Academic literature on the topic 'Predator avoidance behaviour'
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Journal articles on the topic "Predator avoidance behaviour"
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Belgrad, Benjamin A., and Blaine D. Griffen. "Predator–prey interactions mediated by prey personality and predator hunting mode." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1828 (April 13, 2016): 20160408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0408.
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Predator–prey interactions are important drivers in structuring ecological communities. However, despite widespread acknowledgement that individual behaviours and predator species regulate ecological processes, studies have yet to incorporate individual behavioural variations in a multipredator system. We quantified a prevalent predator avoidance behaviour to examine the simultaneous roles of prey personality and predator hunting mode in governing predator–prey interactions. Mud crabs, Panopeus herbstii , reduce their activity levels and increase their refuge use in the presence of predator cues. We measured mud crab mortality and consistent individual variations in the strength of this predator avoidance behaviour in the presence of predatory blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus , and toadfish, Opsanus tau . We found that prey personality and predator species significantly interacted to affect mortality with blue crabs primarily consuming bold mud crabs and toadfish preferentially selecting shy crabs. Additionally, the strength of the predator avoidance behaviour depended upon the predation risk from the predator species. Consequently, the personality composition of populations and predator hunting mode may be valuable predictors of both direct and indirect predator–prey interaction strength. These findings support theories postulating mechanisms for maintaining intraspecies diversity and have broad implications for community dynamics.
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Fonner, Christopher W., and Sarah K. Woodley. "Testing the predation stress hypothesis: behavioural and hormonal responses to predator cues in Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders." Behaviour 152, no. 6 (2015): 797–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003254.
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The predation stress hypothesis posits that exposure to predators and/or predator cues causes release of glucocorticoid hormones which coordinate behavioural responses that facilitate predator avoidance. We measured responses to short-term and repeated exposure to predator-derived kairomones in Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders (Desmognathus ochrophaeus). Salamanders expressed predator avoidance behaviours (reduced locomotion, reduced mating behaviour) in the presence of predator kairomones. However, plasma glucocorticoids after short-term exposure to predator kairomones were similar to levels after exposure to controls. After repeated exposure to predator-derived kairomones, locomotory activity and plasma glucocorticoids were similar compared to controls. There was no evidence of habituation to predator kairomones. Overall, results did not support the predation stress hypothesis in Allegheny Mountain dusky salamanders in either an acute or chronic context. Use of glucocorticoids to mediate antipredator responses may occur when predation pressure is unpredictable, and when energetic and opportunity costs of linking glucocorticoids to anti-predator responses are low.
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Näslund, Joacim, Leo Pettersson, and Jörgen I. Johnsson. "Behavioural reactions of three-spined sticklebacks to simulated risk of predation—Effects of predator distance and movement." FACETS 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2015-0015.
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The behavioural response of animals to predation risk commonly depends on the behaviour of potential predators. Here, we report an experiment investigating effects of predator model (a life-like wooden trout model) distance and movement on the behaviour of three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus L. in a standardized experimental setting. When the predator model was immobile, the behaviour of the sticklebacks could, in general, not be clearly distinguished from a no-predator control treatment. When moving the predator 41 cm towards the stickleback, clear anti-predator behaviours were observed. However, behavioural expression depended on the distance to the predator. At the two farthest distances (approaching from 129 to 88 cm and from 170 to 129 cm), the sticklebacks approached the predator and spent little time freezing. At the two closest distances (approaching from 88 to 47 cm and from 47 to 6 cm), the sticklebacks increased the distance to the predator model and froze their movements. These results suggest that the closest-distance groups showed avoidance behaviour, whereas the farthest-distance groups instead appeared to start inspecting the potential predator. This provides evidence for conditional anti-predator behaviour and highlights the importance of considering distance to, and movement of predator models when interpreting data from standardized behavioural trials.
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Bedore, Christine N., Stephen M. Kajiura, and Sönke Johnsen. "Freezing behaviour facilitates bioelectric crypsis in cuttlefish faced with predation risk." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1820 (December 7, 2015): 20151886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1886.
