Journal articles: 'Precision movements'

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Grinyagin, I. V., E. V. Biryukova, and M. A. Maier. "Kinematic and Dynamic Synergies of Human Precision-Grip Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 4 (October 2005): 2284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01310.2004.

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We analyzed the adaptability of human thumb and index finger movement kinematics and dynamics to variations of precision grip aperture and movement velocity. Six subjects performed precision grip opening and closing movements under different conditions of movement velocity and movement aperture (thumb and index finger tip-to-tip distance). Angular motion of the thumb and index finger joints was recorded with a CyberGlove and a three-dimensional biomechanical model was used for solving the inverse dynamics problem during precision grip movements, i.e., for calculating joint torques from experimentally obtained angular variations. The time-varying joint angles and joint torques were analyzed by principal-component analysis to quantify the contributions of individual joints in kinematic and dynamic synergies. At the level of movement kinematics, we found subject-specific angular contributions. However, the adaptation to large aperture, achieved by an increase of the relative contribution of the proximal joints, was subject-invariant. At the level of movement dynamics, the adaptation of thumb-index finger movements to task constraints was similar among all subjects and required the linear scaling of joint torques, the synchronization of joint torques under high velocity conditions, and a flexible redistribution of joint torques between the proximal joint of the thumb and that of the index finger. This work represents one of the first attempts at calculating the joint torques during human precision-grip movements and indicates that the dynamic synergies seem to be remarkably simple compared with the synergies found for movement kinematics.

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Carey, James R., Kristine R. Greer, Tiffany K. Grunewald, Jennifer L. Steele, Jeff W. Wiemiller, Ela Bhatt, Ashima Nagpal, Ovidiu Lungu, and Edward J. Auerbach. "Primary Motor Area Activation during Precision-Demanding versus Simple Finger Movement." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 20, no. 3 (September 2006): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968306289289.

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The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore whether the primary motor area (M1) serves a processing role in a finger-movement tracking task, emphasizing attention to accuracy, beyond its execution role of simple movements, with no attention to accuracy. Twenty healthy subjects performed alternating conditions: Rest, involving no finger movement; Track, involving careful control of a cursor along a target pathway with finger extension/flexion movements; and Move, involving finger extension/flexion movements without careful control. The authors compared volume of activated voxels in the M1, blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal intensity of activated voxels in the M1, and BOLD signal intensity of all voxels in the M1 between the Track and Move conditions. The results showed greater volume and signal intensity in both the contralateral and ipsilateral M1 during Track than during Move. Overall, the results suggest that the M1 is engaged not only in the execution of movements but also in spatial and temporal processing to produce accurately controlled movements. These findings invite further work exploring whether precision-demanding movements, such as tracking, form a more potent stimulus for promoting helpful brain reorganization in the M1 during the recovery from stroke than simple repetitive movements.

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Goettker, Alexander, Katja Fiehler, and Dimitris Voudouris. "Somatosensory target information is used for reaching but not for saccadic eye movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 124, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1092–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00258.2020.

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A systematic investigation of contributions of different somatosensory modalities (proprioception, kinesthesia, tactile) for goal-directed movements is missing. Here we demonstrate that while eye movements are not affected by different types of somatosensory information, reach precision improves when two different types of information are available. Moreover, reach accuracy and gaze precision to unseen somatosensory targets improve when performing coordinated eye-hand movements, suggesting bidirectional contributions of efferent information in reach and eye movement control.

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Oostwoud Wijdenes, Leonie, Richard B. Ivry, and Paul M. Bays. "Competition between movement plans increases motor variability: evidence of a shared resource for movement planning." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00113.2016.

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Do movement plans, like representations in working memory, share a limited pool of resources? If so, the precision with which each individual movement plan is specified should decrease as the total number of movement plans increases. To explore this, human participants made speeded reaching movements toward visual targets. We examined if preparing one movement resulted in less variability than preparing two movements. The number of planned movements was manipulated in a delayed response cueing procedure that limited planning to a single target ( experiment 1) or hand ( experiment 2) or required planning of movements toward two targets (or with two hands). For both experiments, initial movement direction variability was higher in the two-plan condition than in the one-plan condition, demonstrating a cost associated with planning multiple movements, consistent with the limited resource hypothesis. In experiment 3, we showed that the advantage in initial variability of preparing a single movement was present only when the trajectory could be fully specified. This indicates that the difference in variability between one and two plans reflects the specification of full motor plans, not a general preparedness to move. The precision cost related to concurrent plans represents a novel constraint on motor preparation, indicating that multiple movements cannot be planned independently, even if they involve different limbs.

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Laboissière, Rafael, Daniel R. Lametti, and David J. Ostry. "Impedance Control and Its Relation to Precision in Orofacial Movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 1 (July 2009): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90948.2008.

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Speech production involves some of the most precise and finely timed patterns of human movement. Here, in the context of jaw movement in speech, we show that spatial precision in speech production is systematically associated with the regulation of impedance and in particular, with jaw stiffness—a measure of resistance to displacement. We estimated stiffness and also variability during movement using a robotic device to apply brief force pulses to the jaw. Estimates of stiffness were obtained using the perturbed position and force trajectory and an estimate of what the trajectory would be in the absence of load. We estimated this “reference trajectory” using a new technique based on Fourier analysis. A moving-average (MA) procedure was used to estimate stiffness by modeling restoring force as the moving average of previous jaw displacements. The stiffness matrix was obtained from the steady state of the MA model. We applied this technique to data from 31 subjects whose jaw movements were perturbed during speech utterances and kinematically matched nonspeech movements. We observed systematic differences in stiffness over the course of jaw-lowering and jaw-raising movements that were correlated with measures of kinematic variability. Jaw stiffness was high and variability was low early and late in the movement when the jaw was elevated. Stiffness was low and variability was high in the middle of movement when the jaw was lowered. Similar patterns were observed for speech and nonspeech conditions. The systematic relationship between stiffness and variability points to the idea that stiffness regulation is integral to the control of orofacial movement variability.

