Journal articles on the topic 'Predator avoidance behaviour'
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1
Belgrad, Benjamin A., and Blaine D. Griffen. "Predator–prey interactions mediated by prey personality and predator hunting mode." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1828 (April 13, 2016): 20160408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0408.
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Predator–prey interactions are important drivers in structuring ecological communities. However, despite widespread acknowledgement that individual behaviours and predator species regulate ecological processes, studies have yet to incorporate individual behavioural variations in a multipredator system. We quantified a prevalent predator avoidance behaviour to examine the simultaneous roles of prey personality and predator hunting mode in governing predator–prey interactions. Mud crabs, Panopeus herbstii , reduce their activity levels and increase their refuge use in the presence of predator cues. We measured mud crab mortality and consistent individual variations in the strength of this predator avoidance behaviour in the presence of predatory blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus , and toadfish, Opsanus tau . We found that prey personality and predator species significantly interacted to affect mortality with blue crabs primarily consuming bold mud crabs and toadfish preferentially selecting shy crabs. Additionally, the strength of the predator avoidance behaviour depended upon the predation risk from the predator species. Consequently, the personality composition of populations and predator hunting mode may be valuable predictors of both direct and indirect predator–prey interaction strength. These findings support theories postulating mechanisms for maintaining intraspecies diversity and have broad implications for community dynamics.
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Fonner, Christopher W., and Sarah K. Woodley. "Testing the predation stress hypothesis: behavioural and hormonal responses to predator cues in Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders." Behaviour 152, no. 6 (2015): 797–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003254.
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The predation stress hypothesis posits that exposure to predators and/or predator cues causes release of glucocorticoid hormones which coordinate behavioural responses that facilitate predator avoidance. We measured responses to short-term and repeated exposure to predator-derived kairomones in Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders (Desmognathus ochrophaeus). Salamanders expressed predator avoidance behaviours (reduced locomotion, reduced mating behaviour) in the presence of predator kairomones. However, plasma glucocorticoids after short-term exposure to predator kairomones were similar to levels after exposure to controls. After repeated exposure to predator-derived kairomones, locomotory activity and plasma glucocorticoids were similar compared to controls. There was no evidence of habituation to predator kairomones. Overall, results did not support the predation stress hypothesis in Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders in either an acute or chronic context. Use of glucocorticoids to mediate antipredator responses may occur when predation pressure is unpredictable, and when energetic and opportunity costs of linking glucocorticoids to anti-predator responses are low.
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Näslund, Joacim, Leo Pettersson, and Jörgen I. Johnsson. "Behavioural reactions of three-spined sticklebacks to simulated risk of predation—Effects of predator distance and movement." FACETS 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2015-0015.
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The behavioural response of animals to predation risk commonly depends on the behaviour of potential predators. Here, we report an experiment investigating effects of predator model (a life-like wooden trout model) distance and movement on the behaviour of three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus L. in a standardized experimental setting. When the predator model was immobile, the behaviour of the sticklebacks could, in general, not be clearly distinguished from a no-predator control treatment. When moving the predator 41 cm towards the stickleback, clear anti-predator behaviours were observed. However, behavioural expression depended on the distance to the predator. At the two farthest distances (approaching from 129 to 88 cm and from 170 to 129 cm), the sticklebacks approached the predator and spent little time freezing. At the two closest distances (approaching from 88 to 47 cm and from 47 to 6 cm), the sticklebacks increased the distance to the predator model and froze their movements. These results suggest that the closest-distance groups showed avoidance behaviour, whereas the farthest-distance groups instead appeared to start inspecting the potential predator. This provides evidence for conditional anti-predator behaviour and highlights the importance of considering distance to, and movement of predator models when interpreting data from standardized behavioural trials.
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Bedore, Christine N., Stephen M. Kajiura, and Sönke Johnsen. "Freezing behaviour facilitates bioelectric crypsis in cuttlefish faced with predation risk." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1820 (December 7, 2015): 20151886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1886.
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Cephalopods, and in particular the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis , are common models for studies of camouflage and predator avoidance behaviour. Preventing detection by predators is especially important to this group of animals, most of which are soft-bodied, lack physical defences, and are subject to both visually and non-visually mediated detection. Here, we report a novel cryptic mechanism in S. officinalis in which bioelectric cues are reduced via a behavioural freeze response to a predator stimulus. The reduction of bioelectric fields created by the freeze-simulating stimulus resulted in a possible decrease in shark predation risk by reducing detectability. The freeze response may also facilitate other non-visual cryptic mechanisms to lower predation risk from a wide range of predator types.
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Godin, Jean-Guy J. "Risk of predation and foraging behaviour in shoaling banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-251.
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While foraging for patchily distributed benthic prey in the laboratory, solitary and shoaling banded killifish reduced their per capita rate of feeding attempts and shortened the duration of their feeding posture (when sampling outside the food patches) in the presence of a predatory brook charr. This presumably allowed more time for predator vigilance and avoidance. Individual feeding rate was independent of shoal size, in either the presence or absence of a predator. Solitary fish thus incurred only a slightly greater predator-mediated relative cost of lost foraging opportunities compared with shoaling fish. Killifish therefore altered their foraging behaviour to reduce risk of predation in the presence of a predator and appeared to trade off risk of mortality and energy gain.
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Brown, Grant, and Erica Schwarzbauer. "CHEMICAL PREDATOR INSPECTION AND ATTACK CONE AVOIDANCE IN A CHARACIN FISH: THE EFFECTS OF PREDATOR DIET." Behaviour 138, no. 6 (2001): 727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901752233370.
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AbstractMany prey organisms will approach (inspect) a potential predator, primarily to assess local risk of predation. It has been argued that by avoiding the head region of predators during inspections, prey can reduce the risks associated with such behaviour (attack cone avoidance). Prior experiments, however, have not incorporated the combined chemical and visual predator cues. We conducted laboratory experiments to determine the effects of combined predator dietary (chemical) and visual cues on the form and location of predator inspection visits by glowlight tetras (Hemigrammus erythrozonus). Tetras were exposed to a live cichlid predator (Cichlasoma octofasciatum) which had been fed tetras (with alarm pheromone), swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri; lacking Ostariophysan alarm pheromones) or food deprived. There was no significant difference in the overall rate of predator inspection by tetras to tetra-fed, swordtail-fed or food deprived cichlids. There was, however, a significant effect of predator diet on the size of inspection shoals and the location of inspections. Tetras inspected a tetrafed predator in significantly smaller groups, more often as singletons and directed a greater proportion of their inspections towards the tail of the predator. Tetras exposed to swordtail-fed or food deprived cichlids inspected in larger groups and directed more inspections towards the head of the predator. When the predator dietary cue contained tetra alarm pheromone, there was a significant increase in the attack latency by predators. Taken together, these data suggest that tetras use both chemical and visual predator cues during inspection visits and will modify their behaviour based on the presence or absence of conspecific alarm pheromone in the diet of a potential predator.