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Cephalopods, and in particular the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis , are common models for studies of camouflage and predator avoidance behaviour. Preventing detection by predators is especially important to this group of animals, most of which are soft-bodied, lack physical defences, and are subject to both visually and non-visually mediated detection. Here, we report a novel cryptic mechanism in S. officinalis in which bioelectric cues are reduced via a behavioural freeze response to a predator stimulus. The reduction of bioelectric fields created by the freeze-simulating stimulus resulted in a possible decrease in shark predation risk by reducing detectability. The freeze response may also facilitate other non-visual cryptic mechanisms to lower predation risk from a wide range of predator types.
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Godin, Jean-Guy J. "Risk of predation and foraging behaviour in shoaling banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-251.
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While foraging for patchily distributed benthic prey in the laboratory, solitary and shoaling banded killifish reduced their per capita rate of feeding attempts and shortened the duration of their feeding posture (when sampling outside the food patches) in the presence of a predatory brook charr. This presumably allowed more time for predator vigilance and avoidance. Individual feeding rate was independent of shoal size, in either the presence or absence of a predator. Solitary fish thus incurred only a slightly greater predator-mediated relative cost of lost foraging opportunities compared with shoaling fish. Killifish therefore altered their foraging behaviour to reduce risk of predation in the presence of a predator and appeared to trade off risk of mortality and energy gain.
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Brown, Grant, and Erica Schwarzbauer. "CHEMICAL PREDATOR INSPECTION AND ATTACK CONE AVOIDANCE IN A CHARACIN FISH: THE EFFECTS OF PREDATOR DIET." Behaviour 138, no. 6 (2001): 727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901752233370.
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AbstractMany prey organisms will approach (inspect) a potential predator, primarily to assess local risk of predation. It has been argued that by avoiding the head region of predators during inspections, prey can reduce the risks associated with such behaviour (attack cone avoidance). Prior experiments, however, have not incorporated the combined chemical and visual predator cues. We conducted laboratory experiments to determine the effects of combined predator dietary (chemical) and visual cues on the form and location of predator inspection visits by glowlight tetras (Hemigrammus erythrozonus). Tetras were exposed to a live cichlid predator (Cichlasoma octofasciatum) which had been fed tetras (with alarm pheromone), swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri; lacking Ostariophysan alarm pheromones) or food deprived. There was no significant difference in the overall rate of predator inspection by tetras to tetra-fed, swordtail-fed or food deprived cichlids. There was, however, a significant effect of predator diet on the size of inspection shoals and the location of inspections. Tetras inspected a tetrafed predator in significantly smaller groups, more often as singletons and directed a greater proportion of their inspections towards the tail of the predator. Tetras exposed to swordtail-fed or food deprived cichlids inspected in larger groups and directed more inspections towards the head of the predator. When the predator dietary cue contained tetra alarm pheromone, there was a significant increase in the attack latency by predators. Taken together, these data suggest that tetras use both chemical and visual predator cues during inspection visits and will modify their behaviour based on the presence or absence of conspecific alarm pheromone in the diet of a potential predator.
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Abrahams, Mark V. "The interaction between antipredator behaviour and antipredator morphology: experiments with fathead minnows and brook sticklebacks." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 2209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-261.
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Prey species have two fundamental strategies for reducing their probability of being killed by a predator: behavioural modification and morphological defenses. It is hypothesized that prey species which possess morphological defenses should exhibit less behavioural modification in response to predation risk than species lacking such defenses. Experiments were conducted to examine behavioural modification by armoured (brook sticklebacks, Culea inconstans) and unarmoured (fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas) prey species foraging in the presence of a predator (yellow perch, Perca flavescens). Two experiments measured habitat avoidance and reactive distance to an approaching predator. The results of these experiments were consistent with the hypothesis. Compared with fathead minnows, brook sticklebacks exhibited relatively little behavioural modification in response to the presence of a predator, both in terms of avoiding dangerous areas and in their reactive distance to an approaching predator. Sticklebacks, however, graded their reactive distance to an approaching predator in relation to both their body size and group size. These data suggest that the morphology of brook sticklebacks and their behavioural sensitivity to predation risk may allow them to efficiently exploit habitats that contain predators.
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Brown, Joseph A., Peter H. Johansen, Patrick W. Colgan, and R. Alastair Mathers. "Changes in the predator-avoidance behaviour of juvenile guppies (Poecilia reticulata) exposed to pentachlorophenol." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 2001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-294.
