Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Précipitations moyennes de surface'
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Maloku, Kaltrina. "Génération de séries temporelles infra-journalières de précipitations surfaciques moyennes partout en Suisse en combinant un générateur stochastique de précipitations journalières et une cascade aléatoire multiplicative." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU023.
Full textContinuous hydro-meteorological simulation is a powerful approach for generating the long-time series of river discharge required for flood risk analysis. This approach requires long precipitation time series as inputs, which can be generated by a stochastic weather generator (WGEN). For small catchments (10 - 1,000 km²), where a lumped hydrological model is relevant and the hydrological response can be rapid, sub-daily mean areal precipitation (MAP) scenarios are required.To answer these objectives, this PhD thesis investigates the potential of a hybrid sub-daily WGEN consisting of two stochastic models for that purpose. The first model, GWEX, is dedicated to generating daily time series. It models precipitation occurrences with a Markov chain and precipitation amounts with a heavy-tailed distribution adapted to extreme events. The second model disaggregates the daily scenarios to hourly resolution.In this PhD, we propose a new disaggregation model based on the microcanonical multiplicative random cascade (MRC) approach, where the properties of the cascade generator depend continuously on the temporal scale, the precipitation intensity, and a so-called precipitation asymmetry index, introduced to account for the temporal pattern of the local precipitation sequence. We compare this MRC model with previous versions based on a similar approach. The performance of the models is assessed by disaggregating daily observations from 81 rain gauge stations across Switzerland. The overall performance of this MRC model is very satisfactory at different temporal resolutions. Accounting for precipitation asymmetry significantly improves the reproduction of autocorrelation, which previous models based on this approach have struggled with.We evaluate the performance of the hybrid WGEN to generate mean areal precipitation (MAP) time series for different spatial scales ranging from 10 to 1,000 km². The parameters of GWEX and MRC are estimated on the observed MAP time series extracted from CombiPrecip, an hourly gridded precipitation product of MeteoSwiss based on radar and rain gauge measurements with a spatial resolution of 1 km². The performance of the model is tested for an ensemble of locations and spatial scales in Switzerland by generating long precipitation scenarios and comparing their statistics with the observed ones. The results show a satisfactory performance of the model for different spatial and temporal scales.Finally, we compare different approaches for obtaining the parameters of the sub-daily WGEN over Switzerland. Initially, different mapping models based on kriging and thin plate splines are considered for interpolation of the at-site parameter estimates obtained from the rain gauge data. The mapping models give very accurate results. Then, the possibility of estimating parameters from CombiPrecip data is investigated. Multiple and long scenarios are generated for an ensemble of locations and different precipitation characteristics are estimated on the scenarios to compare both approaches. Both approaches are generally equivalent, although some differences can be observed with marked seasonal and regional variations.The hybrid model shows satisfactory performance in different evaluation contexts. It is parsimonious and parameters can be robustly estimated, leading to a strong spatial and seasonal coherence. The model is easy to implement with fast estimation and simulation procedures, facilitating end-user applications
Delaygue, Gilles. "Relations entre surface océanique et composition isotopique des précipitations antarctiques : simulation pour différents climats." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002821.
Full textFavre, Alice. "L'activité dépressionnaire et anticyclonique hivernale des moyennes latitudes du Pacifique Nord." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00454118.
Full textFerreira, David. "Couplage océan-atmosphère dans les moyennes latitudes." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066521.
Full textChen, Sheng. "Stochastic simulation of near-surface atmospheric forcings for distributed hydrology." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU005/document.
Full textThis PhD work proposes new concepts and tools for stochastic weather simulation activities targeting the specific needs of hydrology. We used, as a demonstration, a climatically contrasted area in the South-East of France, Cévennes-Vivarais, which is highly attractive to hydrological hazards and climate change.Our perspective is that physical features (soil moisture, discharge) relevant to everyday concerns (water resources assessment and/or hydrological hazard) are directly linked to the atmospheric variability at the basins scale, meaning firstly that relevant time and space scales ranges must be respected in the rainfall simulation technique. Since hydrological purposes are the target, other near-surface variates must be also considered. They may exhibit a less striking variability, but it does exist. To build the multi-variable modeling, co-variability with rainfall is first considered.The first step of the PhD work is dedicated to take into account the heterogeneity of the precipitation within the rainfall simulator SAMPO [Leblois and Creutin, 2013]. We cluster time steps into rainfall types organized in time. Two approaches are tested for simulation: a semi-Markov simulation and a resampling of the historical rainfall types sequence. Thanks to clustering, all kind of rainfall is served by some specific rainfall type. In a larger area, where the assumption of climatic homogeneity is not considered valid, a coordination must be introduced between the rainfall type sequences over delineated sub-areas, forming rainy patterns at the larger scale.We first investigated a coordination of Markov models, enforcing observed lengths-of-stay by a greedy algorithm. This approach respects long duration aggregates and inter-annual variability, but the high values of rainfall are too low. As contrast, the joint resampling of historically observed sequences is easier to implement and gives a satisfactory behavior for short term variability. However it lacks inter-annual variability.Both approaches suffer from the strict delineation of homogeneous zones and homogeneous rainfall types.For these reasons, a completely different approach is also considered, where the areal rainfall totals are jointly modeled using a spatio-temporal copula approach, then disaggregated to the user grid using a non-deterministic, geostatistically-based conditional simulation technique. In the copula approach, the well-known problem of rainfall having atom at zero is handled in replacing historical rainfall by an appropriated atmospheric based rainfall index having a continuous distribution. Simulated values of this index can be turned to rainfall by quantile-quantile mapping.Finally, the copula technique is used to link other meteorological variables (i.e. temperature, solar radiation, humidity, wind speed) to rainfall. Since the multivariate simulation aims to be driven by the rainfall simulation, the copula needs to be run in conditional mode. The achieved toolbox has already been used in scientific explorations, it is now available for testing in real-size application. As a data-driven approach, it is also adaptable to other climatic conditions. The presence of atmospheric precursors a large scale values in some key steps may enable the simulation tools to be converted into a climate simulation disaggregation
Thériault, Nathalie. "Analyse de sensibilité et amélioration des simulations d’albédo de surfaces enneigées dans les zones subarctiques et continentales humides à l’est du Canada avec le schéma de surface CLASS." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6946.
