Relevant bibliographies by topics / Predatory animals

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Predatory animals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Predatory animals"

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El Balaa, Rayan, and Gabriel Blouin-Demers. "Does exposure to cues of fish predators fed different diets affect morphology and performance of Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens) larvae?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 4 (April 2013): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0232.

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Phenotypic plasticity allows animals to change their morphological and life-history traits when exposed to predator cues, which modifies performance and can enhance survival but engender costs. Thus, the extent of plastic changes should vary in relation to the perceived risk of predation. We tested the hypothesis that plastic changes in morphology (and their effect on performance) and life history of developing Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens (Schreber, 1782)) larvae vary when exposed to cues of fish predators fed different diets. During development, we exposed tadpoles to control cues, cues from brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus (Lesueur, 1819)) fed trout pellets, or cues from A. nebulosus fed L. pipiens tadpoles. Tadpoles exposed to predatory fish cues had smaller bodies, deeper tail fins, slower growth and development rates, and better turning performance than tadpoles that were not exposed to predatory fish cues, but we found limited evidence that the predator’s diet had an effect on phenotypic plasticity. Predator diet affected tail morphology and activity, but the latter effect was only marginally significant. Lithobates pipiens tadpoles clearly respond to predatory fish cues, but it remains unclear whether their response is modulated by the predator’s diet.
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Wood, Tyler C., and Paul A. Moore. "Big and bad: how relative predator size and dietary information influence rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) behavior and resource-use decisions." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 1 (January 2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0089.

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Prey animals use the information that they extract from predator cues to assess risk. Animals can obtain information about the relative size of predators and their dietary constituents from odor cues that predators deposit in the environment. However, it is currently unknown how prey animals respond when presented with two or more pieces of information about a predator. Rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852)) were exposed to odors from predatory largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)) that were fed four different diets and also varied in size relative to the crayfish subjects. A series of analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that rusty crayfish altered their macrophyte consumption, foraging behavior, and shelter-use behavior depending on the relative size and dietary information presented by the largemouth bass. This study demonstrates that prey consider and respond to multiple aspects of a predatory threat when making resource-use decisions.
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Mirza, Reehan S., and Douglas P. Chivers. "Predator diet cues and the assessment of predation risk by juvenile brook charr: do diet cues enhance survival?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-225.

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Recent studies have shown that predator diet cues provide important information that prey animals can use to assess predation risk. Predator-naïve prey animals may even learn to recognize unknown predators when they detect conspecific cues in the predator's diet. We examined the importance of predator diet cues in the responses of juvenile brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) to chemical cues of predators. In our first experiment, we showed that charr respond to chemical cues of adult yellow perch (Perca flavescens) that were fed a diet of either brook charr or rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), but not to perch fed a diet of brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans). Responses to diet cues from perch fed both charr and trout may indicate that charr are responding to evolutionarily conserved salmonid alarm cues in the predator's diet. In a second experiment, we exposed charr to chemical cues from predatory northern pike (Esox lucius) that were fed charr, trout, or stickleback. Live-predation trials revealed that charr exposed to diet cues from pike fed salmonids exhibited higher survival than charr exposed to diet cues from pike fed a non-salmonid. These results are the first to document a survival benefit for prey exhibiting behavioural responses to predator diet cues.
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Alves-Nunes, João Miguel, Adriano Fellone, Ivan Sazima, and Otávio Augusto Vuolo Marques. "Overcoming the phantoms of the past: Influence of predatory stimuli on the antipredator behavior of island pitvipers." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 24, 2023): e0288826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288826.

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The reduction of predation is a potentially important factor for the evolution of the traits of an island animal species. By relaxed selection, insular animals tend to lose their antipredator behaviors. A monophyletic group of pitvipers (genus Bothrops) in southeastern Brazil, which have high genetic affinity and dwell on the mainland and adjacent islands, provide an appropriate setting to study the evolution of antipredator behavior and how different predatory stimuli can influence this behavior. The mainland Bothrops jararaca has several terrestrial and aerial predators, whereas B. insularis and B. alcatraz, restricted to two small islands, Queimada Grande and Alcatrazes, respectively, have a smaller range of aerial predators. Terrestrial predators are absent on Queimada Grande, but one potential snake predator occurs on Alcatrazes. We observed that the defensive repertoire of island snakes has not been lost, but they display different frequencies of some antipredator behaviors. The type of predatory stimuli (terrestrial and aerial) influenced the defensive response. Bothrops insularis most often used the escape strategies, especially against terrestrial predatory stimuli. Bothrops alcatraz displayed the highest rate of strike for both terrestrial and aerial stimuli. Our results indicate that even though relaxed selection may occur in island environments as compared to mainland environments, these pitvipers still retain their antipredator behaviors but with different response degrees to the two predator types.
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Chikachev, Roman. "The index of the hearts squad Carnivora, as an indicator of predator ecology." E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020301010.

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The article presents the results of calculating the heart index of representatives of the order of carnivores, as one of the main morphophysiological indicators of predator activity. Based on the results of the study, the criteria for specific environmental characteristics of predators used for food production and determining the degree of load on the body were determined. To determine these indicators in some representatives of predatory animals obtained in the Amur region weight measurements of the hearts of sexually Mature individuals were performed: Martes zibellina, Meles leucurus, Canis lupus, Lynx lynx, Vulpes vulpes. Weight indicators of the index were carried out by measuring the ratio of the total mass of the organ to the body weight of the animal (organ mass x 100/ total mass of the animal =%). Conditionally dividing the studied predatory species into: small, medium and large, we determined: active predators intensively tracking their prey and leading high physical activity. Specialized predators that get food by sneaking up and chasing for short distances, not able to run for a long time. Predator-gatherers. In which this feature was an adaptive reaction in the course of evolution for the survival of the species in adverse conditions, food competition and settlement of new territories.
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Smolka, Jochen, Jochen Zeil, and Jan M. Hemmi. "Natural visual cues eliciting predator avoidance in fiddler crabs." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1724 (April 13, 2011): 3584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2746.

