-T, BOR-A, SCZ-T, ANX-P, and DEP-P. Results Logistic regression analysis was performed with known group as the dependent variable and PAI subtest normed T-scores as predictor variables. The final full model of five predictor variables significantly predicted group status (χ2 = 384.9, df = 5, N = 489, p < 0.001). The model accounted for 54.5% to 73.0% of the variance (Cox and Snell R2 = 0.545; Nagelkerke R2 = 0.730) in performance classification with overall 89.4% of individuals correctly predicted to their known group. At a cut value of 0.65 the specificity was 94.9%, and the sensitivity was 82.3%. Within the model, the following variables were incrementally predictive of group membership: ARD-T (B = 0.05, p < 0.001), BOR-A (B = 0.04, p < 0.05), and ANX-P (B = 0.04, p < 0.05). Conclusions Preliminary evidence for use of an embedded PAI malingering scale within the PAI was found. Further replication is needed in clinical populations prior to use in practice.
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Perugini, Marco, and Anna Paola Ercolani. "Validity of the Five Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI): An Investigation in Italy." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 14, no. 3 (September 1998): 234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.14.3.234.
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The Big Five are nowadays the standard factors of personality dimensions. Several instruments have been proposed in the last few years for their measurement, either with adjectives or with items. A new state-of-the-art questionnaire to measure the Big Five is the Five-Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI), composed of 100 items. For this article, the questionnaire was validated in Italy with a sample of 249 subjects. Generalizibility, reliability, construct validity (convergent and discriminant), and predictive validity were investigated. Particular attention was devoted to the fifth factor, the most debated in current literature. Results fully supported the validity of FFPI and testify to its high-level psychometric properties. The fifth factor of the FFPI proved to be different from the standard definitions (Intellect or Openness to Experience), being better characterized as Autonomy.
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Keng, Shian-Ling, Yirong Lee, Sukriti Drabu, Ryan Y. Hong, Cornelia Y. I. Chee, Cyrus S. H. Ho, and Roger C. M. Ho. "Construct Validity of the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder in Two Singaporean Samples." Journal of Personality Disorders 33, no. 4 (August 2019): 450–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_352.
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This study examined the construct validity of the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD) in a consecutive sample of adult psychiatric patients (n = 128) and a separate sample of undergraduate students (n = 289) in Singapore. Participants were administered the MSI-BPD and other measures assessing related symptoms of BPD. Patients were also administered a semistructured interview by interviewers blind to their MSI-BPD scores. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed a unique three-factor solution, consisting of affect dysregulation, self-disturbances, and behavioral and interpersonal dysregulation. In both samples, the MSI-BPD demonstrated good internal consistency and convergent validity. The measure also showed good discriminant validity and predictive accuracy (AUC = .82), with an optimal cut-off score of 7.5. Overall, the findings suggest that BPD is a valid and coherent clinical construct in Singapore, and point to the need to further clarify the presentation and etiology of BPD in this cultural context.
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Sergi, Ida, Augusto Gnisci, Vincenzo P. Senese, and Marco Perugini. "The HEXACO-Middle School Inventory (MSI)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 36, no. 4 (July 2020): 681–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000538.
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Abstract. We developed and validated a novel measure, the 6-factor personality HEXACO-Middle School Inventory (MSI). We started with a pool of 16 items for each of the six dimensions of the HEXACO. In Study 1, we administered the HEXACO-MSI to 1,089 Italian children and the Observer version to their parents. Using principal component analyses (PCA) and extension factor analysis (EFA), we selected the best eight items for each dimension. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the 6-factor dimensionality and its invariance. Internal consistency of each dimension was adequate. Convergent and divergent validity were successfully established with a version of the scale filled by parents. Convergent validity was also established with the Big Five Questionnaire – Children (BFQ-Children) whereas divergent validity was less clear-cut. Conscientiousness, Honesty-Humility, and eXtraversion demonstrated predictive validity of school marks (criterion validity). In Study 2 ( N = 317), we replicated dimensionality, internal consistency, and established test-retest reliability of each dimension in two measurements at a 1 month distance. The HEXACO-MSI showed a clear personality structure organized in six traits, and evidence of predictive validity of relevant school criteria particularly via Conscientiousness, Honesty-Humility, and eXtraversion.
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Whitman, Megan R., Danielle L. Burchett, Anthony M. Tarescavage, Yossef S. Ben-Porath, and Martin Sellbom. "Predictive Validity of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form Scale Scores in an Intimate Partner Violence Intervention Program." Criminal Justice and Behavior 47, no. 8 (May 5, 2020): 978–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854820918003.