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The effects of pentachlorophenol on the predator-avoidance behaviour of the guppy (Poecilia reticulate) in response to largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) predation was investigated. There were no consistent effects of pentachlorophenol on habitat use or general behaviour of the guppies. In the presence of predators, all guppies occurred significantly more often alone, motionless, and in the top third of the water column in the nonopen areas. Nine variables associated with predator efficiency were monitored to determine which treatment groups of guppies were easiest to capture. The bass had significantly lower capture success, performed more strikes and chases, and spent more time chasing guppies from the untreated and 100 μg/L groups than those from the 500 and 700 μg/L groups. This suggests that the guppies from the two high treatment groups had a slower response to predator attack and could not maintain a prolonged escape burst of speed.
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Turney, Shaun, and Jean-Guy J. Godin. "To forage or hide? Threat-sensitive foraging behaviour in wild, non-reproductive passerine birds." Current Zoology 60, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.6.719.
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Abstract Because antipredator behaviours are costly, the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis predicts that individual animals should express predator-avoidance behaviour proportionally to the perceived threat posed by the predator. Here, we experimentally tested this hypothesis by providing wild passerine birds supplemental food (on a raised feeding platform) at either 1 or 4 m from the edge of forest cover (potential refuge), in either the presence or absence of a nearby simulated predation threat (a sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus model). Compared with the control treatment, we observed proportionally fewer bird visits to the food patch, and the birds took longer to re-emerge from forest refuge and return to feed at the food patch, after the hawk presentation than before it. The observed threat-sensitive latency-to-return response was stronger when the food patch was further away from the nearest refuge. Overall, our results are consistent with the predictions of the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis in that wild passerine birds (primarily black-capped chickadees Poecile atricapillus) exhibited more intense antipredator behavioural responses with increasing level of apparent threat. The birds were thus sensitive to their local perceived threat of predation and traded-off safety from predation (by refuging) and foraging gains in open habitat in a graded, threat-sensitive manner.
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Smolka, Jochen, Jochen Zeil, and Jan M. Hemmi. "Natural visual cues eliciting predator avoidance in fiddler crabs." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1724 (April 13, 2011): 3584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2746.
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To efficiently provide an animal with relevant information, the design of its visual system should reflect the distribution of natural signals and the animal's tasks. In many behavioural contexts, however, we know comparatively little about the moment-to-moment information-processing challenges animals face in their daily lives. In predator avoidance, for instance, we lack an accurate description of the natural signal stream and its value for risk assessment throughout the prey's defensive behaviour. We characterized the visual signals generated by real, potentially predatory events by video-recording bird approaches towards an Uca vomeris colony. Using four synchronized cameras allowed us to simultaneously monitor predator avoidance responses of crabs. We reconstructed the signals generated by dangerous and non-dangerous flying animals, identified the cues that triggered escape responses and compared them with those triggering responses to dummy predators. Fiddler crabs responded to a combination of multiple visual cues (including retinal speed, elevation and visual flicker) that reflect the visual signatures of distinct bird and insect behaviours. This allowed crabs to discriminate between dangerous and non-dangerous events. The results demonstrate the importance of measuring natural sensory signatures of biologically relevant events in order to understand biological information processing and its effects on behavioural organization.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Predator avoidance behaviour"
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Sievert, Thorbjörn. "Behavioural responses of mice to predator odour components." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119355.
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Having means to detect and avoid potential predators is a necessity for prey species. Most mammalian prey species are able to detect odours emitted by predators and to adapt their behaviour accordingly. These odour cues are therefore considered to act as semiochemicals. Predator odours consist of several dozen different odourants. In order to assess if single odourants elicit aversive behavioural reactions, predator-naïve CD-1 mice were presented with six odourants which are part of body-borne odours of different mammalian predator species. A two-compartment chamber was used in order to assess place-preference, motor activity and faecal excretions when the animals were simultaneously presented with a predator odourant and a blank control. Further trials were performed to assess whether the odourant concentrations had an influence on the behaviours. The only odourant that elicited a significant aversion was 3-methyl-1-butanethiol, a compound found in the anal gland secretion of skunks, when presented at a factor of 100 above the olfactory detection threshold of mice. Two other concentrations of 3-methyl-1-butanethiol did not elicit significant behavioural changes. Based on the present study, only one out of six selected predator odourants elicited a significant aversive response in CD-1 mice. This suggests that more than one odour component, or perhaps even the full mixture of odourants, may be necessary for CD-1 mice to respond to a predator odour with aversive behaviour.
