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1
Zuenkova, Yuliya, and Milan Stamenkovich. Cluster analysis and MANOVA in marketing and economic research. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2186588.
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The monograph introduces the reader to the basics of using multidimensional statistical methods — cluster analysis and MANOVA analysis — in marketing and economic research. Data is an indispensable product of any activity and the basis for making objective management decisions. Big data has had a significant impact on marketing and the development of its tools. The collection, accumulation and processing of information about customers and the market is the basis of information support for marketing activities. Multidimensional statistics methods, cluster analysis and MANOVA analysis in particular, open up new opportunities for marketers due to the great applied potential of their use. The areas of marketing application of cluster analysis and the MANOVA method are described in detail, a step-by-step plan for the implementation of statistical procedures and recommendations for the researcher on data preparation and evaluation of statistical analysis results are given. Multidimensional statistics methods allow marketers to identify complex behavioral patterns, predict consumer behavior, find new approaches to customer segmentation, and thus develop new marketing strategies and tactics in the market. It is intended for practicing marketers and researchers, economists and statisticians, university students and teachers, as well as all those who are interested in expanding their capabilities in big data processing to open new strategic horizons.
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Babina, Ol'ga. Theory, methodology and practice of regional strategic planning. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1738755.
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In the monograph, the region is presented as a complex, multilevel socio-economic system consisting of many heterogeneous, interacting economic entities of different levels (economic agents and markets, management, resources and economic processes), jointly organizing reproduction processes embedded in the economic space of the national economy on the local territory. Currently, the role of rational management of the socio-economic development of the region is increasing. In such conditions, it is advisable to use strategic planning, which, in turn, has increasingly been carried out using a simulation model. The simulation model in regional strategic planning allows government agencies to predict their activities in the presence of various controlled and uncontrolled factors of the external and internal environment. In this study, the list of principles of strategic planning focused on the processes of strategic planning of the region using the method of simulation modeling is supplemented. A methodology for organizing strategic planning processes at the meso-level using simulation modeling technology is proposed.
For a wide range of readers interested in the problems of regional strategic planning.
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Jędrzejowski, Łukasz. On the grammaticalization of temporal–aspectual heads: The case of German versprechen ‘promise’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0016.
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This chapter deals with the origin and the development of the functional use of the predicate versprechen ‘promise’ in the history of German. Synchronically, it illustrates that versprechen can be used in two different ways in Present-Day German: either as a lexical verbal head or as a functional verbal head. It also demonstrates to what extent these uses differ and accounts for where these differences come from. Diachronically, it shows that versprechen grammaticalized into a prospective aspect marker in Early New High German (1350–1650), and illustrates that grammaticalization is upward and leftward in the syntactic structure. Accordingly, it is argued that versprechen as a functional verbal head first started embedding DP complements and, as time went on, extended its usage to select infinitives as well, giving rise to a subject-to-subject raising analysis.
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Esposito, Elena. Predicted Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.003.0010.
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The chapter analyses the way in which structured finance manages and controls the openness of the future as a source of profit. Financial modelling relies on a specific form of fiction, based on the careful construction of a present image of the future and its uncertainty—expressed by the evaluation of implied volatility. The problem with this approach is that it fails to take account of the reflexive way in which the fictitious future it constructs affects the (not-yet-existing) future reality. This chapter highlights the dual nature of the future as intersection and combination of both the present future and the future present. It concludes that structured-financed models—despite their attempt to control risk by making calculations in the present about the future and about current market expectations of the future—may, in times of turbulence, increase the indeterminacy and unpredictability of future reality.
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Owens, Jonathan. Dialects (speech communities), the apparent past, and grammaticalization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0008.
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Over a long-term time frame in a language with several discrete dialects, how far does grammaticalization theory elucidate the history of individual morphemes? This issue is addressed using the tense/mode prefix b-, found in Gulf/Najdi, Yemeni, Uzbekistan, Nigerian, and Egyptian/Levantine Arabic. It is argued that while standard grammaticalization theory correctly predicts its assumed origin, from a variant of the verb ‘want’ (yibġa, yiba, yibbi > *b-), it does little to predict its further development. This paper first examines the functions of the prefix *b-. Once integrated as a prefix, *b- takes odd twists and turns, sometimes a tense marker, sometimes a marker of deontic modality, sometimes a generalized modal/indicative marker. Grammaticalization theory says nothing about why *b- should have developed in one way in one dialect and in another way in another. As a step towards answering these questions, the idea of dialects as speech communities is introduced.
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Rogowski, Anselm. Last Three Stock Market Crashes. Can Boom and Bust Be Predicted? GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2015.
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Rogowski, Anselm. Last Three Stock Market Crashes. Can Boom and Bust Be Predicted? GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2015.
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Watanabe, Honoré. The Polysynthetic Nature of Salish. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.36.
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The Salishan languages, spoken (or formally spoken) on the Northwest Coast of North America, are usually characterized as polysynthetic. Salish certainly shows many of the usual characteristics that cluster together in polysynthetic languages: it is head marking and agglutinating in word formation; and predicate morphology is rich and includes markers of aspect/tense, transitivity and valency alternating suffixes (including applicatives), pronominals, lexical affixes, and still others. However, the number of morphemes within a (morphological) word does not get as high as, for example, the Eskimoan languages. Nevertheless, it is argued that the following three traits observed justify characterizing Salish as polysynthetic: first, word forms are flexible; second, speakers can manipulate what goes into a predicate; and third, non-core arguments, that is, peripheral concepts, can be expressed in the predicate by means of lexical suffixes and applicatives.
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Avdasheva, Svetlana, and Tatiana Radchenko. Remedies in BRICS Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810674.003.0009.
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Within the group of BRICS, China, Russia, and South Africa use conduct remedies more often than developed jurisdictions. Remedies are applied under merger approval or as an outcome of investigation of anticompetitive conducts. Effects of conduct remedies on companies’ decisions and market performance still need explanation. This chapter explains the use of conduct remedies, with special emphasis on Russia, by the specific position of BRICS in international division of labor, which allows the large companies, and first of all domestic ones, to discriminate customers in BRICS home markets, vis-à-vis international customers. Together with positive effects on domestic customers, competition economics predicts the possibility of negative effects of remedies on the managerial decisions within the target company. Under some circumstances, remedies may even weaken competition in the global product markets.
