Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prédiction trajectoire'
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Alligier, Richard. "Apprentissage artificiel appliqué à la prévision de trajectoire d'avion." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/12286/1/alligier.pdf.
Full textPham, Duc-Thinh. "Prédiction de trajectoire et avis de résolution de conflits de trafic aérien basée sur l’apprentissage automatique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP027.
Full textThe increasing in traffic demand has strained air traffic control system and controllers which lead to the need of novel and efficient conflict detection and resolution advisory. In the scope of this thesis, we concentrate on studying challenges in conflict detection and resolution by using machine learning approaches. We have attempted to learn and predict controller behaviors from data using Random Forest. We also propose a novel approach for probabilistic conflict detection by using Heteroscedastic Gaussian Process as predictive models and Bayesian Optimization for probabilistic conflict detection algorithm. Finally, we propose an artificial intelligent agent that is capable of resolving conflicts, in the presence of traffic and uncertainty. The conflict resolution task is formulated as a decision-making problem in large and complex action space, which is applicable for employing reinforcement learning algorithm. Our work includes the development of a learning environment, scenario state representation, reward function, and learning algorithm. Machine learning methods have showed their advantages and potential in conflict detection and resolution related challenges. However, more studies would be conducted to improve their performances such as airspace network representation, multi-agent reinforcement learning or controller's strategy reconstruction from data
Monot, Nolwenn. "Des systèmes d'aide à la conduite au véhicule autonome connecté." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0109/document.
Full textThis thesis is about the design of driving assistance systems for level 3 urban automated driving. Because of a more complex of the environment and a larger set of possible trajectories, the algorithms of highway automated driving are not adapted to urban environment. This thesis objective is to provide methods and algorithms to enable the vehicle to perform automated driving in urban scenarios, focusing on the vehicle lateral guidance and on the path planning. The proposed solutions operate in real-time on board of the automated vehicle prototypes. The contribution of this thesis is as theoretical as practical.After a synthesis of the driving assistance systems available on current cars and a presentation of the prototypes used for the validation of the algorithms developed in the thesis, a complete analysis of the vehicle lateral dynamics is carried out in time and frequency domains. This analysis enables the design of observers of the lateral dynamics in order not only to estimate signals required for the lateral guidance functions but also to increase reliability of available measurements. Based on the conclusions from the analysis of lateral dynamic, a multi-controller solution has been proposed. It enables the computation of a steering wheel input to follow a trajectory at any longitudinal speed. The solution is validated in simulation and on real road traffic for lane change scenarios. Another contribution consist in an analysis on the other vehicles of the environment is conducted in order to identify their behaviors and which maneuver there are performing. This analysis is essential for the path planning function developed in the thesis. This method, based on the A* algorithm and extended to respect geometric and dynamic constraints, firstly focuses on static environment such as a parking lot. Waypoints are added to the method in order to compute trajectories compatible with traffic regulation and improve the computation time. The method is then adapted for dynamic environment where, in the end, the vehicle is able to perform overtaking manoeuvers in a complex environment
Brault, Patrice. "Estimation de mouvement et segmentation d'image." Paris 11, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011310.
Full textThe first part of this thesis presents a new vision of the motion estimation (ME) in video sequences. We investigate motion estimation with redundant wavelet families tuned to different kind of transformations and, in particular, to speed. Today video compression standards are supposed to realize the compression in an object-based approach, but still compute raw motion vectors on “blocks”. We thus implemented these wavelet families because 1) they are built to perform motion parameter quantization on several kinds of motions (rotation, speed, acceleration) and 2) based on the motion parameters, we can propose an approach of the ME through the identification of the objects trajectories. The global approach is then closer to a contextual compression, based on the understanding of the scene. The second part introduces two new developments on unsupervised segmentation in a Bayesian approach. 1) we reduce the computation time of a sequence through an iterative implementation of the segmentation. We show an application with the ME of a segmented region. 2) We reduce the segmentation time by making the projection of the image in the wavelet domain. These two developments are based on a Potts-Markov modelling (PMRF) for the labels of the pixels and of the wavelet coefficients. They use a Markov Chain Monte Carlo iterative algorithm with a Gibbs sampler. We also develop a Potts model in the wavelet domain to tune it to the specific orientations of the wavelet subbands
Houenou, Adam. "Calcul de trajectoires pour la préconisation de manoeuvres automobiles sur la base d'une perception multi-capteur : application à l'évitement de collision." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00977389.
Full textMessaoud, Kaouther. "Deep learning based trajectory prediction for autonomous vehicles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS048.
Full textThe trajectory prediction of neighboring agents of an autonomous vehicle is essential for autonomous driving in order to perform trajectory planning in an efficient manner. In this thesis, we tackle the problem of predicting the trajectory of a target vehicle in two different environments; a highway and an urban area (intersection, roundabout, etc.). To this end, we develop solutions based on deep machine learning by phasing the interactions between the target vehicle and the static and dynamic elements of the scene. In addition, in order to take into account the uncertainty of the future, we generate multiple plausible trajectories and the probability of occurrence of each. We also make sure that the predicted trajectories are realistic and conform to the structure of the scene. The solutions developed are evaluated using real driving datasets
Ballesteros, tolosana Iris. "Commande Prédictive pour le Véhicule Autonome." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC007/document.
Full textThe thesis work contained in this manuscript is dedicated to the Advanced Driving Assistance Systems, which has become nowadays a strategic research line in many car companies. This kind of systems can be seen as a first generation of assisted or semi-autonomous driving, that will set the way to fully automated vehicles. The first part focuses on the analysis and control of lateral dynamics control applications - Autosteer by target tracking and the Lane Centering Assistance System (LCA). In this framework, safety plays a key role, bringing into focus the application of different constrained control techniques for linear parametervarying (LPV) models. Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Interpolation Based Control (IBC) have been the selected ones in the present work. In addition, it is a critical feature to design robust control systems that ensure a correct behavior under system's variation of parameters or in the presence of uncertainty. Robust Positive Invariance (RPI) theory tools are considered to design robust LPV control strategies with respect to large vehicle speed variations and curvature of the road changes. The second axis of this thesis is the optimization-based trajectory planning for overtaking and lane change in highways with anti-collision enhancements. To achieve this goal, an exhaustive description of the possible scenarios that may arise is presented, allowing to formulate an optimization problem which maximizes passenger comfort and ensures system constraints' satisfaction
Bimou, Charlotte. "Analyse de trajectoires, perte d'autonomie et facteurs prédictifs : Modélisation de trajectoires." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0030/document.