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To efficiently provide an animal with relevant information, the design of its visual system should reflect the distribution of natural signals and the animal's tasks. In many behavioural contexts, however, we know comparatively little about the moment-to-moment information-processing challenges animals face in their daily lives. In predator avoidance, for instance, we lack an accurate description of the natural signal stream and its value for risk assessment throughout the prey's defensive behaviour. We characterized the visual signals generated by real, potentially predatory events by video-recording bird approaches towards an Uca vomeris colony. Using four synchronized cameras allowed us to simultaneously monitor predator avoidance responses of crabs. We reconstructed the signals generated by dangerous and non-dangerous flying animals, identified the cues that triggered escape responses and compared them with those triggering responses to dummy predators. Fiddler crabs responded to a combination of multiple visual cues (including retinal speed, elevation and visual flicker) that reflect the visual signatures of distinct bird and insect behaviours. This allowed crabs to discriminate between dangerous and non-dangerous events. The results demonstrate the importance of measuring natural sensory signatures of biologically relevant events in order to understand biological information processing and its effects on behavioural organization.
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Ali Khazraji, Fadel Rahim, and Husham Naji Hameed. "Estimation of the numerical number of some insect predators on four tomato cultivars." Chemical and Environmental Science Archives 02, no. 04 (2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47587/cesa.2022.2402.

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The results of the study on tomato cultivars (AMWAJ, NOUN, MAESTRO, BAYAN) in tomato fields located in the Dujail region of Salah al-Din governorate showed that insect predators were present in abundance in the tomato crop, as the average number of pests for the cultivar was in the two regions Dujail1 and Dujail2 (the average is the larvae of the predator), 7.46, 6.75, and 6.39, respectively. As for the (average of predatory animals), they were 21, 5.29, 4.56, and 3.23, respectively.
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Seebacher, Frank, Ashley Ward, and Amelia Reid. "Learning to hunt: the role of experience in predator success." Behaviour 147, no. 2 (2010): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579509x12512871386137.

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AbstractAnimal behaviour is a composite of innate and learned components. During their lifetimes, animals typically gain experience and manifest learning, thereby augmenting or modifying genetically determined, innate behaviour patterns. Following a training period during which predatory fish (jade perch, Scortum barcoo) were allocated to treatments and given experience of either live prey (mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki), freshly killed prey, or cichlid pellets with equal nutritional value, we tested the response of the predators to the prey in an experimental arena. Across all treatments, there was no difference in the number of attacks made by the predators on the prey, however the predators with experience of live fish prey were significantly more successful in capturing prey than those without previous experience of live prey. These results suggest that, in this piscivorous predator, the recognition of prey has an innate component, but that hunting efficiency is increased through experience. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the release of hatchery-reared fish into the wild, the majority of which are predatory.
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Avinash, Agrawal, Yadav Rahul, Bhagora Abhilasha, Gupta Sahil, and Saxena Kanan. "Antipredator Behaviour Towards Human in Birds of Southern Rajasthan, India." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.044.

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There are many anti-predatory escape strategies in animals. An established method for assessing escape behavior is the flight initiation distance (FID), which is the distance between prey and predator at which an animal flees. The ecological factors affecting avian FID have received much attention over the past few decades, and metaanalysis and comparative analysis have shown that FID is related to body mass and flock size and varies along rural to urban gradients. In our analyses, we determined the relation between FID with two important factor flock size and body mass of birds. Group or herd size can either impact FID negatively (i.e. the dilution effect caused by the presence of many individuals) or positively (i.e. increased alertness as more eyes search for predators).
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Jensen, Kim, David Mayntz, Søren Toft, Fiona J. Clissold, John Hunt, David Raubenheimer, and Stephen J. Simpson. "Optimal foraging for specific nutrients in predatory beetles." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (January 11, 2012): 2212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2410.

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Evolutionary theory predicts that animals should forage to maximize their fitness, which in predators is traditionally assumed equivalent to maximizing energy intake rather than balancing the intake of specific nutrients. We restricted female predatory ground beetles ( Anchomenus dorsalis ) to one of a range of diets varying in lipid and protein content, and showed that total egg production peaked at a target intake of both nutrients. Other beetles given a choice to feed from two diets differing only in protein and lipid composition selectively ingested nutrient combinations at this target intake. When restricted to nutritionally imbalanced diets, beetles balanced the over- and under-ingestion of lipid and protein around a nutrient composition that maximized egg production under those constrained circumstances. Selective foraging for specific nutrients in this predator thus maximizes its reproductive performance. Our findings have implications for predator foraging behaviour and in the structuring of ecological communities.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Predatory animals"

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Hill, Jennifer Marie. "Predator biomass and habitat characteristics affect the magnitude of consumptive and non-consumptive effects (NCEs): experiments between blue crabs, mud crabs, and oyster prey." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41172.