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Sakazume, Yuki, Sho Furubayashi, and Eizo Miyashita. "Functional Roles of Saccades for a Hand Movement." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093066.

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An eye saccade provides appropriate visual information for motor control. The present study was aimed to reveal the role of saccades in hand movements. Two types of movements, i.e., hitting and circle-drawing movements, were adopted, and saccades during the movements were classified as either a leading saccade (LS) or catching saccade (CS) depending on the relative gaze position of the saccade to the hand position. The ratio of types of the saccades during the movements was heavily dependent on the skillfulness of the subjects. In the late phase of the movements in a less skillful subject, CS tended to occur in less precise movements, and precision of the movement tended to be improved in the subsequent movement in the hitting. While LS directing gaze to a target point was observed in both types of the movements regardless of skillfulness of the subjects, LS in between a start point and a target point, which led gaze to a local minimum variance point on a hand movement trajectory, was exclusively found in the drawing in a less skillful subject. These results suggest that LS and some types of CS may provide positional information of via-points in addition to a target point and visual information to improve precision of a feedforward controller in the brain, respectively.

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Poleschuk, N. K., N. V. Kholmogorova, and A. B. Makarevsky. "Electrophysiological studies mechanism of movements precision athletes." I.P.Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald 17, no. 4 (December 15, 2009): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pavlovj2009424-29.

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Batten, Jonathan, and Tim Smith. "Temporal Precision of Directly Controlled Eye Movements." Journal of Vision 18, no. 10 (September 1, 2018): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.10.1002.

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Vainio, Lari, Kaisa Tiippana, Mikko Tiainen, Aleksi Rantala, and Martti Vainio. "Reaching and grasping with the tongue: Shared motor planning between hand actions and articulatory gestures." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 10 (January 1, 2018): 2129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817738732.

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Research has shown connections between articulatory mouth actions and manual actions. This study investigates whether forward–backward hand movements could be associated with vowel production processes that programme tongue fronting/backing, lip rounding/spreading (Experiment 1), and/or consonant production processes that programme tongue tip and tongue dorsum actions (Experiment 2). The participants had to perform either forward or backward hand movement and simultaneously pronounce different vowels or consonants. The results revealed a response benefit, measured in vocal and manual reaction times, when the responses consisted of front vowels and forward hand movements. Conversely, back vowels were associated with backward hand movements. Articulation of rounded versus unrounded vowels or coronal versus dorsal consonants did not produce the effect. In contrast, when the manual responses of forward–backward hand movements were replaced by precision and power grip responses, the coronal consonants [t] and [r] were associated with the precision grip, whereas the dorsal consonant [k] was associated with the power grip. We propose that the movements of the tongue body, operating mainly for vowel production, share the directional action planning processes with the hand movements. Conversely, the tongue articulators related to tongue tip and dorsum movements, operating mainly for consonant production, share the action planning processes with the precision and power grip, respectively.

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Chen, Yinan, Song Wu, Zhengting Tang, Jinglu Zhang, Lin Wang, Linfeng Yu, Kelun Wang, and Peter Svensson. "Effects of Motor Training on Accuracy and Precision of Jaw and Finger Movements." Neural Plasticity 2019 (November 18, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9593464.

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Objective. To compare the effects of training of jaw and finger movements with and without visual feedback on precision and accuracy. Method. Twenty healthy participants (10 men and 10 women; mean age 24.6±0.8 years) performed two tasks: a jaw open-close movement and a finger lifting task with and without visual feedback before and after 3-day training. Individually determined target positions for the jaw corresponded to 50% of the maximal jaw opening position, and a fixed target position of 20 mm was set for the finger. Movements were repeated 10 times each. The variability in the amplitude of the movements was expressed as percentage in relation to the target position (Daccu—accuracy) and as coefficient of variation (CVprec—precision). Result. Daccu and CVprec were significantly influenced by visual feedback (P=0.001 and P<0.001, respectively) and reduced after training jaw and finger movements (P<0.001). Daccu (P=0.004) and CVprec (P=0.019) were significantly different between jaw and finger movements. The relative changes in Daccu (P=0.017) and CVprec (P=0.027) were different from pretraining to posttraining between jaw and finger movements. Conclusion. The accuracy and precision of standardized jaw and finger movements are dependent on visual feedback and appears to improve more by training in the trigeminal system possibly reflecting significant neuroplasticity in motor control mechanisms.

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Gelles, Jeff, Bruce J. Schnapp, and Michael P. Sheetz. "Tracking kinesin-driven movements with nanometre-scale precision." Nature 331, no. 6155 (February 1988): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/331450a0.

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Spur, Günter, Andreas Feil, and Klaus Schröer. "Genauigkeit koordinierter Bahnbewegungen / Precision of coordinated path movements." Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb 90, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zwf-1995-900508.

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Goodkin, H. P., J. G. keating, T. A. Martin, and W. T. Thach. "Preserved Simple and Impaired Compound Movement After Infarction in the Territory of the Superior Cerebellar Artery." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 20, S3 (May 1993): S93—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100048599.

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ABSTRACT:A patient with an infarct in the distribution of the right superior cerebellar artery was studied with regard to his ability to make simple movements (visually triggered, self-terminated ballistic wrist movements), and compound movements (reaching to a visual target and precision pinch of a seen object). Movements on the right side of the body alone were affected. Control movements were made by the normal left upper extremity. Wrist movement on the right side was normal in reaction time, direction, peak velocity, and end-point position control ascompared to the left. By contrast, both reaching and pinching movements on the right were impaired. Reaching movements showed marked decomposition of the compound elbow-shoulder movement into seriatim simple movements madealternately at elbow and shoulder. Pinching movements were not made, and instead winkling movements (a movement of index alone) were substituted. These results are compared to similar results of controlled inactivation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus in monkeys. We conclude that one function of the cerebellum may be to combine elements in the movement repertoires of downstream movement generators. When that ability is lost, a strategy may be voluntarily adopted of using the preserved simple movements in place of the impaired compound movements.