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Laughren, Mary. The Ergative in Warlpiri: A Case Study. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.39.
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The DP subject of a Warlpiri finite clause containing verbs of a certain class is marked with the ergative suffix whereas other DP subjects are morphologically unmarked. This chapter examines the wider distribution in Warlpiri of the ergative morpheme and the varied functions of ergative-marked DPs in both finite and non-finite clauses. Particular focus is on the relationship between the subject-marking and instrument adjunct-marking role of the ergative suffix. Unlike finite transitive clauses in which both an agent subject and an instrument adjunct are marked ergative, in non-finite clauses only one of these can be marked ergative: the instrument adjunct in clauses where the agent subject is realized either as phonologically null PRO or as a dative case-marked DP external to the verb phrase; the agent or instrument subject contained in the infinitival phrase embedded in a stative predicate whose external subject is co-referent with the logical object of the embedded verb.
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MAHESHA, Dr C. R., Dr S. BASKARAN, Dr RAJU T N, and Smt SUPRABHA R. SALES AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT. KAAV PUBLICATIONS, DELHI, INDIA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/9789391842420.2022.tb.
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Business leaders know that accurate sales & distribution management is a critical organizational capability. Proper sales management is predicting the future, and the list of what needs to be predicted to run a world-class organization and its supply chain is virtually endless. Accurate sales management and distribution system is essential for identifying new market opportunities, forecasting risks, events, supply chain disruptions, innovation, competition, market growth and trends. It also includes the ability to conduct 'what-if' analysis to understand the tradeoff implications of decisions. Over the past few years the ability to adopt accurate and useful sales distribution has become particularly challenging due to a spike in the competitiveness of global markets coupled with a global economic recession. Customers are demanding increasingly shorter response times, improved quality, and greater product choice. Increased competition is exacerbated by a downward global economy and rising fuel prices, which increase uncertainty, risk, and operating costs. The purpose of this book is to familiarise readers with the principles, strategies and skills of selling ,managing and the distribution function. This book also provides an understanding of the tools & techniques necessary to effectively manage the sales function, the sales forecasting and the distribution management.
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Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. Liquidity Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0005.
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The theory of intertemporal choice that we have developed so far assumes that there are no imperfections in the credit market. The ability to borrow and save as much as needed—imposing only the intertemporal budget constraint—allows the transfer of resources over time and thus maintenance of a stable consumption profile through the life cycle. The chapter studies how the consumer’s problem changes in the presence of credit market frictions. The latter may explain why consumption growth is sensitive to expected changes in income (excess sensitivity of consumption) and why it is greater than predicted by the certainty equivalence model (excess growth of consumption).
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Giffen, Alison. South Sudan. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.46.
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Two years and five months following the country’s independence from Sudan, a political crisis in South Sudan quickly devolved into a civil war marked by violence that could amount to atrocities. At the time, a United Nations peacekeeping operation, UNMISS, was the principal multinational intervention in South Sudan. UNMISS was explicitly mandated to assist the government of South Sudan to fulfil its responsibility to protect and was also authorized to protect civilians when the government was unable or unwilling to do so. Despite this role, UNMISS’s Special Representative of the Secretary-General said that no one could have predicted the scale or speed at which the violence unfolded. This chapter explores whether the atrocities could have been predicted by UNMISS, why UNMISS was unprepared, and what other peacekeeping operations can learn from UNMISS’s experience.
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Singer, Mervyn. Pathophysiology and causes of pulmonary embolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0170.
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Pulmonary embolus is predominantly due to thrombus breaking off from deep veins or from within the right heart, lodging within large or small vessels within the pulmonary vasculature, causing a variable degree of clinical features ranging from asymptomatic through to shock and cardiac arrest. Non-thrombotic causes include air or fat embolism. Outcome is predicated by the degree of right ventricular dysfunction. There are multiple risk factors including surgery, arrhythmias, prolonged immobility, venous stasis, pregnancy and an underlying pro-thrombotic tendency, either congenital or acquired. Numerous risk stratification scores have been developed derived from clinical features, imaging findings and biochemical markers of right ventricular strain and myocardial damage.
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Dodds, Klaus. 3. Geopolitical architectures. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199676781.003.0003.
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‘Geopolitical architectures’ suggests that our understandings of a world composed of an international system based on territorial states, exclusive jurisdictions, and national boundaries is enduring but not all encompassing. What is the relationship between fixity and flow? How do architectures seek to impose fixity on flows? Neo-liberal globalization, with due emphasis on market accessibility and privatization, encourages two kinds of geopolitical architectures – one predicated on spatial containment (as epitomized by the war on terror) and the other underpinned by spatial administration. The financial crisis of 2008 onwards has revealed some of this geopolitical work, and the ‘Occupy Movement’ was in large part about trying to fix flows.
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Sherman, Mila Getmansky, and Rachel (Kyungyeon) Koh. The Life Cycle of Hedge Funds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0003.
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This chapter analyzes the life cycle of hedge funds. Analysis using the Thomson Reuters Lipper TASS database reveals industry-related and fund-specific factors affecting the survival probabilities of hedge funds. Analysis of hedge fund flows and asset sizes can offer insights into a fund’s future survival. Fund performance is a nonlinear function of a fund’s asset size. A fund can obtain an optimal asset size by balancing the effects of past returns, fund flows, market impact, and competition. Competition among hedge funds using similar strategies presents challenges. To survive, funds employ dynamic strategies, move nimbly from market to market, and develop unique strengths. Being an effective market and strategy timer is critical because funds using the right strategy at the right time are more likely to survive. The chapter also analyzes the last stage of the hedge fund life cycle—liquidation or closure. Fund characteristics, risk measures, and style-related factors can help predict fund liquidation.
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Plutino, Alessia, and Elena Polisca, eds. Languages at work, competent multilinguals and the pedagogical challenges of COVID-19. Research-publishing.net, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2021.49.9782490057832.
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The present volume investigates the relevance of language teaching and learning in the contemporary job market, highlighting how language graduates can provide a substantial contribution to the multilingual needs of the UK. It also explores how the sudden spread of COVID-19 impacted on the acceleration of the online pedagogical shift which had already been foreseen by Jisc and developed at a higher speed than predicted. Ultimately, by looking into the forced online pivot, this volume furthers a reflection on how the ‘new normal’ is contributing to drive pedagogical innovation.