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Recent research has focused on the non-lethal effects of predator intimidation and fear, dubbed non-consumptive effects (NCEs), in which prey actively change their behavior and habitat use in response to predator chemical cues. Although NCEs can have large impacts on community structure, many studies have ignored differences in predator population structure and properties of the natural environment that may modify the magnitude and importance of NCEs. Here, I investigated the roles of predator size and density (i.e. biomass), as well as habitat characteristics, on predator risk assessment and the magnitude of consumptive and NCEs using blue crabs, mud crabs, and oyster prey as a model system. Predation experiments between blue crabs and mud crabs demonstrated that blue crabs consume mud crabs; however, the consumptive effects were dependent upon blue crab body size and habitat type. When mud crabs were exposed to chemical cues from differing biomasses of blue crabs in laboratory mesocosms, mud crab activity and predation on oysters was decreased in response to high biomass treatments (i.e. large and multiple small blue crabs), but not to low biomass predators (i.e single small blue crab), suggesting that risk associated with predator size is perceptible via chemical cues and is based on predator biomass. Further experiments showed that the perception of risk and the magnitude of the NCEs were affected by the sensory cues available and the diet of the blue crab predator. The NCE based on blue crab biomass was also demonstrated in the field where water flow can disperse cues necessary for propagating NCEs. Properties of water flow were measured within the experimental design and during the experiment and confirmed cage environments were representative of natural conditions and that patterns in NCEs were not associated with flow characteristics. These results affect species conservation and commercial fisheries management and demonstrate that we cannot successfully predict NCEs without considering predator size structure and the contexts under which we determine predator risk.
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Wilson, Rory Paul. "Breeding Jackass Penguins as pelagic predators." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17653.

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Bibliography: pages 187-191.
The foraging of breeding Jackass Penguins Spheniscus demersus was studied in and around southwestern Cape Province, Saldanha Bay (33⁰ S, 18⁰ E), South Africa. Penguins are difficult to observe at sea. Hence, I devised a number of new techniques for studying the foraging behaviour of Jackass Penguins at sea. I built electronic and autoradiographic remote-sensing devices to measure swimming speed, distance travelled and time spent at each depth by foraging Jackass Penguins. Penguin swimming speed was reduced in proportion to the cross-sectional area of the devices, and results derived from birds wearing the devices had to be interpreted accordingly. Penguins do not regurgitate their stomach contents when handled, so I constructed a wet-offloading stomach pump which extracted 100% of the stomach contents. Using this pump, I determined that the rate of digestion of fish and squid by Jackass Penguins differed. Care is needed in diet interpretations where both fish and squid are major food items.
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Ddumba, Hassan. "Repulsive-attractive models for the impact of two predators on prey species varying in anti-predator response." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010995.

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This study considers the dynamical interaction of two predatory carnivores (Lions (Panthera leo) and Spotted Hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta)) and three of their common prey (Buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) and Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros)). The dependence on spatial structure of species’ interaction stimulated the author to formulate reaction-diffusion models to explain the dynamics of predator-prey relationships in ecology. These models were used to predict and explain the effect of threshold populations, predator additional food and prey refuge on the general species’ dynamics. Vital parameters that model additional food to predators, prey refuge and population thresholds were given due attention in the analyses. The stability of a predator-prey model for an ecosystem faced with a prey out-flux which is analogous to and modelled as an Allee effect was investigated. The results highlight the bounds for the conversion efficiency of prey biomass to predator biomass (fertility gain) for which stability of the three species ecosystem model can be attained. Global stability analysis results showed that the prey (warthog) population density should exceed the sum of its carrying capacity and threshold value minus its equilibrium value i.e., W >(Kw + $) −W . This result shows that the warthog’s equilibrium population density is bounded above by population thresholds, i.e., W < (Kw+$). Besides showing the occurrence under parameter space of the so-called paradox of enrichment, early indicators of chaos can also be deduced. In addition, numerical results revealed stable oscillatory behaviour and stable spirals of the species as predator fertility rate, mortality rate and prey threshold were varied. The stabilising effect of prey refuge due to variations in predator fertility and proportion of prey in the refuge was studied. Formulation and analysis of a robust mathematical model for two predators having an overlapping dietary niche were also done. The Beddington-DeAngelis functional and numerical responses which are relevant in addressing the Principle of Competitive Exclusion as species interact were incorporated in the model. The stabilizing effect of additional food in relation to the relative diffusivity D, and wave number k, was investigated. Stability, dissipativity, permanence, persistence and periodicity of the model were studied using the routine and limit cycle perturbation methods. The periodic solutions (b 1 and b 3), which influence the dispersal rate (') of the interacting species, have been shown to be controlled by the wave number. For stability, and in order to overcome predator natural mortality, the nutritional value of predator additional food has been shown to be of high quality that can enhance predator fertility gain. The threshold relationships between various ecosystem parameters and the carrying capacity of the game park for the prey species were also deduced to ensure ecosystem persistence. Besides revealing irregular periodic travelling wave behaviour due to predator interference, numerical results also show oscillatory temporal dynamics resulting from additional food supplements combined with high predation rates.
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Philpott, Evelyn. "Examining potential effects of marine renewable energy developments on top predators." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210583.