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Intimate partner violence intervention programs (IPVIPs) are intended to rehabilitate individuals charged with intimate partner violence (IPV) offenses, but these programs evidence high rates of treatment dismissal and recidivism. Applying the risk-needs-responsivity framework to improve IPVIP effectiveness has been suggested, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) may be used to inform risk estimates in this context. Past research has evaluated MMPI-2-RF Restructured Clinical scale scores in an IPVIP setting, but the remaining MMPI-2-RF substantive scales have yet to be evaluated. We tested the predictive validity of conceptually relevant MMPI-2-RF Higher-Order, Specific Problems, and Personality Psychopathology Five scale scores among a large sample of men who were court-mandated to treatment. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that several MMPI-2-RF scores incremented predictions of treatment dismissal and various recidivism variables beyond intake variables. Relative risk ratio analyses demonstrated promising utility of the measure in IPVIP settings.
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Sellbom, Martin, David M. Corey, and Yossef S. Ben-Porath. "Examining the Validity of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire in the Assessment of Police Candidates." Assessment 28, no. 1 (November 13, 2019): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191119887443.
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A well-validated test of normal personality functioning is necessary in preemployment evaluations of candidates for public safety positions. In this study, we evaluated the construct validity and predictive validity of one such measure, the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), in a large sample of candidates for law enforcement positions. We examined associations between MPQ scale scores and biographical data, clinician suitability ratings on the 10 established California Commission on Peace Officer and Standards and Training (POST) psychological screening dimensions, and (for a subsample) posthire performance outcome data. MPQ scores generally demonstrated a conceptually expected pattern of associations with criterion variables, supporting their construct validity. Scores related to negative emotionality were particularly salient predictors of a range of POST-10 suitability ratings. Scales assessing aspects of positive emotionality, impulsivity, as well as absorption, emerged as the best predictors of posthire performance problems.
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Barrett, Jessica, Christianne M. Eason, Rhyan Lazar, and Stephanie M. Mazerolle. "Personality Traits and Burnout Among Athletic Trainers Employed in the Collegiate Setting." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.7.08.
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Context: Burnout, a psychological state of mental weariness that occurs when work stresses become overwhelming, has frequently been documented in athletic trainers and has been hypothesized to affect professional retention. Experiences of burnout may be influenced by individual-level factors such as gender or personality, though few researchers have investigated such interactions in athletic trainers.Objective: To investigate the relationship between personalities, as measured by the Big Five Personality Inventory, and burnout.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: Online Web-based survey.Patients or Other Participants: A total of 189 athletic trainers working in the collegiate setting, 65 men (34.4%) and 124 women (65.6%), with an average of 5 ± 3 years certified and 2.5 ± 2 years working in their current position.Main Outcome Measure(s): Data were collected using a Web-based survey instrument consisting of 3 sections: (1) demographics, (2) burnout survey, and (3) Big Five Personality Inventory. Likert responses for the burnout score were summed. Independent t tests, Pearson correlations, and multiple regressions were calculated to evaluate the relationships between demographics and burnout and between burnout and personality.Results: This group of athletic trainers experienced moderate burnout, regardless of gender. A weak negative correlation was present between burnout score and both agreeableness and extraversion. A weak positive correlation existed between burnout and neuroticism. These variables did not predict burnout scores; only neuroticism added significantly to the weak predictive value. Personality explained only 17.3% of the variability in burnout scores.Conclusions: Our study confirms the findings of previous researchers highlighting moderate burnout in athletic trainers employed in the collegiate setting. We did not find that personality significantly predicted burnout, though it did account for a small amount of the variance in burnout scores. Thus, organizational-level factors may play a greater role in determining burnout in athletic trainers than individual-level factors such as personality.
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Bogacki, David F., Deborah J. Armstrong, and Kenneth J. Weiss. "Reducing School Violence: The Corporal Punishment Scale and its Relationship to Authoritarianism and Pupil-Control Ideology." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 33, no. 3 (September 2005): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318530503300304.
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Prevailing research indicates that corporal punishment in schools may aggravate the risk of violence among students. The authors hypothesized that personality characteristics of educational personnel may contribute to the risk that corporal punishment will be applied. Study 1 investigates the relationship between attitudes toward corporal punishment and two personality variables: authoritarianism and pupil-control ideology. Data were collected from 20 public schools and three parochial schools in Pennsylvania, Texas, and New Jersey. A total of 387 school personnel served as research participants for the study. The Corporal Punishment Scale (CPS) was used to measure the attitudes of school personnel toward corporal punishment. The CPS correlated positively with authoritarian personality traits (r = .78), and pupil-control ideology (r = .76). These findings support the convergent and concurrent criterion validity of the CPS. The predictive validity of the CPS is supported by a correlation with self-report of actual use ofcorporal punishment in Study 2 (r =.71). The authors conclude that the use ofthe CPS in screening school personnel may be important in preventive risk management with violent students.