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Chamoreau, Claudine. Purepecha, a Polysynthetic but Predominantly Dependent-Marking Language. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.38.
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Purepecha (language isolate, Mexico) has one relevant characteristic that leads to identifying it as a polysynthetic language: productive verbal morphology (in particular locative suffixes). Purepecha is a predominantly dependent-marking language, as its pronominal markers are enclitics, generally second position enclitics. But, in some contexts Purepecha shows head-marking characteristics. Today, pronominal enclitics exhibit variation, tending to move to the rightmost position in the clause; they may encliticize to the predicate itself, showing a head-attraction or polypersonalism strategy and making Purepecha more polysynthetic. But this language lacks noun incorporation. Purepecha has three types of non-finite clause: two subordinate clauses (non-finite complement clauses and purpose clauses) and a syntactically independent clause (the chain-medial clause). This seemingly inconsistent situation (characterized by a correlation of different properties, some of which have not been identified as polysynthetic) calls for addressing the typological classification of Purepecha among the polysynthetic languages.
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Moten, James M., and C. W. Copeland. Insurance and Risk Management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0017.
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According to modern portfolio theory (MPT), rational market participants make most decisions and seek to be compensated for additional risk. However, investors sometimes behave irrationally owing to preconceived notions and biases based on past experience. Behavioral finance offers an alternative view to MPT, suggesting that individuals often make irrational decisions. This chapter explores how individuals make decisions to buy different types of insurance, even when faced with predicable outcomes involving the frequency and severity of the loss. That is, individuals appear to buy insurance only when the frequency of loss is low and the severity of loss is high; otherwise they self-insure.
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Kelanic, Rosemary A. Black Gold and Blackmail. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748295.001.0001.
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This book seeks to explain why great powers adopt such different strategies to protect their oil access from politically motivated disruptions. In extreme cases, such as Imperial Japan in 1941, great powers fought wars to grab oil territory in anticipation of a potential embargo by the Allies; in other instances, such as Germany in the early Nazi period, states chose relatively subdued measures like, oil alliances or domestic policies, to conserve oil. What accounts for this variation? Fundamentally, it is puzzling that great powers fear oil coercion at all because the global market makes oil sanctions very difficult to enforce. This book argues that two variables determine what strategy a great power will adopt: the petroleum deficit, which measures how much oil the state produces domestically compared to what it needs for its strategic objectives; and disruptibility, which estimates the susceptibility of a state's oil imports to military interdiction—that is, blockade. Because global markets undercut the effectiveness of oil sanctions, blockade is in practice the only true threat to great power oil access. That, combined with the devastating consequences of oil deprivation to a state's military power, explains why states fear oil coercion deeply despite the adaptive functions of the market. Together, these two variables predict a state's coercive vulnerability, which determines how willing the state will be to accept the costs and risks attendant on various potential strategies. Only those great powers with large deficits and highly disruptible imports will adopt the most extreme strategy: direct control of oil through territorial conquest.
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Suriano, Matthew. Death as Transition in Judahite Mortuary Practices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844738.003.0002.
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Death is transitional in the Hebrew Bible, but the challenge is in understanding how this transition worked. The ritual analysis of Judahite bench tombs reveals a dynamic concept of death that involved the transition of the dead body. The body would enter the tomb during primary burial; there it would receive provisions as it rested on a burial bench. Eventually the remains of the dead would be secondarily interred inside the tomb’s repository. This final stage, the repository, is marked by the collective burial of bones. The transition of the dead, therefore, involves the body in different conditions, first as an individual corpse and then as a collection of bones. The process of burial and reburial inside the bench tomb offers new insight into the idea that postmortem existence in the Hebrew Bible is predicated on the fate of the body.
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Woolford, Ellen. Split Ergativity in Syntax and at Morphological Spellout. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.9.
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In a split ergative case pattern, not all subjects that could be marked with ergative case are. A language with a split ergative case pattern is called a split ergative language, but linguists disagree as to what other properties qualify a language as split ergative: an ergative case pattern in combination with a nominative-accusative agreement pattern, or an ergative case and agreement pattern in a language where no syntactic rules make reference to ergative case, or a language with two classes of verbs, only one of which takes an ergative subject. This chapter illustrates the well-known types of ergative splits involving person and aspect, and a range of less well-known types involving stage versus individual level predicates, proximate versus obviate subjects, and different social contexts. Most ergative splits appear to be present in syntax, with the clear exception of person splits which are argued to be purely morphological.
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Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. Pharmaceuticals and Public Policy: A Look Ahead. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0015.
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Recognizing that the past often does not predict the future well, this chapter nevertheless offers prescience for the pharmaceutical industry in the next five to ten years. Using the standard economics paradigm of supply, demand, and market equilibrium, it considers the future of the industry in the following aspects: industrial organization, the nascent biosimilar sector, the promise of personalized medicine and digital healthcare information, artificial intelligence, the prospects for outpatient bundled payment programs, the setting of pharmaceutical prices, and the role of the FDA. The most important among them will be the scope and nature of health care reform in the United States and the jurisdiction of the FDA in the coming years.
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Christy, Peter, and John Katsaros. Getting It Right the First Time. Praeger, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400656934.
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There is no doubt that the pace of business has accelerated—products go from concept to release faster than ever, business partnerships and alliances are established (and dissolved) more quickly, competitors react more swiftly to any tilt in the playing field. Whether your business is microprocessors or airplane manufacturing, it will live or die by the degree to which you can anticipate demand for your products and services. InGetting It Right the First Time, John Katsaros and Peter Christy argue that the most successful businesses will be those that accurately predict market conditions—especially the market changes that will occur within the crucial 18-to-36-month innovation window. Or, to paraphrase hockey superstar Wayne Gretzky: skate to where the puck is going to be, not to where it is. Showcasing dozens of colorful examples of lucrative successes and missed opportunities (from high-tech to financial services to medical devices), the authors present a detailed plan for how you and your company can learn to: identify your top customers in advance of entering the market, successfully position your company and its products to those customers, and catch emerging trends before your competitors do. Eschewing traditional market research techniques—such as focus groups, polls, and surveys— Katsaros and Christy demonstrate how expert interviews with potential early adopters can help identify your killer app—the function that customers most value—and avoid costly trial-and-error. In a viciously competitive world where your company may have only one chance to score big,Getting It Right the First Timeprovides essential guidance for entrepreneurs, marketers, product developers, and business strategists, and offers new insight into the dynamics of innovation.