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Abrahams, Mark V. "The interaction between antipredator behaviour and antipredator morphology: experiments with fathead minnows and brook sticklebacks." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 2209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-261.
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Prey species have two fundamental strategies for reducing their probability of being killed by a predator: behavioural modification and morphological defenses. It is hypothesized that prey species which possess morphological defenses should exhibit less behavioural modification in response to predation risk than species lacking such defenses. Experiments were conducted to examine behavioural modification by armoured (brook sticklebacks, Culea inconstans) and unarmoured (fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas) prey species foraging in the presence of a predator (yellow perch, Perca flavescens). Two experiments measured habitat avoidance and reactive distance to an approaching predator. The results of these experiments were consistent with the hypothesis. Compared with fathead minnows, brook sticklebacks exhibited relatively little behavioural modification in response to the presence of a predator, both in terms of avoiding dangerous areas and in their reactive distance to an approaching predator. Sticklebacks, however, graded their reactive distance to an approaching predator in relation to both their body size and group size. These data suggest that the morphology of brook sticklebacks and their behavioural sensitivity to predation risk may allow them to efficiently exploit habitats that contain predators.
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Brown, Joseph A., Peter H. Johansen, Patrick W. Colgan, and R. Alastair Mathers. "Changes in the predator-avoidance behaviour of juvenile guppies (Poecilia reticulata) exposed to pentachlorophenol." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 2001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-294.
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The effects of pentachlorophenol on the predator-avoidance behaviour of the guppy (Poecilia reticulate) in response to largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) predation was investigated. There were no consistent effects of pentachlorophenol on habitat use or general behaviour of the guppies. In the presence of predators, all guppies occurred significantly more often alone, motionless, and in the top third of the water column in the nonopen areas. Nine variables associated with predator efficiency were monitored to determine which treatment groups of guppies were easiest to capture. The bass had significantly lower capture success, performed more strikes and chases, and spent more time chasing guppies from the untreated and 100 μg/L groups than those from the 500 and 700 μg/L groups. This suggests that the guppies from the two high treatment groups had a slower response to predator attack and could not maintain a prolonged escape burst of speed.
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Turney, Shaun, and Jean-Guy J. Godin. "To forage or hide? Threat-sensitive foraging behaviour in wild, non-reproductive passerine birds." Current Zoology 60, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.6.719.
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Abstract Because antipredator behaviours are costly, the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis predicts that individual animals should express predator-avoidance behaviour proportionally to the perceived threat posed by the predator. Here, we experimentally tested this hypothesis by providing wild passerine birds supplemental food (on a raised feeding platform) at either 1 or 4 m from the edge of forest cover (potential refuge), in either the presence or absence of a nearby simulated predation threat (a sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus model). Compared with the control treatment, we observed proportionally fewer bird visits to the food patch, and the birds took longer to re-emerge from forest refuge and return to feed at the food patch, after the hawk presentation than before it. The observed threat-sensitive latency-to-return response was stronger when the food patch was further away from the nearest refuge. Overall, our results are consistent with the predictions of the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis in that wild passerine birds (primarily black-capped chickadees Poecile atricapillus) exhibited more intense antipredator behavioural responses with increasing level of apparent threat. The birds were thus sensitive to their local perceived threat of predation and traded-off safety from predation (by refuging) and foraging gains in open habitat in a graded, threat-sensitive manner.
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Smolka, Jochen, Jochen Zeil, and Jan M. Hemmi. "Natural visual cues eliciting predator avoidance in fiddler crabs." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1724 (April 13, 2011): 3584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2746.
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To efficiently provide an animal with relevant information, the design of its visual system should reflect the distribution of natural signals and the animal's tasks. In many behavioural contexts, however, we know comparatively little about the moment-to-moment information-processing challenges animals face in their daily lives. In predator avoidance, for instance, we lack an accurate description of the natural signal stream and its value for risk assessment throughout the prey's defensive behaviour. We characterized the visual signals generated by real, potentially predatory events by video-recording bird approaches towards an Uca vomeris colony. Using four synchronized cameras allowed us to simultaneously monitor predator avoidance responses of crabs. We reconstructed the signals generated by dangerous and non-dangerous flying animals, identified the cues that triggered escape responses and compared them with those triggering responses to dummy predators. Fiddler crabs responded to a combination of multiple visual cues (including retinal speed, elevation and visual flicker) that reflect the visual signatures of distinct bird and insect behaviours. This allowed crabs to discriminate between dangerous and non-dangerous events. The results demonstrate the importance of measuring natural sensory signatures of biologically relevant events in order to understand biological information processing and its effects on behavioural organization.
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Thanh, Phan Due, Keiji Wada, Michiko Sato, and Yoshihisa Shirayama. "Decorating behaviour by the majid crab Tiarinia cornigera as protection against predators." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 6 (December 2003): 1235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403008580.
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Although decorating behaviour is widely reported as a predator avoidance strategy among marine crabs, few studies have provided experimental evidence for this. Significance of decorating behaviour of the majid crab Tiarinia cornigera as antipredator response was examined by the field tethering and laboratory experiments. Survival of decorated crabs was significantly higher than that of non-decorated crabs after two days in an intertidal rock pool. In a laboratory experiment, crabs used more algae for decoration in the presence of predators (puffer fish) than when predators were absent. These data demonstrate that T. cornigera decorates with algae in response to predators to reduce predation pressure.
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Ibáñez, Alejandro, Barbara A. Caspers, Pilar López, José Martín, and E. Tobias Krause. "Is the reaction to chemical cues of predators affected by age or experience in fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra)?" Amphibia-Reptilia 35, no. 2 (2014): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002941.