Full textAbstract : The surface energy balance of northern regions is closely linked to surface albedo (fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface) variations. These variations are strongly influenced by the presence, depth and physical properties of the snowpack. Climate change affects significantly snow cover evolution, and decreases surface albedo and snow albedo with positive feedback to climate. Despite the importance of the albedo, many models empirically compute it, which can induce significant biases with albedo observations depending on studied surfaces. The Canadian Land Surface Scheme, CLASS (used in Canada into the Canadian Regional Climate Model, and the Global Climate Model), simulates the spatial and temporal evolution of snow state variables including the albedo. The albedo is computed according to the depth of snow on the ground as well as the accumulation of snow in trees. The albedo seasonal evolution for snow on ground is estimated in CLASS from an empirical aging expression with time and temperature and a “refresh” based on a threshold of snowfall depth. The seasonal evolution of snow on canopy is estimated from an interception expression with trees type and snowfall density and an empirical expression for unloading rate with time. The objectives of this project are to analyse albedo behavior (simulated and measured) and to improve CLASS simulations in winter for Eastern Canada. To do so, sensitivity test were performed on prescribed parameters (parameters that are used in CLASS computation, their values are fixed, and determined empirically). Also, albedo evolution with time and meteorological conditions were analysed for grass and coniferous terrain. Finally, we tried to improve simulations by optimizing sensitive prescribed parameters for grass and coniferous terrain, and by modifying the refresh albedo value for grass terrain. First, we analysed albedo evolution and modelling biases. Grass terrain showed strong sensitivity to the precipitation rate threshold (for the albedo to refresh to its maximum value), and to the value of the albedo refresh. Both are affected by input data of precipitation rate and phase. The modification of precipitation threshold rate generates daily surface albedo to vary mainly (75 % of data in winter) between 0.62 and 0.8, which is a greater fluctuation than for a normal simulation over winter. The modification of the albedo refresh value generates surface albedo to vary mainly (75 %) between 0.66 and 0.79, but with extreme values, 25 % of data, from 0.48 to 0.9. Coniferous areas showed small sensitivity to studied prescribed parameters. Also, comparisons were made between simulated and measured mean albedo during winter. CLASS underestimates the albedo by -0.032 (4.3 %) at SIRENE (grass in Southern Quebec), by -0.027 (3.4 %) at Goose Bay (grass in arctic site) and by -0.075 (27.1 %) at James Bay (boreal forest) (or -0.011 (5.2 %) compared to MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data). A modelling issue in grass terrain is the small and steady maximum albedo value (0.84) compared to measured data in arctic condition (0.896 with variation of an order of 0.09 at Goose Bay, or 0.826 at SIRENE with warmer temperatures). In forested areas, a modelling issue is the small albedo increase (+0.17 in the visible range, +0.04 in NIR) for the part of the vegetation that is covered by snow (total surface albedo gets to a maximum of 0.22) compared to events of high surface albedo (0.4). Another bias comes from the albedo value of the snow trapped on canopy which does not decrease with time in opposition to observed surface albedo which is lower at the end of winter and which suggests snow metamorphism occurred. Secondly, we tried to improve simulations by optimizing prescribed parameters and by modifying the albedo’s maximum value computation. Optimisations were made on sensitive prescribed parameters or on those that seemed unsuited. No significant RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) improvements were obtained from optimisations in both grass and coniferous area. Improvements of albedo simulations were tried by adjusting the maximum value (normally fixed) with temperature and precipitation rate, in grass terrain. Results show that these modifications did not significantly improved simulations’ RMSE. Nevertheless, the latter modification improved the correlation between simulated and measured albedo. These statistics were made with the whole dataset which can reduce the impact of modifications (they were mainly affecting albedo during a precipitation event), but it allows to overview the new model performance. Modifications also added variability to maximum values (closer to observed albedo) and they increased our knowledge on surface albedo behavior (simulated and measured). The methodology is also replicable for other studies that would aim to analyse and improve simulations of a surface model.
Thauvin, Valérie. "Etude de la répartition spatiale des précipitations en milieu sahélien à l'aide du réseau dense de pluviographes de l'expérience EPSAT-Niger : application à la détermination de la précision des moyennes surfaciques au pas de temps de l'évènement pluvieux." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20220.
Full textWang, Tao. "Développement et évaluation du modèle de surface ORCHIDEE : apport pour la simulation des cycles de l'eau et du carbone aux hautes latitudes." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011VERS0045.