Full textThe increase in life expectancy of baby boom generations in developed countries would often be accompanied by functional limitations, disability, increasingly observed in the geriatric population. The general objective of this thesis was to contribute to the knowledge of the evolution of the functional independence of older people in a heterogeneous population. First, it was to identify homogeneous groups in a heterogeneous population of elderly people following the same functional independence trajectory over a two-year period, and potential predictive factors. Second, it was to analyze the clinical consequences of trajectories and patient survival over the same observation period. The SMAF (Système de Mesure de l'Autonomie Fonctionnelle) and ADL (Activities of Daily Living) scales were used as indicators for measuring independence. Analysis were performed from a sample of 221 patients of UPSAV (Unit for Prevention, Monitoring and Analysis of Aging) cohort. We used three methods including trajectory analysis including GBTM (Group-Based Trajectory Modeling), k-means and ascending hierarchical classification. The results suggest three distinct trajectories of functional independence: stable, stable then decline, continuously decline. The predictors of trajectories obtained using logistic regression are socio-demographic, medical and biological criteria. Patients assigned to the loss of independence trajectory (continuously altered trajectory) reported high proportions of injurious falls. Based on a Cox model, neurocognitive disorders, heart failure, involuntary weight loss and alcohol were revealed as predictors of death. We conclude from this work that the two-year longitudinal analysis identified homogeneous subgroups of elderly people in terms of changes in functional independence. The prevention of UPSAV becomes a useful even if the utility level is not the same. Prevention and screening of the loss of independence of the elderly person followed at home must be anticipated in order to delay the deterioration and to maintaining the autonomy. Future analyses should focus on exploring large cohorts of older people to confirm and generalize our research
Lafaye, Jory. "Commande des mouvements et de l'équilibre d'un robot humanoïde à roues omnidirectionnelles." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT052/document.
Full textThe problem of this thesis concerns the control of the movements and the equilibrium of humanoid robots that have a mobile base with omnidirectionnal wheels. The developed methods aim to reach high dynamical performances for this type of robot, while ensuring it stability and equilibrium. Humanoid robots have generally a center of mass relatively high compared to its contact surface with the ground. Therefore, the slightest acceleration of the robot bodies induces a large variation of the distribution of the contact forces with the ground. If they are not properly controlled, the robot can fall. Moreover, the robot having a mobile base with wheels, a disturbance can easily bring it to tilt on two wheels. Finally, a specific interest have been provided about the realisation of a real time controler implemented on the embedded system of the robot. This implies some constraints about the computationnal time of the control law. In order to answer these problems, two linear models of the robot have been developed. The first allows to modelize the dynamics of the robot when it has all of its wheels in contact with the ground. The second allows to modelize the dynamics of the robot when it tilts on two of its wheels. These models have been developed by taking into account the mass distribution of the robot. These models have been subsequently used in two predictive control laws, allowing to take into account at every instant the dynamical constraints as weel as the future behavior of the robot. The first allows to control the movements of the robot when it has all of its wheels in contact with the ground, preventing it for tilting. The second allows the robot to recover itself in a situation when a disturbance bring it to tilt, in order to bring back all of its wheels in contact with the ground. Also, a supervisor that has a state machine has been made in order to define which control law has to be executed at each instant. This supervisor uses the available sensors on the robot in order to observe its tilt state. Finally, in order to validate experimentally the results of the developments of this thesis, a series of experiments has been presented, demonstrating some aspects of the control law. In particular, some tests have been made concerning the tracking of non physically feasible trajectories, the reject of disturbances applied on the mobile base, the stabilisation of the robot during its tilt, and the compensation of the variations of the ground inclination
Herdt, Andrei. "Commande prédictive d'un robot humanoïde." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01038025.
Full textAsep, Rahmat. "Commande prédictive multidimensionnelle : application à la poursuite de trajectoire avion." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30176.
Full textRousseau, Gauthier. "Optimal trajectory planning and predictive control for cinematographic flight plans with quadrotors." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC086/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the autonomous performance of cinematographic flight plans by camera equipped quadrotors. These flight plans consist in a series of waypoints to join while adopting various camera behaviors, along with speed references and flight corridors. First, an in depth study of the nonlinear dynamics of the drone is proposed, which is then used to derive a linear model of the system around the hovering equilibrium. An analysis of this linear model allows us to emphasize the impact of the inertia of the propellers when the latter are tilted, such as the apparition of a nonminimum phase behavior of the pitch or roll dynamics. Then, two algorithms are proposed to generate smooth and feasible cinematographic trajectories. The feasibility of the trajectory is ensured by constraints on its time derivatives, suited for cinematography and obtained with the use of the nonlinear model of the drone. The first algorithm proposed in this work is based on a bi-level optimization of a piecewise polynomial trajectory, in order to find the fastest feasible minimum jerk trajectory to perform the flight plan. The second algorithm consists in the generation of feasible, minimum time, non-uniform B-spline trajectories. For both solutions, a study of the initilization of the optimization problem is proposed, as well as a discussion about their advantages and limitations. To this aim, they are notably confronted to simulations and outdoor flight experiments. Finally, a predictive control law is proposed to smoothly and accurately control the onboard camera
Abdi, Hadi Ibrahim. "Détection et prédiction des collisions en environnement non structuré." Amiens, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AMIE0114.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to introduce a System for predicting vehicle collision in an unstructured environment. The device is designed for high traffic areas located on ports or civil engineering projects, environments in which traffic moves without lane actually materialized. While many studies have been made on the detection of collision risk in structured environment (traffic lanes, roads, intersection, urban, etc. . . ), very few open areas concemed. The proposed system is static, positioned at critical points. From the images acquired by cameras wide field of view, the estimated position and velocity of the moving parts in order to be able to avoid collisions. We have developed in this thesis, methods for predicting and tracking trajectories of a set of moving vehicles in a scene monitoring. These vehicles have no specific sensors. The identification of critical situations is carried out in a first time from a busy grid of the treated area. And in a second step, the prediction of collisions is performed using a geometric approach, the exploitation of intersections of ellipses uncertainties to justify the risk of danger existing between the objects involved in the collision
Wybo, Sébastien. "Aide à la conduite des systèmes à risques par la prise en compte du risque : exemple de l'application à la conduite automobile." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/878/.
Full textNowadays, risky systems are encountered in everyday life, from nuclear power plants to civilian air transport or individual vehicle driving. Driving such systems is greatly different from one system to the next. Yet, an essential factor is shared among all these systems. Situation awareness and risk awareness in particular drive any such system driving. Failure in correctly understanding the driving situation can result in driving in degraded conditions that are riskier and thus have more probability of an accident. This thesis thus proposes a driving assistant system aimed at improving risky systems safety. To reach this goal it is proposed to assess current risk level and to inform the driver to bring him to safer driving conditions. This concept is then applied for automotive driving. This thesis proposes an implementation of such an automotive driving assistant system based on multi sensors data fusion to assess environment, driver and vehicles states. Such fusion is later used by the system to understand current driving situation, predict its evolution to predict the risks applied to the driver and his vehicle so as to inform the driver afterwards
Floc'H, France. "Prédiction de trajectoires d'objets immergés par couplage entre modèles d'écoulement et équations d'Euler-Newton." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624098.
Full textZreik, Alaa. "Semantic trajectory analysis for the prediction of the physical state of the collections at the BnF." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG003.