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Predation is one of the strongest forces driving natural selection. Predator success reduces future prey fitness to zero. Thus, recognition and avoidance of a potential predator is an essential fitness-relevant skill for prey. Being well equipped in the predator-prey arms race is highly adaptive. In this context we tested whether age and/or potential experience of fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) affected their behaviour towards the chemical signature of a potential predator. We evaluated the space use of salamanders in a test arena with a shelter containing chemical cues from a predator (i.e., a rat) and a clean shelter. Our results demonstrate that naïve subadult fire salamanders do show a significant behavioural reaction towards rat odour. However, they do not avoid the chemical cues of the potential predator, but instead have a significant preference for the shelter with rat faeces. In contrast to this, both the naïve adult and wild-caught adult fire salamanders showed neither a preference nor an avoidance of rat scent. These results could suggest a role of age in odour-based predator recognition in salamanders. Similarly, predator recognition through chemical cues could be more important early in life when the young fire salamanders are more vulnerable to predatory attacks and less important in other life stages when salamanders are less subjected to predation. In conclusion, future studies considering wild-caught subadults should disentangle the importance of previous experience for predator chemical recognition.
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ter Hofstede, Hannah M., John M. Ratcliffe, and James H. Fullard. "Nocturnal activity positively correlated with auditory sensitivity in noctuoid moths." Biology Letters 4, no. 3 (March 4, 2008): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0617.
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We investigated the relationship between predator detection threshold and antipredator behaviour in noctuoid moths. Moths with ears sensitive to the echolocation calls of insectivorous bats use avoidance manoeuvres in flight to evade these predators. Earless moths generally fly less than eared species as a primary defence against predation by bats. For eared moths, however, there is interspecific variation in auditory sensitivity. At the species level, and when controlling for shared evolutionary history, nocturnal flight time and auditory sensitivity were positively correlated in moths, a relationship that most likely reflects selection pressure from aerial-hawking bats. We suggest that species-specific differences in the detection of predator cues are important but often overlooked factors in the evolution and maintenance of antipredator behaviour.
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Healey, M. C., and U. Reinhardt. "Predator avoidance in naive and experienced juvenile chinook and coho salmon." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-061.
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We compared the vulnerability of naive and experienced coho and chinook salmon to predation by rainbow trout and related these findings to observations of the specific behaviour of each species during an encounter with the predator. Naive chinook were significantly less vulnerable to capture than naive coho in an open field encounter but there was no difference in capture rate of experienced coho and chinook. In videotaped encounters we found that coho and chinook behaved in significantly different ways when attacked by the predator, both when naive and when experienced. Our results suggest that predator avoidance strategies are highly species specific, that both species adjusted their behaviour after experience with the predator, and that the behavioural changes adopted by coho improved their ability to avoid the predator in an open field but those adopted by chinook did not. Considerable recent research has explored the willingness of different species, sexes, or life stages to risk exposure to a predator to obtain some reward (usually food). Our results further suggest that published experiments that purport to demonstrate differences in risk taking among types of prey may, instead, demonstrate differences in predator avoidance capability.
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Reyna, Kelly S., and William L. Newman. "Comparative Analysis of Behavioural Response of Captive-Reared and Wild-Trapped Northern Bobwhites to Simulated Predator Attacks." Avian Biology Research 11, no. 1 (February 2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815617x15102246785440.
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Isolated populations of Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) have declined causing many landowners to attempt population restoration by releasing captive-reared birds. These attempts have resulted in high mortality rates, which we hypothesised are caused by captive-reared birds exhibiting more naïve predator avoidance behaviour than wild birds. Captive-reared and wild-trapped Northern Bobwhites were subjected to raptorial and terrestrial predator simulations and their responses were recorded on high definition video. We recorded the time to predator detection, time to anti-predator defence, and reaction type for comparative analysis. Captive-reared birds detected simulated predators quicker than wild-trapped birds, but time to mount an anti-predator defence was not different between groups. The response type, however, was different between groups. Captive-reared birds typically flushed when encountering a simulated predator; yet, wild-trapped birds did not flush at all, and typically ran or held when subjected to the simulated predators. We hypothesise that flushing is a naïve anti-predator response that results in revealing of position in the presence of a threat, thereby increasing the individual risk of predation. These results potentially illuminate at least one reason why captive-reared Northern Bobwhite releases have been largely unsuccessful.
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Guerra, Ana Sofia, Albert B. Kao, Douglas J. McCauley, and Andrew M. Berdahl. "Fisheries-induced selection against schooling behaviour in marine fishes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1935 (September 30, 2020): 20201752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1752.
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Group living is a common strategy used by fishes to improve their fitness. While sociality is associated with many benefits in natural environments, including predator avoidance, this behaviour may be maladaptive in the Anthropocene. Humans have become the dominant predator in many marine systems, with modern fishing gear developed to specifically target groups of schooling species. Therefore, ironically, behavioural strategies which evolved to avoid non-human predators may now actually make certain fish more vulnerable to predation by humans. Here, we use an individual-based model to explore the evolution of fish schooling behaviour in a range of environments, including natural and human-dominated predation conditions. In our model, individual fish may leave or join groups depending on their group-size preferences, but their experienced group size is also a function of the preferences of others in the population. Our model predicts that industrial fishing selects against individual-level behaviours that produce large groups. However, the relationship between fishing pressure and sociality is nonlinear, and we observe discontinuities and hysteresis as fishing pressure is increased or decreased. Our results suggest that industrial fishing practices could be altering fishes’ tendency to school, and that social behaviour should be added to the list of traits subject to fishery-induced evolution.
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Magnhagen, Carin, and Elisabet Forsgren. "Conflicting Demands in Sand Gobies: Predators Influence Reproductive Behaviour." Behaviour 126, no. 1-2 (1993): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00371.
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AbstractThe effects of predation risk on the reproductive behaviour of male and female sand gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus, were investigated in two separate aquarium studies. In the presence of a predator (cod, Gadus morhua), males decreased their courtship activity while females did not alter their level of activity. In the second study, there was no difference between treatments (with and without predator) in the time from when a female was presented to a male with a nest until spawning took place or in the amount of eggs laid. However, pre-spawning behaviour differed between the two treatments. When the cod was in sight, both males and females burrowed in the sand more often. In the absence of a predator, pairs spent longer together in the nest before spawning started, and females also inspected the nest alone, which never happened during predator presence. Hence, both sexes make trade-offs between predator avoidance and behaviours associated with mating. Females, however, seem to take higher risks during the courtship phase in order to find a partner compared to males.
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Beattie, Leslie A., and Thomas D. Nudds. "Differential habitat occupancy by goldeneye ducklings (Bucephala clangula) and fish: predator avoidance or competition?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-069.