Full textThis thesis is to evaluate and develop a land surface model ORCHIDEE (Organizing Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic EcosystEms). In the first part, ORCHIDEE on multiple timescales is evaluated by a novel methodology linking Artificial Neural Networks to Singular System Analysis. The joint analysis of observations and simulations uncovers the characteristics of model bias at and across timescales in different plant function types and climate groups, which provide references for future ORCHIDEE developments. To have a throughout understanding of snow effects on present and future carbon fluxes, ORCHIDEE with a decent snow model should be developed. In the second part, a site-synthesis analysis of winter ecosystem respiration and its controls across eddy covariance sites in mid- and high-latitude regions has been conducted. The result corroborates the role of winter respiration in annual carbon budget, and snow effects on winter respiration could be indirectly observed by its insulating effect on soil. The standard ORCHIDEE snow model is a simple bucket model and has been shown to bias snow simulations. In the third part, internal snow processes (e. G. Snow melting/refreezing; water infiltration between snow layers) were thus developed in ORCHIDEE. Moreover, a new forest albedo parameterization was also implemented. In the third and final parts, this newly developed snow model has been validated based on both site and continental levels, and a significant improvement has been seen in terms of snow pack properties examined. This new snow model coupled with permafrost will be used to explore high-latitude water and carbon dynamics in the future
Tanguy, Manuel. "Impact de la température de surface sur les précipitations au nord du Golf de Guinée durant le printemps boréal aux échelles saisonnières à diurnes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03331652.
Full textThis work, concerning the West African monsoon, studies the role of surface temperature, mainly over the ocean, during the Spring Guinean coast rainfall season (north of the Gulf of Guinea), from May to July. The data used are mainly ECMWF ERA5 reanalyses, but also satellite observation data : ocean surface temperature, precipitation, cover of different types of clouds, and ocean surface wind.The first part describes the methods developed and the seasonal context in which this coastal phase of the monsoon occurs, before the migration of precipitation towards the Sahel latitude in summer.A climatological study taking into account the inter-annual variability is then carried out over the period 2008-2015. It evidences the determining role of the cold tongue (equatorial upwelling, which appears in May) on the beginning of the coastal rainy season. In addition, highlight is put on the probable role of coastal upwelling, which occurs in July along the Guinean coast between 8W and 5E. This occurence coincides with the end of this coastal precipitation, through the decrease of moisture transport coastal convergence. Then we study the diurnal cycle. Near the coast, it mainly consists in the modulation of the low layer convergence by the sea breeze / land breeze alternation. Again, the coastal upwelling seems to strengthen the sea breeze and decrease the intensity of the land breeze, thus reducing precipitation on the ocean side (which constitutes the major part of coastal precipitation).This work is completed by a study of intra-seasonal variability over the period 2000-2018. Main results are that the oceanic influence on coastal precipitation latitude gradually decreases towards the end of the coastal monsoon season, leaving then the regime of easterly waves around 700 hPa take control of precipitation. Our statistical results, nevertheless, suggest that these two synoptic « modes » interact with each other. Moreover, we find, at the intra-seasonal scale, a signal corresponding to what is found at the seasonal scale: an intensification (decrease) of coastal upwelling would indeed have the effect of reducing (increasing) coastal precipitation
Ardilouze, Constantin. "Impact de l'humidité du sol sur la prévisibilité du climat estival aux moyennes latitudes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0048/document.
Full textSevere heat waves and droughts that episodically hit temperate regions have detrimental consequences on health, economy and society. The design and deployment of efficient preparedness strategies foster high expectations for the prediction of such events a few weeks or months ahead. Their likely increased frequency throughout the 21st century, as envisaged by climate projections, further emphasizes these expectations. Nevertheless, the summer season is the most difficult to predict over mid-latitudes. Well-known sources of predictability are weaker than in winter and current climate prediction systems struggle to adequately represent associated teleconnection mechanisms. An increasing number of studies have shown a statistical link over some regions between spring soil moisture and subsequent summer temperature and precipitation. This link has been partly confirmed in climate numerical models, but many questions remain. The purpose of this PhD thesis is to better understand the role played by soil moisture onthe characteristics and predictability of the summer climate in temperate regions. By means of the CNRM-CM coupled general circulation model, we have designed a range of numerical simulations which help us evaluate the persistence level of spring soil moisture anomalies. Indeed, a long persistence is a necessary condition for these anomalies to influence the climate at the seasonal scale, through the process of evapotranspiration. By imposing in our model idealized initial and boundary soil moisture conditions, we have highlighted areas of the globe for which the average state and the variability of temperatures and precipitation in summer is particularly sensitive to these conditions. This is the case in particular for Europe and North America, including over high latitudes. Soil moisture is therefore a promising source of potential seasonal climate predictability for these regions, although the persistence of soil moisture anomalies remains locally very uncertain. An effective predictability coordinated experiment, bringing together several prediction systems, shows that a realistic soil moisture initialization improves the forecast skill of summer temperatures mainly over southeast Europe. In other regions, such as Northern Europe, the disagreement between models comes from uncertainty about the persistence of soil moisture anomalies. On the other hand, over the American Great Plains, even the forecasts with improved soil moisture initialization remain unsuccessful. Yet, the literature as well as our assessment of climate sensitivity to soil moisture have identified this region as a "hotspot" of soil moisture - atmosphere coupling. We assume that the failure of these predictions relates to the strong hot and dry bias present in all models over this region in summer, which leads to excessive soil drying. To verify this assumption, we developed a method that corrects these biases during the forecast integration based on the CNRM-CM6 model. The resulting forecasts are significantly improved over the Great Plains. Understanding the origin of continental biases in the summer and reducing them in future generations of climate models are essential steps to making the most of soil moisture as a source of seasonal predictability in temperate regions
Moulin, Laetitia. "Prévision des crues rapides avec des modèles hydrologiques globaux. Applications aux bassins opérationnels de la Loire supérieure : évaluation des modélisations, prise en compte des incertitudes sur les précipitations moyennes spatiales et utilisation de prévisions météorologiques." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00368262.