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This thesis uses data collected over three summers in 2010, 2011 and 2012 at the Isle of May National Nature Reserve, Scotland to examine top predator presence and behaviour in a moderately fast tidal stream site. Fieldwork consisted of an intensive land based observation survey of seabirds at sea, acoustic monitoring of small cetaceans and the deployment of a suite of oceanographical tools to simultaneously collect data on a fine temporal scale over a study area of ~1.5km2. The aim of the study was to examine the potential effects of marine renewable energy developments on top predator behaviour in a tidal stream site by addressing some of the key data gaps such as habitat use in tidal stream areas, dive behaviour and collision and disturbance risk assessment. Acoustic detections of harbour porpoises were investigated as a function of physical environmental variables. Strong links between porpoise presence and increased thermal stratification and chlorophyll levels were detected along with a very strong diurnal pattern with increased detections at night. There was no relationship with tidal state. The habitat use of five species of breeding birds at sea adjacent to breeding cliffs was examined to gauge what environmental factors drive habitat use at these sites. Counts of foraging kittiwakes were examined in relation to environmental variables and while strong temporal trends emerged there was no link with oceanographic features. The study site was predominately used for loafing (non foraging behaviour) and so species specific temporal variation in loafing behaviour was analysed. Strong seasonal and diurnal trends in loafing emerged for all species which could be linked to differences in their breeding phenology. These results can be used in assessing and mitigating disturbance to these birds from marine renewables developments. Age specific variation in dive behaviour in the European shag was examined to determine whether newly fledged juveniles were at a greater risk of collision with tidal turbines than adults. Juveniles initially demonstrated a shorter dive duration than adults but after 4-6 weeks their dive duration had significantly increased. However age specific difference in dive behaviour in relation to water depth iii remained unchanged over time with juveniles showing no relationship between dive duration and water depth while adults increased dive duration in deeper water. The implications of this result for assessing age specific collision risk for this species is discussed. Results from this study were used to populate a framework for assessing collision and disturbance risk to seabirds in the near shore area adjacent to the breeding colony from a small scale tidal turbine development scenario. A method was developed to quantify risk by combining relative abundance data, behavioural data and published data on activity budgets for four species; guillemots, razorbills, puffins and shags. The output from this thesis has practical applications for informing the temporal and spatial scale of data collection and survey design in environmental impact assessments regarding marine renewable energy developments with emphasis on understanding the mechanistic links driving predator behaviour. Results can also be used to design appropriate mitigation procedures to prevent disturbance to loafing or foraging birds.
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Gross, Lee M. "Long-term assessment of predatory fish removal on a pond-breeding amphibian community in central Illinois /." View online, 2009. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131565136.pdf.

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Smith, Derek, and n/a. "Movements, population dynamics and predatory behaviour of stoats inhabiting alpine grasslands in Fiordland." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070330.160940.

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Stoats are introduced mammalian carnivores implicated in the decline of several of New Zealand�s endemic species. Most research into stoats in New Zealand has focused on beech forest habitat, especially in years of peak stoat abundance following heavy beech seedfall and peak cohorts of mice. In New Zealand, alpine grasslands occur above the altitudinal limit of beech forest (900-1000 m a.s.l.). Although previous research has shown stoats to be present there, little is known about the ecology of stoats in alpine grasslands. This research aimed to test whether alpine grasslands were a marginal habitat occupied by surplus stoats that had spilled over from beech forest populations, i.e. a sink habitat. The alternative is that alpine grasslands are a desirable habitat deliberately exploited by stoats. This question was answered using mark-recapture, radio-tracking, diet analysis and a food addition experiment. Another objective was to determine whether nest survival is higher in alpine grassland compared to beech forest and whether stoats are likely to be a frequent predator of ground nests in alpine grasslands relative to other introduced mammals that inhabit them. If nest survival is higher in alpine grassland then alpine grasslands may be a refuge from predation. However, if it is not then it is important for management to know the relative risk posed by stoats compared with other predators. An artificial nest experiment was used to answer these questions. This research was undertaken during two years of low to intermediate beech seedfall and therefore provided an opportunity to look at the ecology of stoats in a New Zealand National Park outside years of peak abundance. The principal study site for this research was the Borland Valley, Fiordland National Park. Compositional analysis showed that stoats in alpine grassland selected for it over adjacent beech forest. The range cores of these stoats were high up in alpine grassland away from the ecotone with beech forest. Stoats occurred at similar densities in alpine grasslands as they did in beech forest and observed survival was similar between the two habitats (with the exception of 2004 when it may have been higher in alpine grassland). The most frequent prey of stoats inhabiting beech forest were birds and mice. Although stoats in alpine grasslands also ate birds and mice their most frequent prey were ground weta and hare. Food addition appeared to cause diet switching but did not reduce the distances moved by stoats, suggesting that other factors may be more important in regulating their summer home range size in alpine grasslands. All of these factors lead to the conclusion that alpine grasslands in the Borland are not a marginal habitat for stoats, but may instead be a desirable one. Artificial nests had a higher probability of survival in alpine grassland compared to adjacent beech forest, but survival was too low to support the idea that alpine grasslands are a refuge. Stoats were the most frequent predator of artificial nests in both habitats, but 95 % confidence intervals overlapped the predation rate by possums, which was also high. These findings illustrate the need for a comprehensive landscape approach to stoat control in montane National Parks, for two reasons: 1) endemic biodiversity in alpine grasslands may be under threat from stoat predation, 2) alpine grasslands may act as a source for dispersing stoats that reinvade lowland stoat control areas. In the absence of heavy beech seedfall and peak mouse abundance, stoats occurred at densities of around 1 km⁻� in both habitats and there was recruitment into these populations. This raises the important question: What regulates the distribution and abundance of stoats in years of low beech seedfall and low mouse abundance? In these years birds, ground weta and hares may be as important as mice are in years of peak abundance following heavy beech seedfall.
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Tarantino, William J. "Effects of Adaptive Foragers on the Diversity and Functioning of Assembled Model Communities." W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. http://www.vims.edu/library/Theses/Tanantino08.pdf.

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Meyer, David L. "Comparison of nekton utilization of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) marsh based on marsh size and degree of isolation from like habitat : do size and site location matter? /." Electronic version (PDF), 2006. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/meyerd/davidmeyer.pdf.

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Starling, Amanda. "Behavioural plasticity of life history traits in the New Zealand avifauna." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1327.

