Academic literature on the topic 'Predesign step'

Globalization has a significant impact on the Indonesian economy as globalization opens opportunities for global products to the domestic market, with an indication of the number of malls that show a high consumptive culture among the public, the phenomenon of psycho economic impulse buying related to money and lifestyle, especially for teenagers ages 10 years to 24 years. This study aims to prepare teens in the face of globalization that strengthens their character by teaching economic literacy through the development and implementation of economic literacy book based e-book Picture Stories for easy to understand and fun to read. In the first step of research is conducted to get a portrait of economic literacy implementation on teens and to explore what they need for materials to create prototype predesign book economic literacy based e-book Picture Stories. The result of data analysis obtained information that teens Malang city Indonesia knows literacy less, medium to very low by 81,3%., and only 18,7% high ability. Furthermore, it found that economic literacy and self-control have a negatives significant effect on the impulsive behaviour of -0,274 and -0,669, low percentage of knowledge about micro and macroeconomic literacy based on the indicator of The Standard in Economic Survey developed by NCEE. Based on the information, it is necessary to increase the understanding of economic literacy namely the availability of a book that is fun to read "Now's Era" teenagers. it is a reading book following the penchant teens of economic literacy book based on e-book Picture Stories that, so they will be comfortable and happy to read through notebooks, gadget, hand phone android and so on

Background Health professionals initiating mobile health (mHealth) interventions may choose to adapt apps designed for other activities (eg, peer-to-peer communication) or to employ purpose-built apps specialized in the required intervention, or to exploit apps based on methods such as the experience sampling method (ESM). An alternative approach for professionals would be to create their own apps. While ESM-based methods offer important guidance, current systems do not expose their design at a level that promotes replicating, specializing, or extending their contributions. Thus, a twofold solution is required: a method that directs specialists in planning intervention programs themselves, and a model that guides specialists in adopting existing solutions and advises software developers on building new ones. Objective The main objectives of this study are to design the Experience Sampling and Programmed Intervention Method (ESPIM), formulated toward supporting specialists in deploying mHealth interventions, and the ESPIM model, which guides health specialists in adopting existing solutions and advises software developers on how to build new ones. Another goal is to conceive and implement a software platform allowing specialists to be users who actually plan, create, and deploy interventions (ESPIM system). Methods We conducted the design and evaluation of the ESPIM method and model alongside a software system comprising integrated web and mobile apps. A participatory design approach with stakeholders included early software prototype, predesign interviews with 12 health specialists, iterative design sustained by the software as an instance of the method’s conceptual model, support to 8 real case studies, and postdesign interviews. Results The ESPIM comprises (1) a list of requirements for mHealth experience sampling and intervention-based methods and systems, (2) a 4-dimension planning framework, (3) a 7-step-based process, and (4) an ontology-based conceptual model. The ESPIM system encompasses web and mobile apps. Eight long-term case studies, involving professionals in psychology, gerontology, computer science, speech therapy, and occupational therapy, show that the method allowed specialists to be actual users who plan, create, and deploy interventions via the associated system. Specialists’ target users were parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, older persons, graduate and undergraduate students, children (age 8-12), and caregivers of older persons. The specialists reported being able to create and conduct their own studies without modifying their original design. A qualitative evaluation of the ontology-based conceptual model showed its compliance to the functional requirements elicited. Conclusions The ESPIM method succeeds in supporting specialists in planning, authoring, and deploying mobile-based intervention programs when employed via a software system designed and implemented according to its conceptual model. The ESPIM ontology–based conceptual model exposes the design of systems involving active or passive sampling interventions. Such exposure supports the evaluation, implementation, adaptation, or extension of new or existing systems.

The design and manufacture of a branched vascular network is essential for bioartificial organ implantation, which provides nutrients and removes metabolites for multi-cellular tissues. In the present study, we present a technology to manufacture endothelialized liver tissues using a fibrin hydrogel and a rotational combined mold. Both hepatocytes and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) encapsulated in a fibrin hydrogel were assembled into a spindle construct with a predesigned multi-branched vascular network. An external overcoat of poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) was used to increase the mechanical properties of the construct as well as to act as an impervious and isolating membrane around the construct. Cell survivability reached 100% in the construct after 6 days of in vitro culture. ADSCs in the spindle construct were engaged into endothelial cells/tissues using a cocktail growth factor engagement approach. Mechanical property comparison and permeability evaluation tests all indicated that this was a viable complex organ containing more than two heterogeneous tissue types and a functional vascular network. It is, therefore, the first time an implantable bioartificial liver, i.e., endothelialized liver tissue, along with a hierarchical vascular network, has been created.