Full textAprès une description du bassin à Bas-en-Basset, l'analyse critique des jeux de données disponibles met en évidence leur richesse, mais aussi leurs défauts. La grande variété des événements hydrométéorologiques touchant ces bassins apparaît particulièrement intéressante pour comparer des modèles hydrologiques.
Des modèles conceptuels simples sont apparus plus robustes et souvent plus performants que des modèles statistiques ou des réseaux de neurones artificiels. Des critères spécifiques à la prévision des crues mettent en évidence les informations sur l'évolution immédiate des débits apportées par la transformation de la pluie en débit, même si les erreurs de modélisation restent importantes et finalement proches d'un modèle à l'autre.
Un effort particulier a été porté sur l'estimation par krigeage des précipitations moyennes spatiales, pour lesquelles un modèle d'erreur est proposé et validé sur les données. Ces incertitudes, propagées dans les modèles pluie-débit, contribuent, selon la taille des bassins, à une part variable de l'erreur totale de modélisation.
Enfin un travail exploratoire a montré l'intérêt d'inclure des prévisions de pluies probabilisées dans une chaîne hydrométéorologique, pour augmenter les délais d'anticipation et prendre en compte les incertitudes associées. Toutefois, la disponibilité de ces prévisions impose des traitements préalables à leur utilisation.
Il ressort que des outils simples peuvent laisser envisager des améliorations dans ce domaine encore très perfectible de la prévision des crues.
Moulin, Laetitia. "Prévision des crues rapides avec des modèles hydrologiques globaux : application aux bassins opérationnels de la Loire supérieure : évaluation des modélisations, prise en compte des incertitudes sur les précipitations moyennes spatiales et utilisation de prévisions météorologiques." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/5392/01/MOULIN_et_couverture.pdf.
Full textThe aim of the present work is the evaluation of lumped rainfall-runoff (RR) models for flood forecasting in the case of upper Loire river catchments. Following the description of Loire catchment at Bas-en-Basset, an analysis demonstrates both the worth and the flaws of presently available data sets. The high variability of these hydrometeorological events enables us to compare RR models in particularly difficult but interesting contexts. Simple conceptual models appear more robust and often more efficient than data-driven models. A further evaluation, based on specific criteria for flood forecasting, highlight the information about flood evolution provided by conceptual RR models, even though modelling errors remain altogether significant while the various models behave in a similar way. Estimation of mean areal precipitation is conducted with kriging tools and a model of uncertainty on mean areal precipitation estimation is proposed and validated on data. These uncertainties are then propagated within RR models. Their impact is reasonably different with respect to catchment size, as a variable part of the global modelling error may be explained. Finally, an exploratory work has demonstrated the usefulness of taking into account probabilistic precipitation forecast into a hydrometeorological chain: longer anticipation has consequently been obtained. Although pre-processing linked to these forecast availability is absolutely necessary As a conclusion, simple tools let us expect improvements in this very perfectible field
Wille, Jonathan. "Climatologie et impacts des rivières atmosphériques en Antarctique West Antarctic surface melt triggered by atmospheric rivers." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALU003.