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The purpose of this research was to determine how predator control influences nest survival and changes in life history strategies of birds. All studies were conducted at two sites: one site had very little mammal control, while the other site is a 'mainland island' in which all introduced mammals were trapped or poisoned. Nest survival rates of introduced and native species were compared between the two sites by locating and monitoring nests of nine species. I found that mammalian predator control increased nest survival rates of both introduced and native species, but the incrase of nest survival was more pronounced in native species. The influence of predator control on the plasticity of life history strategies in introduced and native New Zealand birds was also examined. Some life history strategies (e.g. time spent incubating, frequency of visits to the nest) changed significantly in the area with predator control, while other life history traits (e.g. clutch size) did not vary between areas. I found that both introduced and native New Zealand birds changed a variety of life history traits and that the changes were likely a plastic response to the recent change in predator numbers. As it has been suggested that birds may become less responsive to mammals when predators are controlled, I tested the response of birds to a model of a feral cat. Birds in the predator control area were significantly less likely to recognise the cat model as a potential threat. This suggests the recognition of predators can be rapidly lost from a population. My research confirms that mammal control can increase nest success of native species, but reductions in predator numbers can also change a variety of life history traits and behaviours. As the removal of mammalian predators also appears to make birds less responsive to potential predators, it is important for continued mammalian control once management has begun. Otherwise, any reintroduction of predatory mammals into controlled sites would likely place such bird populations at greater risk as they would have behaviours suited to an environment with lowered nest predation risk.
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Leaver, Jessica. "Options for eland: a multi-scale assessment of antipredatory responses of a vulnerable prey species to their dominant predator in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6570.

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Eland Tragelaphus oryx are the largest and slowest African antelope, falling within the preferred weight range of the prey of lions Panthera leo. Little is known, however, about the antipredatory strategies employed by eland. Rapid population declines in several small reserves following the reintroduction of lions suggest that the antipredatory strategies of eland may be compromised in spatially limited areas. This emphasises the need for research aimed at investigating how eland respond to lions, particularly in the spatial context, given that lions are increasingly being reintroduced into small reserves in South Africa. This study aimed to investigate lion-eland interactions at multiple scales and determine where on the landscape eland were vulnerable to predation. Adult female eland (n = 3 per site) in breeding herds were collared with GPS satellite collars in two study sites; the Nyathi section of Addo Elephant National Park (Nyathi) and Mountain Zebra National Park (MZNP) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A reintroduced population of lions, comprising two males and one female, was present in each study site, with individuals fitted with GPS satellite collars. At a broad spatiotemporal scale, eland did not avoid lions and there was considerable overlap between eland and lion home ranges in both study sites. At a finer spatiotemporal scale however, eland and lion space use was asynchronous in time, except in the case of the female lion in Nyathi where there was considerable overlap at the finest temporal scale investigated (i.e. monthly). Herd-associated eland in Nyathi were killed most frequently in areas associated with high long-term use by the female lion, showing that failure to avoid the female lion at a fine scale increased predation risk for eland. Secondly, eland in Nyathi were killed most frequently in habitat types of intermediate structural density (i.e. mixed habitats), which limited the viewshed of eland but presumably offered increased forage. This habitat type was selected for by eland, despite it being associated with a higher level of predation risk. This suggested that eland in Nyathi traded off safety for forage. In MZNP, predation of herd-associated eland was low which reflected the limited spatial overlap between eland and lion at a fine scale in this reserve. In Nyathi, but not in MZNP, eland responded to lions within 1.5 km by increasing their movement rate, with this response particularly strong at night. The findings of this study show that eland responses to lions are scale-dependent and site-specific. Furthermore, eland responses to lions were shown to be lion gender-specific. This study has increased our understanding of the antipredatory behaviours of eland and demonstrated the importance of investigating prey responses to predation risk at multiple scales.
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Books on the topic "Predatory animals"

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Paul, Gregory S. Predatory dinosaurs of the world: Acomplete illustrated guide. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.

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Stonehouse, Bernard. Predators. Lake Mary, Fla: Tangerine Press, 1999.

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1950-, Francis John, ed. Predators. Lake Mary, Fla: Tangerine Press, 1999.

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ill, Bosson Jo-Ellen C., ed. Predators. New York: Scholastic Inc., 2003.

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Hirschmann, Kris. Ocean hunters. [Mahwah, N.J.]: Troll Communications, 2000.

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Barrett, Norman S. Monsters of the deep. New York: F. Watts, 1991.

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Ipcizade, Catherine. Big predators. Mankato, Minn: Pebble Plus, 2010.

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Oliver, Clare. Fierce predators. Tunbridge Wells, Kent: Ticktock, 2006.

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Oliver, Clare. Fierce predators. New York: Dutton Children's Books., 2000.

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Oliver, Clare. Fierce predators. Tonbridge: Ticktock, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Predatory animals"

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Sousa, Monica. "Reassessing the Predator: Representations of Predatory Animals in John Vaillant’s The Tiger and Nate Blakeslee’s The Wolf." In Second Language Learning and Teaching, 25–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76159-2_3.

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Neha. "Predator." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 5494–500. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_671.

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Neha. "Predator." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_671-1.

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Schmickl, Thomas, and Karl Crailsheim. "Bubbleworld.Evo: Artificial Evolution of Behavioral Decisions in a Simulated Predator-Prey Ecosystem." In From Animals to Animats 9, 594–605. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11840541_49.

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Keulartz, Jozef. "Should the Lion Eat Straw Like the Ox? Animal Ethics and the Predation Problem." In The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics, 99–121. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_6.