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Schneider, Axel, and Daniel Woolf. Editors’ Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0001.
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This concluding volume in The Oxford History of Historical Writing covers a very small period in comparison with some of its companions: barely two‐thirds of a century. As with the other volumes, the boundary dates are both fluid and imprecise: 1945 is a watershed date for the world in the sense that it marked the end of the Second World War and the division of Europe into a Western and an Eastern bloc. Elsewhere in the world, other dates are more meaningful: for China, 1949 is the critical year; and in much of Africa the decolonization of the 1950s and 1960s marked a significant rupture with past, colonial historiography. Unlike the earlier volumes, our period is also an unfinished one, for though some obvious sub‐periods are broken at points such as the early 1960s, the fall of European communism at the end of the 1980s, and the rapid rise of both globalization and radical Islam during the 1990s, it is difficult to predict, in early 2010 as this introduction is written, just where the story of post‐war historiography will end, or how. What ...
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Westfahl, Gary. Finding his Own Uses for Things. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037801.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses William Gibson's short fiction. Among Gibson's early short stories are “Fragments of a Hologram Rose” (1977), which introduces the theme of virtual reality; “The Gernsback Continuum” (1981), his first metafictional consideration of science fiction and its effects; “Johnny Mnemonic” (1981), which first involves the underworld of the Sprawl, the vast megalopolis stretching down America's East Coast; and “Burning Chrome” (1982), which adds the ingredient of cyberspace. “The Gernsback Continuum” pays fond tribute to the prophecies of science fiction writers and futurists of the 1920s and 1930s, and ponders how their visions still influence residents of a future they failed to predict. This chapter examines other Gibson stories, including “The Belonging Kind” (1981, with John Shirley), “Hinterlands” (1981), “The Winter Market” (1985), “Doing Television” (1990), and “Thirteen Views of a Cardboard City” (1997).
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Al-Rodhan, Khalid, and Anthony H. Cordesman. The Changing Dynamics of Energy in the Middle East. Praeger, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216189534.
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The recent rise in global demand for energy and the resulting spike in energy prices have illustrated just how important Middle Eastern energy exports are. This book, the first on the subject since the hike in energy prices impacted the global energy market, outlines the current facts that shape the ability of Middle Eastern producers to supply energy exports. It explores the possible future causes both of major interruptions in supply, and of failures to maintain and expand export capacity, and, though it does not predict a major energy crisis, it does describe a range of factors that could produce one. The recent rise in global demand for energy and the resulting spike in energy prices have illustrated just how important Middle Eastern energy exports are. This book, the first on the subject since the hike in energy prices impacted the global energy market, outlines current facts that shape the ability of Middle Eastern producers to supply energy exports. It explores the possible future causes both of major interruptions in supply, and failures to maintain and expand export capacity, and, though it does not predict a major energy crisis, it does describe factors that could produce one. Authors Cordesman and Al-Rodhan analyze the plans of each country in the region, compare those plans with the forecasting models of international organizations, and study each country's prospects for stability. They also analyze how importing countries such as the United States, Europe, China, and India are dealing with the changing nature of global dependence upon MENA oil. Offering the most comprehensive data on current energy resources, production capacities estimates, import dependence, and national plans and strategies,The Changing Dynamics of Energy in the Middle Eastanalyzes current energy modeling, and shows how the lack of supply-driven models has had a negative impact on the understanding of policy makers and strategic thinkers. The book concludes its analysis with possible strategic, economic, and demographic scenarios for the Middle East, projecting the impact of each scenario on future energy developments.
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Gall, Gregor. Labour Union Responses to Participation in Employing Organizations. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Paul J. Gollan, Mick Marchington, and David Lewin. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199207268.003.0015.
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This article provides a multilayered theorization of labour unionism's relationship to participation in order to provide the basis for examining unions' experience of, and response to, participation. This requires an exposition of the broad parameters of the relationship between labour unionism and participation before examining the conceptual implications of these parameters. In doing so, participation is defined broadly as the reality, rhetoric, and aspiration of worker involvement in task determination as well as contributing to higher-level, decision-making processes concerning the employment relationship, enterprise, and markets, whether coming from workers, employers, or states. This then concerns, with varying degrees of depth and breadth, direct and indirect participation at different levels of employing organizations and over an array of subjects. In essence, the focus of the article is on bilateral arenas of engagement between workers and employer representatives that are not formally and conceptually predicated on the involvement of any third parties.
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Chodat, Robert. Puzzles, Pawnshops, and Improvisation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682156.003.0005.
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In his 2010 memoir Little Did I Know, Stanley Cavell challenges two misleading pictures prevalent in analytic philosophy. One suggests that human behavior could be fully explained and predicted, much in the way that a picture puzzle has only a single solution. A second suggests that the unpredictability of human actions means that they are wholly random, unaccountable, even irrational. In both the form and content of the memoir, Cavell suggests a different view: that our speech and lives are always poised between the purposeful and the accidental, and that genuine action is improvisatory. Such a standpoint is markedly different from that of certain well-known philosophical associates of Cavell—Quine, Derrida—who have also ventured to compose autobiographies. Little Did I Know, however, also highlights the philosopher’s distance from the social, economic, technological, and cultural changes that have marked the last few decades of American life. It thus risks shielding itself from the full range of “accidents” that mark a human life today.
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Fraiture, Pierre-Philippe. Past Imperfect. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800348400.001.0001.
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This book examines French and Francophone intellectual history in the period leading to the decolonization of sub-Saharan Africa (1945-1960). The analysis favours the epistemological links between ethnology, museology, sociology, and (art) history. In this discussion, a specific focus is placed on temporality and the role ascribed by these different disciplines to African pasts, presents, and futures. It is argued here that the post-war context, characterized, inter alia, by the creation of UNESCO, the birth of Présence Africaine and the prevalence of existentialism, bore witness to the development of new regimes of historicity and to the partial refutation of a progress-based modernity. This investigation is predicated on case studies from West and Central Africa (AOF, AEF and Belgian Congo) and, whilst adopting a postcolonial methodology, it explores African and French authors such as Georges Balandier, Cheikh Anta Diop, Frantz Fanon, Chris Marker, Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Alain Resnais, Jean-Paul Sartre and Placide Tempels. Past Imperfect analyses the legacies of the ‘long nineteenth century’ and the difficulty encountered by these authors to articulate their anti-colonial agenda away from the modern methodologies of the ‘colonial library’. By focussing on issues of intellectual alienation, this book also demonstrates that the post-WW2 period foreshadowed twenty-first century debates on extroversion, racial inequalities, the decolonization of history, and cultural (mis)appropriation.