Full textDue to the increased ability of the air to hold moisture with temperature, precipitation in Antarctica is expected to increase significantly over the next century. This process will undoubtedly lead to an increase in snow accumulation on the continent, thereby partially mitigating future sea level rise. However, recent observed trends in temperature and snow accumulation in Antarctica are insignificant and paradoxical. The role played by moisture intrusions in temperature and precipitation variability could partly explain this phenomenon. These events are known to transport warm air masses from the oceans to the Antarctic continent, but only individual and unrelated intrusion events have been described so far. In an earlier study of the Dronning Maud Land region, the description of atmospheric rivers (ARs) provided an innovative view to describe high intensity moisture intrusions. In this thesis, we develop an atmospheric river detection algorithm adapted to the polar regions, in order to create a climatology of these events at the Antarctic scale. Using the outputs of the regional climate model, MAR (Regional Atmospheric Model), we evaluate the impacts of atmospheric rivers on the melting in West Antarctic, ice-shelf stability on the Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves, and on snowfall across the Antarctic ice sheet.Atmospheric rivers are infrequent events with coastal areas of Antarctica experiencing AR conditions around only three days per year on average and this value is even lower in Antarctic interior. However, ARs control surface melting processes on West Antarctica and precipitation variability on East Antarctica. In the west, ARs entering the interior of the continent cause positive anomalies in downward longwave radiation via highly liquid-laden clouds and wind, resulting in a marked foehn effect along leeward slopes. Between 1979 and 2017, rivers were thus associated with about 40% of the summer melt on the Ross Ice Shelf (nearly 100% at higher altitudes on Marie Byrd Land) and 40-80% of the winter melt along the ice shelves of the Antarctic Peninsula. In summer, these rivers also contribute to the melting of the Larsen ice shelves located east of the Peninsula. Their direct contribution to cumulative melting is more limited than in winter because the intense solar radiation in summer allows daily melting to occur. However, ARs caused 60-80% of the most intense melt/runoff events as well as high temperature extremes. This melting is linked to the Foehn effect and the positive longwave radiative fluxes anomalies over the eastern Peninsula during AR passages. The melt water accumulates in lakes and crevasses on the ice shelf surface, a preliminary step in ice shelf disintegration by hydraulic fracturing. ARs also push sea ice away from the coast, allowing swells to hit and apply strain to the ice-shelf margins. ARs can thus trigger the final disintegration of ice shelves. In particular, ARs were present during the disintegration of the Larsen A ice shelf in late January 1995 and the Larsen B ice shelf in late February/early March 2002. Overall, since 2000, 12 of the last 20 calving or collapse events along the Larsen Ice Shelves have been preceded (within 5 days) by the arrival of an AR. Finally, atmospheric rivers are responsible for the majority of the most intense precipitation in Antarctica. In eastern Antarctica, 20-30% of the snow accumulation occurred during of AR landfalls. Although this value remains modest, we observe that AR activity controls the trends and interannual variability of snowfall in this part of the continent. This control even extends to most of the ice sheet between 1980 and 2018.Ultimately, ARs play an important role in the Antarctic surface mass balance. Therefore, a change in atmospheric blocking conditions around Antarctica during the 21st century would lead to changes in the Antarctic surface mass balance. Such changes are currently ignored in climate change impact projections
Moron, Vincent. "La variabilité des précipitations en Afrique tropicale au nord de l'équateur (1933-1990) et relations avec les températures de surface océanique et la dynamique de l'atmosphère." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOL016.
Full textThe rainfall variability of northern tropical Africa is studied at annual, seasonal and monthly times scales (1933-1990). Three areas (Sahel, Guinean coast, Transition) are delimited. The rainfall variability is then summarized with regional indices and typology. A study between the rainfall variability is then summarized with regional indices and typology. A study between the rainfall variability and the dominant climatic modes shows that 1) a "slow" rhythm mainly linked with the thermal evolution of the global sea surface temperature seems associated with the decadal variability, 2) a "rapid" rhythm seems modulate the slow pattern. The El Niño southern oscillation influences the speed of the tropical l easterly jet and the intensity of the upper divergence. The links between the rainfall variability and the quasi-biennial oscillation are less evident. The rainfall amounts of June are not linked with the dominant climatic modes. The relationships between the rainfall amounts and the main climatic modes are high in July-august and then decrease in september-october
Roucou, Pascal. "Impact des températures de surface océanique d'échelle globale sur la dynamique de l'atmosphère et les précipitations tropicales en Amérique du Sud à l'est des Andes : diagnostic et simulations numériques." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOL025.
Full textOceanic variability is described through the main modes of variability. Time evolution of sea surface temperature (sst) show a warmer south Atlantic and a colder north Atlantic during the 70's and the 80's. This is concomitant of a warming of the pacific and Indian ocean and of stronger El Nino/southern oscillation (enso) episods. Rainfall variability in tropical South America (east of Andes) is described with a new dataset based on 186 stations. Rainfall time evolution, between the 50's and the 70's, is associated with the Atlantic sst gradient but is also modulate by enso. During the recent enso episods rainfall deficits are stronger, particularly in nordeste. Numerical experiments realised with the laboratoire de meteorologie dynamique atmospheric model show that, during an enso and when the atlantic gradient is south/north, subsidence anomalies occur on nordeste and equatorial atlantic. Numerical experiments conduct with the arpege-climat atmospheric model forced with idealised surface conditions show that the atlantic thermic gradient emphasizes a meridian circulation cell on nordeste and atlantic. Anomalies of the sea level pression field are associated with ascending and subsiding anomalies. During the 70's and 80's, subsiding anomalies are reinforced on equatorial atlantic and are linked with more important deficits in nordeste
Ayina, Ludos-Hervé. "Etude des modes de variabilité de l'océan Atlantique tropical et de leur sensibilité à l'impact des décharges fluviatiles et des précipitations." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066019.
Full textBarbero, Renaud. "Variabilité pluviométrique en Nouvelle-Calédonie et températures de surface océanique dans le Pacifique tropical (1950-2010) : impacts sur les incendies (2000-2010)." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00715528.
Full textHenocq, Claire. "Préparation de l'étalonnage et de la validation des mesures de salinité SMOS : De l'influence de la stratification verticale de la salinité." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00471532.
Full textSupply, Alexandre. "Étude des dessalures à la surface d'un océan stratifié à partir d'observations satellitaires et de mesures in-situ." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS390.