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Barany, Deborah A., Kate Pirog Revill, Alexandra Caliban, Isabelle Vernon, Ashwin Shukla, K. Sathian, and Cathrin M. Buetefisch. "Primary motor cortical activity during unimanual movements with increasing demand on precision." Journal of Neurophysiology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 728–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00546.2019.

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Contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) predominantly controls unilateral hand movements, but the role of ipsilateral M1 is unclear. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate how M1 activity is modulated by unimanual movements at different levels of demand on precision. Our results show that task characteristics related to demand on precision influence bilateral M1 activity, suggesting that in addition to contralateral M1, ipsilateral M1 plays a key role in controlling hand movements to meet performance precision requirements.

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Brenner, Eli, and Jeroen B. J. Smeets. "Continuously updating one’s predictions underlies successful interception." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 3257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00517.2018.

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This paper reviews our understanding of the interception of moving objects. Interception is a demanding task that requires both spatial and temporal precision. The required precision must be achieved on the basis of imprecise and sometimes biased sensory information. We argue that people make precise interceptive movements by continuously adjusting their movements. Initial estimates of how the movement should progress can be quite inaccurate. As the movement evolves, the estimate of how the rest of the movement should progress gradually becomes more reliable as prediction is replaced by sensory information about the progress of the movement. The improvement is particularly important when things do not progress as anticipated. Constantly adjusting one’s estimate of how the movement should progress combines the opportunity to move in a way that one anticipates will best meet the task demands with correcting for any errors in such anticipation. The fact that the ongoing movement might have to be adjusted can be considered when determining how to move, and any systematic anticipation errors can be corrected on the basis of the outcome of earlier actions.

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Venskus, Julius, Povilas Treigys, Jolita Bernatavičienė, Gintautas Tamulevičius, and Viktor Medvedev. "Real-Time Maritime Traffic Anomaly Detection Based on Sensors and History Data Embedding." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 31, 2019): 3782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173782.

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The automated identification system of vessel movements receives a huge amount of multivariate, heterogeneous sensor data, which should be analyzed to make a proper and timely decision on vessel movements. The large number of vessels makes it difficult and time-consuming to detect abnormalities, thus rapid response algorithms should be developed for a decision support system to identify abnormal movements of vessels in areas of heavy traffic. This paper extends the previous study on a self-organizing map application for processing of sensor stream data received by the maritime automated identification system. The more data about the vessel’s movement is registered and submitted to the algorithm, the higher the accuracy of the algorithm should be. However, the task cannot be guaranteed without using an effective retraining strategy with respect to precision and data processing time. In addition, retraining ensures the integration of the latest vessel movement data, which reflects the actual conditions and context. With a view to maintaining the quality of the results of the algorithm, data batching strategies for the neural network retraining to detect anomalies in streaming maritime traffic data were investigated. The effectiveness of strategies in terms of modeling precision and the data processing time were estimated on real sensor data. The obtained results show that the neural network retraining time can be shortened by half while the sensitivity and precision only change slightly.

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De Nil, Luc F., and Sophie J. Lafaille. "Jaw and Finger Movement Accuracy under Visual and Nonvisual Feedback Conditions." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 1129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.3f.1129.

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The present study revisited the issue whether the presence of added visual feedback differentially affects the accuracy of finger and jaw movements. 15 men were instructed to move either the index finger on the dominant (right) hand, or the jaw, to a predefined target position with the highest precision possible. During execution of the task, on-line visual feedback of the moving articulator was either present or removed In contrast to previous findings, significant improvement was observed for both finger and jaw movements in the visual feedback condition. Movement error in the nonvisual condition was proportionally greater for finger than for jaw movements which may have reflected a speed-accuracy trade-off because finger movements in the nonvisual condition were executed significantly faster than those of the jaw. The present findings support the beneficial effects of adding visual feedback during dynamic oral and finger movements that require a high spatial precision. Such findings support current methods of clinical intervention in speech-language pathology and other disciplines. Furthermore, the results contribute to our understanding of the role of various modalities of feedback during motor execution.

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Herfst, Lucas J., and Michael Brecht. "Whisker Movements Evoked by Stimulation of Single Motor Neurons in the Facial Nucleus of the Rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 6 (June 2008): 2821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01014.2007.

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The lateral facial nucleus is the sole output structure whose neuronal activity leads to whisker movements. To understand how single facial nucleus neurons contribute to whisker movement we combined single-cell stimulation and high-precision whisker tracking. Half of the 44 stimulated neurons gave rise to fast whisker protraction or retraction movement, whereas no stimulation-evoked movements could be detected for the remainder. Direction, speed, and amplitude of evoked movements varied across neurons. Protraction movements were more common than retraction movements ( n = 16 vs. n = 4), had larger amplitudes (1.8 vs. 0.3° for single spike events), and most protraction movements involved only a single whisker, whereas most retraction movements involved multiple whiskers. We found a large range in the amplitude of single spike-evoked whisker movements (0.06–5.6°). Onset of the movement occurred at 7.6 (SD 2.5) ms after the spike and the time to peak deflection was 18.2 (SD 4.3) ms. Each spike reliably evoked a stereotyped movement. In two of five cases peak whisker deflection resulting from consecutive spikes was larger than expected when based on linear summation of single spike-evoked movement profiles. Our data suggest the following coding scheme for whisker movements in the facial nucleus. 1) Evoked movement characteristics depend on the identity of the stimulated neuron (a labeled line code). 2) The facial nucleus neurons are heterogeneous with respect to the movement properties they encode. 3) Facial nucleus spikes are translated in a one-to-one manner into whisker movements.