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Ivannikov, Vyacheslav A., Alexey N. Gusev, Daniil D. Barabanov, and Evgeniy V. Eidman. "MEANINGFULNESS AND ACTION ORIENTATION AS PREDICTORS OF SELF-CONTROL AND WILLPOWER TRAITS." Moscow University Psychology Bulletin, no. 2 (2020): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2020.02.01.
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Background. This study examined a set of personality traits related to selfcontrol or willpower, (WP), and how self-ratings of these self-control traits are influenced by the cognitive constructs of action (versus state) orientation and meaningfulness. Design. The subjects were 943 university students, aged 17–29 (M = 19.5 years), who volunteered to complete J. Kuhl’s (1996) Action-State Orientation (ASO) scale, a Russian adaptation of the Purpose In Life test (PIL) as a measure of meaningfulness and sense-making capacity, and self-ratings of self-control traits, such as “persistence”, “decisiveness”, and “self-discipline” that produced an aggregate measure of WP and four willpower factors reflecting (1) emotional regulation, (2) commitment to action, (3) energy, and (4) execution. Results. State-oriented ineffective sense-makers (those who scored low on both ASO and PIL) rated themselves the lowest on WP. Conversely, action-oriented effective sense-makers (high scorers on both ASO and PIL) produced the highest WP self-ratings. Mediator-modelling regression analyses showed ASO and PIL to be predictive of self-rated WP — both independently, and by mediating each other’s influence on aggregate WP ratings. However, the predictive power of PIL was substantially higher than that of ASO, and the overall pattern of prediction varied across the four willpower sub-factors. Conclusion. Our results confirm the role of sense-making as a key mechanism of volitional regulaiton, and its interactions with cognitive resources such as action-orientation dispositions captured by ASO.
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Clemente, Miguel, Dolores Padilla-Racero, and Pablo Espinosa. "Revenge among Parents Who Have Broken up Their Relationship through Family Law Courts: Its Dimensions and Measurement Proposal." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 4950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244950.
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This work analyzes inter-parental revenge after a breakup process, as it relates to the dark triad of personality, moral disengagement, and sex role ideology. Our objective was to test a predictive model for revenge based on these variables. Additionally, a scale to measure revenge among parents was developed. A sample of 384 participants who had minor children, had broken up their relationship, and had undergone or were undergoing problematic judicial procedures regarding their children completed a survey. They answered to measures of the dark triad of personality (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy); moral disengagement strategies; sex role ideology, and revenge. An instrument (the R scale), with adequate reliability and validity was developed to test revenge. Results show that revenge behaviors are perpetrated by 1 to 5% of participants. Revenge has three components: revenge through the child, revenge through economic manipulation, and revenge by cutting off communication. Results also show that for males, but not for females, sex role ideology mediates the relationship between the components of the dark triad, moral disengagement, and revenge. This paper aims at providing some insight for the protection of minors from manipulation by means of the Family Courts.
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Riaz, Saima, Zakia Bano, Raheel Abbas, and Muhammad Rizwan. "Dilemmas of Adolescents: Dark Triad and Relational Aggression, Moderated by Economic Status." Review of Economics and Development Studies 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v4i2.405.
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Objective of the present study was to find out the relationship between dark triad and relational aggression among adolescents. A sample of 612 adolescent students with age range 12-19 were selected from different educational institute of Gujrat, Pakistan. Dark triad personality scale short version and the Urdu version of diverse adolescent relational aggression scale were used to measure relational aggression. The findings of the current study revealed significant predictive relation of machiavellianism with relational aggression [R2 =. 220; F (1, 607) = 171.340, p<.01], narcissism with relational aggression [R2 =.189; F (1, 607) = 141.753, p<.01] and psychopathy with relational aggression [R2 =.265; F (1, 607) = 218.635, p<.01]. Conclusion: The present study supported the predictive relationship of dark triad with relational aggression. These findings may have implication in the future intervention and prevention procedure for adolescents.