Full textMy thesis relates to the “Study of freshening over the surface of a stratified ocean from satellite observations and in-situ measurements”, in two major regions considering the water cycle and illustrating the high variability of the sea surface salinity (SSS): regions of high precipitations and the Arctic Ocean. My work first focused on the relationship between freshening and heavy precipitation. This study determined the relationship between the SSS anomaly and the instantaneous rainfall rate (RR). I then showed, via autocorrelation spectra composites, that rainfall history played a negligible role in most wind conditions, compared to instantaneous rainfall rate. These results demonstrated an unexpected behavior compared to in-situ observations and highlighted the determining aspect of the spatial scales considered. They motivated an in-depth study of the salinity heterogeneity effect within a pixel, on satellite measurement and from in-situ measurements. After studying the low salinity signals associated with tropical rains, I focused on the low salinity signals observed at the surface of the Arctic Ocean, much of which comes from river plumes. I was able to derive arctic salinity fields that performed better than reanalysis, in areas of high variability and in areas close to sea ice. These new SSS product open the field to new studies, both at seasonal and inter-annual scales
Awan, Mohamed. "Impact du développement des grandes et moyennes surfaces (GMS) sur les agriculteurs dans les pays du Moyen Orient : le cas de la Jordanie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARE044.
Full textThis these focuses on the impact of the development of food retailing on Jordanian agricultural producers. This work is particularly interesting because it allows us to approach the evolutions necessary for traditional farms, which dispose of their production in the wholesale markets, in order to prepare themselves for the agronomic, technical and managerial requirements of modern channels. This thesis also shows that the sale in the supermarkets is not for the moment very profitable for the Jordanian farmers. Despite this, they are adopting a strategy of anticipation by positioning themselves today in this modern chain
Awan, Mohamed. "Impact du développement des grandes et moyennes surfaces (GMS) sur les agriculteurs dans les pays du Moyen Orient : le cas de la Jordanie." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARE044/document.
Full textThis these focuses on the impact of the development of food retailing on Jordanian agricultural producers. This work is particularly interesting because it allows us to approach the evolutions necessary for traditional farms, which dispose of their production in the wholesale markets, in order to prepare themselves for the agronomic, technical and managerial requirements of modern channels. This thesis also shows that the sale in the supermarkets is not for the moment very profitable for the Jordanian farmers. Despite this, they are adopting a strategy of anticipation by positioning themselves today in this modern chain
Gardes, Laurence. "Méthodologie d'analyse des dysfonctionnements des systèmes pour une meilleure maitrise des risques industriels dans les PME : application au secteur du traitement de surface." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806215.
Full textGential, Luc. "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface de la calotte glaciaire antarctique." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10092.
Full textThe Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB, snow accumulation minus ablation) is sensitive to climate parameters and directly contributes to global mean sea level variations. Therefore, in the perspective of climate change, it is useful to develop tools that can simulate the physical processes involved in the Antarctic surface mass balance. The approach developed in this thesis consists in using a cascade of atmospheric models from large scale to local scale. Thus, a regional climate model (Modèle atmosphérique régional, hereinafter referred to as MAR), forced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis, provides a diagnostic physical-based rain- and snowfall disaggregation model with meteorological fields at the regional scale (typically 40-km resolution). In a first part, it is shown that the SMB calculated by MAR is in good agreement with observations in most regions. Nonetheless, runoff appears to be overestimated; the problem vanishes when introducing a dependency of albedo with solar zenithal distance. In a second part, it is shown that although the parameterizations invoked in the disaggregation model are fairly simple, the knowledge of small-scale topography (5-km resolution) is efficiently used to improve the spatial variability of precipitation - and therefore SMB - over coastal regions of Antarctica. Model validation is carried out with the help of snow height measurements provided by automatic weather stations. Over the coastal place of Law Dome, the net accumulation gradient is mostly due to orographic forcing of precipitation (rather than blowing snow). The disaggregation model dramatically underestimates precipitation over the Antarctic Plateau, where polar stratospheric clouds associated with radiative cooling could play a role in the formation of precipitation during the polar night
Gential, Luc. "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface de la calotte glaciaire antarctique." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189139.
Full textAndermann, Christoff. "Climate, topography and erosion in the Nepal Himalayas." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-86385.
Full textCette thèse porte sur le rôle des précipitations sur l’érosion et la formation des reliefs dans l’Himalaya Népalais. J’étudie chaque étape du processus d’érosion : 1) Evaluation des bases de données de précipitations, 2) Transfert des précipitations au débit fluvial, 3) Mobilisation et transport du matériel dans le bassin versant, et enfin 4) Mécanismes d’érosion sur de longues échelles de temps. Je montre que la base de données de précipitations obtenue par interpolation de données pluviométriques est la plus performante pour la région de l\'Himalaya. Je démontre l’importance d’une composante majeure, jusqu’alors ignorée, du cycle de débit de l’Himalaya que j’identifie comme étant les aquifères de sous-sol fracturé, et j’évalue la contribution de la fonte des neiges et glaces aux rivières Himalayennes. Les taux d’érosion calculés à partir des flux de sédiments en suspension et des analyses de nucléides cosmogéniques varient de 0.1 à 4 mm/a. Les rivières au Népal sont limitées par l’apport sédimentaire alors que les versants, en tant que source de sédiments, sont limités par le transport. Enfin, je montre que l’érosion sur des milliers d’années ne dépend des précipitations mais du relief
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle des Niederschlag bei Erosions- und Oberflächenprozessen im nepalesischen Himalaja. Ich untersuche die Abfolge der Erosionspsozesse im Himalaja: 1) Ausgehend von der Bewertung von Niederschlagsdatensätzen, 2) die Prozesse der Abflussbildung in Flüssen, 3) die Mobilisierung und Transport von Material, 4) und Erosionsraten über längere Zeiträume. Ich zeige, dass interpolierte Niederschlagsdaten die beste Qualität im Himalaya haben. Ich zeige auf, wie wichtig der bislang unberücksichtigt Grundwasserzwischenspeicher für die Abflussbildung im Himalaya ist und schätze den Anteil der Schnee-und Eisschmelze an dem Gesamtabfluss der Flüssen im Himalaja. Erosionsraten die mittels Schwebestofffracht und der Analyse kosmogener Nukluide berechnet wurden, liegen zwischen 0,1 und 4 mm pro Jahr. Der Sedimenttransport in den Flüssen in Nepal ist limitiert durch die Verfügbarkeit von transportierbarem Material, während der Transport und die Mobilisierung auf den Hängen durch die Verfügbarkeit von Wasser limitiert ist. Zudem sind die Erosionsraten über mehrere Jahrhundert nicht von der Niederschlagsverteilung abhängig sondern vom Relief
Andermann, Christoff. "Climate, topography and erosion in the Nepal Himalayas." Doctoral thesis, Rennes 1, 2011. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A22808.