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Rasche, Christoph, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner. "Precision of speed discrimination and smooth pursuit eye movements." Vision Research 49, no. 5 (March 2009): 514–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2008.12.003.

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Yalçınkaya, Mualla. "Monitoring Crustal Movements in West Anatolia by Precision Leveling." Journal of Surveying Engineering 129, no. 1 (February 2003): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9453(2003)129:1(44).

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Hellmann, Daniel, Georg Becker, Nikolaos N. Giannakopoulos, Lydia Eberhard, Christopher Fingerhut, Peter Rammelsberg, and Hans J. Schindler. "Precision of jaw-closing movements for different jaw gaps." European Journal of Oral Sciences 122, no. 1 (November 12, 2013): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eos.12100.

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Haney, Justin M., Tianke Wang, Clive D’Souza, Monica L. H. Jones, and Matthew P. Reed. "Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Sequential Precision Reach Movements." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 929–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601714.

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Introduction: Sequential reach tasks are a common component of manual assembly jobs. These tasks typically involve manipulating a work object or material and reaching to successive target locations with different precision requirements. Ergonomics research on the control of hand movements has largely focused on tasks requiring discrete reaches (e.g., Bootsma & Van Wieringen, 1992; Hoff & Arbib, 1993; Jeannerod, 1984; Marteniuk et al., 1990). The objective of this paper was to investigate spatial and temporal effects of pulley design parameters (outer diameter and groove width) on the trajectory of the threading hand in sequential reaches with different precision requirements. Additionally, we propose a scheme to segment hand trajectories into control phases based on the fingertip trajectory speed profile. Segmenting sequential reach tasks into discrete movements between two consecutive target locations will be useful towards developing models of sequential reaching movements and performance for ergonomic analysis. Methods: Twelve right-handed adults, ages 20-26 years, participated in a laboratory experiment that required threading polyester string through a system of pulleys mounted on an acrylic work surface. Interchangeable pulleys were arranged on the perimeter of a semicircle with a radius of 46 cm at azimuths of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180° relative to a constant origin pulley located at the center. The height of the pulleys above the floor was adjusted to place the center pulley at the participant’s standing elbow height. The thread was pulled from a spool located below the center pulley. The task involved threading the pulleys in the following sequence: origin-180°-origin-135°-origin-90°-origin-45°-origin-0°-origin. We conducted a full-factorial experiment with three pulley outer diameters (OD: 38-mm, 76-mm, and 152-mm), three groove widths (GW: 3-mm, 6-mm, and 9-mm), five pulley locations (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°), and two threading directions (clockwise and counterclockwise), with 3 repetitions per condition. Participants were instructed to complete the task as quickly as possible while also ensuring each pulley was threaded successfully. A motion capture marker triad on the hand dorsum tracked hand motions during the task. Hand trajectories were analyzed separately for each of the 5 origin-destination pulley location pairs. Speed profiles were analyzed to identify transition points between the transport phase, where the hand is reaching from the origin to the destination location, and the pulley interaction phase, where the hand is engaged in threading the destination pulley. The start and end points of the pulley interaction phase correspond to the first and last local speed minima that occur below a threshold set at 100-mm/s above the minimum speed when the trajectory is within the region of the destination pulley. The angle ( α) and radius ( R) of the hand position, relative to the destination pulley center, were estimated at the start ( t1) and end ( t2) points of the pulley interaction phase. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the effects of OD, GW, pulley location, and threading direction on the time spent in the pulley interaction phase ( TPI = t2 − t1), R1, R2, α1, α2, and the difference between α1 and α2 ( αPI = α2 - α1). Results: Temporal parameters: Pulley OD ( p < 0.001), GW ( p < 0.001), location ( p = 0.002), and the threading direction x pulley location interaction (p < 0.001) had a significant effect on TPI. Larger GW corresponded to less TPI (GW: Mean±SE, 3-mm: 772±34 ms, 6-mm: 473±23 ms, 9-mm: 351±18 ms). Pulley OD of 152-mm required significantly more TPI (713±35 ms) compared to the 38-mm (449±21 ms) and 76-mm (433±21 ms) OD. The CW threading direction required significantly less TPI for the 0°, 45° and, 90° pulley locations, while CCW threading direction took more TPI for the 135° and 180° pulley locations. Spatial Parameters: The effects of OD ( p < 0.001) and pulley location ( p < 0.001) were significant for R1. Larger OD corresponded to increased R1, i.e., 38-mm OD: 76±1-mm, 76-mm OD: 87±1-mm, and 152-mm OD: 119±1-mm. Additionally, R1 increased significantly as the pulley location changed from 0°-180°. Similar trends were observed for R2 across OD and pulley location. The main effects of OD ( p < 0.001), pulley location ( p < 0.001), and threading direction ( p < 0.001) and the interaction between pulley location and threading direction ( p < 0.001) were significant for α1. Larger OD corresponded to a greater α1 (38-mm OD: 24±1°, 76-mm OD: 34±1°, 152-mm OD: 53±1°). At the 180° pulley location, α1 was significantly greater for the CCW vs. CW threading direction. At the 0°, 45° and, 90° pulley locations, α1 was greater for the CW vs. CCW threading direction. Similar trends were observed for α2 across task parameters. The main effect of pulley OD on αPI was significant ( p < 0.001) with a larger αPI for the 152-mm OD (22±1°) compared to the 38-mm OD (15±1°) and 76-mm OD (11±1°). Discussion: These results show that pulley design parameters in a sequential reach task systematically influence the spatial properties and transition timing of hand motion trajectories between phases. Narrower GW increased the precision requirement and corresponded to slower times. Participants took more time threading the larger OD. Shorter threading times occurred when participants had a direct line of sight with the pulley groove. Pulley OD influenced the radius of the hand position at the start and end of the pulley interaction phase, whereas pulley GW had no effect. The increase in R1 and R2 for pulleys located on the contralateral side compared to the lateral side was attributed to need for line of sight with the pulley groove since the hand obstructs the view of the pulley edge on the contralateral side. Conclusions: Analysis of sequential reaches needs to consider individual target locations and design parameters. Our findings also show the potential for modeling sequential reaches as a series of discrete reaches. A scheme to segment hand trajectories into control phases based on the fingertip trajectory speed profile was presented. Further investigation is necessary in sequential reach tasks with more realistic and complex work configurations observed in industrial settings.