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Hay, Alexandra Morag. "Foraging behaviour of the ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) and predator avoidance by freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus : implications for predator-prey interactions." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312702.
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Borner, Karoline. "Influence of turbidity on social structure in guppies, Poecilia reticulata." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17622.
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Umweltveränderungen kommen natürlicherweise vor und viele Spezies waren im Laufe ihrer Evolutionsgeschichte davon betroffen. Durch die Aktivitäten des Menschen jedoch finden diese in höherer Geschwindigkeit und größerem Umfang statt und stellen so für viele Spezies eine neue Herausforderung dar. Einen großen Einfluss auf die Umwelt nimmt der Mensch durch Verschmutzung, welche zu Veränderungen der Physiologie der Organismen und deren Verhalten führen und damit Einfluss auf die Populationsdynamik und letztendlich auf die Biodiversität haben kann. In meiner Dissertation untersuchte ich den Einfluss durch Bergbau ausgelöster Trübung auf das Verhalten und die soziale Struktur des Guppys. Er nutzt soziale Interaktionen für eine höhere Effizienz bei der Nahrungssuche und Räubervermeidung. Die Nutzung sei-nes dafür eingesetzten Sehsinns ist bei Trübung stark eingeschränkt. Ich untersuchte die Reaktion Trübung unerfahrener Fische aus Labor und Feld auf Trübung. Es zeigte sich, dass beide ihre sozialen Interaktionen in trübem Wasser verringerten. Eine zusätzliche Markow-Ketten-Analyse ergab aber auch, dass Laborfische Kontakte zu bestimmten In-dividuen der Gruppe verstärkten und Feldfische ihre initiierten Kontakte behielten. An-schließend studierte ich den Unterschied der sozialen Struktur Trübung erfahrener und - unerfahrener Fische. Trübung erfahrene Fische erhöhten die Gesamtzahl der Interaktio-nen, reduzierten jedoch die Anzahl der initiierten Kontakte im Gegensatz zu unerfahre-nen Fischen. Diese Strukturänderung, vermute ich, erhöht den Zusammenhalt und damit den In-formationsfluss im Schwarm. Die Ergebnisse von Folgeversuchen, nämlich der Erhalt der Paarungsanzahl und die effektivere Vermeidung einer Räuberattrappe bei Trübung er-fahrenen Fischen, unterstützen diese Vermutung. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass Guppys in der Lage sind, sich durch Änderung Ihrer sozialen Struktur an trübe Verhältnisse anzupas-sen. Dies könnte auch Einfluss auf ihre Populationsstruktur haben.Most species have been subjected to environmental changes during their evolutionary history. However, due to human activity, environmental changes are currently occurring at higher speeds and on a greater scale, presenting new challenges for many species. Pollution, as a major type of human-induced environmental change, may not only affect physiology but also behaviour, thereby affecting population dynamics and consequently biodiversity. The topic of my dissertation is the effect of turbidity from quarrying on the behaviour and social association pattern of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Turbidity impairs the fish’s ability to use visual cues during social interactions, which in turn helps increases efficiency of foraging and avoiding predators. I investigated the initial re-sponse of guppies to turbidity and subsequently tested whether turbidity-experienced vs turbidity-inexperienced populations differ in their social association patterns and how they cope with ecological challenges. Both lab-reared and wild-caught guppies that were inexperienced with turbidity reduced social associations in turbid water in con-trast to turbidity-experienced fish. A Markov chain analysis revealed that lab-reared guppies increased associations with particular neighbours. Similarly, wild-caught gup-pies maintained the number of initiated associations under turbid conditions. The in-crease in non-initiated associations suggests a stronger connectivity within the shoal, leading to higher information transmission in a poor visual environment. Additional results showed that this altered social structure enabled turbidity-experienced fish to maintain the frequency of mating attempts in turbidity and to avoid predation risk. This suggests that guppies have the ability to adjust to turbidity, but with major changes in their social structure, which might have an impact on population dynamics.
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Nelson, Erik Healy. "Population consequences of predator avoidance behavior in the pea aphid /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Hörnfeldt, Birger. "Cycles of voles, predators, and alternative prey in boreal Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Ekologi och geovetenskap, 1991. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100711.