Full textThe mission of the National Library of France (BnF) is to collect, preserve, enrich and make available the national documentary heritage. Its collections comprise nearly forty million documents.One of the BnF's missions is to maintain the documents of its collections in good condition in order to ensure their availability to readers.The definition of a conservation/restoration policy by the experts requires the identification of the documents in poor condition; to this end, the physical state of the documents must be monitored regularly to identify those requiring urgent interventions. But this time-consuming task is impossible in practice due to the large volume of documents.The objective of our work is to provide a support to the experts in the definition of their conservation/restoration policies and to provide a decision support system allowing the characterization of the physical state of documents by the integration and analysis of the data available in the databases of the various departments of the BnF.Considering that each document is described by a conservation/restoration history, which includes all the information likely to have an impact on its physical state, the main questions we are faced with are, on the one hand, the representation of these histories and their comparison taking into account their terminological heterogeneity, and on the other hand, the definition of an analysis process of these histories enabling to characterize the state of the documents and to predict it.Our work aims to propose some contributions towards a decision support system for conservation/restoration experts at the BnF. We have proposed a representation of conservation/restoration histories as semantic trajectories, and we have proposed appropriate similarity measures to resolve the terminological heterogeneity of the data using an external knowledge base developed in collaboration with experts. We also have defined an analysis process based on a clustering algorithm to predict the documents' physical state. Finally, we have proposed a novel concept weighting approach that allows to define the importance of the concepts considering a specific analysis task
Crognier, Lionel. "Conditions d'expression et rôle des connaissances tactiques dans l'anticipation de trajectoires de balles au tennis." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05S023.
Full textLegrand, Karim. "Correction and Optimization of 4D aircraft trajectories by sharing wind and temperature information." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAT0011/document.
Full textThis thesis is related to air traffic management systems current changes. On the ground and in flight, trajectory calculation methods and available data differ. Wind and temperature are two ubiquitous parameters that are subject to and cause prediction bias. We propose a concept to limit this bias. Our "Wind and Temperature Networking" concept improves trajectory prediction, using wind and temperature information from neighboring aircraft. We detail the effects of temperature on the aircraft performances, allowing for temperature to be taken into account. The concept evaluation is done on 8000 flights. We discuss the calculation of optimal trajectories in the presence of predicted winds, to replace the current North Atlantic Tracks, and to provide optimized and robust groups of trajectories. The conclusion of this thesis presents other fields of wind sharing applications, and addresses the need for new telecommunications infrastructures and protocols
Floc'h, France. "Prédictions de trajectoires d'objets immergés par couplage entre modèle d’écoulement et équations d'Euler-Newton." Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2026.
Full textNumerical instabilities due to fluid inertia appear when solving the free motion of a solid submerged within a heavy fluid such as water. In the present thesis, a numerical scheme is proposed to overcome this problem. Three-dimensional simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Euler-Newton equations use too much computing resources for a reasonable investigation of the general case. It was therefore decided to design and build a two-dimensional hydrodynamic tunnel in order to validate the numerical tool. First, a static two-dimensional tank has been built to verify the feasibility of such an apparatus. It reveals the chaotic aspect of the trajectories of light objects when viscous forces are highly unsteady. It is observed in the hydrodynamic tunnel that an income flow stabilizes the translations. The evolution of die angle is still controlled by the wake. In the case of a parallelepipedic object, presenting sharp corners, boundary layer separations occur and induce instabilities. The prediction of tire angle is then difficult. This method is then used to simulate biomimetic propulsion using a porpoising foil. The hydrodynamic solver is a potential flow code. To understand the influence of each parameter on the performances, all degrees of freedom are fixed. Our results for the thrust loading coefficient are in conformity with tire Theodorsen theory over the whole range of parameters. The parametric study confirms that the Strouhal number is playing the same role for the oscillating wing, the advance parameter is playing for the propeller. The two propulsion devices are found to be comparable and a general guidance for comparison between the two propulsion systems is developed. When a change of pace is required, the variable pitch propeller is more efficient than a variation of the pitch amplitude during the foil motion. Results in free motion demonstrate the robustness of the method
Marceau, Caron Gaetan. "Optimization and uncertainty handling in air traffic management." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112183/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we investigate the issue of optimizing the aircraft operators' demand with the airspace capacity by taking into account uncertainty in air traffic management. In the first part of the work, we identify the main causes of uncertainty of the trajectory prediction (TP), the core component underlying automation in ATM systems. We study the problem of online parameter-tuning of the TP during the climbing phase with the optimization algorithm CMA-ES. The main conclusion, corroborated by other works in the literature, is that ground TP is not sufficiently accurate nowadays to support fully automated safety-critical applications. Hence, with the current data sharing limitations, any centralized optimization system in Air Traffic Control should consider the human-in-the-loop factor, as well as other uncertainties. Consequently, in the second part of the thesis, we develop models and algorithms from a network global perspective and we describe a generic uncertainty model that captures flight trajectories uncertainties and infer their impact on the occupancy count of the Air Traffic Control sectors. This usual indicator quantifies coarsely the complexity managed by air traffic controllers in terms of number of flights. In the third part of the thesis, we formulate a variant of the Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management problem in the tactical phase for bridging the gap between the network manager and air traffic controllers. The optimization problem consists in minimizing jointly the cost of delays and the cost of congestion while meeting sequencing constraints. In order to cope with the high dimensionality of the problem, evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms are used with an indirect representation and some greedy schedulers to optimize flight plans. An additional uncertainty model is added on top of the network model, allowing us to study the performances and the robustness of the proposed optimization algorithm when facing noisy context. We validate our approach on real-world and artificially densified instances obtained from the Central Flow Management Unit in Europe
Susanu, Mara. "Commande prédictive hiérarchisée pour le positionnement des axes de machine-outil à architecture ouverte." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112124.
Full textThis PhD thesis proposes improvements of tracking performances of CNC machine tools, especially for tool positioning during complex forms machining. A hierarchical three levels advanced structure is developed based on the a priori knowledge of the toolpath. The first level, close to the machine, considers a predictive control structure for feed drives control. In addition, a robustification option with respect to measurement noises and uncertain parameters using the Youla parameterization is available. A second level called reference supervisor modifies in a predictive way as well the axial setpoints coming from the trajectory generator in order to minimize the impact of the control signals saturation on the tracking accuracy. The third level called trajectory regenerator acts with an anticipative effect when the modified axial setpoints are too distant from the original ones and recomputes the entire toolpath. The developed strategy is designed under the two-degree of freedom RST framework, allowing the user to implement additional control laws modules within the same formalism. This open architecture provides an innovating response to numerical control needs, currently limited by the closed architectures of feed drives control and trajectory generators. In order to validate this structure, a virtual machine-tool was developed, allowing comparative tests between traditional and advanced control strategies. The Mikron UCP 710 machining centre is used as support for the validation
Yousfi, Chaymae. "Prédiction de troubles psychiatriques à partir des trajectoires neuro-développementales et des déterminants génétiques chez les enfants génétiquement à risque." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67984.