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Raßler, B. "Mutual nervous influences between breathing and precision finger movements." European Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 6 (March 13, 2000): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050071.

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Aoyagi, Seiji. "Biomimetics and precision engineering." Impact 2019, no. 10 (December 30, 2019): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2019.10.93.

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As robotics advances and ever more precise and specific actions are required, engineers are looking outside the traditional avenues for inspiration. Given the range of sophisticated actions honed in nature, it is natural that many should turn to biology for inspiration. This field of research, where engineers attempt to create machine versions of biological features, is known as biomimetics. This is the field of Professor Seiji Aoyagi of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Kansai University, Osaka, Japan. Rather than designing and building new structures from scratch, biomimetics allows one to copy sophisticated designs from nature. 'Nature has acquired optimal shapes and movements during evolution, complex synthetic elements can be more easily achieved and this is where understanding of biomimetics can add much value,' outlines Aoyagi. 'Biomimetics creates various high-level functions by imitating nature, such as elements, systems, movements, etc., of animals and plants.' However, biomimetics cannot be conducted by a single engineer, as no one person has the skills to examine and interpret the biology, transfer the biological to mechanical and build the device. Therefore, collaboration is key. Aoyagi collaborates with a wide range of biologists, computing specialists and engineers. As one of examples, the microneedle mimicking mosquito is under development in the project he is leading, which is expected for realizing painless sampling a small amount of blood as same as a mosquito does.

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Zheng, Yuhuang. "A Noble Classification Framework for Data Glove Classification of a Large Number of Hand Movements." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2021 (October 27, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9472053.

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The recognition of hand movements is an important method for human-computer interaction (HCI) technology, and it is widely used in virtual reality and other HCI areas. While many valuable efforts have been made, efficient ways to capture over 20 types of hand movements with high accuracy by one data glove are still lacking. This paper addresses a new classification framework for 52 hand movements. This classification framework includes the following two parts: the movement detection algorithm and the movement classification algorithm. The fine K-nearest neighbor (Fine KNN) is the core of the movement detection algorithm. The movement classification algorithm is composed of downsampling in data preparation and a new deep learning network named the DBDF network. Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) is the main part of the DBDF network. The results of experiments using the Ninapro DB1 dataset demonstrate that our work can classify more types of hand movements than related algorithms with a precision of 93.15%.

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Myers, Joseph, John Jolly, Takashi Nagai, and Scott Lephart. "Reliability and Precision of in Vivo Scapular Kinematic Measurements Using an Electromagnetic Tracking Device." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 15, no. 2 (May 2006): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.15.2.125.

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Context:In vivo scapular kinematics during humeral movements are commonly assessed with electromagnetic tracking devices despite few published data related to reliability and precision of these measurements.Objective:To determine the intrasession reliability and precision of assessing scapular kinematics using an electromagnetic tracking device.Design:Scapular position and orientation were measured with an electromagnetic tracking device during humeral elevation/depression in several planes. Intrasession reliability and precision were established by comparing 2 trials performed in succession.Setting:A human-movement research laboratory.Participants:15 healthy individuals.Main Outcome Measures:Intrasession intraclass correlation coefficients and standard error of measurement of all scapular variables were established.Results:The mean intrasession reliability for all variables was ICC = .97 ± .03. The mean intrasession precision was .99° ± .36°.Conclusions:In vivo scapular kinematics can be measured with high reliability and precision during intrasession research designs.

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Horton, Travis W., Richard N. Holdaway, Alexandre N. Zerbini, Nan Hauser, Claire Garrigue, Artur Andriolo, and Phillip J. Clapham. "Straight as an arrow: humpback whales swim constant course tracks during long-distance migration." Biology Letters 7, no. 5 (April 20, 2011): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0279.

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Humpback whale seasonal migrations, spanning greater than 6500 km of open ocean, demonstrate remarkable navigational precision despite following spatially and temporally distinct migration routes. Satellite-monitored radio tag-derived humpback whale migration tracks in both the South Atlantic and South Pacific include constant course segments of greater than 200 km, each spanning several days of continuous movement. The whales studied here maintain these directed movements, often with better than 1° precision, despite the effects of variable sea-surface currents. Such remarkable directional precision is difficult to explain by established models of directional orientation, suggesting that alternative compass mechanisms should be explored.

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Mornell, Adina, and Gabriele Wulf. "Adopting an External Focus of Attention Enhances Musical Performance." Journal of Research in Music Education 66, no. 4 (October 5, 2018): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429418801573.