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Two hypotheses have been proposed to account for disjunct habitat occupancy between breeding Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) ducks and fish: competition and predator avoidance. Both experimental and correlational evidence suggest that competition for food explains why goldeneyes and their broods tend to use habitats in which numbers of fish are low. However, rejection of the predator avoidance hypothesis has been based on correlational evidence only. In experiments, we tested the hypothesis that avoidance of predatory fish affects habitat use by goldeneyes by examining the responses of goldeneye ducklings (hatched in captivity from eggs collected in the wild) to the presence of predatory and nonpredatory fish models in an aquatic arena. Although response behaviours generally decreased with age, this was not the result of habituation to the testing procedure; responses of the oldest ducklings (9 weeks old) were not different from those of ducklings of similar age who had not been previously exposed to the models. When the presence of the models affected duckling behaviour, group cohesion increased and diving activity decreased, but the intensity of these responses did not differ toward models of predatory and nonpredatory fish. Furthermore, measurements of duckling movements did not indicate that ducklings were actively avoiding the models. Our experimental evidence indicates that avoidance of predatory fish does not appear to be an important determinant of habitat use by goldeneye ducklings.
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Gregory, Robert S. "Effect of Turbidity on the Predator Avoidance Behaviour of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-027.
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The effect of turbidity on the predator avoidance behaviour of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was determined in controlled laboratory experiments. Bird and fish models were used to simulate predator risk. In the absence of risk, juvenile chinook were distributed randomly within an experimental arena in turbid conditions (≈23 NTU), but in clear conditions (<1 NTU) they associated with the bottom. When introduced to bird and fish predator models, the chinook altered their distribution and occupied deeper parts of the arena regardless of turbidity level. However, their responses in turbid conditions were less marked and of shorter duration. Turbidity apparently reduced the perceived risk of predation in juvenile chinook.
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Pongrácz, Péter, and Vilmos Altbäcker. "Ontogeny of the responses of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) to aerial and ground predators." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 4 (April 2, 2000): 655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-237.
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The responses of adult (6-9 months old) and young (5-8 weeks old) rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) to their natural predators were tested. The aims of our experiments were to investigate whether (i) inexperienced rabbits would avoid a stuffed goshawk but not a non-bird-like control object and (ii) adult rabbits would behave differently toward an aerial and a terrestrial predator model on their first encounter, and (iii) to compare the inherited antipredator behaviour of adult and young rabbits toward the two types of predators. We tested only naïve rabbits and used a stuffed goshawk and fox as predators. Our results showed that under controlled laboratory conditions (i) a stuffed predator could elicit avoidance behaviour in rabbits without previous experience with predators; (ii) adult rabbits behaved differently toward the stuffed fox and goshawk; (iii) the behaviour of young rabbits was less differentiated, and their "quantitative" response developed into the adults' well-structured defensive behaviour without any experience with predators.
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Astarloa, Amaia, Maite Louzao, Guillermo Boyra, Udane Martinez, Anna Rubio, Xabier Irigoien, Francis K. C. Hui, and Guillem Chust. "Identifying main interactions in marine predator–prey networks of the Bay of Biscay." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 7 (July 30, 2019): 2247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz140.
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AbstractIdentifying the role that environmental factors and biotic interactions play in species distribution can be essential to better understand and predict how ecosystems will respond to changing environmental conditions. This study aimed at disentangling the assemblage of the pelagic predator–prey community by identifying interspecific associations and their main drivers. For this purpose, we applied the joint species distribution modelling approach, JSDM, to the co-occurrence patterns of both prey and top predator communities obtained from JUVENA surveys during 2013–2016 in the Bay of Biscay. Results showed that the co-occurrence patterns of top predators and prey were driven by a combination of environmental and biotic factors, which highlighted the importance of considering both components to fully understand the community structure. In addition, results also revealed that many biotic interactions, such as schooling in prey (e.g. anchovy–sardine), local enhancement/facilitation in predators (e.g. Cory’s shearwater–fin whale), and predation between predator–prey species (e.g. northern gannet–horse mackerel), were led by positive associations, although predator avoidance behaviour was also suggested between negatively associated species (e.g. striped dolphin–blue whiting). The identification of interspecific associations can therefore provide insights on the functioning of predators–prey network and help advance towards an ecosystem-based management.
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Harmange, Clément, Vincent Bretagnolle, Nathan Chabaud, Mathieu Sarasa, and Olivier Pays. "Diel cycle in a farmland bird is shaped by contrasting predation and human pressures." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 134, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab060.
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Abstract In human-dominated landscapes, human disturbances may contrast (spatially and/or temporally) with risk imposed by non-human predators. However, how prey adjust behaviour to minimize risk from multiple threats remains unclear. In Central-Western France, we investigated patterns of activity, space and habitat use, and causes of variations during the diel cycle of the grey partridge (captive-reared, released), a farmland bird facing multiple risks (nocturnal predation, diurnal hunting pressure). We also investigated influence of individual space use, relative to risk-related features on the fate of birds. Birds adjusted their behaviours in ways consistent with the reduction of risk from nocturnal carnivores at night and hunters during daytime. We recorded bimodal crepuscular activity, likely explained by commuting movements between spatially-separated diurnal and nocturnal sites composed of different habitats: selection of open terrains and avoidance of predator reservoirs at night vs. use of high-vegetation cover during daytime. We observed space use differences between surviving, hunted and predated birds. Predation and hunting activities act as contrasting pressures, selecting birds based on their spatial behaviour, which has likely shaped diel adjustments at the population level. An improved consideration of temporal variation in environmental pressures would help to reliably address factors constraining populations, so increasing wildlife management efficiency.
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Mella, Valentina S. A., Christine E. Cooper, and Stephen J. J. F. Davies. "Predator odour does not influence trappability of southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) and common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula)." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 5 (2010): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10049.
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Predators cause changes in the behaviour of many prey species. This study investigated whether trappability of wild southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) and common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) was influenced by odour cues suggesting the presence of potential predators. Trapping success was compared between traps with predator scents and controls in two different experiments. The first measured trapping success of single clean traps, traps with unfamiliar herbivore (horse) odour and traps scented with predator (fox, cat, quoll and dingo) odours, while the second offered three choices (fox, dingo and clean traps) simultaneously. Frequency of capture of bandicoots and possums was not influenced by odour, mass or sex in either experiment. The lack of avoidance response observed in this study suggests that neither southern brown bandicoots nor common brushtail possums alter foraging behaviour in response to olfactory cues that suggest the presence of exotic or Australian predators. This is consistent with previous studies, which indicate that native Australian marsupials do not avoid predator odours.