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Pilmis, Olivier. Escaping the Reality Test. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.003.0006.
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Economic crises regularly give rise to criticisms of economists and forecasters for having failed to blow the whistle. Forecasters’ efforts to deal with ‘errors’ and events that contradict their predictions show analogies between forecasting and magic as analysed by Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss in the early twentieth century. The way forecasters depict the process of forecast production pinpoints three different sets of explanations for errors that together seek to discard ‘reality’ (‘what actually happened’) as a relevant criterion for judging forecasts (‘what had been predicted’). Forecasters argue that the ontological indeterminacy of economies and the presence of unanticipated shocks absolve them from blame; they emphasize the value of identifying causal narratives and scenarios even when point forecasts are wrong; and they stress the importance of adhering to professional methods or rituals.
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Jacobi, Corinna, Kristian Hütter, and Eike Fittig. Psychosocial Risk Factors for Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.6.
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This chapter provides an updated overview of risk factors for eating disorders, on the basis of the risk factor taxonomy described by (Kraemer et al., 1997). It summarizes risk factors identified in longitudinal studies and markers and retrospective correlates from cross-sectional studies through April 2002 for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, identifies new studies published between May 2002 and June 2015, and integrates them into the earlier review. The updated review confirms that longitudinal evidence on risk factors is strongest for nonspecific eating disorder diagnoses including subclinical forms and weakest for participants with diagnoses of anorexia nervosa. When strict criteria for caseness are applied, the majority of risk factors were not able to predict distinct diagnoses and only very few risk factors were confirmed in more than one sample. Case prediction, specificity, and replication therefore remain the biggest challenges in risk factor research for eating disorders.
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Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Trauma and orthopaedics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0031.
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Recent advances in biomechanics and biomaterials are resulting in new and potentially improved implants and procedures in trauma medicine, often with more reliance on high-tech solutions. However, some new advances have resulted in disastrous outcomes. As it takes time for these complications to surface, many patients may be subject to the new technology and resulting consequences. Studying the clinical evidence around these technologies is therefore essential, and use of appropriate surrogate measures to assess the short-term in vivo performance of an implant is important to help predict long-term clinical outcome. Radiostereometric analysis and kinematic assessment are two such tools widely used in translational research and post-market surveillance in the field of joint replacement. It is only with high-quality research and awareness that true advances can be demonstrated and failures averted at the earliest stage. The principles of orthopaedics must remain to alleviate pain, correct deformity, and restore function, whatever technique is used.
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Siklos, Pierre L. The Decline of Simplicity and the Rise of Unorthodoxy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0004.
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Crises come in various forms, and their impact is not predicable with much accuracy. Crises in emerging markets are not the same as those in advanced economies. By 2007, the idea that monetary policy ought to be rules-based was widely accepted and copied around the world. Policymakers believed that inflation and macroeconomic slack were all that mattered. Demographic and structural factors were underappreciated. The wrong conclusions are now being drawn: rules should not be abandoned, but monetary policy can be improved. Monetary policy now relies more on words. An expansion of central bank balance sheets has taken place and central bank independence is a quaint idea. Central banks no longer influence just prices; they also change financial system quantities. This leads to rising policy uncertainty. Central banks stand accused of hubris, with little clear idea of the “new normal” and how this will redefine a future monetary policy strategy.
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Vidal, Cécile. Caribbean New Orleans. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469645186.001.0001.
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Combining Atlantic and imperial perspectives, Caribbean New Orleans offers a lively portrait of the city and a probing investigation of the French colonists who established racial slavery there as well as the African slaves who were forced to toil for them. Casting early New Orleans as a Caribbean outpost of the French Empire rather than as a North American frontier town, Cécile Vidal reveals the persistent influence of the Antilles, especially Saint-Domingue, which shaped the city’s development through the eighteenth century. In so doing, she urges us to rethink our usual divisions of racial systems into mainland and Caribbean categories. Drawing on New Orleans’s rich court records as a way to capture the words and actions of its inhabitants, Vidal takes us into the city’s streets, market, taverns, church, hospitals, barracks, and households. She explores the challenges that slow economic development, Native American proximity, imperial rivalry, and the urban environment posed to a social order that was predicated on slave labor and racial hierarchy. White domination, Vidal demonstrates, was woven into the fabric of New Orleans from its founding. This comprehensive history of urban slavery locates Louisiana’s capital on a spectrum of slave societies that stretched across the Americas and provides a magisterial overview of racial discourses and practices during the formative years of North America’s most intriguing city.
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Hutchinson, Mark P. From Reverse to Inverse to Omni-Nodal Dissenting Protestant Mission. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702252.003.0015.
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This chapter traces the shift from unidirectional Protestant foreign missions at the beginning of the twentieth century to globalized missionary efforts at the end of the century, often fuelled by global migration patterns. These can originate in any country or culture, and end up (along relatively predicable paths dictated by rational markets in education, migration, business, and national interest) in almost any other country. The chapter compares the ‘World Missionary Conference 1910’ in Edinburgh with the 1989 ‘Global Consultation on World Evangelization’ held in Manila, as ‘bookends’ for a period of rapid change and indigenization of Christianity around the world. It points to four key vectors as determinative: the rise of short-term missional experientialism, the co-option of non-missionary globalized settings, diasporic mission, and conversion as resistance. The counter-logical global upsurge of grass-roots Christianity after Edinburgh 1910 demonstrates that people appropriating new futures start from where they are, and go to unpredictable places.
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Gormley, Bill. James Q. Wilson,. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.2.
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This chapter examines James Q. Wilson’sBureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why they Do it, and compares Wilson’s approach to that of neoclassical economics, paying particular attention to his denunciation of William Niskanen’s “bureaucratic imperialism” hypothesis and his rejection of “principal-agent” models which predict widespread “shirking” by bureaucrats. It discusses his argument that every bureaucracy has a distinctive culture that helps shape the behavior of individual bureaucrats. The chapter explores Wilson’s other views with regards to “capture theory,” accountability, and the ability of markets to promote efficiency and of governments to promote equity. Finally, it evaluates Wilson’s impact on other scholars, emphasizing: his bottom–up approach to studying bureaucracy, organizational culture, his typologies of policy proposals that differ in terms of benefits and costs, and of administrative agencies that differ in terms of outputs and outcomes.