Full textSchizophrenia and bipolar disorder are major psychiatric disorders weighing colossally in economic, social and human terms, generally leading to the marginalization of the affected population, mainly in the absence of psychosocial and family therapies. This thesis is devoted to study and predict the development of these psychiatric disorders using neuro-developmental trajectories and genetic determinants for children at genetic risk of schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP), i.e. those who are born to a parent affected by these illnesses. The main aim is to develop a predictive tool involving genetic risk scores and risk indicators, which may be useful in the intervention in the primary care clinic to distinguish the most offspring at risk of later transition to these disorders among the high-risk children born to a parent affected. The use of joint latent class mixed modeling (JLCM) of time-to-event and the evolution over time of several longitudinal outcomes, while taking into account the confounding variables effects was necessary for the study of a sample of 67 children from the population of Eastern Quebec to be stratified, after having presented theoretically their mathematical basis and examined empirically their identifiability.
Qian, Xiangjun. "Commande prédictive pour conduite autonome et coopérative." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM037/document.
Full textAutonomous driving has been gaining more and more attention in the last decades, thanks to its positive social-economic impacts including the enhancement of traffic efficiency and the reduction of road accidents. A number of research institutes and companies have tested autonomous vehicles in traffic, accumulating tens of millions of kilometers traveled in autonomous driving. With the vision of massive deployment of autonomous vehicles, researchers have also started to envision cooperative strategies among autonomous vehicles. This thesis deals with the control architecture design of individual autonomous vehicles and cooperative autonomous vehicles. Model Predictive Control (MPC), thanks to its efficiency and versatility, is chosen as the building block for various control architectures proposed in this thesis. In more detail, this thesis first presents a classical hierarchical control architecture for individual vehicle control that decomposes the controller into a motion planner and a tracking controller, both using nonlinear MPC. In a second step, we analyze the inability of the proposed planner in handling logical constraints raised from traffic rules and multiple maneuver variants, and propose a hybrid MPC based motion planner that solves this issue. We then consider the convoy control problem of autonomous vehicles in which multiple vehicles maintain a formation during autonomous driving. A hierarchical formation control architecture is proposed composing of a convoy supervisor and local MPC based vehicle controllers. Finally, we consider the problem of coordinating a group of autonomous vehicles at an intersection without traffic lights. A hierarchical architecture composed of an intersection controller and multiple local vehicle controllers is proposed to allow vehicles to cross the intersection smoothly and safely
Benlaoukli, hichem. "Méthodes géométriques pour la construction des ensembles invariantsApplication à la faisabilité des lois de commande prédictive." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112323.
Full textThe present work is based on the explicit formulations for the predictive control of constrained linear systems and underlines the piecewise linear structure of the resulting closed loop dynamics. The main contributions of this thesis are concentrated around the construction of invariant set for Piecewise Affine Systems (PWA). Practical algorithmical procedures are detailed for the case of PWA system defined over a polyhedral partition in the state space even if the priciples are applicable in the general framework. Three specific techniques are presented : expansive construction, contractive construction, construction based on transition graph. At the methodological level, all these constructions being based on the forward of backord set dynamics in the state space, they imply a geometrical treatment at least in what it may concern the comparison with the original feasible domain. This treatment can lead to complex calculations due to the curse of dimensionality. An innovative solution was proposed by exploiting the analysis by intervals. It is interesting to observe that the construction of the invariant sets opens the way to the post-treatment of the predictive control laws with the aim of the maximization of their domain of functioning with guarantee of safety. In this directions comparisons are carried out between the different MPC structures. The performances of the classical formulations are analysed in comparison with schemes which benefit from the invariance properties from the design stage on one hand and with explicit formulations which benefit from the post analysis for the characterization of the viable domains on the other hand. Furthermore, the present work presents extensions of these geometrical methods for the trajectory tracking, for handling paramer uncertainties or dealing with variable delay in the imput of the system. An important part of these theoretical developments are illustrated by examples along their introduction. The manuscript contains also the study of a trajectory tracking problem and a feasibility/viability analysis of a certain profile in view of the electricity production characterization for a hydraulic valley
Altché, Florent. "Prise de décision et planification de trajectoire pour les véhicules coopératifs et autonomes." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM061/document.
Full textThe deployment of future self-driving vehicles is expected to have a major socioeconomic impact due to their promise to be both safer and more traffic-efficient than human-driven vehicles. In order to live up to these expectations, the ability of autonomous vehicles to plan safe trajectories and maneuver efficiently around obstacles will be paramount. However, motion planning among static or moving objects such as other vehicles is known to be a highly combinatorial problem, that remains challenging even for state-of-the-art algorithms. Indeed, the presence of obstacles creates exponentially many discrete maneuver choices, which are difficult even to characterize in the context of autonomous driving. This thesis explores a new approach to motion planning, based on using this notion of driving decisions as a guide to give structure to the planning problem, ultimately allowing easier resolution. This decision-based motion planning approach can find applications in cooperative driving, for instance to coordinate multiple vehicles through an unsignalized intersection, as well as in autonomous driving where a single vehicle plans its own trajectory. In the case of cooperative driving, decisions are known to correspond to the choice of a relative ordering for conflicting vehicles, which can be conveniently encoded as a graph. This thesis introduces a similar graph representation in the case of autonomous driving, where possible decisions -- such as overtaking the vehicle at a specific time -- are much more complex. Once a decision is made, planning the best possible trajectory corresponding to this decision is a much simpler problem, both in cooperative and autonomous driving. This decision-aware approach may lead to more robust and efficient motion planning, and opens exciting perspectives for combining classical mathematic programming algorithms with more modern machine learning techniques
Guo, Chunshi. "Conception des principes de coopération conducteur-véhicule pour les systèmes de conduite automatisée." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0020/document.
Full textGiven rapid advancement of automated driving (AD) technologies in recent years, major car makers promise the commercialization of AD vehicles within one decade from now. However, how the automation should interact with human drivers remains an open question. The objective of this thesis is to design, develop and evaluate interaction principles for AD systems that can cooperate with a human driver. Considering the complexity of such a human-machine system, this thesis begins with proposing two general cooperation principles and a hierarchical cooperative control architecture to lay a common basis for interaction and system design in the defined use cases. Since the proposed principles address a dynamic driving environment involving manually driven vehicles, the AD vehicle needs to understand it and to share its situational awareness with the driver for efficient cooperation. This thesis first proposes a representation formalism of the driving scene in the Frenet frame to facilitate the creation of the spatial awareness of the AD system. An adaptive vehicle longitudinal trajectory prediction method is also presented. Based on maneuver detection and jerk estimation, this method yields better prediction accuracy than the method based on constant acceleration assumption. As case studies, this thesis implements two cooperation principles for two use cases respectively. In the first use case of highway merging management, this thesis proposes a cooperative longitudinal control framework featuring an ad-hoc maneuver planning function and a model predictive control (MPC) based trajectory generation for transient maneuvers. This framework can automatically handle a merging vehicle, and at the mean time it offers the driver a possibility to change the intention of the system. In another use case concerning highway lane positioning and lane changing, a shared steering control problem is formulated in MPC framework. By adapting the weight on the stage cost and implementing dynamic constraints online, the MPC ensures seamless control transfer between the system and the driver while conveying potential hazards through haptic feedback. Both of the designed systems are evaluated through user tests on driving simulator. Finally, human factors issue and user’s perception on these new interaction paradigms are discussed
Vachon, Alexandre. "Trajectographie d'un lanceur de satellites basée sur la commande prédictive." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29554/29554.pdf.