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Two experiments are reported in which skilled musicians playing different instruments performed a piece of their choice under various attentional focus conditions. In the external focus condition, they were asked to focus on playing for the audience and the expressive sound of the music. In the internal focus condition, they were asked to focus on the precision of their finger movements (or lip movements for singers) and correct notes. In the control condition, they were asked to play the way they normally did. Expert raters evaluated the musicians’ performances for both musical expression and technical precision. In Experiment 1, external focus instructions enhanced musical expression relative to both internal focus and control conditions. There was no effect on technical precision. In Experiment 2, raters were given more detailed evaluation criteria. An external focus again led to superior musical expression compared with internal focus and control conditions. In addition, technical precision was higher within the external relative to the internal focus condition. The findings show that the advantages of focusing on the intended movement effect (i.e., externally) generalize to experienced musicians. Music teachers could offer their students specific recommendations for focus of attention during training and in concert situations to optimize learning and performance.

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Shyhalla, Kathleen. "Wrist and Forearm Movements While Homing in on Precision Targets." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 47, no. 10 (October 2003): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120304701003.

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Dupeyron, Arnaud, Sietse M. Rispens, Christophe Demattei, and Jaap H. van Dieën. "Precision of estimates of local stability of repetitive trunk movements." European Spine Journal 22, no. 12 (May 8, 2013): 2678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-013-2797-2.

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Gehrmann, Sebastian, Jie Tang, Robert A. Kaufmann, Robert J. Goitz, Joachim Windolf, and Zong-Ming Li. "Variability of Precision Pinch Movements Caused by Carpal Tunnel Syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 33, no. 7 (September 2008): 1069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.02.030.

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Groos, D., L. Adde, and E. Ihlen. "Approaching human precision on automatic markerless tracking of human movements." Gait & Posture 81 (September 2020): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.092.

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Milner, T. E. "A model for the generation of movements requiring endpoint precision." Neuroscience 49, no. 2 (July 1992): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90113-g.

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Sillar, KT, JFS Wedderburn, A.-M. Woolston, and AJ Simmers. "Control of Locomotor Movements During Vertebrate Development." Physiology 8, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1993.8.3.107.

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During vertebrate ontogeny, locomotor movements gradually acquire precision and flexibility. During swimming in a simple vertebrate model, Xenopus tadpoles, descending neuromodulation of preexisting spinal rhythm-generating circuitry by serotonergic brain stem interneurons appears to underlie development of a flexible and more adultlike locomotor program.

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Fehse, Ursula, Gerd Schmitz, Daniela Hartwig, Shashank Ghai, Heike Brock, and Alfred O. Effenberg. "Auditory Coding of Reaching Space." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020429.

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Reaching movements are usually initiated by visual events and controlled visually and kinesthetically. Lately, studies have focused on the possible benefit of auditory information for localization tasks, and also for movement control. This explorative study aimed to investigate if it is possible to code reaching space purely by auditory information. Therefore, the precision of reaching movements to merely acoustically coded target positions was analyzed. We studied the efficacy of acoustically effect-based and of additional acoustically performance-based instruction and feedback and the role of visual movement control. Twenty-four participants executed reaching movements to merely acoustically presented, invisible target positions in three mutually perpendicular planes in front of them. Effector-endpoint trajectories were tracked using inertial sensors. Kinematic data regarding the three spatial dimensions and the movement velocity were sonified. Thus, acoustic instruction and real-time feedback of the movement trajectories and the target position of the hand were provided. The subjects were able to align their reaching movements to the merely acoustically instructed targets. Reaching space can be coded merely acoustically, additional visual movement control does not enhance reaching performance. On the basis of these results, a remarkable benefit of kinematic movement acoustics for the neuromotor rehabilitation of everyday motor skills can be assumed.

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Grafton, S. T., A. H. Fagg, and M. A. Arbib. "Dorsal Premotor Cortex and Conditional Movement Selection: A PET Functional Mapping Study." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 1092–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.2.1092.

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Grafton, S. T., A. H. Fagg, and M. A. Arbib. Dorsal premotor cortex and conditional movement selection: a PET functional mapping study. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1092–1097, 1998. Positron emission tomography (PET) brain mapping was used to investigate whether or not human dorsal premotor cortex is involved in selecting motor acts based on arbitrary visual stimuli. Normal subjects performed four movement selection tasks. A manipulandum with three graspable stations was used. An imperative visual cue (LEDs illuminated in random order) indicated which station to grasp next with no instructional delay period. In a power task, a large aperture power grip was used for all trials, irrespective of the LED color. In a precision task, a pincer grasp of thumb and index finger was used. In a conditional task, the type of grasp (power or precision) was randomly determined by LED color. Comparison of the conditional selection task versus the average of the power and precision tasks revealed increased blood flow in left dorsal premotor cortex and superior parietal lobule. The average rate of producing the different grasp types and transport to the manipulandum stations was equivalent across this comparison, minimizing the contribution of movement attributes such as planning the individual movements (as distinct from planning associated with use of instructional stimuli), kinematics, or direction of target or limb movement. A comparison of all three movement tasks versus a rest task identified movement related activity involving a large area of central, precentral and postcentral cortex. In the region of the precentral sulcus movement related activity was located immediately caudal to the area activated during selection. The results establish a role for human dorsal premotor cortex and superior parietal cortex in selecting stimulus guided movements and suggest functional segregation within dorsal premotor cortex.

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Zawani Ahmmad, Siti Nor, Eileen Su Lee Ming, Yeong Che Fai, Suneet Sood, Anil Gandhi, Nur Syarafina Mohamed, Hisyam Abdul Rahman, and Etienne Burdet. "Objective assessment of surgeon’s psychomotor skill using virtual reality module." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i3.pp1533-1543.