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Sørensen, Bjørn Bo, Christian Estmann, Enilde Francisco Sarmento, and John Rand. Economic complexity and structural transformation: the case of Mozambique. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/898-6.
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Mozambique is among the world’s least complex economies. By systematically accounting for both supply- and demand-side factors, we identify new products and sectors that can help to diversify and upgrade its economy. In a supply-side analysis, we use network methods from the literature on economic complexity to identify a set of target products that are complex, require productive capabilities useful in the export of other products, and are close to Mozambique’s existing productive structure. In a demand-side analysis, we use gravity models to predict the export potential of target products and markets given product-specific trade resistance and geographically dispersed demand. The broad sectoral focus of Mozambique’s industrial policy is largely consistent with structural transformation and export promotion. The current prioritization of agriculture, agro-industry, and metals is especially important, while there are unexploited opportunities in machinery, vehicles, and transport equipment. We find some potential for Mozambique to export target products to neighbouring countries.
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Jozsa, Frank P. American Sports Empire. Praeger, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400612312.
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How did the professional baseball, basketball, football, and hockey leagues become the most successful sports organizations in the United States? Jozsa investigates the major leagues' histories with unparalleled depth and rigorous economic analysis. He marshals relevant data, facts, statistics that measure the performance of professional sports teams and players, the strategies of franchise owners, and the loyalties of fans. Delineating the development, maturation, and revitalization of the leagues throughout the 20th century, he highlights significant events and reforms of the era and discusses the future of sports leagues in the marketplace. Sports fanatics, casual fans, professional coaches and players, journalists, economists, administrators, and owners will discover a goldmine of information in this unique volume. Readers will learn about key owners, investors, coaches, managers, and players of teams that won divisions, conference titles, and league championships from the 1950s through the 1990s. The book includes information on attendance, operating incomes, payrolls, win-loss percentages, and the estimated market value of individual teams. Specific franchise owners are noted for their wealth and success factors. The author also predicts that league commissioners, franchise owners, local business and community leaders, and government officials will be forced to bargain in good faith and compromise on the question of whether to use taxpayer money to invest in sports facilities.
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Colaresi, Michael, and Jude C. Hays. Spatial and Temporal Interdependence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.301.
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Time and space are two dimensions that are likely to provide the paths—either singly or in tandem—by which international policy decisions are interdependent. There are several reasons to expect international relations processes to be interdependent across space, time, or both dimensions. Theoretical approaches such as rational expectations models, bureaucratic models of decision-making, and psychological explanations of international phenomena at least implicitly assume—and in many cases explicitly predict—dependence structures within data. One approach that researchers can use to test whether their international processes of interest are marked by dependence across time, space, or both time and space, is to explicitly model and interpret the hypothesized underlying dependence structures. There are two areas of spatial modeling at the research frontier: spatial models with qualitative and limited dependent variables, an co-evolution models of structure and behavior. These models have theoretical implications that are likely to be useful for international relations research. However, a gap remains between the kinds of empirical models demanded by international relations data and theory and the supply of time series and spatial econometric models that are available to those doing applied research. There is a need to develop appropriate models of temporal and spatial interdependence for qualitative and limited dependent variables, and for better models in which outcomes and structures of interdependence are jointly endogenous.
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McNamara, John M., and Olof Leimar. Game Theory in Biology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815778.001.0001.
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Game theory in biology seeks to predict social behaviour and other traits that influence how individuals interact. It does this by tentatively assuming that current traits are stable endpoints of evolution by natural selection. The theory is used to model aggressive behaviour, cooperation, negotiation, and signalling, as well as phenotypic attributes like an individual’s sex and mating type. This book covers the basic concepts and the traditional examples of biological game theory. It expands the frontiers of the field, emphasizing the importance of the co-evolution of traits and the implications of variation for reputation, markets, negotiation, and other social phenomena. It also highlights that it can be important to embed game interactions in the environment and an individual’s life. A major new direction developed in the book is that game theory can be extended by incorporating behavioural mechanisms, including mechanisms of reinforcement learning. By doing this the theory can successfully describe important phenomena like social dominance in group-living animals that previously have been difficult to model. By focusing on behavioural mechanisms, game theory can also make closer contact with empirical observation and with current research in fields like animal psychology and neuroscience.
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Labonté, Ronald, and Arne Ruckert. Health Equity in a Globalizing Era. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835356.001.0001.
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This book explores globalization as a ‘determinant’ of social determinants of health within and between nations. Although not a new a phenomenon, globalization has undergone dramatic shifts since the beginning of the neoliberal era post-1980. Neoliberal globalization’s impacts on governments’ foreign policy decisions and domestic policy space is increasingly evident, the more so since the 2008 financial crisis. Much public health literature on global health, however, continues to focus primarily on ‘international health’: the concern for high burdens of disease in generally low-income countries. Although international health work remains important, a globalization approach augments it by posing two questions: Why are some countries poorer and sicker, and others wealthier and healthier? What are the inherently global (trans-border) issues that affect inequities in disease burdens and health opportunities, for individuals as well as for nations? The book takes a political economy approach in answering these questions, covering key globalization concepts and theory, as well as historical background to an understanding of both globalization and global health. It then turns to key pathways by which globalization is affecting health through profound changes in migration, labour markets, trade and investment rules, international development assistance, health systems, infectious and non-communicable disease risks, environmental health, and gendered aspects of globalization’s health dialectic. The book closes with a discussion of global governance for health, the role of human rights, and the importance of a strong civil society articulating and advocating for national and global policies predicated on social justice, health equity, and a sustainable ecology.
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Fizel, John L., Elizabeth Gustafson, and Lawrence Hadley. Sports Economics. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216017806.
