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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Precipitation variability

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Academic literature on the topic 'Precipitation variability'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Precipitation variability"

1

Maradin, Mladen, and Anita Filipčić. "Spatial Differences in Precipitation Variability of Central Croatia." Hrvatski geografski glasnik/Croatian Geographical Bulletin 74, no. 1 (2012): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21861/hgg.2012.74.01.03.

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Ozcelik, Ceyhun. "A Regional Approach for Investigation of Temporal Precipitation Changes." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (2021): 5733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105733.

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Climatic variability is one of the fundamental aspects of the climate. Our scope of knowledge of this variability is limited by unavailable long-term high-resolution spatial data. Climatic simulations indicate that warmer climate increases extreme precipitations but decreases high-frequency temperature variability. As an important climatologic variable, the precipitation is reported by the IPCC to increase in mid and high altitudes and decrease in subtropical areas. On a regional scale, such a change needs spatio-parametric justification. In this regard, a regionalization approach relying on frequency characteristics and parameters of heavy precipitation may provide better insight into temporal precipitation changes, and thus help us to understand climatic variability and extremes. This study introduces the “index precipitation method”, which aims to define hydrologic homogeneous regions throughout which the frequency distribution of monthly maximum hourly precipitations remains the same and, therefore, investigate whether there are significant temporal precipitation changes in these regions. Homogenous regions are defined based on L-moment ratios of frequency distributions via cluster analysis and considering the spatial contiguity of gauging sites via GIS. Regarding the main hydrologic characteristics of heavy precipitation, 12 indices are defined in order to investigate the existence of regional trends by means of t- and Mann–Kendall tests for determined homogenous regions with similar frequency behaviors. The case study of Japan, using hourly precipitation data on 150 gauges for 1991–2010, shows that trends that statistically exist for single-site observations should be regionally proved. Trends of heavy precipitation have region-specific properties across Japan. Homogenous regions beneficially define statistically significant trends for heavy precipitation.

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Maradin, Mladen. "Varijabilnost padalina na području Hrvatske s maritimnim pluviometrijskim režimom." Geoadria 18, no. 1 (2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.142.

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The paper deals with the precipitation variability areas of Croatia with pluviometric regime. Precipitation variability was analyzed using yearly and monthly values of the mean relative variability for 18 stations in the period 1950-2007. The research results showed that there is relatively large range of precipitation variability in the researched area. The highest precipitation variability was recorded in Lastovo and the lowest in Parg station. The primary maximum of precipitation variability in the northern Adriatic area is in October, while in the southern part of the Adriatic maximum variability occurs during the summer months - July or August. The minimum variability in most of the stations with maritime pluviometric regime occurs in April, except in the central part of the Adriatic, where it occurs in November. The lowest precipitation variability is in the mountain region of Croatia. The highest values of precipitation variability occur during summer months in the southern part of Adriatic. The values of precipitation variability in the Kvarner region are relatively higher than the variability of the surrounding stations in almost all months.

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Amundsen, Eirik S., and Sigve Tjøtta. "Hydroelectric rent and precipitation variability." Energy Economics 15, no. 2 (1993): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(93)90026-n.

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Leščešen, Igor, Dragan Milošević, and Rastislav Stojsavljević. "Variability and trends of precipitation on lowand high-altitude stations in Serbia." Zbornik radova Departmana za geografiju, turizam i hotelijerstvo, no. 50-1 (2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zbdght2101014l.

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For the trend analysis of the annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation linear regression and Mann-Kendall (MK) tests at the 5% significance level were applied. In this study, precipitation data from two stations in Serbia for the 1949-2019 period were used. Results indicate that increasing trends of precipitation for the selected station can be observed but these trends were not statistically significant according to MK test. Then again, MK test has shown that only on Palić station during autumn precipitations have statistically significant increase during the observed period with a p value of 0.0441 at the significant level p=0.005.

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Ramaroson, Voahirana, Joel Rajaobelison, Lahimamy P. Fareze, Falintsoa A. Razafitsalama, Mamiseheno Rasolofonirina, and Christian U. Rakotomalala. "Water Stable Isotope Composition of Precipitations at Two Stations in Antananarivo-Madagascar: A Comparative Study." Earth Science Research 11, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v11n1p1.

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In the &ldquo;Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation&rdquo; database, Antananarivo has two distinct datasets from two stations. Thirty-four years separate the two datasets. This study aims on the one hand to depict the variations of the water stable isotopes composition of precipitations from the two stations and understand their origins, mainly in relation to meteorological factors. On the other hand, the Antananarivo data are compared with regional and international data to identify other sources of isotope composition variability in precipitation. Isotope records showed that after thirty-four-year gap, summer and winter (the two main seasons) precipitations are more enriched in heavy isotopes. The precipitation amount fluctuation would mostly contribute to this temporal variation. Opposite to summer and winter precipitations, inter-season rainfalls have similar isotope values after thirty-four years. The two stations are geographically close and the spatial aspect is therefore negligible since there are no latitude nor altitude effects on the isotope composition of precipitations. Regarding the second order parameter d-excess, the monthly mean values from both stations are higher than 100/00 and could indicate moisture recycling. The comparison with regional/international data showed that the isotope variability in precipitation is primarily due to precipitation amount effect, different moisture source, the stations distance from it and the change of meteorological factors along the moisture trajectory.