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Bank voles, grey-sided voles, and field voles had synchronous 3-4 year density cycles with variable amplitudes which averaged about 200-fold in each species. Cycles of vole predators (red fox and Tengmalm's owl), and their (foxes') alternative prey (mountain hare and forest grouse) lagged behind the vole cycles. The nomadic Tengmalm's owl responded with a very rapid and strong numerical increase to the initial cyclic summer increase of voles (the owl’s staple food). Owl breeding densities in the springs were highly correlated with vole supply in the previous autumns. This suggested that the number of breeding owls was largely determined in the autumn at the time of the owl's nomadic migrations, and that immigration was crucial for the rapid rise in owl numbers. The owl's numerical response was reinforced by the laying of earlier and larger clutches when food was plentiful. In addition, the owl has an early maturation at one year of age. The transition between subsequent vole cycles was characterized by a distinct shift in rate of change in numbers from low to high or markedly higher values in both summer and winter. Regulation increased progressively throughout the cycle since the rate of change decreased continuously in the summers. Moreover, there was a similar decrease of the rate of change in winter. Rate of change was delayed density-dependent. The delayed density-dependence had an 8 month time-lag in the summers and a 4 month time-lag in the winters relative to the density in previous autumns and springs, respectively. These findings suggest that vole cycles are likely to be generated by a time-lag mechanism. On theoretical grounds, it has been found that a delayed density- dependence of population growth rate with a 9 month time-lag caused stable limit cycles with a period between 3 and 4 years. Some mechanisms for the delayed density-dependence are suggested and discussed. The mechanisms are assumed to be related to remaining effects of vole populations past interactions with predators, food supplies, and/or diseases. Unlike the other voles, the bank vole had regular and distinct seasonal declines in density over winter. These declines are proposed to be due to predation, mainly by Tengmalm's owl. Supranivean foraging for epiphytic tree lichens and conifer seeds most likely explains why this species was frequently taken by the owl under snow-rich conditions. The alternative prey hypothesis predicts that a reduction of predator numbers should increase the number of alternative prey. Alternative prey should be less effectively synchronized to the vole cycle by predation at declining and low vole (main prey) densities; they may also lose their 3-4 year cyclicity. The appearance of sarcoptic mange among foxes in northern Sweden in the mid 1970s provided an opportunity to "test" these ideas, and these were found to be supported. In areas with highest mange infection rates, foxes declined markedly from the late 1970s to mid 1980s, whereas hare numbers rose rapidly and appeared non-cyclic.Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1991, härtill 7 uppsatser
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Dempsey, Brian L. "Predator-Avoidance of Larval Black-bellied Salamanders (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) in Response to Cues from Native and Nonnative Salmonids." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3824.
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The introduction of nonnative salmonids into Southern Appalachia may pose a threat to resident salamander populations. In recent years, the stocking and encroachment of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) into headwaters where the black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) naturally coexist has raised concerns. In aquatic prey, predator-avoidance responses are primarily influenced through the detection of chemical cues released from predators. The objective of this study was to determine how co-occurrence with a predator influences black-bellied salamander predator recognition behavior. To evaluate this, salamander activity metrics (general activity, number of movements, and latency to move) were recorded before and after exposure to either native trout predator cue (brook), introduced trout predator cue (rainbow), or conditioned tap water (control). Larvae were collected from different streams based on their trout predator assemblage with larvae coming from brook, rainbow, rainbow/brook, and no trout stream reaches. Our results show that larvae that co-occur with trout reduced their activity when exposed to brook trout predator cue, but their response to rainbow trout predator cue depended on their previous co-occurrence. Larvae from areas with only brook trout exhibited a weak predator-avoidance when exposed to rainbow trout predator cue. A follow-up test to determine the influence of alarm cue on predator response in these larvae indicated that the alarm cue enhanced the response to the rainbow trout predator.
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Sommers, Pacifica. "Interacting Effects of Predation and Competition in the Field and in Theory." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595999.