Full textCette thèse porte sur le rôle des précipitations sur l’érosion et la formation des reliefs dans l’Himalaya Népalais. J’étudie chaque étape du processus d’érosion : 1) Evaluation des bases de données de précipitations, 2) Transfert des précipitations au débit fluvial, 3) Mobilisation et transport du matériel dans le bassin versant, et enfin 4) Mécanismes d’érosion sur de longues échelles de temps. Je montre que la base de données de précipitations obtenue par interpolation de données pluviométriques est la plus performante pour la région de l\'Himalaya. Je démontre l’importance d’une composante majeure, jusqu’alors ignorée, du cycle de débit de l’Himalaya que j’identifie comme étant les aquifères de sous-sol fracturé, et j’évalue la contribution de la fonte des neiges et glaces aux rivières Himalayennes. Les taux d’érosion calculés à partir des flux de sédiments en suspension et des analyses de nucléides cosmogéniques varient de 0.1 à 4 mm/a. Les rivières au Népal sont limitées par l’apport sédimentaire alors que les versants, en tant que source de sédiments, sont limités par le transport. Enfin, je montre que l’érosion sur des milliers d’années ne dépend des précipitations mais du relief.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Rolle des Niederschlag bei Erosions- und Oberflächenprozessen im nepalesischen Himalaja. Ich untersuche die Abfolge der Erosionspsozesse im Himalaja: 1) Ausgehend von der Bewertung von Niederschlagsdatensätzen, 2) die Prozesse der Abflussbildung in Flüssen, 3) die Mobilisierung und Transport von Material, 4) und Erosionsraten über längere Zeiträume. Ich zeige, dass interpolierte Niederschlagsdaten die beste Qualität im Himalaya haben. Ich zeige auf, wie wichtig der bislang unberücksichtigt Grundwasserzwischenspeicher für die Abflussbildung im Himalaya ist und schätze den Anteil der Schnee-und Eisschmelze an dem Gesamtabfluss der Flüssen im Himalaja. Erosionsraten die mittels Schwebestofffracht und der Analyse kosmogener Nukluide berechnet wurden, liegen zwischen 0,1 und 4 mm pro Jahr. Der Sedimenttransport in den Flüssen in Nepal ist limitiert durch die Verfügbarkeit von transportierbarem Material, während der Transport und die Mobilisierung auf den Hängen durch die Verfügbarkeit von Wasser limitiert ist. Zudem sind die Erosionsraten über mehrere Jahrhundert nicht von der Niederschlagsverteilung abhängig sondern vom Relief.
Vasconcelos, Nogueira Neto Antonio. "Mécanismes contrôlant les anomalies de température de surface de la mer et de précipitation au cours de deux années contrastées 2010 et 2012 dans l'Atlantique tropical." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30010.
Full textThe Atlantic Marine ITCZ (AMI) is a regional manifestation of the ITCZ over the warm water of the tropical Atlantic oceans. Few studies have been devoted to document the processes driving the evolution of the SST and precipitation, most of which were centered on the eastern side of the basin. The present study provides an analysis of the evolution of the ocean and the atmosphere over the Western part of the Atlantic for two contrasted years in Sea Surface Temperature (SST), 2010 and 2012, that were respectively the warmest and coldest years observed during the 1982-2015 period. The causes of interannual and seasonal anomalies of SST are first explored via an oceanic mixed-layer (ML) heat budget performed from Argo floats, satellite-based data and ERAI-Interim atmospheric reanalysis for the period 2007-2012. The surface latent heat flux was found to be under-estimated by 20 W/m2 and conducted to erroneous vertical mixing in the whole domain. Correction of these surface fluxes yielded to residuals which were assimilated to vertical turbulent mixing at the mixed-layer base, which fell into realistic range. Once corrected, the ML budget shows that the observed SST anomalies in 2010 and 2012 were generated by anomalous wind stress and, consequently, anomalous latent heat flux in the north Atlantic during winter. The wind-induced horizontal advection plays a fundamental role in balancing the surface flux in the south Atlantic in 2012. The north tropical Atlantic appears as a key region for the generation of the SSTs pattern observed in 2010 and 2012. The second part of the study analyses the building of the 2010 and 2012 rainfall anomalies and the underlying mechanisms. On seasonal average, 2010 shows a more intense rainfall over the basin while 2012 exhibits a meridional dipole of precipitation with a rainfall maximum shifted 5 degrees north of its climatological location. An analysis of the water budget integrated vertically indicates that the anomalous vertical advection of moisture is the leading term that contributed to the precipitation anomalies for both years and that anomalous horizontal wind has the greatest contribution to this term. At the intraseasonal scale, an analysis of the precipitation regimes reveal that 2010 favoured more frequent heavy rainfall than 2012 while 2012 was characterised by more frequent lighter rain. The relationships between the precipitation and some key factors such as SST and precipitable water (PW) are analysed within the AMI to understand how deep convection was altered under different SST conditions. The main results is that the 2010 shows a higher SST threshold than 2012 for strong rainfall to occur. The precipitation - PW relationships shows the existence of a threshold of precipitable water too, which depends on the years and the tropospheric temperature. It