Abstract Understanding the mechanisms and controlling the possibilities of surface nanostructuring is of crucial interest for both fundamental science and application perspectives. Here, we report a direct experimental observation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) formed near a predesigned gold step edge following single-pulse femtosecond laser irradiation. Simulation results based on a hybrid atomistic-continuum model fully support the experimental observations. We experimentally detect nanosized surface features with a periodicity of ∼300 nm and heights of a few tens of nanometers. We identify two key components of single-pulse LIPSS formation: excitation of surface plasmon polaritons and material reorganization. Our results lay a solid foundation toward simple and efficient usage of light for innovative material processing technologies.

Background: Didactic lectures are one of the most widely used teaching methods in Indian MedicalColleges. An integrated approach can make medical teaching more interesting and skill-oriented tothe faculty as well as students. Aim & Objective: To evaluate integrated teaching in medicaleducation assessing existing knowledge of medical students' inappropriate breastfeeding practices.Methodology: This was an observational cross-sectional study. Participants were second phasemedical students. The sharing method of integrated teaching was used involving the Department ofAnatomy, Physiology, and Pediatrics. Students were evaluated for their knowledge on the topicbefore and after the integrated teaching session through a predesigned pre-validated MCQs basedquestionnaire. Feedback of students was taken on Likert’s scale. The analysis was done using aStudent paired t-test. Results: A total of 63 students were assessed for the topic with pretest andpost-test. Student Paired t-test showed extremely statistically significant two-tailed P-value (<0.0001). 76% (n= 48) of students were strongly agreed with such integrated teaching sessions.55.5% (n=35) strongly felt its usefulness and 95% (n=60) agreed about the conduction of suchmore sessions in the future too. Conclusion: Statistically significant absolute learning gain wasobserved for integrated teaching. Integrated teaching has been appreciated and accepted byundergraduate medical students to improve their learning.

Background: Didactic lectures are one of the most widely used teaching methods in Indian MedicalColleges. An integrated approach can make medical teaching more interesting and skill-oriented tothe faculty as well as students. Aim & Objective: To evaluate integrated teaching in medicaleducation assessing existing knowledge of medical students' inappropriate breastfeeding practices.Methodology: This was an observational cross-sectional study. Participants were second phasemedical students. The sharing method of integrated teaching was used involving the Department ofAnatomy, Physiology, and Pediatrics. Students were evaluated for their knowledge on the topicbefore and after the integrated teaching session through a predesigned pre-validated MCQs basedquestionnaire. Feedback of students was taken on Likert’s scale. The analysis was done using aStudent paired t-test. Results: A total of 63 students were assessed for the topic with pretest andpost-test. Student Paired t-test showed extremely statistically significant two-tailed P-value (<0.0001). 76% (n= 48) of students were strongly agreed with such integrated teaching sessions.55.5% (n=35) strongly felt its usefulness and 95% (n=60) agreed about the conduction of suchmore sessions in the future too. Conclusion: Statistically significant absolute learning gain wasobserved for integrated teaching. Integrated teaching has been appreciated and accepted byundergraduate medical students to improve their learning.

Background: Considering the epidemic of diabetes mellitus in recent decades, a prevalence study was carried out in rural adult population to observe the trend of the diseases. Materials and Methods: In a two step simple random sampling, Langotia subcentre was selected in Miran Sahib Zone of R S Pura block for the conduct of the study. A predesigned pretested oral questionnaire was used to screen the entire population aged 30 years & above. The suspects were confirmed as diabetic using fasting blood sugar levels (=>126) as per WHO definition. Results: The prevalence in the study was found to be 8.15%. It was more in females (10.8%) than males (5.82%). Hypertension was found to be the most commonly associated co-morbid condition. Conclusion: The study shows a rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus even in apparently normal population of rural area too.