Full textThis thesis deals with the exo-atmospheric trajectory of a space launcher. The solution is obtained by solving a constrained optimization problem : the two-point boundary value problem. The solution is the required actions to reach the desired position and velocity while consuming the least energy as possible. These actions must comply with the constraints imposed by the dynamics and the structure of the vehicle. Also, for a space launcher, the control is limited to the thrust orientation. To solve this problem, this project is divided into three distinct parts : modeling the dynamics, obtaining a reference trajectory and the guidance function. The first part, the modeling, is the definition of an accurate and realistic model of the space launcher translational dynamics. Therefore, it requires the application of Newton's second law on the launcher center of mass. In this thesis, this is carried out using three different representations. The representation using a full quaternion is new to this field of application and fills the hole between the two others. With the model of the vehicle to be guided, it becomes possible to define a reference trajectory governed by this model. To do it, this project proposes a direct optimization where the thrust orientation is discretized and becomes the unknown of the optimization problem. The criterion of this optimization problem includes terms for a priori knowledge of the trajectory improving the convergence properties of the optimization. The optimization problem also includes constraints, relaxed by slack variables, on the injection orbit. The resulting trajectory is used as reference in a trajectory tracking guidance function. The trajectory tracking is a way to circumvent the resolution of the two-point boundary value problem, which accelerates the resolution to fit in on-board computing capabilities. The algorithms developed in this thesis are based on predictive control in which the outputs of predictive model are the instantaneous orbital parameters of the trajectory. A first algorithm uses a non-linear model for prediction while two others are rather based on a linear time-varying representation and a linear fractional representation. These three algorithms are compared to a conventional space launcher guidance solution, which directly solves the two-point boundary value problem. Even if the developped algorithms give a more accurate orbit and a less consuming trajectory, their computationnal time and poor robustness properties do not make them a viable alternative to the comparison solution.
Belaid, Abedessalem. "Modélisation tridimensionnelle du comportement mécanique de la garniture de forage dans les puits à trajectoires complexes : application à la prédiction des frottements garniture-puits." Paris, ENMP, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENMP1323.
Full textDrilling an oil well rapidly and at lower cost is now becoming a challenge in the drilling industry. To face and carry out this challenge, a good design of the drilling installation is essential. Therefore, predicting correctly friction losses, known as “Torque&Drag”, between the drill string and the borehole is a major asset especially for directional wells with complex trajectories. The existing models of friction calculation show some weaknesses in the case of complex trajectory wells. A new mechanical model of friction calculations inside complex trajectory wells was developed and validated. This model uses a 3D method of wellpath calculations called “Minimum of Torsion” that includes two geometric parameters: curvature and torsion. Unlike traditional models, which assume that the drilling structure lies, by gravity, on the low side of the borehole and often neglect the stiffness of the drill string, the new “Stiff String” model calculates the deformation state of the drilling assembly inside the hole via an iterative contact algorithm. Furthermore, the new model, by using a direct integration method of equilibrium equations, is much more faster than other one solved with finite element method. A comparison with the widely used “Soft String” model was carried out on several actual and theoretical wells. The comparison shows that the new model rectify many weaknesses of the existing model. Confrontations with measured data, in the case of wells having smooth trajectory (low tortuosity), show agreement of both models with field measurements. However the new model has better friction losses prediction when wellpath tortuosity increases
Pinaire, Jessica. "Explorer les trajectoires de patients via les bases médico-économiques : application à l'infarctus du myocarde." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS020/document.
Full textWith approximately 120,000 people affected each year, 12,000 deaths from the first crisis and 18,000 deaths after one year, myocardial infarction is a major public health issue. This pathology requires hospitalization and management in an intensive care cardiology unit. We study this pathology using the French national Prospective Paiement System (PPS) databases.The collection of national hospital data within the framework of the PPS generates about 25 million records per year.These data, which are initially collected for medico-economic purposes, contain information that may have other purposes: improving patient care, predicting the evolution of care, planning their costs, etc.Another emerging issue is that of providing tools for exploring patients' hospital trajectories using data from the PPS. Through several objectives, this thesis aims to suggest tools combining methods from three disciplines: medical computing, data mining and biostatistics.We make four contributions.The first contribution concerns the constitution of a quality database to analyze patient trajectories. The second contribution is a semi-automatic method for the systematic review of the literature. This part of the work delineates the contours of the trajectory concept in the biomedical field. The third contribution is the identification of care trajectories in the prediction of intra-hospital death. Our research strategy is divided into two phases: 1) Identification of typical patient trajectories using data mining tools; 2) Construction of a prediction model from these trajectories to predict death. Finally, the last contribution is the characterization of patient flows through the various hospital events, also considering of delays and costs. In this contribution, we propose a combined-data mining and a longitudinal data clustering technique
Belaid, Abdessalem. "Modélisation tridimensionnelle du comportement mécanique de la garniture de forage dans les puits à trajectoires complexes : application à la prédiction des frottements garniture-puits." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00579916.
Full textLes modèles usuels de prédiction des frottements montrent certaines insuffisances lorsque la trajectoire du puits se complexifie. Un nouveau modèle de calcul de frottements dans les puits de forage à trajectoires complexes a été développé et validé. Ce modèle utilise une méthode tridimensionnelle de reconstitution de la trajectoire intégrant à la fois la courbure et la torsion géométrique. Contrairement aux modèles classiques, qui supposent simplement que la garniture repose par gravité sur la paroi basse du trou de forage et qui négligent souvent la rigidité des tiges, le nouveau modèle rigide calcule la vraie déformée de la garniture de forage à l'intérieur du trou via un algorithme itératif de contact unilatéral. En outre, pour un gain important du temps de calcul, le modèle se base sur une intégration numérique directe des équations d'équilibre local sans avoir recours à la méthode des éléments finis.
La comparaison avec un modèle couramment utilisé dans l'industrie de forage, appelé modèle LISSE, a été effectuée sur plusieurs puits réels et théoriques. Il ressort de cette comparaison que le nouveau modèle vient palier plusieurs faiblesses du modèle LISSE dans le cas des trajectoires à géométrie complexe (surestimation des zones de contacts et des forces de contact en présence de micro-tortuosité, non sensibilité au signe du gradient d'azimut en présence de fort gauchissement, hypothèse de contact sur la paroi basse du trou pas toujours vérifiée). Par ailleurs, la confrontation avec les mesures du terrain pour la plupart des puits à géométrie bidimensionnelle ou faiblement tridimensionnelle avec des faibles dog legs (ne dépassant pas 2 à 3°/30 m) fournit généralement des concordances entre les résultats des deux types de modèles et les valeurs mesurées. En revanche, en présence de tortuosités et dog legs locaux le nouveau modèle fournit une meilleure prédiction des pertes en frottement.
Ayadi, Mounir. "Contributions à la commande des systèmes linéaires plats de dimension finie." Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPT025H.
Full textLemieux-Beaulieu, Camille. "La violence entre partenaires intimes agie par les jeunes femmes: l’apport prédictif des trajectoires de problèmes de comportement à l’adolescence." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/175.