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Ghan, David, K. D. Hyatt, and J. D. McPhail. "Benefits and costs of vertical migration by the freshwater copepod Skistodiaptomus oregonensis: testing hypotheses through population comparison." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 1338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-028.
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The benefits and costs of vertical migration behaviour of the freshwater lacustrine copepod, Skistodiaptomus oregonensis, is explored through the study of two migrating and two nonmigrating populations. The association of vertical migration with the presence of pelagic threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is consistent with the hypothesis that the adaptive benefit of vertical migration by S. oregonensis is avoidance of predatory stickleback. The hypothesis of avoidance of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) predation is not supported. Skistodiaptomus oregonensis do not migrate in the lake with the highest juvenile sockeye abundance but do migrate in the lake where juvenile sockeye are absent. A foraging efficiency hypothesis does not explain migration behaviour; neither food abundance nor food distribution distinguish lakes where S. oregonensis migrate from lakes where they do not migrate. Neither a bioenergetic efficiency hypothesis nor a thermal advantage hypothesis explain migration behaviour; temperature structures are similar in all four lakes examined. Vertical migration appears to be the result of a trade-off between predator avoidance and resource acquisition. Phytoplankton food is less concentrated in the deep habitat where S. oregonensis reside during the day. Furthermore, migrators contain less phytoplankton food in their guts than nonmigrators.
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Ings, Thomas C., and Lars Chittka. "Predator crypsis enhances behaviourally mediated indirect effects on plants by altering bumblebee foraging preferences." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1664 (March 4, 2009): 2031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1748.
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Predators of pollinators can influence pollination services and plant fitness via both consumptive (reducing pollinator density) and non-consumptive (altering pollinator behaviour) effects. However, a better knowledge of the mechanisms underlying behaviourally mediated indirect effects of predators is necessary to properly understand their role in community dynamics. We used the tripartite relationship between bumblebees, predatory crab spiders and flowers to ask whether behaviourally mediated effects are localized to flowers harbouring predators, or whether bees extend their avoidance to entire plant species. In a tightly controlled laboratory environment, bumblebees ( Bombus terrestris ) were exposed to a random mixture of equally rewarding yellow and white artificial flowers, but foraging on yellow flowers was very risky: bees had a 25 per cent chance of receiving a simulated predation attempt by ‘robotic’ crab spiders. As bees learnt to avoid ‘dangerous’ flowers, their foraging preferences changed and they began to visit fewer yellow flowers than expected by chance. Bees avoided spider-free yellow flowers as well as dangerous yellow flowers when spiders were more difficult to detect (the colour of yellow spiders was indistinguishable from that of yellow flowers). Therefore, this interaction between bee learning and predator crypsis could lead flower species harbouring cryptic predators to suffer from reduced reproductive success.
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Torsekar, Viraj R., and Maria Thaker. "Mate-searching context of prey influences the predator–prey space race." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1935 (September 23, 2020): 20201462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1462.
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Predation risk is a strong driver of prey distribution and movement. However, fitness-influencing behaviours, such as mating, can alter risk and influence predator–prey space-use dynamics. In tree crickets, Oecanthus henryi , mate searching involves acoustic signalling by immobile males and phonotactic movement by females. Space-use patterns in tree crickets relative to their primary predators, green lynx spiders ( Peucetia viridans ), should therefore depend on their current mate-searching state; whether males are calling or non-calling and whether females are phonotactic or non-phonotactic. We first measured the degree of spatial anchoring of crickets to specific bushes in the field and determined whether that influenced the probability of broad-scale spatial overlap with spiders. In the absence of spiders, all crickets, independent of sex or male calling status, were found to be spatially anchored to specific types of bushes and not uniformly distributed on the landscape. At the broad spatial scale, spiders were more likely to be found on bushes with female crickets and, to a lesser degree, calling male crickets. At a finer spatial scale within a bush, movement strategies of crickets not only varied depending on the presence or absence of a spider, but also on their current mate-searching state. Phonotactic females showed clear predator avoidance, whereas calling and non-calling males moved towards the spider instead of away, similar to predator inspection behaviour seen in many taxa. As the strongly selected sex, males are more likely to undertake risky mate-searching activities, which includes inspection of predator positions. Overall, we found that all crickets were predictably anchored at the landscape scale, but their sex and mate-seeking behaviour influenced the degree of overlap with predators and their antipredator movement strategies. Reproductive strategies within a prey species, therefore, can alter predator–prey space race at multiple spatial scales.
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WATT, PENELOPE J., and STEPHEN YOUNG. "Genetic control of predator avoidance behaviour in Daphnia." Freshwater Biology 28, no. 3 (December 1992): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1992.tb00594.x.
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Bool, Joshua D., Kristen Witcomb, Erin Kydd, and Culum Brown. "Learned recognition and avoidance of invasive mosquitofish by the shrimp, Paratya australiensis." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 10 (2011): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11140.
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Little is known about the learning ability of crustaceans, especially with respect to their anti-predator responses to invasive species. In many vertebrates, anti-predator behaviour is influenced by experience during ontogeny. Here, predator-naïve glass shrimp (Paratya australiensisis) were exposed to a predatory, invasive fish species, Gambusia holbrooki, to determine whether shrimp could learn to: (1) avoid the scent of Gambusia via classical conditioning; and (2) restrict their activity patterns to the night to reduce predatory encounters. Conditioned shrimp were placed in containers in aquaria containing Gambusia for 3 days during which time they could be harassed but not consumed by Gambusia. When tested in a Y-maze, conditioned shrimp showed a long delay before making a choice between Gambusia scented water and aged tap water but chose an arm at random. Control shrimp showed a brief delay in emergence and also chose at random. In a second experiment, we housed shrimp with a single Gambusia and observed their activity patterns. In the presence of Gambusia, shrimp switched from diurnal to nocturnal foraging. These results show that naïve shrimp learn to recognise novel predatory species via chemical cues and adjust their activity patterns to coincide with periods when Gambusia are inactive.
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Miles, Will T. S., Matt Parsons, Andrew J. Close, Richard Luxmoore, and Robert W. Furness. "Predator-avoidance behaviour in a nocturnal petrel exposed to a novel predator." Ibis 155, no. 1 (December 6, 2012): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12007.