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Segura, Hans, and Cathy Hohenegger. "How Do the Tropics Precipitate? Daily Variations in Precipitation and Cloud Distribution." Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 102, no. 5 (2024): 525−537. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-028.

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Abstract What controls the variability of daily precipitation averaged over the tropics? Are these the most numerousprecipitation rates or the most intense ones? And do they relate to a specific cloud type? This work addresses these questions using precipitation from the one-year simulation of the global-coupled storm-resolving ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic model run in its Sapphire configuration (ICON-Sapphire) and observations. Moreover, we develop a framework to analyze the precipitation variability based on the area covered by and the mean intensity of different groups of precipitation rates. Our framework shows that 60 % of the precipitation variability is explained by precipitation rates between 20 mm d−1 and 70 mm d−1, but those precipitation rates only explain 46 % of the mean precipitation in the tropics. The decomposition of the precipitation variability into the area fraction and mean intensity of a set of precipitation rates shows that this variability is explained by changes in the area fraction covered by precipitation rates between 20 mm d−1 and 70 mm d−1, not by changes in the mean intensity. These changes in the area fraction result from changes in the area covered by congestus clouds, not by cumulonimbus or shallow clouds, even though congesti and cumulonimbi contribute equally to the mean tropical precipitation. Overall, ICON-Sapphire reproduces the probability density function of precipitation rates and the control of specific precipitation rates on the tropical mean precipitation and variability compared to observations.

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Chelton, Dudley B., and Craig M. Risien. "A Hybrid Precipitation Index Inspired by the SPI, PDSI, and MCDI. Part II: Application to Investigate Precipitation Variability along the West Coast of North America." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 9 (2020): 1977–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0231.1.

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AbstractThe hybrid precipitation index developed in Part I of this study is applied to investigate precipitation variability along the west coast of North America during the wet season November–March on monthly-to-interannual time scales. The variability in each of six regions considered in this study is negatively correlated with nearby 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies. Except in Southeast Alaska, these correlation patterns indicate that precipitation variability in each region is predominantly influenced by local atmospheric forcing analogous to the ridging of the westerly flow that has been studied extensively with regard to California drought variability. The first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) accounts for nearly all of the Southeast Alaska precipitation variability, which is controlled by the strength of the onshore flow rather than ridging. In association with this mode of variability, precipitation anomalies of opposite sign account for about 40% of the precipitation variance in Northern California and Oregon on all time scales. On short time scales, the second and third EOFs account primarily for precipitation variability in British Columbia/Washington and California, respectively. With increasing time scale, the third EOF diminishes in importance and the second EOF evolves into a pattern of synchronous precipitation anomalies of the same sign from British Columbia to Northern California. Precipitation variability in Southern California is only modestly related to precipitation elsewhere. With increasing time scale, Southern California precipitation variability becomes increasingly related to precipitation anomalies of opposite sign in Washington.

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Zhao, C., Y. Ding, B. Ye, et al. "An analyses of long-term precipitation variability based on entropy over Xinjiang, northwestern China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 2 (2011): 2975–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-2975-2011.

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Abstract. Precipitation is one of important supply of water resources in arid and semiarid region of northwestern China, plays the vital role to maintain the fragile ecosystem. The entropy method was employed to detect the spatial variability of precipitation over monthly, seasonal and annual timescales in Xinjiang. The spatial distribution of precipitation variability was significantly affected by topography, and was zonal on annual, seasonal and monthly. The non-parametric Mann-kendall test was used to analyze the change point of trend. A precipitation concentration index has been developed categorize the variability of annual precipitation. The summer variability contributed less than that of other seasons to the annual variability. There is a great difference in the contribution of the different monthly variabilities to the annual mean variability in different years. Overall, the variability of precipitation was shown increase north of Xinjiang, especially in mountainous regions where the increase was statistically (P = 0.05) significant. South of the Xinjiang, the variability increased only slightly, consistent with the distribution of precipitation.

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Kienzler, P. M., and F. Naef. "Temporal variability of subsurface stormflow formation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (2007): 2143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-2143-2007.

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Abstract. Subsurface storm flow (SSF) can play a key role for the runoff generation at hillslopes. Quantifications of SSF suffer from the limited understanding of how SSF is formed and how it varies in time and space. This study concentrates on the temporal variability of SSF formation. Controlled sprinkling experiments at three experimental slopes were replicated with varying precipitation intensity and varying antecedent precipitation. SSF characteristics were observed with hydrometric measurements and tracer experiments. SSF response was affected in different ways and to varying degree by changes of precipitation intensity and antecedent precipitation. The study showed that the influence of antecedent soil moisture on SSF response depends on the type of SSF formation. Formation of subsurface stormflow was hardly influenced by the increase of precipitation intensity. As a consequence, subsurface flow rates were not increased by higher precipitation intensity. Different soil structures determined runoff formation at different precipitation intensities. Saturation and flow formation occurred at the base of the soil, but also within the topsoil during high precipitation intensity. This implies that timing and magnitude of flow response can change substantially at different precipitation intensities.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Precipitation variability"

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Guo, Zhichang. "Spatial and temporal variability of modern Antarctic precipitation /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148640228826226.