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The principle of competitive exclusion holds that the strongest competitor for a single resource can exclude other species. Yet in many systems, more similar species appear to stably coexist than the small number of limiting resources. Understanding how and when similar species can stably coexist has taken on new urgency in managing biological invasions and their ecological impacts. Recent theoretical advances emphasize the importance of predators in determining coexistence. The effects of predators, however, can be mediated by behavioral changes induced in their prey as well as by their lethality. In this dissertation, I ask how considering multiple trophic levels changes our understanding of how a grass invasion (Pennisetum ciliare) affects species diversity and dynamics in southeastern Arizona. In considering interactions with plant consumers, and with the predators of those consumers, this research reveals more general ecological processes that determine species diversity across biological communities. I first present evidence from a grass removal experiment in the field that shows increased emergence and short-term survival of native perennial plants without grass. This is consistent with Pennisetum ciliare causing the observed concurrent decline in native plant abundance following invasion. I then present results from greenhouse and field studies consistent with that suppression of native plants being driven primarily through resource competition rather than increased rodent granivory. Granivorous rodents do not solely function as consumers, however, because they cache their harvested seeds in shallow scatter-hoards, from which seeds can germinate. Rodents thus act also as seed dispersers in a context-dependent mutualism. The primary granivores in areas invaded by Pennisetum ciliare are pocket mice (genus Chaetodipus), which have a well-studied tendency to concentrate their activity under plant cover to avoid predation by owls. Because the dense canopy of the grass may provide safer refuge, I hypothesized the pocket mice may be directly dispersing native seeds closer to the base of the invasive grass. Such a behavior could increase the competitive effect of the grass on native plant species, further driving the impacts of the invasion. By offering experimental seeds dusted in fluorescent powder and tracking where the seeds were cached, I show that rodents do preferentially cache experimental seeds under the grass. This dispersal interaction may be more general to plant interactions with seed-caching rodents across semi-arid regions that are experiencing plant invasions. Finally, I ask how the predator avoidance behavior exhibited by these rodents affects their ability to coexist with one another. Not only could their diversity affect that of the plant community, but the effects of plant invasions can cascade through other trophic levels. Theoretical understanding of how similar predator avoidance strategy alters coexistence had not yet been developed, however. Instead of a field study, therefore, I modified a general consumer-resource model with three trophic levels to ask whether avoidance behavior by the middle trophic level alters the ability of those species to coexist. I found that more effective avoidance behavior, or greater safety for less cost, increased the importance of resource partitioning in determining overall niche overlap. Lowering niche overlap between two species promotes their coexistence in the sense that their average fitness can be more different and still permit coexistence. These results provide novel understanding of behavioral modifications to population dynamics in multi-trophic coexistence theory applicable to this invasion and more broadly.
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Cushing, Paula Elizabeth. "A study of disturbance behaviors in Uloborus glomosus (Araneae; Uloboridae) as possible predator avoidance strategies." Thesis, This resource online, 1988. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022008-063248/.
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McNeill, Myndee. "Predation Avoidance Response Behaviors, Oviposition and Distribution of the Intertidal Gastropod Lirularia succincta." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11491.
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xiii, 141 p. : ill. (some col.)The small trochid gastropod
Committee in charge: Dr. Craig M. Young, Chair; Dr. Richard B. Emlet, Member; Dr. Alan L. Shanks, Member
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Maxey, Claire Angela. "Home Is Where The Food Is: Predator Avoidance Behaviors in the Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys Ludovicianus)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321880.
Full textBooks on the topic "Predator avoidance behaviour"
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Skogland, Terje. Comparative social organization of wild reindeer in relation to food, mates and predator avoidance. Berlin: P. Parey Scientific Publishers, 1989.
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Litvak, Matthew Kenneth. Predator avoidance, foraging behaviour and social transmission of information in fish shoals. 1990.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Foods, exposures, and lifestyle risk factors in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0030.
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Advice for pregnant women on food avoidance, dangerous exposures, and inappropriate behaviours abounds on the internet and through various information sources. This chapter reviews the evidence base for such advice and clarifies issues where common advice is not supported by credible data. Foods containing potential teratogens, mutagens, or toxicants that need consideration include liver (high vitamin A), some herbal teas, contaminated grains, predatory fish, caffeine-containing foods, and various sources of foodborne infections. Exposure to environmental toxicants such as lead, pesticides, herbicides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bisphenol-A, and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals should be avoided, as should alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. Restrictive diets and unusual dietary cravings (pica) need to be properly managed. Evidence for harm from personal care products is generally weak, but pregnant women may choose to avoid some unnecessary exposures.
Book chapters on the topic "Predator avoidance behaviour"
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Monson, Daniel H. "Sea Otter Predator Avoidance Behavior." In Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Sea Otters and Polar Bears, 161–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66796-2_9.