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Ibrahim, A. A., and F. A. Huntingford. "Laboratory and Field Studies of the Effect of Predation Risk On Foraging in Three-Spined Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus Aculeatus)." Behaviour 109, no. 1-2 (1989): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853989x00150.
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AbstractThis article describes a series of experiments carried out in both field and laboratory on the effects of predators on foraging in threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). In a field experiment on habitat use, predation risk did not cause the fish to abandon their preference for vegetated habitat, but led them to increase the use of the lake bed. However, in the presence of a predator, the fish still fed mainly on zooplankton rather than on benthos. In a field experiment on diet choice, predation risk suppressed the amount of food eaten and caused a shift to different prey species and smaller prey. In a laboratory experiment, predation risk slowed the response to the food and caused the fish to cease discrimination in favour of the more profitable food items. The number of feeding attempts was not affected, which could mean that the fish were compensating for their slow start by a higher subsequent rate of bites once feeding began. Thus, predation risk affected the foraging behaviour in such a way that energetic intake was reduced in the interest of predator avoidance.
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Gjelland, Karl Øystein, Thomas Bøhn, John K. Horne, Ingrid Jensvoll, Frank Reier Knudsen, and Per-Arne Amundsen. "Planktivore vertical migration and shoaling under a subarctic light regime." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66, no. 4 (April 2009): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-014.
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Visually foraging planktivorous fish are prey of visual predators, and their foraging behaviour may be affected by light levels both in terms of gain and risk. The large seasonal change in day length throughout a subarctic summer at 69°N was used to show the influence of light on diel vertical migration (DVM) and shoaling patterns in a planktivorous fish assemblage consisting of two species ( Coregonus lavaretus and Coregonus albula ). Under the midnight sun in June, night and daytime behaviour was similar, with extensive shoaling and limited DVM. With increasingly darker nights towards autumn, the fish dispersed during the dark hours and showed more extensive DVM. Throughout the changing light regime of both the day and the season, the planktivores consistently chose depths with light levels compatible with visual foraging and reduced predation risk as revealed from reactive distance modelling of coregonids and their salmonid predators. The findings support the hypothesis that behavioural decisions are based on a trade-off between foraging rate and predation risk, and increased predator avoidance behaviour towards autumn suggests that this trade-off is state-dependent.
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Mohanty, Nitya Prakash, Surendran Harikrishnan, and Karthikeyan Vasudevan. "Watch out where you sleep: nocturnal sleeping behaviour of Bay Island lizards." PeerJ 4 (April 25, 2016): e1856. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1856.
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Sleeping exposes lizards to predation. Therefore, sleeping strategies must be directed towards avoiding predation and might vary among syntopic species. We studied sleeping site characteristics of two syntopic, congeneric lizards—the Bay Island forest lizard,Coryphophylax subcristatusand the short-tailed Bay Island lizard,C. brevicaudusand evaluated inter-specific differences. We measured structural, microclimatic and potential predator avoidance at the sleeping perches of 386C. subcristatusand 185C. brevicaudus. Contrary to our expectation, we found similar perch use in both species. The lizards appeared to use narrow girth perch plants and accessed perches by moving both vertically and horizontally. Most lizards slept on leaves, with their heads directed towards the potential path of a predator approaching from the plant base. There was no inter-specific competition in the choices of sleeping perches. These choices indicate an anti-predator strategy involving both tactile and visual cues. This study provides insight into a rarely studied behaviour in reptiles and its adaptive significance.
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Cote, Griffin, Sarah Getty, Amanda Vokoun, Seth Carmichael, Hallee Hunt, Nate Letton, Kira D. McEntire, Jessica A. Wooten, and Carlos D. Camp. "A test of scent-trailing as a contributing factor in the climbing behaviour of the redback salamander (Plethodon cinereus)." Amphibia-Reptilia 37, no. 1 (2016): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003023.
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Terrestrial salamanders of the family Plethodontidae are common predators of invertebrates in deciduous forest communities of eastern North America. While normally residing and foraging in forest-floor microhabitats, many species facultatively climb vegetation. Different hypotheses have been proffered to explain this behaviour including optimal-foraging strategies and predator avoidance. Using laboratory-based trials, we tested the hypothesis that the terrestrial salamander Plethodon cinereus climbs in response to scent trails left by insect prey. We found that salamanders climbed significantly higher and spent significantly more time climbing on wooden dowel rods that had been treated with prey residue than they did on control rods. Scent trailing possibly interacts with other factors such as optimal-foraging opportunities and predation risk in influencing climbing behaviour in these salamanders.
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Buck, Julia C., and Sara B. Weinstein. "The ecological consequences of a pandemic." Biology Letters 16, no. 11 (November 2020): 20200641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0641.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has altered human behaviour in profound ways, prompting some to question whether the associated economic and social impacts might outweigh disease impacts. This fits into a burgeoning ecological paradigm suggesting that for both predator–prey and parasite–host interactions, non-consumptive effects (avoidance) can be orders of magnitude stronger than consumptive effects (sickness and death). Just as avoidance of predators and parasites imposes substantial costs on prey and hosts, altered behaviour to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 has impacted human fitness and wellbeing. But the effects of infectious disease avoidance do not stop there; non-consumptive effects of predators and parasites often trigger cascading indirect effects in natural systems. Similarly, shifts in human behaviour due to COVID-19 have triggered myriad indirect effects on species and the environment, which can be positive, negative or neutral. We urge researchers to recognize that the environmental impacts associated with lockdowns are indirect effects of the virus. In short, the global response to COVID-19 suggests that the non-consumptive effects of a pathogen, and resulting indirect effects, can be profound.
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Strickland, D., E. Brouwer, and T. M. Burg. "A test of the predator avoidance hypothesis to explain delayed onset of communal breeding." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 4 (April 2019): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0114.
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A neglected question in the study of communal breeding concerns why alloparental behaviour begins at variously late stages in the breeding cycle. In group-living corvids, the delay tends to be longer in species that are small and (or) typically have only a small nonbreeder complement. This pattern has been attributed to the relatively poor defensive capabilities of such species and their consequently greater need to minimize predator-attracting traffic to the nest or fledglings. We tested this predator avoidance hypothesis with the Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis (Linnaeus, 1766)), a species in which the feeding of young by any nonbreeders in the family group is delayed until the fledgling period. We reasoned that, on Anticosti Island, Quebec (Canada), in the absence of squirrels and other nest predators, nonbreeders might be permitted to feed nestlings as well as fledglings, and that breeders might feed nestlings more frequently (with smaller food loads) than on the mainland. We found no evidence for either prediction and thus no support for the predator avoidance hypothesis but suggest that Anticosti Canada Jays may have had insufficient time to evolve behaviour more appropriate for their predator-free environment. Secondarily, we confirmed that in all observed instances, the nonbreeders were offspring of the breeding pair from previous years and that they therefore failed to provision nestlings in spite of an apparent genetic interest to do so.