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The sports industry presents many unusual and interesting opportunities for the application of economic theory and econometrics. In 15 professional papers, this book addresses current economic issues in the industry, including the problem of competitive balance, the location of professional sports teams and their impact on local communities, managerial decision making, and issues related to labor markets. Extending the previous research in sports economics, the papers reflect the most recent applications of economic theory in this area. The book will be a valuable resource for professional economists working on sports economics topics. In two opening chapters on competitive balance, the contributors develop a model for college football and examine the impact of balance on attendance in major league baseball. In a section on the location of professional sports teams, the chapters then develop a model to predict the location of expansion teams, make econometric estimates of the impact of Super Bowls on the host city, and analyze the ownership of stadiums and arenas. Managerial decision making is discussed in chapters that examine alternative econometric models of production in baseball, use a production function model to analyze technological change in Major League Baseball, examine the management of team streaks, consider the competitive balance between American and National Leagues, analyze the efficiency of player trades in the National Basketball Association, and estimate the impact of participation in inter-collegiate sports on academic performance. In the final section on labor markets, the contributors estimate the impact of owner collusion on baseball players' salaries, consider the impact of the new collective bargaining agreement in Major League Baseball, analyze the impact of being a union representative, and examine the impact of the National Football League's salary cap on player's salaries.
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Rousso, Chelsea, and Nancy Kaplan Ostroff. Fashion Forward. 3rd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501374333.
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Fashion Forward, Third Edition demystifies the ever-changing career of fashion forecasting. It provides an overview of fashion forecasting theories and concepts, then gives a step-by-step guide to creating and presenting a forecast. The events of the 21st century have turned fashion on its head, forcing the industry to adapt to global pandemics, protests, and shifts in political power, and this book teaches readers to think critically about how the impacts of these events affect fashion trends. Different fashion consumers have different needs, and Fashion Forward considers a diverse range of consumers so readers can predict and satisfy their fashion needs. Examples and interviews from the industry professionals who inspire, create, manufacture, and market fashion help readers to start spotting and communicating tomorrow's trends today. New to this Edition -Discusses new technologies like interactive genetic algorithms and augmented and virtual reality and how they can be used in trend predictions -Focuses on a wider global perspective and focuses on inclusive, diversified cultures -Coverage of current events like the Covid-19 pandemic, social justice movements, sustainability, and more -Updated end-of-chapter activities and trend forecasts STUDIO Features Include: -Study smarter with self-assessment quizzes featuring scored results and personalized study tips -Review concepts with flashcards of terms and definitions -Learn up-to-date concepts with informative and accessible videos Instructor Resources Include: -Instructor’s Guide with Test Bank provides suggestions for planning the course and using the text in the classroom, supplemental assignments, and lecture notes -PowerPoint® presentations include images from the book and provide a framework for lecture and discussion
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Barker, Thomas, and Marjie T. Britz. Jokers Wild. Praeger Publishers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400674785.
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A history and analysis of gambling in the United States from bingo to state lotteries to Indian gaming and the rise of Las Vegas, this book reveals how we have become a nation of gamblers and what the future holds for the gambling industry. From the colonial era to the present, Americans have enjoyed a love-hate relationship with gambling. It is a pastime that has gone from sin to recreational activity, and an industry that has moved from control by organized crime to management by executives with MBAs. While gaming is one of the nation's fastest-growing industries, Barker and Britz predict that this process will slow or stop in the next century as the result of market saturation and unknown social and economic effects which loom over the glitz, glamour, and action. Providing the latest information on the nature and extent of legalized gambling in the United States, this study examines why we gamble and how the relative impact of the activity differs in certain segments of the population. Legalized gambling is, at best, problematic behavior with both good and bad consequences. State-sponsored gambling, both in the form of monopolistic lotteries and in tribal casinos, does to some extent call into question the proper role of the state or tribal nation in promoting a potentially harmful activity among its citizens. States that have looked to legalized gambling as a source of economic salvation may soon experience difficulties as gambling venues multiply and unregulated Internet gambling becomes more widespread.
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Ottati, Victor, and Chase Wilson. Open-Minded Cognition and Political Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.143.
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Dogmatic or closed-minded cognition is directionally biased; a tendency to select, interpret, and elaborate upon information in a manner that reinforces the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. Open-minded cognition is directionally unbiased; a tendency to process information in a manner that is not biased in the direction of the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. It is marked by a tendency to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, attitudes, opinions, or beliefs—even those that contradict the individual’s prior opinion. Open-Minded Cognition is assessed using measures that specifically focus on the degree to which individuals process information in a directionally biased manner. Open-Minded Cognition can function as an individual difference characteristic that predicts a variety of social attitudes and political opinions. These include attitudes toward marginalized social groups (e.g., racial and ethnic minorities), support for democratic values, political ideology, and partisan identification. Open-Minded Cognition also possesses a malleable component that varies across domains and specific situations. For example, Open-Minded Cognition is higher in the political domain than religious domain. In addition, Open-Minded Cognition is prevalent in situations where individuals encounter plausible arguments that are compatible with conventional values, but is less evident when individuals encounter arguments that are extremely implausible or that contradict conventional values. Within a situation, Open-Minded Cognition also varies across social roles involving expertise. Because political novices possess limited political knowledge, social norms dictate that they should listen and learn in an open-minded fashion. In contrast, because political experts possess extensive knowledge, social norms dictate that they are entitled to adopt a more dogmatic cognitive orientation when listening to a political communication.
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Palmer, Larry. Endings and Beginnings. Praeger, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400645952.
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As society struggles to cope with the many repercussions of assisted life and death, the evening news is filled with stories of legal battles over frozen embryos and the possible prosecution of doctors for their patients' suicide. Using an institutional approach as an alternative to the prevailing rights based analysis of problems in law and medicine, this study explains why society should resist the tendency to look to science and law for a resolution of intimate matters, such as how our children are born and how we die. Palmer's institutional approach demonstrates that legislative analysis is often more important than judicial analysis when it comes to issues raised by new reproductive technologies and physician-assisted suicide. A reliance on individual rights alone for answers to the complex ethical questions that result from society's faith in scientific progress and science's close alliance with medicine will be insufficient and ill-advised. Palmer predicts that the key role of the family as a societal institution will mean that questions of assisted reproduction will be resolved more in response to market forces than through legal intervention. However, he does support a strong role for legislatures in decisions involving the physicians' role in our deaths. These findings are based on the differing views of the Supreme Court justices in these matters: a tendency to protect family formation from state interference (as in abortion decisions), but support of a legislative obligation to control medicine (assisted suicide). According to Palmer, recent Supreme Court decisions on physician assisted suicide usher in a new era in how legal institutions will resolve biomedical dilemmas.