Background: Most of the morbidities among school children are preventable by ensuring healthy practices regarding personal hygiene and diet. The current study aimed to assess effectiveness of a health education programme regarding personal hygiene and diet in improving the morbidity profile of the adolescent girls in an urban slum. Methods: A quasi experimental study was conducted in two Government secondary schools located in a slum area of Kolkata. The study consisted of three steps. First a baseline survey with the help of a predesigned pretested questionnaire and checklist was done to find out the socio-demographic information and existing knowledge, attitude, practice of personal hygiene and dietary habits of the students. Morbidity profile of the children was also assessed. This was followed by an intervention phase of 6 months during which weekly lecture and demonstration classes were taken in the study school. Second step was reassessment of morbidities by clinical examination at post intervention. Third step was to follow them for another 3 months to reassess their morbidities. Results: There was statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of morbidities in study school from the pre-test level to post-test level as compared to the control school, but the effect was not sustained at follow up as shown by increase in mean morbidity score at 9 months follow up than 6 months post-intervention level in the study school. Conclusions: Sustained behavioral change programme regarding proper practice of personal hygiene and diet could significantly decrease the prevalence of major morbidities encountered in adolescent girl students.

Nous proposons dans ce mémoire une démarche complète de pré-conception en mécanique que nous avons appliquée au choix dimensionnel des pneumatiques. Ce travail s'inscrit dans un contexte industriel qui connaît de fortes évolutions des cahiers des charges avec l'apparition de contraintes environnementales fortes. En parallèle, les industriels cherchent à raccourcir les phases de pré-conception. La démarche d'optimisation que nous présentons ici permet de répondre à une grande diversité de cahier des charges tout en permettant d'atteindre des solutions dans des délais très courts. Une étude de pré-conception des suspensions d'un véhicule nous a permis de décrire chacune des étapes constitutives de la démarche de pré-conception proposée. Cette démarche fait appel à un algorithme génétique afin de pouvoir traiter le problème d'optimisation multi-objectifs. Les temps de calculs nécessaires à l'évaluation des solutions a pu être réduit grâce à l'utilisation une méthode de Krigeage. Un algorithme de partition des solutions optimales obtenues a ensuite été introduit, à partir d'un algorithme de cartes auto-adaptatives, afin de proposer une synthèse organisée des solutions au concepteur. Enfin, nous avons introduit la possibilité de traiter des incertitudes au sein du processus d'optimisation à l'aide d'une adjonction de contraintes au problème d'optimisation multi-objectifs. Nous avons alors employé cette méthode au problème du choix dimensionnel des pneumatiques pour un véhicule. Nous avons pour cela décrit le problème en présentant les variables de conceptions considérées ainsi que les performances à traiter, avec les modèles associés permettant les calculs des indicateurs à optimiser. Le recours à des techniques de métamodélisation a permis de raccourcir les temps d'évaluation et par conséquent le temps nécessaire à l'obtention de solutions. L'étape suivante de partitionnement automatique des solutions permet une synthèse des solutions par typages qui peut conduire à une prise de décision du concepteur. Une optimisation sous contraintes peut également être menée ensuite afin de raffiner le choix du concepteur. L'outil développé a démontré pouvoir traiter de manière générique une grande diversité de problèmes, ayant chacun un cahier des charges spécifique. Nous avons également pu compléter cette' étude par le traitement d'un cas d'optimisation considérant des incertitudes sur les variables de. conception. Nous avons pu valider la démarche en la déployant sur plusieurs cas de choix dimensionnel de véhicules. Nous avons ainsi pu travailler sur un cas de rétro-engineering puis nous nous sommes intéressés à des scenarii d'évolutions potentielles des véhicules. Nous avons ainsi p étudier et proposer de nouvelles montes pneumatiques pour des véhicules de types électriques hybrides ou allégés, qui devraient apparaître sur le marché au cours de la prochaine décennie
A global framework has been introduced in or der to deal with pre-design steps. The proposed workflow has been applied on the design of tire dimensions to fit new vehicles specifications. Indeed, industrial design lead time has been progressively reduced in order to bring new products faster to market. Nevertheless, environmental regulations become more and more stringent and the importance given to energetic efficiency during new products design phases increase From day to day. Therefore, design pro cess has to be reconsidered in order to be able to design quickly products which have to fulfil new specifications compared to their former version. The proposed framework uses a genetic algorithm in order to solve multi-objective optimisation problems. Since model calls are computationally expensive, it has been necessary to use surrogate modelling in order to fast en objective evaluations. Then data mining tools using self organizing maps have been deployed in order to cluster solutions. It allows providing the designer a limited number of typing, which are easier to behold. Eventually, uncertainties have been considered during optimization thanks to constraints addition. The proposed framework has been employed on tire dimensions optimization while designing a new vehicle. Therefore design parameters as well as objective functions that have to be taken into account have been introduced before developing corresponding models. Furthermore surrogate modelling is integrated in the optimization pro cess in order to accelerate objective functions evaluations while keeping a good accuracy. The automatic clustering workflow is then a real design support tool. A last step of constrained optimization can be fulfilled so as to refine the proposed solutions. Numerous problems with diverse specifications have been solved with the multi-criteria optimization framework presented. It has been shown that this framework is also able to deal with uncertainties and ensures limited influence on optimal solutions performances. Several examples have been treated as a validation. lndeed, tire dimensions designs have been conducted for several specifications which belonged to different vehicles with diverse properties. Indeed tire dimensions have been proposed for a vintage vehicle as well as electric, hybrid or down-sized vehicles, which would emerge in the upcoming decade