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AbstractStephen Clark’s article The Rights of Wild Things from 1979 was the starting point for the consideration in the animal ethics literature of the so-called ‘predation problem’. Clark examines the response of David George Ritchie to Henry Stephens Salt, the first writer who has argued explicitly in favor of animal rights. Ritchie attempts to demonstrate—via reductio ad absurdum—that animals cannot have rights, because granting them rights would oblige us to protect prey animals against predators that wrongly violate their rights. This article navigates the reader through the debate sparked off by Clarke’s article, with as final destination what I consider to be the best way to deal with the predation problem. I will successively discuss arguments against the predation reductio from Singer’s utilitarian approach, Regan’s deontological approach, Nussbaum’s capability approach, and Donaldson and Kymlicka’s political theory of animal rights.
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Rojas, Bibiana, and Emily Burdfield-Steel. "Predator Defense." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 5500–5507. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_708.

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Rojas, Bibiana, and Emily Burdfield-Steel. "Predator Defense." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_708-1.

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Fischer, Stefan, and Joachim G. Frommen. "Predator Detection." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_714-1.

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Fischer, Stefan, and Joachim G. Frommen. "Predator Detection." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 5507–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_714.

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Räsänen, Tuomas. "Chapter 11. From Eradication Campaigns to ‘Care Protection’: Finnish Endangered Animals in the Twentieth Century." In Green Development or Greenwashing?, 216–31. Winwick, Cambs.: The White Horse Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/63824846758018.ch11.

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This chapter examines the human relationship with wild animals in Finland during the twentieth century. The chapter analyses three distinctive, yet somewhat overlapping, stages of human-animal relations. The first stage covers much of the first part of the century, when wild animals were perceived almost solely through the prism of their utility to humans. Game animals were considered as resources to be exploited, while predators were feared for the harm they might cause to humans and their domestic animals. As a result, many species from both categories were hunted to the brink of extinction. The second stage, around mid-century, saw the evolution of a more complex relation, when some species that were formerly hunted relentlessly were given protected status. Often these protected species were constructed as having cultural and historical significance for the Finnish people and thus being symbols of Finnishness. The third stage extends from the 1960s to the end of the century and beyond. During this stage, the protection of species and their habitats emerged as an elemental part of environmental discourse, with new labour-intensive techniques to protect wild animals. Yet, more than one tenth of Finnish animal species and half of habitats are endangered, and these trends have shown continuous deterioration.
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Conference papers on the topic "Predatory animals"

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Safarov, A. A., F. D. Akramova, J. A. Esonboev, U. A. Shakarbaev, and D. A. Azimov. "FAUNA OF ECTOPARASITES OF PREDATORY MAMMALS (MAMMALIA: CARNIVORA) IN UZBEKISTAN." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.402-407.

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The study of the species composition of ectoparasites and the functioning of the parasitic system with the participation of specific groups of vertebrates in certain climatic zones is of scientific and practical interest. In this regard, the clarification of the parasitological situation in predatory mammals in the system "ectoparasites – predatory animals" in the biogeocenoses of Uzbekistan is an urgent task of fundamental and applied parasitology. For the first time, the features of the species composition of the ectoparasite fauna in domesticated (dog, cat) and wild (jackal, wolf, fox, jungle cat) predatory mammals from Uzbekistan were studied. Twenty three species of ectoparasites, mites and insects, were found on the studied predators. Ticks in our material are represented by 14 species belonging to the families Ixodidae (12 species), Sarcoptidae (1 species) and Demodicidae (1 species). The bulk of them are ixodid ticks among which representatives of the genera Haemaphysalis (3 species) and Rhipicephalus (4 species) dominate. The insects turned out to be representatives of five families: Trichodectidae (1 species), Linognathidae (1 species), Pulicidae (4 species), Culicidae (2 species), and Hippoboscidae (1 species). In terms of frequency of occurrence and species composition, fleas occupy a leading position. The number of arthropod species per infected host (for example, dogs) ranged from 3 to 7.
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Vagin, N. A., N. S. Malysheva, and N. A. Samofalova. "INFECTION OF RODENTS AND INSECTIVORES WITH TRICHINELLA IN THE KURSK REGION." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.117-122.

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The study of the Trichinella distribution in representatives of different systematic taxa is quite relevant as it allows us to establish the role of infected animals in the functioning of the parasitic system of the causative agent of trichinellosis. Scientific works contain contradictory information on the presence of the Trichinella infection in rodents and insectivores. Many scientists publish data on the detection of Trichinella in species of these orders of mammals. There is a large number of works showing the absence of the Trichinella invasion in different species of rodents and insectivores. The purpose of our research was to study the Trichinella infection rate in rodents and insectivores in the Kursk Region. Trichinella larvae were detected by compressor trichinelloscopy and by the method of digesting muscle tissue in artificial gastric juice. Capsule-forming Trichinella (Trichinella spp.) were found in the muscles of infected animals. In total, 7 species of rodents and 5 species of insectivores were studied. The Trichinella invasion was detected in the common vole (1.8%) and in Erinaceus roumanicus (4.2%). The results obtained show that rodents and insectivores are involved in the circulation of Trichinella in the Kursk Region. We believe that representatives of these orders of animals serve as one of the sources of infection for many species of predatory mammals.
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Pascari, Viorica, and Anatolie David. "Componenţa sistematică şi diversitatea mamiferelor din nivelul paleolitic (III) de locuire umană a staţiunii paleolitice Brânzeni I." In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.19.