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Keefe, MaryLouise, Timothy A. Whitesel, and Howard E. Winn. "Learned Predator Avoidance Behavior and a Two-Level System for Chemosensory Recognition of Predatory Fishes in Juvenile Brook Trout." In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 6, 375–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9655-1_59.
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Mehmood, Usama, Shouvik Roy, Radu Grosu, Scott A. Smolka, Scott D. Stoller, and Ashish Tiwari. "Neural Flocking: MPC-Based Supervised Learning of Flocking Controllers." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45231-5_1.
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AbstractWe show how a symmetric and fully distributed flocking controller can be synthesized using Deep Learning from a centralized flocking controller. Our approach is based on Supervised Learning, with the centralized controller providing the training data, in the form of trajectories of state-action pairs. We use Model Predictive Control (MPC) for the centralized controller, an approach that we have successfully demonstrated on flocking problems. MPC-based flocking controllers are high-performing but also computationally expensive. By learning a symmetric and distributed neural flocking controller from a centralized MPC-based one, we achieve the best of both worlds: the neural controllers have high performance (on par with the MPC controllers) and high efficiency. Our experimental results demonstrate the sophisticated nature of the distributed controllers we learn. In particular, the neural controllers are capable of achieving myriad flocking-oriented control objectives, including flocking formation, collision avoidance, obstacle avoidance, predator avoidance, and target seeking. Moreover, they generalize the behavior seen in the training data to achieve these objectives in a significantly broader range of scenarios. In terms of verification of our neural flocking controller, we use a form of statistical model checking to compute confidence intervals for its convergence rate and time to convergence.
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Brush, F. R., R. J. Blanchard, and D. C. Blanchard. "Social Dominance and Response to a Natural Predator by Rats Selectively Bred for Differences in Shuttle-Box Avoidance Learning." In Ethoexperimental Approaches to the Study of Behavior, 411–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2403-1_28.
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Nemtzov, Simon C. "Intraspecific variation in sand-diving and predator avoidance behavior of green razorfish, Xyrichtys splendens (Pisces, Labridae): effect on courtship and mating success." In Women in ichthyology: an anthology in honour of ET, Ro and Genie, 403–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0199-8_28.
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Scott, Graham. "Foraging and avoiding predators." In Essential Ornithology, 120–39. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804741.003.0006.
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The chapter considers the generalist and specialist diets of birds, and the behaviours and adaptations used by birds to find food. Special attention is given to the threat to birds from plastics pollution and the impact of plastic ingestion. Cooperative foraging and cooperative hunting are discussed as are the behaviours adopted by birds that do not cooperate or share. Feeding behaviour is considered in light of the theory of optimal foraging, particularly in relation to prey choice and to the balancing of risk. The impact of urban living upon the diets and foraging behaviours of birds is discussed. A broad range of predator avoidance behaviours are described and evaluated.
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"Predator avoidance." In Behavioural Ecology of Fishes, 39–100. CRC Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482287202-8.
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Coss, R. G. "Predator Avoidance: Mechanisms." In Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, 757–64. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-045337-8.00300-4.
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Coss, Richard Gerrit. "Predator Avoidance: Mechanisms." In Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, 283–91. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.90704-0.
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Bond, William J. "Vertebrate herbivory and open ecosystems." In Open Ecosystems, 121–40. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812456.003.0008.
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Can herbivores account for the widespread occurrence of open ecosystems? Some suggest that Pleistocene megafauna did so, and large mammal herbivory is still important in some regions today. Exclosure studies have been widely used to test herbivore impacts on trees, but global patterns of the ‘brown world’ are not readily seen from satellites. Areas of mammal consumer dominance occur in cool temperate/boreal regions (e.g. Tibetan montane grasslands) and savannas in Africa, but not in those in Australia or South America. Herbivores vary in their impact on openness of vegetation because of differences in body size, feeding mode, predator avoidance behaviour while plants also differ in their defences and accessibility. Unlike fire, proxies are lacking for how extinct herbivores, even giant sauropods, impacted vegetation. Very few studies deal explicitly with how vertebrate herbivores help create and maintain open ecosystems where climates are suitable for forests, and there is an urgent need to find out more.
Conference papers on the topic "Predator avoidance behaviour"
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Shoemaker, Adam, and Alexander Leonessa. "Bio-Inspired Nonholonomic Tracking Control." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3932.