Full textGuechi, El-Hadi. "Suivi de trajectoires d'un robot mobile non holonome : approche par modèle flou de Takagi-Sugeno et prise en compte des retards." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00531738.
Full textLouis, Maxime. "Méthodes numériques et statistiques pour l'analyse de trajectoire dans un cadre de géométrie Riemannienne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS570.
Full textThis PhD proposes new Riemannian geometry tools for the analysis of longitudinal observations of neuro-degenerative subjects. First, we propose a numerical scheme to compute the parallel transport along geodesics. This scheme is efficient as long as the co-metric can be computed efficiently. Then, we tackle the issue of Riemannian manifold learning. We provide some minimal theoretical sanity checks to illustrate that the procedure of Riemannian metric estimation can be relevant. Then, we propose to learn a Riemannian manifold so as to model subject's progressions as geodesics on this manifold. This allows fast inference, extrapolation and classification of the subjects
Homsi, Saed Al. "Online generation of time- optimal trajectories for industrial robots in dynamic environments." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT027/document.
Full textIn the field of industrial robots, there is a growing need for having cooperative robots that interact with each other and share work spaces. Currently, industrial robotic systems still rely on hard coded motions with limited ability to react autonomously to dynamic changes in the environment. This thesis focuses on providing a novel framework to deal with real-time collision avoidance for robots performing tasks in a dynamic environment. We develop a reactive trajectory generation algorithm that reacts in real time, removes the fastidious optimization process which is traditionally executed by hand by handling it automatically, and provides a practical way of generating locally time optimal solutions.The novelty in this thesis is in the way we integrate the proposed time optimality problem in a task priority framework to solve a nonlinear optimization problem efficiently in real time using an embedded system with limited resources. Our approach is applied in a Model Predictive Control (MPC) setting, which not only improves reactivity of the system but presents a possibility to obtain accurate local linear approximations of the collision avoidance constraint. The control strategies presented in this thesis have been validated through various simulations and real-world robot experiments. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the new control structure and its reactivity and robustness when working in dynamic environments
Deaconu, Georgia Iuliana. "On the trajectory design, guidance and control for spacecraft rendezvous and proximity operations." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2105/.
Full textRecent space missions rely more and more on the cooperation between different spacecraft in order to achieve a desired objective. Among the spacecraft proximity operations, the orbital rendezvous is a classical example that has generated a large amount of studies since the beginning of the space exploration. However, the motivations and objectives for the proximity operations have considerably changed. The need for higher autonomy, better security and lower costs prompts for the development of new guidance and control algorithms. The presence of different types of constraints and physical limitations also contributes to the increased complexity of the problem. In this challenging context, this dissertation represents a contribution to the development of new spacecraft guidance and control algorithms. The works presented in this dissertation are based on a structural analysis of the spacecraft relative dynamics. Using a simplified model, a new set of parametric expressions is developed for the relative motion. This parametrization is very well suited for the analysis of the geometric properties of periodic relative trajectories and for handling different types of state constraints. A formal connection is evidenced between the set of parameters that define constrained trajectories and the cone of positive semi-definite matrices. This result is exploited in the design of spacecraft relative trajectories for proximity operations, in the impulsive control framework. The resulting guidance algorithms enable the guaranteed continuous constraints satisfaction, while still relying on semi-definite programming tools. The problem of the robustness of the computed maneuvers with respect to navigation uncertainties is also addressed
Almuhisen, Feda. "Leveraging formal concept analysis and pattern mining for moving object trajectory analysis." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0738/document.
Full textThis dissertation presents a trajectory analysis framework, which includes both a preprocessing phase and trajectory mining process. Furthermore, the framework offers visual functions that reflect trajectory patterns evolution behavior. The originality of the mining process is to leverage frequent emergent pattern mining and formal concept analysis for moving objects trajectories. These methods detect and characterize pattern evolution behaviors bound to time in trajectory data. Three contributions are proposed: (1) a method for analyzing trajectories based on frequent formal concepts is used to detect different trajectory patterns evolution over time. These behaviors are "latent", "emerging", "decreasing", "lost" and "jumping". They characterize the dynamics of mobility related to urban spaces and time. The detected behaviors are automatically visualized on generated maps with different spatio-temporal levels to refine the analysis of mobility in a given area of the city, (2) a second trajectory analysis framework that is based on sequential concept lattice extraction is also proposed to exploit the movement direction in the evolution detection process, and (3) prediction method based on Markov chain is presented to predict the evolution behavior in the future period for a region. These three methods are evaluated on two real-world datasets. The obtained experimental results from these data show the relevance of the proposal and the utility of the generated maps
Besset, Pierre. "Automatic control of a marine loading arm for offshore LNG offloading offloading." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0011/document.
Full textMarine loading arms are articulated structures that transfer liquefied gas between two vessels. The flanging operation of the loading arm to the receiving tanker is very sensitive. This thesis aims to robotize a loading arm so it can flange automatically. The required accuracy for the connection is very high. A calibration procedure is thus proposed to increase the accuracy of loading arms. Moreover a jerk-limited trajectory generator is developed to smoothly drive the arm without inducing oscillation. This element is important because the structures of loading arms have a very low stiffness and easily oscillate, as highlighted by modal analyses.A predictive active compensation algorithm is developed to track without delay the relative motion between the two vessels. This algorithm relies on an artificial neural network able to predict the evolution of this relative motion. Finally this thesis presents the first automatic connection of an offshore loading arm. The success of the final tests validate the feasibility the automatic connection and the validity of this approach
Morette, Nicolas. "Contribution à la navigation de robots mobiles : approche par modèle direct et commande prédictive." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00517376.
Full textArnaud, Mado. "Interventions précoces en autisme : trajectoires développementales, prédicteurs de la progression et vécu parental." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20011.
Full textBackground: Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by a large heterogeneity at both the level of its etiology and in the developmental course of its core features. In this context, it is worth stressing the need for developing early interventions and evaluate their effects as well as questioning the role of the family.Study 1: This study aims to examine the effect of context on social attention in young children with ASD. Children with ASD look less at the face especially in contexts that are less socially engaging. The present Social attention task may be used as a predictive factor of a child’s progression.Study 2: The objective of this study is to characterize the developmental trajectories of young children who received Early Start Denver model intervention, and to identify factors that may influence their progression. Children show significant improvements in their level of comprehension and expression. Initial level of comprehension is a predictor of children's progress in the field of expressive communication. The social attention task is a predictor of the initial level of social skills.Study 3: In the third study the parental experiences of Parent Mediated Intervention via a telehealth program is explored. Interviews conducted after the program ended indicate that Telehealth may be relevant to the dissemination of Parent Mediated Interventions but caution is also needed as these interventions should not replace early intervention.Conclusion: Heterogeneity in ASD is present from early childhood and is expressed through significant differences in developmental patterns. This heterogeneity is also reflected in the children's response to an intervention. The search for predictive factors and the active ingredients of the intervention is necessary to offer the most individualized support possible. Finally, the support of parents is essential to improve their quality of life, foster their educational practices and to promote paths continuity
Almuhisen, Feda. "Leveraging formal concept analysis and pattern mining for moving object trajectory analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0738.