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The article presents the characteristic of the systematic composition and diversity of skeletal remains of mammals in the third level of human habitation of the Paleolithic site in the cave of Brânzeni I, Edinet district. The archaeological and paleontological remains discovered here are attributed to a new archaeological culture for Europe – Brânzeni. The inhabitants of this site hunted horses, reindeer, bison, deer, rhino, mammoth, hares, marmot and other mammals, that met in thesite area and were the main source of food for tribal members. The bones of small animal species (insectivores, rodents etc.) discovered in the inhabiting level of the Palaeolithic site originated from the decomposition of predatory bird pellets and of the feces of carnivores living in the cave while it was temporarily abandoned by the Paleolithic hunters. The archaeological and paleontological materials presented in this information are of interest for the knowledge of the peculiarities of geological history, fauna of paleogeography and the human society of the given area, have instructive, cognitive and ecotouristic value.
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Borduin, Russell, Karthik Ramaswamy, Ashwin Mohan, Rex Cocroft, and Satish S. Nair. "Modeling the Rapid Transmission of Information Within a Social Group of Insects: Emergent Patterns in the Antipredator Signals." In ASME 2008 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2008-2298.

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The study of group behavior in animals emerging from social interactions among individuals using agent based models has gained momentum in recent years. Although most of the individuals in a group of the treehopper Umbonia crassicornis do not have information about where the predator is, the signaling behavior of the group yields an emergent pattern that provides the defending adult with information about predator presence and location. Offspring signal synchronously to warn a defending parent of a predator attack. We develop a computational model of rapid signaler-receiver interactions in this group-living insect. We test the emergence of informative global patterns by providing interacting juvenile nymphs with limited locally available information with this agent based model. Known parameters such as size of the aggregation and spatial distribution are estimated from experimental recordings. Further, the model investigates the behavioral rules underlying group signaling patterns that reveal the predator’s location. We also show how variation in these behavioral rules can bring about variation in group signals, demonstrating the potential for natural selection to shape these rules.
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Tobaben, Eric J., Larry D. Martin, and Kenneth J. Fischer. "Determining the Natural Head Posture for Extant Animal Species Using Line-of-Sight From the Eyesocket and Optical Foramen." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80828.

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Understanding natural head posture in animals is improtant in interpreting their biomechanics and behavior. For extinct animals, natural posture cannot be directly determined from the fossil record. There have been few prior studies of animal line of sight and head posture. Most line of sight studies have focused on the breadth of binocular vision versus panoramic vision in relation to behavior (predator type or grazer, for instance) or the animals typical environment (open or cluttered) [1]. For head posture some have studied changes in cognition or the environment or related aspects like the eyeball orientation as head posture changes [2]. Still others have focused on the areas of the brain that control 3D head position [3]. However, none of these studies address a method to determine the natural head posture or angle. While there currently is no definitive way to determine natural head angle in extinct animals, it seems reasonable to assume that the natural head posture would place the line of sight in the horizontal plane for most species. Therefore, we hypothesized that the opening for the optical (the optical foremen) and the eye socket structure itself can be used to accurately determine the natural head posture for a large portion of extant and extinct animal species. Specifically, if the skull is oriented such that the plane of sight (the plane common to both lines of sight) is horizontal, then the skull will be in the natural posture. If this hypothesis is shown to be valid, it will provide naturalists a reliable tool to determine the natural head posture (head angle) of extinct animals. The objective of this study was to test the above hypothesis on animals in the Felidae (cats).
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Phamduy, Paul, Miguel Vazquez, Alessandro Rizzo, and Maurizio Porfiri. "Miniature Underwater Robotic Fish for Animal-Robot Interactions." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9857.

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Research in animal behavior has benefited from the availability of robots able to elicit controllable, customizable, and versatile stimuli in behavioral studies. For example, biologically-inspired robotic fish can be designed to mimic the morphophysiology of predators and conspecifics to study fear response and sociality. However, size is a critical limitation of the existing arrays of robotic fish. Here, we present the design of a miniature robotic fish for future animal-robot interaction studies featuring a novel application of multi-material three-dimensional (3D) printing and utilizing a solenoid for actuation. The use of multi-material printing enables a skeletal design of only two parts, while retaining the complete functionality of larger prototypes enclosing requisite electronics and incorporating an active joint for propulsion. Parametric tests are conducted to test the swimming speed of the robotic fish and a compact dynamic model with two degrees of freedom to elucidate swimming of the robotic fish is presented.
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Petrunenko, Y. K., R. A. Montgomery, I. V. Seryodkin, O. Y. Zaumyslova, D. G. Miquelle, and D. W. Macdonald. "ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЕ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ АМУРСКОГО ТИГРА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПЛОТНОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И УЯЗВИМОСТИ ОСНОВНЫХ ВИДОВ ЖЕРТВ." In GEOGRAFICHESKIE I GEOEKOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIIA NA DAL`NEM VOSTOKE. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2019.76.93.013.