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Zide, Julie S., Maura J. Mills, Comila Shahani-Denning, and Carolyn Sweetapple. "Work interruptions resiliency: toward an improved understanding of employee efficiency." Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance 4, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joepp-04-2016-0031.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to operationalize the construct of work interruptions resiliency (WIR) and develop a measure assessing the extent to which employees report resiliency in resumption of work activities post-interruption (Study 1), and to further examine WIR’s nomological net, specifically its predictive relations with important employee-level outcomes (Study 2). Design/methodology/approach Study 1 utilized subject matter experts and data from 274 employees from a range of industries for scale development. Study 2 utilized 365 registered nurses from a hospital network to confirm and extend the findings from Study 1 within a relevant, dynamic job type. Findings Study 1 yielded a psychometrically sound measure for WIR comprised of four factors (typical, critical, external, sensory). Validity was evidenced via negative correlations with cognitive demand and Type A personality, and positive correlations with conscientiousness. Study 2 expanded WIR’s nomological net by evidencing its predictive relations with employees’ role clarity, autonomy support, role breadth self-efficacy, and evidence-based practice adoption intentions. Research limitations/implications This research introduces WIR and develops a measure for assessment, providing validity evidence and establishing an initial nomological net for WIR upon which further research can rely and build. Practical implications The work interruptions resiliency construct and measure have the potential to impact selection and training, particularly in job types wherein poor recovery from interruptions can yield detrimental consequences. Originality/value Work interruptions compromise productivity and result in errors. It is therefore crucial that organizations assess the extent to which employees are resistant to the detrimental effects of such disruptions (Study 1) and understand the nature of WIR’s predictive relations with important employee-level outcomes (Study 2).
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Kerman, Kaan, Kathryn E. Sieving, Colette S. Mary, and Michael L. Avery. "Evaluation of boldness assays and associated behavioral measures in a social parrot, monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)." Behaviour 153, no. 13-14 (2016): 1817–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003356.
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Boldness reflects consistent individual differences in risk-taking behavior across various contexts. However, evaluating this basic assumption has largely been neglected in birds. In a captive monk parakeet population (Myiopsitta monachus; ), we undertook an analysis of 7 measures across 3 commonly used boldness assays (i.e., novel object, emergence, and predator-exposure tests). Using principal component analysis, we derived 3 components (PCs). PC-2 loaded strongly with measures from emergence and predator-exposure tests; we interpreted it as the closest approximation of boldness. PC-1 and PC-3 described different aspects of feeding such as foraging activity and rate, respectively. Finally, we assessed the predictive power of each measure that loaded significantly on the boldness axis. We found that no single metric explained even %55 of the variation in PC-2, nor could more than %50 individuals at the extremes of the spectrum be predicted. Our results demonstrate the utility of an inclusive approach in personality research.
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STANSFELD, S. A., R. FUHRER, and M. J. SHIPLEY. "Types of social support as predictors of psychiatric morbidity in a cohort of British Civil Servants (Whitehall II Study)." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 4 (July 1998): 881–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798006746.
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Background. Few studies have examined prospectively both the direct and buffering effects of types of social support and social networks on mental health. This paper reports longitudinal associations between types of social support and psychiatric morbidity from the Whitehall II study.Methods. Social support was measured by the Close Persons Questionnaire and psychiatric morbidity by the General Health Questionnaire at baseline (1985–1988) and at first follow-up (1989) in 7697 male and female London-based civil servants aged 35–55 years at baseline. The cohort was followed up and baseline measures were used to predict psychiatric disorder measured by the General Health Questionnaire at second follow-up (1991–1993).Results. Longitudinal analyses showed that low confiding/emotional support in men and high negative aspects of close relationships in men and women were associated with greater risk of psychiatric morbidity even after adjustment for baseline General Health Questionnaire score. There was no evidence of a buffering effect among men or women who experienced life events or chronic stressors. Controlling for a personality measure of hostility did not affect the observed relations.Conclusions. The present findings illustrate that different types of support are risk factors for psychological distress and that they operate in different ways for men and women. Direct effects of emotional support are predictive of good mental health in men and negative aspects of close relations predict poor mental health in both men and women. Emotional support is predictive of good mental health in women whereas, confiding alone is not.
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Martínez-Molina, Agustín, and Víctor B. Arias. "Balanced and positively worded personality short-forms: Mini-IPIP validity and cross-cultural invariance." PeerJ 6 (September 13, 2018): e5542. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5542.