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<span>This study aims to identify measurable parameters that could be used as objective assessment parameters to evaluate surgical dexterity using computer-based assessment module. A virtual reality module was developed to measure dynamic and static hand movements in a bimanual experimental setting. The experiment was conducted with sixteen subjects divided into two groups: surgeons (N = 5) and non-surgeons (N = 11). Results showed that surgeons outperformed the non-surgeons in motion path accuracy, motion path precision, economy of movement, motion smoothness, end-point accuracy and end-point precision. The six objective parameters can complement existing assessment methods to better quantify a trainee’s performance. These parameters also could provide information of hand movements that cannot be measured with the human eye. An assessment strategy using appropriate parameters could help trainees learn on computer-based systems, identify their mistakes and improve their skill towards the competency, without relying too much on bench models and cadavers.</span>

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Lundgren, Dan, Py Owman-Moll, Jüri Kurol, and Birgit Mårtensson. "Accuracy of Orthodontic Force and Tooth Movement Measurements." British Journal of Orthodontics 23, no. 3 (August 1996): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.23.3.241.

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This study was designed to test the accuracy of measurement methods for assessment of force and tooth movement in orthodontic procedures. Daily in vivo measurements of the force produced by activated archwires showed that the initial force declined substantially (by 20 per cent of mean value) within 3 days. Both the ‘trueness’ (validity) and precision of the force measurements, obtained with a strain gauge, were found to be high (SD values were 1·0 cN and 0·4 cN, respectively). Horizontal tooth movements were measured with three different instruments: a slide calliper, a co-ordinate measuring machine, and laser measuring equipment based on holograms. There was a good level of agreement between these methods. This was also confirmed by calibration data. The precision of the methods was (SD values) 0·06, 0·07, and 0·13 mm, respectively. The benefits of the use of the co-ordinate measuring machine are obvious, since it can measure tooth movements in relation to reference planes in all directions.

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Chaganti, S., D. Kumar, S. Patil, and P. Alderman. "A Language for Effective Communication between Surgeons and Radiographers in Trauma Theatre." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 91, no. 6 (September 2009): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588409x432185.

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INTRODUCTION The advent of the image intensifier has revolutionised trauma surgery since its development in 1955. The manufacturers have given names to various movements of the machine in the operating manual but it has not been popular among orthopaedic surgeons or radiographers. Lack of knowledge of names of various movements and ambiguity in command often leads to confusion between the surgeon and the radiographer regarding which way to move the image intensifier. A questionnaire-based study was conducted to assess the efficacy of communication between orthopaedic surgeons and radiographers while using the image intensifier intra-operatively. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Diagrams depicting the movements of the image intensifier were used in the questionnaire. Fifty questionnaires were given to orthopaedic surgeons and 50 to radiographers to name the various movements. RESULTS Ninety questionnaires were returned, 45 from surgeons and 45 from radiographers. Five questionnaires from surgeons and five from radiographers were returned blank. Of those responding, 97% could name the vertical movement, 68% the horizontal movement, 12% the swivel and 29% the angulation movement. None could name the orbital movement. CONCLUSIONS Even though orthopaedic surgeons do not operate the image intensifier themselves, knowledge of the movements of the image intensifier and their names can improve the efficacy of communication between surgeons and radiographers. A common language and precision in command can avoid confusion and has the potential to improve theatre time utilisation. The nomenclature of various movements of the image intensifier has been described and possible precise commands for various movements have been postulated.

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Kostic, Milos, and Masa Popovic. "The modified drawing test for assessment of arm movement quality." Journal of Automatic Control 21, no. 1 (2013): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jac1301049k.

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The cerebrovascular accident often results in motor impairment of one of the upper limbs, hence, compromising the quality of life of stroke survivors. Rehabilitation aims to restore the movement abilities of the paralyzed/paretic upper limb. An important element in rehabilitation is to apply a quantified measure of the quality of movement, in order to follow the recovery and select the most appropriate therapeutic modality. We developed a method that uses data recorded during planar movements and outputs an objective measure that relates to the smoothness, velocity and precision of the movement. This method is universal, in a sense that hand position can be recorded by any available means (e.g., robot assistant, digitizing board, motion tracking systems, etc). The method follows the Drawing Test, but generates results that show the ability of the patient to make point to point movements and track the presented trajectory. The method is based on measurements of hand position during movement along a target path in form of a 2 cm wide rectangle. The patient?s task is to move the hand along the target path as quickly as possible, with as few contacts (collisions) with the sides of the path. This paper addresses the aspects of automatic detection of parameters that quantify the quality of movement (speed, smoothness and precision). The use of this method is presented with 10 patients.

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Wischnewski, Miles, Greg M. Kowalski, Farrah Rink, Samir R. Belagaje, Marc W. Haut, Gerald Hobbs, and Cathrin M. Buetefisch. "Demand on skillfulness modulates interhemispheric inhibition of motor cortices." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 2803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01076.2015.

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The role of primary motor cortex (M1) in the control of hand movements is still unclear. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of unimanual performance reported a relationship between level of precision of a motor task and additional ipsilateral M1 (iM1) activation. In the present study, we determined whether the demand on accuracy of a movement influences the magnitude of the inhibitory effect between primary motor cortices (IHI). We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure active IHI (aIHI) of the iM1 on the contralateral M1 (cM1) in the premovement period of a left-hand motor task. Ten healthy participants manipulated a joystick to point to targets of two different sizes. For aIHI, the conditioning stimulus (CS) was applied to iM1, and the test stimulus (TS) to cM1, with an interstimulus interval of 10 ms. The amount of the inhibitory effect of the CS on the motor-evoked potential (MEP) of the subsequent TS was expressed as percentage of the mean MEP amplitude evoked by the single TS. Across different time points of aIHI measurements in the premovement period, there was a significant effect for target size on aIHI. Preparing to point to small targets was associated with weaker aIHI compared with pointing to large targets. The present findings suggest that, during the premovement period, aIHI from iM1 on cM1 is modulated by the demand on accuracy of the motor task. This is consistent with task fMRI findings showing bilateral M1 activation during high-precision movements but only unilateral M1 activity during low-precision movements.

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Rikmenspoel, R., and C. A. Isles. "Digitized precision measurements of the movements of sea urchin sperm flagella." Biophysical Journal 47, no. 3 (March 1985): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(85)83931-x.