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Brown, Norah E., Sean C. Mitchell, and David J. Garbary. "Host selection by larvae of a marine insect Halocladius variabilis: nutritional dependency or escape from predation?" Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 5 (December 5, 2012): 1373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315412001634.
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Larvae of the Holarctic marine chironomid, Halocladius variabilis (Staeger), have strong fidelity to the tuft-forming brown alga, Elachista fucicola (Velley) Areschoug, an abundant epiphyte on intertidal fucoids of the North Atlantic. We show that larvae are sufficiently motile to select an algal host in a Petri dish within 3–4 cm, and that larvae show differential behaviour with respect to host selection in the presence or absence of a predator. In the absence of predators 53% of larvae found an algal host within 1 hour; however, after 24 hours, there was no significant difference in host selection. When an isopod predator (Idotea sp.) was present, more larvae found a host within 1 hour (81%) and Elachista was chosen over three of the four other hosts. Furthermore, when larvae were present in Elachista, predator (Carcinus maenus) success was significantly reduced relative to two other algal hosts. The adaptive significance of Elachista as a refuge from predation was confirmed by experiments demonstrating that larval growth with other algal hosts was greater than with Elachista. These experiments suggest that microhabitat selection by larvae of H. variabilis reveals important tradeoffs for growth and predator avoidance.
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Barbosa, Andrés. "Foraging strategy and predator avoidance behaviour: an intraspecific approach." Acta Oecologica 18, no. 6 (November 1997): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1146-609x(97)80046-x.
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Hintz, W. D., G. T. Grimes, and J. E. Garvey. "Shovelnose sturgeon exhibit predator avoidance behaviour in the presence of a hungry predator." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 29, no. 1 (September 23, 2012): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.12033.
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Borowski, Zbigniew. "Individual and seasonal differences in antipredatory behaviour of root volesa field experiment." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-154.
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The response of root vole (Microtus oeconomus) to least weasel (Mustela nivalis) odours during breeding (August) and nonbreeding seasons (November) was studied in the root voles' natural habitat. The aim of this study was to determine if antipredator behaviour of the root vole changed between breeding and nonbreeding seasons and if this change was closely related to individual environmental cues, e.g., weasel odours. It was found that when bait and weasel odour was used, trappability was greater in breeding season than in nonbreeding season. Moreover, in the breeding season, heavier (i.e., older) voles were more frequently captured than lighter (i.e., younger) ones. Results show that voles' antipredator behaviour of weasel avoidance changes seasonally and that during the breeding season voles display a trade-off conflict between predator risk and foraging, if predator risk is high. It is possible that older voles are driven to reproduce in the current breeding season and thus display less weasel avoidance than do younger voles, which have higher probability of surviving to the next breeding season. Results indicate that indirect (nonlethal) effects of mammalian predators on voles' behaviour strongly depend on age, sexual activity, and season.
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Goodey, Wayne, and N. R. Liley. "The influence of early experience on escape behaviour in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 885–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-132.
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Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) with or without experience of being chased by adult conspecifics were exposed first to a model "aerial predator" to assess the magnitude of their escape response, then to live piscivorous fish to assess their escape ability. Early experience had some influence on response magnitude but a greater influence on escape ability. Guppies that were chased when young by adult conspecifics required significantly more attacks before they were captured than either guppies that had no experience of being chased or guppies exposed to only visual or chemical cues associated with chasing by adults. Conditioning of predator-avoidance behaviour by early exposure to chasing by potential predators may be an advantage in the physically and biotically heterogeneous environments occupied by the guppy, and chasing by adult conspecifics may provide part of the learning experience.
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Murase, Aoi, Kazuo Fujita, and Shuichi Yano. "Behavioural flexibility in spider mites: oviposition site shifts based on past and present stimuli from conspecifics and predators." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 7 (July 2017): 170328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170328.
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Predator-experienced individuals often change their predation avoidance response when they re-encounter the same predators or their cues. Recent reports show that behavioural change sometimes occurs even before the re-encounter. To function as an adaptive strategy in the wild, such prospective experience-induced behaviour should change flexibly in response to changing situations. We assessed flexibility of experience-induced oviposition site shift in two closely related species of spider mites, Tetranychus kanzawai and T. urticae , from the viewpoint of reducing future predation risk on their eggs. We found that: (i) individuals of T. kanzawai shifted oviposition site depending on the presence of conspecific eggs; (ii) after experiencing predation threat T. kanzawai females shifted oviposition site even in the absence of any current predation threat; (iii) this experience-induced shift of oviposition site was weakened in the presence of conspecific males; and (iv) experience-induced behaviour was retained for a shorter period in T. urticae than in T. kanzawai , possibly because the demand for learning may differ with regard to biological conditions encountered in the wild.
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Abrahams, M. V., and T. C. Pratt. "Hormonal manipulations of growth rate and its influence on predator avoidance - foraging trade-offs." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 1 (February 28, 2000): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-185.
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Theoretical investigations into the impact that predators exert on prey species suggest that two parameters, growth rate and mortality rate, should be the most influential in determining when animals should risk exposure to a predator in order to achieve higher feeding rates. While these two parameters have usually been assumed to be environmentally determined, we used thyroid hormone (3,3prime,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)) to manipulate growth rates and examine the behavioural consequences associated with these manipulations. In two experiments, we examined how the growth rate of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) is affected by treatment with T3, and used the results from this experiment to make a priori predictions about their relative willingness to risk exposure to a predator in order to receive increased feeding rates. The first experiment demonstrated that T3 significantly reduced the growth rates of fathead minnows compared with an unmanipulated control. When groups were compared in their relative willingness to risk exposure to a predator, manipulated growth rates in the first experiment were an accurate predictor of behaviour; groups with relatively high growth rates were more willing to risk exposure to a predator. These results are consistent with the theoretical expectation that growth rates should be an important factor determining decisions that involve trade-offs.
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Fraser, Fiona. "Unusual predator avoidance behaviour by a Peaceful Dove Geopelia striata." Northern Territory Naturalist 16 (July 2000): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.295558.