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BackgroundThe Mini-IPIP scales (Donellan et al., 2006) are possibly one of the most commonly used short inventories for measuring the Big Five Factors of personality. In this study, we aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of two Mini-IPIP Spanish short forms, one balanced and one positively wording (PW).MethodTwo samples, one from native Spanish speakers and another from native English speakers, made up a total of 940 participants in this study. The short forms were translated and adapted based on international guidelines. Reliability (internal and composite) and validity analyses (construct ESEM, concurrent, predictive and cross-cultural invariance through multi-group factorial models) were performed.ResultsFor both the balanced scale and the PW one, modeling a method factor was not relevant. The reliability and validity indices of both forms were according to theory and prior studies’ findings: (a) personality factors were medium-high related to affective factors; (b) personality factors were less related to life satisfaction than affective factors; (c) life satisfaction was medium-high related to affective factors; (d) neuroticism appeared mainly related to all criteria variables; and (e) an acceptable level of invariance was achieved with regard to the English version.DiscussionThis study contributes to research on personality assessment by providing the first evidence regarding the psychometric properties of a PW short measure. These results suggest that PW short scales of personality used after data screening techniques may be appropriate for future studies (e.g., cross-cultural, content validity).
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O’Connor, Peter J., and Chris J. Jackson. "The Factor Structure and Validity of the Learning Styles Profiler (LSP)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 24, no. 2 (January 2008): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.24.2.117.
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The Learning Styles Profiler (LSP; Jackson, 2002 ) is a modern measure of individual differences in learning style. The LSP is based on a neuropsychological model of learning, modeled on principles of approach and avoidance, and argues for the division of personality into temperament and character. There has been little research into the psychometric structure and predictive validity of this instrument. In Study 1, the factor structure of the LSP is examined, and in Study 2 the criterion-related validity of the LSP is assessed. Results support the proposed factor structure of the LSP and show that 3 of the 4 LSP scales are significant predictors of Job Performance.
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Harada, Keita, Naoki Hayashi, and Katsushi Kagaya. "Individual behavioral type captured by a Bayesian model comparison of cap making by sponge crabs." PeerJ 8 (May 14, 2020): e9036. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9036.
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‘Animal personality’ is considered to be developed through complex interactions of an individual with its surrounding environment. How can we quantify the ‘personality’ of an individual? Quantifying intra- and inter-individual variability of behavior, or individual behavioral type, appears to be a prerequisite in the study of animal personality. We propose a statistical method from a predictive point of view to measure the appropriateness of our assumption of ‘individual’ behavior in repeatedly measured behavioral data from several individuals. For a model case, we studied the sponge crab Lauridromia dehaani known to make and carry a ‘cap’ from a natural sponge for camouflage. Because a cap is most likely to be rebuilt and replaced repeatedly, we hypothesized that each individual crab would grow a unique behavioral type and it would be observed under an experimentally controlled environmental condition. To test the hypothesis, we conducted behavioral experiments and employed a new Bayesian model-based comparison method to examine whether crabs have individual behavioral types in the cap making behavior. Crabs were given behavioral choices by using artificial sponges of three different sizes. We modeled the choice of sponges, size of the trimmed part of a cap, size of the cavity of a cap, and the latency to produce a cap, as random variables in 26 models, including hierarchical models specifying the behavioral types. In addition, we calculated the marginal-level widely applicable information criterion (mWAIC) values for hierarchical models to evaluate and compared them with the non-hierarchical models from the predictive point of view. As a result, the crabs of less than about 9 cm in size were found to make caps from the sponges. The body size explained the behavioral variables namely, choice, trimmed cap characteristics, and cavity size, but not latency. Furthermore, we captured the behavioral type as a probabilistic distribution structure of the behavioral data by comparing WAIC. Our statistical approach is not limited to behavioral data but is also applicable to physiological or morphological data when examining whether some group structure exists behind fluctuating empirical data.
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Lai, Julian C. L. "Differential Predictive Power of the Positively versus the Negatively Worded Items of the Life Orientation Test." Psychological Reports 75, no. 3_suppl (December 1994): 1507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3f.1507.
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A self-report measure of dispositional optimism, the Life Orientation Test, was administered to a group of 202 Hong Kong undergraduates. Consistent with prior findings, factor analysis yielded a two-factor solution with all positively worded items loaded on the first factor and all the negatively worded items loaded on the second. Prediction of physical symptom reports from scores on the two subscales was then tested with 85 subjects randomly selected from the original sample. Only the complete test and the subscale defined by the positively phrased items predicted symptom levels concurrently as well as prospectively over 3 wk. The negative subscale suggested by previous research as tapping pessimism rather than dispositional optimism showed no significant correlation with symptom levels. Moreover, when scores of the positive rather than the negative subscale were controlled, the significant correlation between scores on the Life Orientation Test and symptom reports was eliminated. These findings suggested a multidimensional view of the test and that the positive subscale may be sufficient to measure optimism validly. Implications of these for the personality dimensions of positive versus negative affectivity are also discussed.