Full textThis dissertation presents a trajectory analysis framework, which includes both a preprocessing phase and trajectory mining process. Furthermore, the framework offers visual functions that reflect trajectory patterns evolution behavior. The originality of the mining process is to leverage frequent emergent pattern mining and formal concept analysis for moving objects trajectories. These methods detect and characterize pattern evolution behaviors bound to time in trajectory data. Three contributions are proposed: (1) a method for analyzing trajectories based on frequent formal concepts is used to detect different trajectory patterns evolution over time. These behaviors are "latent", "emerging", "decreasing", "lost" and "jumping". They characterize the dynamics of mobility related to urban spaces and time. The detected behaviors are automatically visualized on generated maps with different spatio-temporal levels to refine the analysis of mobility in a given area of the city, (2) a second trajectory analysis framework that is based on sequential concept lattice extraction is also proposed to exploit the movement direction in the evolution detection process, and (3) prediction method based on Markov chain is presented to predict the evolution behavior in the future period for a region. These three methods are evaluated on two real-world datasets. The obtained experimental results from these data show the relevance of the proposal and the utility of the generated maps
Guda, Vamsi Krishna. "Contributions à l'utilisation de cobots comme interfaces haptiques à contact intermittent en réalité virtuelle." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ECDN0033.
Full textVirtual reality (VR) is evolving and being used in industrial simulations but the possibility to touch objects is missing, for example to judge the perceived quality in the design of a car. The current haptic interfaces do not allow to easily restore the notion of texture, therefore an approach is considered “intermittent contact interface” to achieve this. A cobot positions a mobile surface at the point of contact with a virtual object to allow physical contact with the operator's hand. The contributions of this thesis concern several aspects: the placement of the robot, the modeling of the operator, the management of the displacement and the speed of the robot and the detection of the operator's intentions. The placement of the robot is chosen to allow reaching the different working areas and to ensure passive safety by making it impossible for the robot to hit the head and chest of the operator in a normal working position, i.e. sitting in a chair. A model of the user, including a torso and arms, is designed and tested to follow the user's movements in real time Interaction is possible on a set of predefined poses that the user chains together as desired. Different strategies are proposed to predict the user's intentions. The key aspects of the prediction are based on the gaze direction and the hand position of the user. An experimental study as well as the resulting analysis show the contribution of taking into account the gaze direction. The interest of introducing "safety" points to move the robot away from the operator and allow fast robot movements is highlighted
Giaconi, Smoje Valentina. "Modélisation statistique de l'impact des environnements académiques sur les croyances et la réussite des élèves au Chili." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH040/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis is dedicated to the statistical modeling of the impact of academic environments on student’s beliefs and achievement in Chile. We contribute to the field of educational effectiveness with a statistical discussion regarding how to combine multilevel models with methods for selection bias and missing data and two empirical studies. The statistical discussion was used to take methodological decisions in the empirical studies. The first empirical study evaluates the impact of science courses on students’ beliefs. The second empirical study is about school effects on students’ trajectories in mathematics and reading scores. In the statistical part, we analyze linear adjustment and propensity score matching to address selection bias. Regarding the missing data problem, we considered multiple imputation techniques. Each of these methods is compatible with multilevel models. However, the problem of addressing selection bias and missing data simultaneously with hierarchical data is not resolved. We present a statistical discussion that classifies and analyzes strategies to combine the methods. The first empirical study regards the influence of Life and Non-life science courses in secondary students’ epistemic and self-efficacy beliefs related to sciences. We compared students that took summer science courses with a control group in a post and follow-up beliefs questionnaire. We found positive effects of Life courses and courses with laboratory work, controlling for confounding variables. The results show differences between Life and Non-life scientific disciplines that should be explored. The second empirical study concerns school effects on trajectories of Chilean students. It has two aims. The first aim is to describe the characteristics of the trajectories in mathematics and reading scores and the variation explained by primary and secondary schools. The second aim is to measure the effect of public schools in comparison with voucher schools on students’ trajectories in mathematics and reading scores. We used a longitudinal national database which included measures for the same students at 4th, 8th and 10th grade. Multilevel growth models were used to model the trajectories. We found effects of secondary and primary schools on intercepts and slopes. In addition, we found negative effects from public education, which became not significant after controlling for school’ socioeconomic composition and selection practices. The results illustrate the stratification between the public system and voucher system and the need to study inside each system which schools are more efficient
Bougueroua, Sana. "Caractérisation de structures explorées dans les simulations de dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV099/document.
Full textThis PhD is part of transdisciplinary works, combining graph theory and computational chemistry.In molecular dynamics simulations, a molecular system can adopt different conformations over time. Along a trajectory, one conformation or more can thus be explored. This depends on the simulation time and energy within the system. To get a good exploration of the molecular conformations, one must generate and analyse several trajectories (this can amount to thousands of trajectories). Our objective is to propose an automatic method that provides rapid and efficient analysis of the conformational dynamics explored over these trajectories. The trajectories of interest here are in cartesian coordinates of the atoms that constitute the molecular system, recorded at regular time intervals (time-steps). Each interval containing a set of positions is called a snapshot. At each snapshot, our developed algorithm uses geometric rules (distances, angles, etc.) to compute bonds (covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and any other kind of intermolecular criterium) formed between atoms in order to get the mixed graph modelling one given conformation. Within our current definitions, a conformational change is characterized by either a change in the hydrogen bonds or in the covalent bonds. One choice or the other depends on the underlying physics and chemistry of interest. The proposed algorithm provides all conformations explored along one or several trajectories, the period of time for the existence of each one of these conformations, and also provides the graph of transitions that shows all conformational changes that have been observed during the trajectories. A user-friendly interface has been developed, that can de distributed freely.Our proposed algorithm for analysing the trajectories of molecular dynamics simulations has been tested on three kinds of gas phase molecular systems (peptides, ionic clusters). This model can be easily adapted and applied to any other molecular systems as well as to condensed matter systems, with little effort. Although the theoretical complexity of the algorithm is exponential (isomorphism tests), results have shown that the algorithm is rapid.We have also worked on computationally low cost graph methods that can be applied in order to pre-characterize specific conformations/points on a potential energy surface (it describes the energy of a system in terms of positions of the atoms). These points are the minima on the surface, representing the most stable conformations of a molecular system, and the maxima on that surface, representing transition states between two conformers. Our developed methods and algorithms aim at getting these specific points, without the prerequisite knowledge/calculation of the potential energy surface by quantum chemistry methods (or even by classical representations). By avoiding an explicit calculation of the potential energy surface by quantum chemistry methods, one saves computational time and effort. We have proposed an alternative method using ad doc measures based on properties of the graphs (already used in the first part of the PhD), without any knowledge of energy and/or molecular calculations. These measures allow getting the possible conformations with a realistic energy classification, as well as transition states, at very low computational cost. The algorithm has been tested on gas phase peptides
Deaconu, Georgia. "Pas de titre en français." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00919883.
Full textLiang, Shuai. "Contribution to localization and motion control of inertial actuated nano-robotic systems inside electron microscopy." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS204.