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Giménez, J., E. Suriñach, J. Fleta, and X. Goula. "Recent vertical movements from high-precision leveling data in northeast Spain." Tectonophysics 263, no. 1-4 (October 1996): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(96)00037-6.

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Osborne, L. C., S. S. Hohl, W. Bialek, and S. G. Lisberger. "Time Course of Precision in Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movements of Monkeys." Journal of Neuroscience 27, no. 11 (March 14, 2007): 2987–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5072-06.2007.

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Gagné, Martin, and Cyril Schneider. "Dynamic changes in corticospinal control of precision grip during wrist movements." Brain Research 1164 (August 2007): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.014.

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Toledo, Mauricio J., and Valeria Isamitt. "A Proposal for Controlling Work Progress on Excavation Projects Using Digital Photographs." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.397.

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Current practice in excavation projects is characterized by a deficient control of work progress that includes estimates of daily work progress by indirect means such as manual records of truck movements, estimates of soil swelling and occasional topographic measurements (usually at start and end of projects). In this article we propose a procedure to calculate earth work volume and progress by using geotagged digital photographs taken at the construction site. This methodology helps construction managers to improve excavation progress control and it systematizes excavation records. The procedure is grounded on literature review, the experience gained from controlled experiments and its application on a case study. With a relatively low effort (approx. 3 hrs.) the proposal enabled us to measure excavation work progress from around 50 geotagged digital photos with a precision of about 8-10% as compared to the traditional excavation volume estimate obtained from truck movement records. Best results were realized for large earth movements recorded on a weekly basis. Precision decreased for small earth movements (e.g., daily work progress control). The proposal includes recommendations for capturing the digital photos; formation of a point cloud model using photogrammetric software; formation of a mesh model and calculation of the excavation volume. Considerations for obstructing construction equipment and complex geometries are included.

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Yadav*, Dr Madhu. "Application of Technologies Robotic Rehabilitation in Children with Upper Limb Injury." International Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health 1, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijpmh.b1005.091421.

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Robotic and advanced technology rehabilitation is useful for people with difficulties and deficits in arm and hand movements, walking problems and balance disorders. Robotic technologies are being introduced in the rehabilitation field to support the activity of specialists, doctors and physiotherapists; the future and the challenge of rehabilitation lies precisely in the development of robotics. Robot assists the therapist in administering the most appropriate motor therapy with precision and repeatability modulates the difficulty of the exercise. It allows repetitive task-oriented activities with augmentative feedback capable of inducing brain plasticity. It acquires quantitative information on movement and evaluates the services performed he first, “Arm and Hand”, is used to help the opening and closing movements of the hand. After entering it by hand and forearm, gently guides the patient's shoulder and elbow movements to reach and grasp objects. “Wrist”, on the other hand, interacts with the movements of the wrist and integrates functionally with the “Hand” module.

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Yadav, Dr Madhu. "Application of Technologies Robotic Rehabilitation in Children with Upper Limb Injury." International Journal of Preventive Medicine and Health 1, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijpmh.b1005.091421.

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Robotic and advanced technology rehabilitation is useful for people with difficulties and deficits in arm and hand movements, walking problems and balance disorders. Robotic technologies are being introduced in the rehabilitation field to support the activity of specialists, doctors and physiotherapists; the future and the challenge of rehabilitation lies precisely in the development of robotics. Robot assists the therapist in administering the most appropriate motor therapy with precision and repeatability modulates the difficulty of the exercise. It allows repetitive task-oriented activities with augmentative feedback capable of inducing brain plasticity. It acquires quantitative information on movement and evaluates the services performed he first, “Arm and Hand”, is used to help the opening and closing movements of the hand. After entering it by hand and forearm, gently guides the patient’s shoulder and elbow movements to reach and grasp objects. “Wrist”, on the other hand, interacts with the movements of the wrist and integrates functionally with the “Hand” module.

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Rodriguez-Lloveras, Xavier, Carolina Puig-Polo, Nieves Lantada, Jose A. Gili, and Jordi Marturià. "Two decades of GPS/GNSS and DInSAR monitoring of Cardona salt mines (NE of Spain) – natural and mining-induced mechanisms and processes." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 382 (April 22, 2020): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-167-2020.

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Abstract. Cardona area presents surface rising and subsidence active movements. In 1999 a series of sinkholes appeared due to the infiltration of Cardener River water into the mine tunnels, damaging surface infrastructures. Since then, high precision GNSS/GPS was used annually to position a network of 40 points spread over the area. GNSS/GPS work is carried out with the Fast-Static (FS) method. Additionally the surface movements have been monitored with satellite Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR). Results indicate that the movement has a complex spatial distribution although consistent along time. Some areas show surface rising during the last two decades, while other areas show subsidence. The use of the two techniques allowed to determine the most plausible causes of these movements generated by a set of interwoven natural and human-induced complex processes.

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Wang, Ya Ming, Yi Qiang Wang, Xiao Qin Zhou, and Ai Yun Hao. "A New 2-DOF Fast Tool Servo for Diamond Turning of Freeform Optical Surface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 101-102 (September 2011): 1010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.101-102.1010.

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This paper discusses the design of a new type fast tool servo (FTS) for precision diamond turning. The FTS has two degrees. One of them is transversal along the Z axis of lathe and the other is rotation around the Y axis. Both of the two movements are driven by electromagnetic force. The moving assembly is designed to be parallel structure for guarantying both of the two movements has similar response frequency and maximum stroke. The output force of normal electromagnetic force generated by magnetic flux bias motor has been calculated. The design of transmission mechanism has been presented. The result of acceleration calculation shows that the FTS achieves acceleration up to about 650G in both directions of movement.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Precision movements'

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