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Теоретические и эмпирические исследования показывают, что распределение хищников в значительной степени определяется доступностью основных видов жертв. Доступность зависит не только от плотности населения животных, но также от их уязвимости, на которую влияет конфигурация атрибутов ландшафта, увеличивающих шанс удачной охоты для хищника. Остается плохо изученным то, как именно пространственные вариации в этих процессах формируют модель поведения хищников в масштабах индивидуального участка. В данном исследовании рассматривалось влияние плотности популяций и уязвимости жертв на использование индивидуального участка амурским тигром Panthera tigris altaica на Дальнем Востоке России в течение 20 снежных сезонов. Всего было построено 80 карт, изображающих предсказание относительной плотности населения видов жертв тигра, как по отдельности, так и для всех видов, объединенных в группу, для каждого снежного сезона года в течение 20 лет исследований. Модель, прогнозирующая относительную уязвимость основных видов жертв в зависимости от ландшафта, в основном включала высоту над уровнем моря, близость к поселкам/сельскохозяйственным районам, крутизну склона, средний уровень покрытия снегом, и близость к ближайшим водотокам. Изюбрь, пятнистый олень и кабан чаще всего добывались в местах с более низкой высотой над уровнем моря в удалении от поселков/сельскохозяйственных районов. Кабан оказался единственным видом, для которого уязвимость увеличивалась в местообитаниях с большей высотой снежного покрова. Обнаружено, что амурский тигр в пределах своего индивидуального участка использует места с наивысшей плотностью населения изюбря Cervus elaphus и кабана Sus scrofa. Важнейшую роль в формировании индивидуального участка тигра играет территория, где изюбрь наиболее уязвим для хищничества, а места с наибольшей плотностью населения изюбря используются на периферии участка обитания хищника. Выявлено две стратегии хищнического поведения тигра. Так как распределение ресурсов в пределах индивидуального участка обитания влияет на выживание и размножение хищника, исследование имеет большое значение не только для более детального понимания взаимоотношений в системе тигржертва , но и для сохранения тигра.Theoretical and empirical studies show that the distribution of predators is largely determined by the availability of the main species of prey. Accessibility depends not only on the population density of animals, but also on their vulnerability, which is affected by the configuration of landscape attributes that increase the chance of successful predator hunting. It remains poorly studied how exactly spatial variations in these processes form a predator behavior model on the scale of an individual site. This study examined the impact of population density and prey vulnerability on the home range use by the Amur tiger Panthera tigris altaica in the Russian Far East for 20 snow seasons. A total of 80 maps were constructed depicting the prediction of the relative population density of tiger prey species, both individually and for all species combined for each snow season for over 20 years of research. The model predicting the relative vulnerability of the main prey species depending on the landscape mainly included altitude, proximity to villages / agricultural areas, slope steepness, average snow cover, and proximity to nearby watercourses. Red deer, sika deer and wild boar were most often killed in places with a lower altitude, away from villages / agricultural areas. The wild boar turned out to be the only species for which vulnerability increased in habitats with greater snow cover. We found that the Amur tiger, within its individual home range, used places with the highest population density of the Manchurian deer Cervus elaphus and wild boar Sus scrofa. The most important role in the formation of tiger individual home range had area where red deer was most vulnerable to predation, and places with the highest density of red deer used at the periphery of individual home ranges. Revealed two strategies of tiger predation. Since the distribution of resources within an individual home range affect the survival and reproduction of the predator, the study is of great importance not only for a more detailed understanding of the relationship in the tigerprey system, but also for the conservation of Amur tiger.
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Семёнов, Вл А., and М. Е. Килуновская. "ROCK ART OF TUVA: IMAGES, SUBJECTS, COMPOSITIONS." In Труды Сибирской Ассоциации исследователей первобытного искусства. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-202-01433-8.131-157.

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В наскальном искусстве Тувы представлен определенный набор образов, сюжетов и композиций, характерный для каждого хронологического периода, который придает определенное своеобразие данному региону Центральной Азии. Безусловно, есть много общего с соседними регионами. Для образов и сюжетов есть определенные иконографические схемы, а в композициях устойчивая встречаемость отдельных элементов. Это позволяет говорить об их определенной семантической значимости, а значит, о возможности интерпретации, используя древние нарративные источники, этнографические параллели и аллюзии из других изобразительных текстов. Образы это козлы, олени, кони/лошади, кабаны, хищники, быки, антропоморфные фигуры, колесницы. Сюжеты сочетания олень и оленуха , олень и охотник , козлы идут по дороге и т.п. Композиции сочетание нескольких сюжетов на одной плоскости: сцены терзания, преследования, охоты, шествия животных и т.д. Rock art of Tuva is featured with a specific set of images, subjects and compositions, typical for each chronological period which gives a certain identity to this part of Central Asian region. Of course there are a lot of similarities with neighboring rock art areas. Images and subjects follow to the certain iconographic schemes. Constant occurrence of details presents in compositions. This allows us to speak about certain semantic meaning of those compositions and due to that about possible interpretations, using ancient narrative sources, ethnographic parallels and allusions from another graphic texts. Most common images include animal figures such as goats, deer, horses, wild boars, predators and bulls, as well as anthropomorphic figures and chariots. Subjects are like stag and fawn, deer and a hunter, goats walking by the path and others. Compositions mean conjunction of several subjects within a single rock panel scenes of torment, chasing, hunting, processions of walking animals, etc.
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Scogings, Chris J., and Ken A. Hawick. "Modelling Predator Camouflage Behaviour and Tradeoffs in an Agent-based Animat Model." In Modelling and Simulation. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2013.802-032.

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Shevchuk, Igor, and Olga Shevchuk. "Complex of Aphidophagous Predators of Mealy Plum Aphid Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr. and Their Efficiency in Pest Control." In The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Diversity (IECD 2022)—New Insights into the Biodiversity of Plants, Animals and Microbes. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecd2022-12434.

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Reports on the topic "Predatory animals"

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Arnould, John P. Using Animal-Borne Cameras to Quantify Prey Field, Habitat Characteristics and Foraging Success in a Marine Top Predator. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541895.

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Arnould, John P. Using Animal-Borne Cameras to Quantify Prey Field, Habitat Characteristics and Foraging Success in a Marine Top Predator. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573143.

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Arnould, John P. Using Animal-Borne Cameras to Quantify Prey Field, Habitat Characteristics and Foraging Success in a Marine Top Predator. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada598114.

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Costa, Daniel P., Barbara A. Block, Steven J. Bograd, and Franklin B. Schwing. Understanding Apex Predator and Pelagic Fish Habitat Utilization in the California Current System by Integrating Animal Tracking with In Situ Oceanographic Observations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada475431.

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Costa, Daniel P., Barbara A. Block, Steven J. Bograd, and Franklin B. Schwing. Understanding Apex Predator and Pelagic Fish Habitat Utilization in the California Current System by Integrating Animal Tracking With in Situ Oceanographic Observations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada480276.

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