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Ferrari, Stephen Francis, and Maria Aparecida Lopes Ferrari. "Predator avoidance behaviour in the buffy-headed marmoset,Callithrix flaviceps." Primates 31, no. 3 (July 1990): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02381104.
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WATT, PENELOPE J., STEPHEN F. NOTTINGHAM, and STEPHEN YOUNG. "Toad tadpole aggregation behaviour: evidence for a predator avoidance function." Animal Behaviour 54, no. 4 (October 1997): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0512.
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Feltmate, Blair W., and D. Dudley Williams. "Influence of Rainbow Trout (Oncothynchus mykiss) on Density and Feeding Behaviour of a Perlid Stonefly." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-200.
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Stonefly (Paragnetina media) density was reduced in a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) enclosure by approximately 35%, whereas in a trout exclosure no significant changes in density occurred. Of the 35% reduction, approximately two-fifths and three-fifths were attributable, respectively to direct consumption of stoneflies by trout, and emigration by stoneflies from the predator-stressed section of stream. With trout present in laboratory aquaria, predator avoidance behaviour resulted in stoneflies remaining significantly more on dark substrate on which they were less vulnerable to trout predators. Stoneflies consumed significantly fewer prey (enchytraeid whiteworms) over 24 h, in the presence of both small (2.0–4.0 cm) and large (10.0–12.0 cm) rainbow trout in aquaria, compared with stoneflies feeding in trout-free aquaria. Feeding rate and substrate selection did not differ between well-fed and starved (5 d) nymphs.
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Magnhagen, Carin. "Predation Risk and Foraging in Juvenile Pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Chum Salmon (O. keta)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-072.
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Habitat choice and foraging activities of juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta) from the Fraser River estuary were studied to determine whether their behaviour changed in response to predation risk and hunger level. In aquaria with and without predators, the fish were given a choice of two habitats open water with a high prey density and vegetation with a low prey density; these habitats have advantages of high energy intake and protection from predators, respectively. Pink salmon were found more frequently in the vegetation when predators were present than otherwise. When hungry, however, pink salmon occupied the open area to a greater extent than when satiated. Chum salmon did not show as much difference in habitat choice as pink. In the presence of predators, satiated pink salmon ate less than hungry ones and also less than the fish without predators. Chum salmon did not show any differences in food intake in the different treatments. Thus, pink salmon responded to predation risk to a greater extent than did chum, in terms of habitat choice and food intake, and demonstrated a trade-off between predator avoidance and foraging.
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Csányi, Vilmos, Péter Pongrácz, and Ádám Miklósi. "The Ontogeny of Antipredator Behaviour in Paradise Fish Larvae (Macropodus Opercularis). Ii. the Response To Chemical Stimuli of Heterospecific Fishes." Behaviour 134, no. 5-6 (1997): 391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00601.
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AbstractThe response of larval paradise fish to chemical stimuli from heterospecific fish was investigated. The behaviour of 15, 20 and 25 day old larvae was observed both in the presence and absence of the chemical stimuli and in the presence or absence of a predator model. Larvae decreased their swimming activity to a similar level both in the absence and in the presence of the model if they swam in water conditioned with chemical stimulus of the snakehead (Chana striata), a sympatric predator, or the crucian carp (Carassius carassius), a sympatric benthic feeder. Moreover, if the model was present larval paradise fish showed more fleeing and backing in the water conditioned by the sympatric snakehead and pike (Esox lucius) in comparison to water of allopatric predators and the sympatric crucian carp. Fleeing and backing increased with age in the case of snakehead stimulus. We conclude that larval paradise fish are capable of discriminating between waters conditioned by sympatric and allopatric fish in the presence of a simple predator model and this ability develops with age even without experience. The results support the hypothesis that larval fish rely more on non-specific avoidance of potential predators at the beginning of their development but their ability of discrimination emerges in parallel with the improvement of the motor skills that enable them to actively avoid and escape from predators.
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Lambert, Charlotte, Matthieu Authier, Mathieu Doray, Ghislain Dorémus, Jérome Spitz, and Vincent Ridoux. "Hide and seek in the Bay of Biscay—a functional investigation of marine megafauna and small pelagic fish interactions." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy143.
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AbstractPrey and predator distributions influence one another. Understanding the scale and the orientation of predator–prey spatial correlations is crucial in foraging ecology. Growing evidence suggests that predator–prey interactions are more constrained by functional characteristics of both the predator and the prey. Unfortunately, in marine pelagic systems, the scale and orientation of spatial correlations between predators and prey have been only little explored from a functional point of view. We tested the existence of fine-scale association between predators and fish functional groups. Visual predator sightings and acoustic fish records were collected synchronously during oceanographic surveys from 2004 to 2014. Prey biomass was integrated by nautical miles and split into four size classes (<10 cm; 10–20 cm; 20–30 cm; >30 cm) and two depth layers (surface, deep). We computed the relative biomass by prey size and depth category from 0 to 12 nm around predator sightings to determine the predators’ proximity to local prey biomass. Two cetaceans (common, bottlenose dolphins) and three seabirds (northern gannets, auks, northern fulmars) were studied. No association was found in fulmars, indicating they probably do not feed on considered fishes in the area. Gannets and auks were positively correlated with local prey biomass for sizes <20 cm at both depth layers. Significant negative relationships were found between common dolphins and prey size classes <20 cm at both depth layers, and between bottlenose dolphins and all size ranges at the deeper layer. Our results suggest that the fine-scale spatial overlap of predator and prey is influenced by their functional traits, and that prey exhibit predator avoidance behaviour in presence of swimming predators but not of flying ones.
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Chovanec, Andreas. "The influence of tadpole swimming behaviour on predation by dragonfly nymphs." Amphibia-Reptilia 13, no. 4 (1992): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853892x00049.
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AbstractThis study analyses interspecific differences in anuran tadpole swimming behaviour that could influence vulnerability and therefore prey selection by dragonfly nymphs (Aeshna cyanea). Laboratory experiments showed that Bufo bufo tadpoles were almost continually and slowly in motion, which makes them easy prey for the dragonflies. Hyla arborea tadpoles were also very active and slow in swimming; in contrast to Bufo, however, they showed effective predator avoidance strategies (different habitat preferences, high evasiveness). The predation risk of Rana dalmatina larvae was low because the tadpoles were immobile and benthic, rare movements were made with high speeds. Bombina bombina is intermediate in swimming activity, velocity, and vulnerability.