Full textThis thesis targets the development of a generic, intelligent and user friendly interface that can manage elementary robotic tasks needed inside a SEM by simply defining graphical instructions on the SEM screen. To deal with the very high magnification capability of SEM and to be able to reach any region of interest on sample observed by SEM, the robot end effectors must be able to navigate with a displacement range to resolution ratio of several million times. As such, all the motion control must deal with multi-scale trajectories, i.e. from nano-meter range up to milliliter range. The experimental platform in this thesis is the ISIR-robotex nano-robotic platform. It is composed of a poly-articulated nano-robotic system actuated by piezoelectric inertial actuators (PIAs) and holding a self-sensing Atomic force Microscope (AFM) probe as end effector. The main contributions are : Non-linear modeling of piezoelectric inertial actuators to deal with multi-scale dynamic representation issues. Velocity characterization and velocity control of a class of piezoelectric inertial actuators. High level multi-scale path following control of an AFM operating inside electron microscopes. AFM tip localization and tracking through deep learning based vision inside an electron microscope. Model predictive control (MPC)-based path following and obstacle avoidance for an AFM cantilever operating inside electron microscopes. The developed methods enrich the motion capability and sensing of nano-robotic systems operating inside SEMs, accelerating the process towards a fully-automation for robotic manipulation purposes at the small scales
Couronné, Raphaël. "Modélisation de la progression de la maladie de Parkinson." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS363.
Full textIn this work, we developed statistical methods to model disease progression from patient’s repeated measurements, with a focus on Parkinson’s Disease (PD). A key challenge lies in the inherent heterogeneity of PD across patients, to the extent that PD is now suspected to encompass multiple subtypes or motor phenotypes. To gain insights on disease progression, research studies propose to gather a broad range of marker measurements, at multiple timepoints for each patients. These data allow to investigate the disease’s patterns of progression via statistical modeling. In a first part, we modeled the progression of scalar markers of PD. We extended on a disease progression model, namely the longitudinal spatiotemporal model. We then proposed to address data missingness, and to model the joint progression of markers of different nature, such as clinical scores, and scalar measurements extracted on imaging modalities. With this method, we modeled early motor progression in PD, and, in a second work, the heterogeneity of idiopathic PD progression, with a focus on sleep symptoms. In a second, independent, part of the manuscript, we tackled the longitudinal modeling of medical images. For these higher dimensionality data, Deep Learning is often used, but mostly in cross sectional setups, ignoring the possible inner dynamics. We proposed to leverage Deep Learning as a dimensionality reduction tool to build a spatiotemporal coordinate system of disease progression. We first took advantage of this flexibility to handle multimodal data. Then we leveraged the self-supervision induced by assuming monotonicity over time, to offer higher flexibility in modeling temporal variability
Polack, Philip. "Cohérence et stabilité des systèmes hiérarchiques de planification et de contrôle pour la conduite automatisée." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM025/document.
Full textAutonomous vehicles are believed to reduce the number of deaths and casualties on the roads while improving the traffic efficiency. However, before their mass deployment on open public roads, their safety must be guaranteed at all time.Therefore, this thesis deals with the motion planning and control architecture for autonomous vehicles and claims that the intention of the vehicle must match with its actual actions. For that purpose, the kinematic and dynamic feasibility of the reference trajectory should be ensured. Otherwise, the controller which is blind to obstacles is unable to track it, setting the ego-vehicle and other traffic participants in jeopardy. The proposed architecture uses Model Predictive Control based on a kinematic bicycle model for planning safe reference trajectories. Its feasibility is ensured by adding a dynamic constraint on the steering angle which has been derived in this work in order to ensure the validity of the kinematic bicycle model. Several high-frequency controllers are then compared and their assets and drawbacks are highlighted. Finally, some preliminary work on model-free controllers and their application to automotive control are presented. In particular, an efficient tuning method is proposed and implemented successfully on the experimental vehicle of ENSIAME in collaboration with the laboratory LAMIH of Valenciennes
Tozlu, Ceren. "Classification et modélisation statistique intégrant des données cliniques et d’imagerie par résonance magnétique conventionnelle et avancée." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1043/document.
Full textStroke and multiple sclerosis are two of the most destructive neurological diseases of the central nervous system. Stroke is the second most common cause of death and the major cause of disability worldwide whereas multiple sclerosis is the most common non-traumatic disabling neurological disease of adulthood. Magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool to distinguish healthy from pathological brain tissue in diagnosis, monitoring disease evolution, and decision-making in personalized treatment of patients with stroke or multiple sclerosis.Predicting disease evolution in patients with stroke or multiple sclerosis is a challenge for clinicians that are about to decide on an appropriate individual treatment. The etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, and evolution of stroke and multiple sclerosis are highly different. Therefore, in this thesis, the statistical methods used for the study of the two neurological diseases are different.The first aim was the identification of the tissue at risk of infarction in patients with stroke. For this purpose, the classification methods (including machine learning methods) have been used on voxel-based imaging data. The data measured at hospital admission is performed to predict the infarction risk at one month. Next, the performances of the classification methods in identifying the tissue at a high risk of infarction were compared. The second aim was to cluster patients with multiple sclerosis using an unsupervised method based on individual clinical and imaging trajectories plotted over five 5 years. Clusters of trajectories would help identifying patients who may have an important progression; thus, to treat them with more effective drugs irrespective of the clinical subtypes. The third and final aim of this thesis was to develop a predictive model for individual evolution of patients with multiple sclerosis based on demographic, clinical, and imaging data taken at study onset. The heterogeneity of disease evolution in patients with multiple sclerosis is an important challenge for the clinicians who seek to predict the disease evolution and decide on an appropriate individual treatment. For this purpose, the latent class linear mixed model was used to predict disease evolution considering individual and unobserved subgroup' variability in multiple sclerosis
Aliakbari, khoei Mina. "Une approche computationnelle de la dépendance au mouvement du codage de la position dans la système visuel." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4041/document.
Full textCoding the position of moving objects is an essential ability of the visual system in fulfilling precise and robust tracking tasks. This thesis is focalized upon this question: How does the visual system efficiently encode the position of moving objects, despite various sources of uncertainty? This study deploys the hypothesis that the visual systems uses prior knowledge on the temporal coherency of motion (Burgi et al 2000; Yuille and Grzywacz 1989). We implemented this prior by extending the modeling framework previously proposed to explain the aperture problem (Perrinet and Masson, 2012), so-called motion-based prediction (MBP). This model is a Bayesian motion estimation framework implemented by particle filtering. Based on that, we have introduced a theory on motion-based position coding, to investigate how neural mechanisms encoding the instantaneous position of moving objects might be affected by motion. Results of this thesis suggest that motion-based position coding might be a generic neural computation among all stages of the visual system. This mechanism might partially compensate the accumulative and restrictive effects of neural delays in position coding. Also it may account for motion-based position shifts as the flash lag effect. As a specific case, results of diagonal MBP model reproduced the anticipatory response of neural populations in the primary visual cortex of macaque monkey. Our results imply that an efficient and robust position coding might be highly dependent on trajectory integration and that it constitutes a key neural signature to study the more general problem of predictive coding in sensory areas