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The behavior of nature’s predators is considered for designing a high speed tracking controller for nonholonomic vehicles, whose dynamics are represented using a unicycle model. To ensure that the vehicle behavior closely resembles that of a predator, saturation constraints are added and accounted for using Lyapunov stability criterion. Following verification and comparison of the saturation constraints, the proposed algorithm is implemented on a testing platform. Based on the results presented, we believe the algorithm shows significant promise in high speed control and obstacle avoidance.
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Melkumyan, Mariam, Nicole Lookfong, Wesley Raup-Konsavage, Kent Vrana, and Yuval Silberman. "Effects of cannabidiol with and without other cannabinoids and terpenes on short-term and long-term stress-related behaviors." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.02.
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Introduction: Stress-related disorders, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder, are a primary reason for treatment (and self-medication) with medical cannabis products. Research suggests endocannabinoids regulate neurotransmitters involved in stress but whether phytocannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD) reduce stress behaviors is not fully established. To that end, we sought to examine how CBD with and without other cannabinoids or terpenes might alter behavior in mouse models of short-term and long-term responses to acute stressors. Methods: For short-term stress responses, adult male C57Bl/6J mice received a 30-60-minute restraint stress followed by testing with open field and light-dark box tests. Mice were treated with vehicle, CBD (10mg/kg), or CBD with low dose delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol (THC, 2.5mg/kg and 7.5 mg/kg CBD for 10mg/kg total cannabinoid content) 45-60 minutes prior to stress exposure. For long-term stress behavior, mice underwent conditioned place avoidance to restraint plus predator odor contexts, with controls receiving individual stressors or no stress. Avoidance to the stress paired context was examined 1, 7, and 28 days later. Groups received vehicle, CBD (3.07 mg/ml CBD, 3mg/kg cannabigerol, low terpenes), CBD+THClo-terp (3.07 mg/ml CBD, 3mg/kg cannabigerol, 0.76 mg/ml THC, low terpenes), or CBD+THChi-terp (3.29 mg/ml CBD, 3mg/kg cannabigerol, 0.76 mg/ml THC, high terpenes) 30-45 minutes after stress exposure. Researchers were blinded to treatment conditions during all analyses. Results: In the short-term experiments, mice treated with CBD trended towards an increase in the time spent and decreased latency to enter the light side of the light-dark box compared to vehicle, suggesting reduced anxiety-like behaviors. Additionally, CBD treated mice showed reductions in freezing, immobility time, and latency to enter the center of the open field compared to vehicle treated mice, with no differences in the time spent in the center of the field. CBD+THC treatment showed no significant differences compared to vehicle. In the long-term experiments, mice exposed to restraint plus predator odor showed reduced time spent in the stress paired chamber on days 1, 7, and 28 post-stress, although there did appear to be stress susceptible and resilient mice in this paradigm. Avoidance behaviors were not seen when stressors were presented individually or if no stress was used. In this paradigm, CBD+THClo-terp was the only treatment to reduce avoidance behavior at the post-stress time points tested. Conclusions: These results suggest that CBD has a differential effect on anxiety-like behaviors based on type of stress, post-stress timing of behavioral testing, and CBD/THC/cannabigerol/terpene content. Further studies are needed to uncover the effect of phytocannabinoids on short-term and long-term stress responses as well as related neurotransmitters and circuitries driving these effects.
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Zhang, Feitian, Francis D. Lagor, Derrick Yeo, Patrick Washington, and Derek A. Paley. "Distributed Flow Sensing Using Bayesian Estimation for a Flexible Fish Robot." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9732.
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Flexibility plays an important role in fish behaviors by enabling high maneuverability for predator avoidance and swimming in turbulence. In this paper, we present a novel, flexible fish robot equipped with distributed pressure sensors for flow sensing. The body of the robot is made of a soft, hyperelastic material that provides flexibility. The fish robot features a Joukowski-foil shape conducive to modeling the fluid analytically. A quasisteady potential-flow model is adopted for real-time flow estimation, whereas a discrete-time vortex-shedding flow model is used for higher-fidelity simulation. The dynamics for the flexible fish robot are presented, and a reduced model for one-dimensional swimming is derived. A recursive Bayesian filter assimilates pressure measurements for estimating the flow speed, angle of attack, and foil camber. Simulation and experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the flow estimation algorithm.