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Rodríguez Juárez, Carolina. Accesibilidad a la función Sujeto en lengua inglesa: restricciones funcionales, intrínsecas y jerárquicas. Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20420/1650.2021.479.
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La accesibilidad de un término para participar en una operación gramatical como la asignación de Sujeto está condicionada por restricciones jerárquicas, funcionales e intrínsecas que favorecerán la asignación de la función de Sujeto al primer argumento, resultando en una oración activa, o a un término distinto al primer argumento, obteniéndose una construcción pasiva. Estas restricciones se representan en forma de jerarquías de carácter tipológico cuya relevancia ha sido enfatizada tanto en la teoría de la Gramática Funcional (Dik, 1978, 1989) como en la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (Hengeveld y Mackenzie, 2008, 2011) y cuya validez no solo está demostrada en estudios realizados entre lenguas, sino también en el caso de lenguas individuales al permitir determinar qué categorías son estadísticamente más frecuentes y consecuentemente menos marcadas en una lengua en particular. A través de un estudio cuantitativo y multidimensional basado en el análisis de un corpus escrito formado por oraciones activas transitivas y pasivas en lengua inglesa, estudiamos la incidencia directa de siete jerarquías de prioridad en la selección de Sujeto: Jerarquía de Funciones Semánticas, de Definición, de Persona, de Animacidad, de Número, de Entidades/ Abstracción, de Predicación y la Jerarquía de Términos. Los resultados demuestran que se observan preferencias de unas jerarquías sobre otras a la hora de determinar la accesibilidad de los términos a la función sintáctica de Sujeto. Basándonos en los niveles de frecuencia y de dominancia registrados entre las jerarquías, presentamos una nueva jerarquía que predice qué prioridades son más dominantes en esta operación gramatical. Estas prioridades se agrupan y ordenan jerárquicamente en tres grandes bloques atendiendo al tipo de restricciones que expresan: restricciones relacionadas con la complejidad estructural y movilidad sintáctica del término; restricciones intrínsecas del término asociadas con operadores gramaticales; y restricciones atribuibles al referente del término. Accessibility to the Subject function in the English language: functional, intrinsic and hierarchical restrictions The accessibilty of terms in grammatical operations such as Subject assignment is constrained by hierarchical, functional and intrinsic restrictions that will either trigger the assignment of the Subject function to a first argument resulting in an active sentence, or to a non-first argument, which will produce a passive sentence. These restrictions are represented in the form of typological hierarchies whose relevance has been stressed both in the theory of Functional Grammar (Dik, 1978, 1989) and in Functional Discourse Grammmar (Hengeveld y Mackenzie, 2008, 2011), and whose validity has been tested not only in studies across languages but also in the case of individual languages since they are able to determine what categories are statistically more frequent and, as a result, less marked in a particular language. Through a quantitative and multidimensional study based on a written corpus of active and passive sentences in English, we explore the direct impact of seven priority hierarchies on Subject selection: the Semantic Function Hierarchy, the Definiteness Hierarchy, the Person Hierarchy, the Animacy Hierarchy, the Number Hierarchy, the Entities/Abstraction Hierarchy, the Predication Hierarchy and the Term Hierarchy. The results reveal that preferences of some hierarchies over others can be observed when determining the accessibility of terms to the Subject function. Taking as a basis the frequency and dominance levels registered for the different hierarchies, we present a new hierarchy that predicts what priorities are more dominant in this grammatical operation. These priorites are grouped and ordered in a hierarchical fashion into three big blocks according to the type of constraints they express: restrictions related to the structural complexity and syntactic mobility of the term; intrinsic restrictions of the term associated with grammatical operators; and restrictions related to the referent of the term.
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Scott, Virginia. Google. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400658495.
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It's the American dream—start a company, make a fortune, and retire early. But to become multimillionaires in their twenties, as Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin did, boggles the mind. All they did, after all, is come up with a better way to search for things on the Internet, right? Only in part. No company achieves a market value in the range of $172 billion (in early 2008) based on a single good idea. This new entry in the Corporations That Changed the World series shows how Google exploited the rage for click through ads, instant news, mapping and satellite imagery, email, and more to create a high-tech behemoth that has done nothing less than change the way we work and live. Chapters in the book: • Explain the importance of the company and the essential disruptions it introduced that changed business forever. -Detail Google's origins and brief history • Present biographies of the founders and the historical context in which they launched the company. -Explain Google's strategies and innovations • Show how Google's treatment of employees—food for free, concierge services, laundry facilities, and more—set the bar high for any company eager to attract the best and brightest • Assess Google's impact on society, technology, processes, methods, etc. (Huge, considering that the company's name has become a verb in the English language!) • Show how Google beat Yahoo and other companies working hard to create a roadmap of the Internet. -Detail financial results over the years • Predict Google's future prospects and successes. In addition, author Virginia Scott offers special features that include a look at the colorful people associated with Google, interesting trivia, ethical issues and controversies, a focus on products, what its detractors have to say, and a look at where the company is headed. Google—a company that changed, and is changing, the world.
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von Wangenheim, Georg. Evolutionary Law and Economics. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.011.
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This article examines the use of evolutionary theories in law and economics. It begins with a discussion of the concept of evolution. It then explains the central ideas of three central evolutionary approaches in law and economics: the neo-institutional approach, microeconomic models, and the idea of competing jurisdictions. Neo-institutionalist approaches provide a bouquet of arguments which may be used to explain the evolution of law. Microeconomic approaches driven by demand for, and supply of legal rules as well as their interactions with social norms and technological evolution may provide such models, but, since these models are based on Markov processes and thus on stochasticity, they may only describe and predict expected values of legal change. As a consequence, explanations of specific legal variations cannot be traced back to specific elements of these evolutionary theories in law and economics. This caveat persists even if one would extend the models to allow for co-evolution of jurisdictions partly driven by comparative lawyers' research. Nevertheless, the said microeconomic approaches may still be useful for normative evaluations of differences in the law: If the frameworks of legal evolution in jurisdictions differ, the theory may offer arguments for why the evolution in one or the other will tend towards a more desirable outcome (for example efficiency). One should however always be aware that these theories can only make statements on tendencies of evolution, not on specific legal changes. The same caveats apply in an even stronger way to the use of (evolutionary) theories of inter-jurisdictional competition.