The paper argues that using non-first-normal-form (NF2) tables for requirements modeling is a suitable approach for communicating application system issues to stakeholders who have a business background. In particular, such tables are used in an intermediate predesign step residing between requirements elicitation and conceptual design for modeling functional and quality requirements of services and business processes. This approach extends to quality requirements of business processes used for service orchestration.

Flying requires a high power density in the propulsion system. Currently only turbofan engines can provide the required power at a low system mass. To counter a potential negative impact of aircraft emissions on global climate, the agreement Flightpath 50, created by European research establishments and industries, has set the target to reduce overall CO2 emissions from the year 2000 to 2050 by 75 %. In contrast, the air traffic volume has been growing constantly since the 1980s and will be growing further. Hence the fuel burn of aero engines has to be reduced to reach the Flightpath 50 target. High-end component technology has nearly exhausted full potential in the improvement of conventional turbofan engines. Further significant progress can only be achieved by new engine concepts. The geared turbofan has proven the feasibility of this approach. The introduction of a gear allows the IPC and LPT to run at more suitable speeds with the consequence of a lower stage count compared to conventional turbofans. According to Pratt&Whitney this will reduce the fuel burn by ”15–16% versus today’s best engines” [1]. As a next step towards Flightpath 50 MTU Aero Engines AG envisioned the Intercooled Recuperative Aero Engine (IRA) for long-haul application. This concept increases the thermodynamic efficiency of the core engine by utilizing two heat exchangers: an intercooler reduces the work which is necessary for the compression. A recuperator transfers heat of the exhaust gas to the compressed gas entering the burner. In long-haul aircraft the increased engine mass due to the heat exchangers has a lower influence on the fuel burn. To broaden the research, this paper investigates the application of the IRA for regional jets. An extensive predesign parameter study was performed to find the optimal IRA configuration for regional jets. Not only has fuel consumption been taken into consideration, additionally the influence of the increased weight of the IRA has been included. In optimum, the fuel burn on a regional mission according to this study could be reduced in the order of 1–2%. However, the overall pressure ratio is much lower compared to modern turbofan engines, which leads to relatively low NOx emissions. It allows the introduction of Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP) burner technology, promising an additional significant reduction in NOx emissions compared to modern turbofan engines. Compared to a longhaul application the heat exchangers are not a scaled version but the result of a cycle optimization considering the available space. The paper also gives an outlook for an innovative three dimensional heat exchanger. The novel heat exchanger arrangement promises a better integration into the annulus at turbine exit and less aerodynamical pressure losses due to 3D-effects.

In this paper we set out to investigate the performances of some of the algorithms proposed in the gear literature for identifying the machine-settings required to obtain predesigned gear tooth surface topographies, or needed to compensate for flank form deviations of real teeth. For the ease of comparison, the problem is formulated as a nonlinear least-squares minimization, and the most widely employed algorithms are derived as particular cases. The algorithms included in the analysis are: (i) one-step methods; (ii) iterative methods; (iii) iterative methods with step control. The performance index is devised in their ability of returning practical solutions in the presence of: (i) strong model nonlinearities, (ii) ill-conditioning of the sensitivity matrix, (iii) demanding topographic shapes purposely selected. Instrumental here is an original classification of topographic modifications as either “simple” or “complex”, based on the SVD analysis of the sensitivity matrix. On the basis of the numerical tests documented, iterative techniques with step control seem the most convenient, due to reliability and robustness of the solutions produced. The generation process here considered is face-milling of hypoid gears, even though the methodology is general enough to cope with any gear cutting method requiring only some minor technical changes.