is underlined that the atmospheric warmer conditions in 2010 vs 2012 acted to "damp" the SST anomaly via Clausius-Clapeyron mechanism, i.e. by increasing the water vapour saturation threshold of the atmosphere. A spectral analysis of precipitation revealed that African Easterly Waves at periods of 2-10 days explain most of the difference in the variability of precipitation between both years. Finally a set of simulation realised with the limited-area atmospheric model Meso-Nh was used to understand the contribution of the ocean and the atmosphere to the anomalous precipitation for 2010. Sensitivity experiments to the SST and initial/lateral boundary conditions were performed. The rainfall simulated by Meso-NH when forcing the model with the SST from 2012 and keeping the lateral boundary conditions to those of 2010 are very close to the rainfall obtained for 2010. It shows that the key factor to determine the 2010 rainfall anomaly is not the SST but the atmospheric properties provided by the lateral boundary conditions i.e. the anomalous horizontal wind and the tropospheric temperature
Andermann, Cristoff. "Climate, topography and erosion in the Nepal Himalayas." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674919.
Full textSauvage, César. "Prévision couplée océan-atmosphère des épisodes méditerranéens : impact d'une meilleure prise en compte des débits des fleuves et de l'état de mer." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30322.
Full textThe Western Mediterranean Sea area is frequently affected in autumn by heavy precipitation events (HPEs). These episodes, characterized by strong offshore low-level winds and heavy rain in a short period of time, can lead to severe flooding and wave-submersion events. This thesis work aims to progress towards integrated short-range forecast system via coupled modeling for a better representation of the processes at the air-sea interface. The methodology consists in studying the impact of a realistic representation of freshwater flow into the ocean, then examining the impact of better taking into account the sea state, particularly through coupling.In a first part, we evaluated the sensitivity to different river flow representations in the NEMO ocean model during the HyMeX campaign (SOP1, fall 2012). For this purpose, two ocean configurations were used, WMED (1/36°) covering the Western Mediterranean Sea and a new configuration: NWMED (1/72°) covering the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Three river discharge forcings are used: a monthly climatology as well as daily and hourly observations. The results showed a significant local impact on the ocean stratification when river discharge observations are used compared to climatology. The surface salinity is modified as well as the mixing layer, becoming thinner, delimited by a well marked halocline. Secondly, we focused on a HPE that occurred between October 12 and 14, 2016 in the south of France. In order to study the role of sea state in air-sea exchanges, a set of numerical simulations was carried out with the Météo-France AROME kilometric atmospheric model - including the turbulent sea surface fluxes parameterization WASP - forced or coupled with the WaveWatchIII wave model. The results showed that taking sea state into account has a significant impact on the lower levels of the atmosphere, reducing the surface wind speed and modifying the precipitation forecast over sea, particularly the location. In the third part of the thesis, we evaluated the contribution of ocean-atmosphere-wavecoupling. In order to identify and quantify the coulping impacts, coupled ocean-atmospherewave simulations were performed using the coupled NEMO-AROME-WaveWatchIII system and notably compared to coupled atmosphere-wave and ocean-atmosphere simulations. The results showed, first of all, that the forecast is sensitive to coupling, and that the interactive coupling with the ocean leads to significant changes in the heat and moisture supply of HPE, while coupling with a wave model mainly leads to changes in the low-level dynamics. These results were finally compared with atmospheric sensitivity tests to the turbulent sea surface fluxes parameterization and to SST. It emerges that the choice of the parameterization can be of great importance for the HPE forecast as large as the coupling with an interactive ocean, whereas the dynamic effect is only produced by considering waves forcing/coupling
Pioch, Magali. "Contribution à l'étude du devenir, en milieu urbain, pendant le ruissellement des eaux pluviales, des produits de fission émis en cas d'accident nucléaire." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20068.
Full textMessager, Christophe. "COUPLAGE DES COMPOSANTES CONTINENTALE ET ATMOSPHERIQUE DU CYCLE DE L'EAU AUX ECHELLES REGIONALE ET CLIMATIQUE.- APPLICATION A LA MOUSSON OUEST AFRICAINE -." Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122548.
Full textEnfin, une expérience de couplage entre les modèles MAR et ABC interfacés à l'aide de modèles SVAT (Surface Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer) est réalisée sur le bassin de la Sirba.
La haute résolution du SVAT sur la Sirba entraîne alors des modifications dans le traitement des flux, de la température de surface, et dans le bilan en eau. La partie hydrologique montre, pour sa part, sa capacité à moduler les variations apportées par le SVAT haute résolution en modifiant le bilan en eau et par là même l'albedo et le bilan d'énergie.