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Mojzisek, Jan, and n/a. "Precipitation variability in the South Island of New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Geography, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070503.151144.

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Precipitation is one of the atmospheric variables that characterize the climate of a region. The South Island of New Zealand (SI of NZ) has an unusually large number of distinct regional climates and its climatic diversity includes the coldest, wettest, driest and windiest places in New Zealand. This thesis focuses on identifying precipitation trends and rainfall fluctuations for the SI of NZ. First, homogeneity of 184 precipitation series is assessed with the combination of three homogeneity tests (Standard Normal Homogeneity Test, Easterling & Peterson test, Vincent�s Multiple Linear Regression). More than 60% of tested time series are found to contain at least one inhomogeneity. About 50% of the inhomogeneities can be traced to information in the station history files with nearly 25% of all inhomogeneities caused by the relocation of the precipitation gauge. Five coherent precipitation regions are defined by the Principal Component Analysis. The objective of identifying the periods of water deficit and surplus in spatial and temporal domains is achieved by using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The SPI series (for 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months time scales) are calculated for each region and used for analysis of dry and wet periods. Clear differences in the frequency, length and intensity of droughts and wet periods were found between individual regions. There is a positive (i.e. increase in wet periods) trend in SPI time series for the North, Westland and Southland regions during the 1921-2003 period at all times scales, and a negative trend for Canterbury during the same period. The results show longer wet periods than dry periods at all time scales. Extreme heavy precipitation, which causes floods, is the most common type of natural disaster accounting for about 40% of all natural disasters worldwide. A set of ten extreme indices is calculated for 51 stations throughout the South Island for the period 1951-2003. The west-east division is found to be the dominant feature of extreme precipitation trends for all extreme indices with more frequent and more intense extreme precipitation in the west/southwest and with a declining trend in the east. The significant decrease in extreme precipitation frequency was detected in Canterbury with 3 days less of precipitation above the long-term 95th percentile by 2003 as compared to 1951. The variability of precipitation, expressed by the SPI, is correlated with local New Zealand atmospheric circulation indices and large-scale teleconnections. The precipitation variability in the South Island is governed largely by the local circulation characteristics, mainly the strength and position of the westerly flow. The increase in precipitation in the West and SouthEast is associated with enhanced westerlies. The correlations between New Zealand�s circulation indices and regional SPI are seasonally robust. The SouthEast region exhibits a strong relationship with the Southern Oscillation Index on seasonal and annual time scales,and with Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation at the decadal scale. The predictability of seasonal precipitation one season ahead is very limited.

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Bashir, Furrukh, and Furrukh Bashir. "Hydrometeorological Variability over Pakistan." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626357.

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Pakistan, as an agriculture based economy, is vulnerable to various hydrometeorological hazards ranging from tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes, drought, rain, hail, snow, lightning, fog, wind, temperature extremes, air pollution, and climatic change. However, three of the most pressing challenges in terms of water resource availability, that are different in nature, but are inter-linked to each other are discussed over here. We begin with the Karakoram Anomaly that is considered as one of the most mysterious and most speculated phenomena on Planet Earth. Though, it is confined to the glaciers in the eastern Hindukush, western Karakoram and northwestern Himalayan mountain ranges of Northern Pakistan that are not responding to global warming in the same manner as their counterparts elsewhere, because, their retreat rates are less than the global average, and some are either stable or growing. However, the Karakoram Anomaly has baffled scientific society for more than a decade since its earliest discovery in the year 2005. The reasons of the Karakoram anomaly were mainly associated to physiography of the area and role of climate was considered marginal till now, as climate is influencing glaciers differently all over the globe. Here, for the first time, we present a hydro-meteorological perspective based on five decades of synoptic weather observations collected by the meteorological network of Pakistan. Analysis of this unique data set indicates that increased regional scale humidity, cloud cover, and precipitation, along with decreased net radiation, near-surface wind speed, potential evapotranspiration and river flow, especially during the summer season, represent a substantial change in the energy, mass and momentum fluxes that are facilitating the establishment of the Karakoram Anomaly. In turn, it is influencing the availability of glacier melt in River Indus in summer season. Secondly, we developed a hydrometeorological data sets for Pakistan as they are extremely important for water related impact studies and future climate change scenarios. Presently, major sources of gridded temperature and precipitation data generation are in-situ observations, satellite retrieved information and outputs from numerical models. However, each has its own merits and demerits. Among them gridded observed data sets are considered superior if the gauge density is better. Unfortunately, precipitation gauge network of Pakistan is poorly presented in prior gridded products. Therefore, a daily in-situ observation based, 0.05º×0.05º gridded temperature and precipitation data set for Pakistan, for the period of 1960-2013 is developed. It is named as PAK-HYM-1.0, that is an abbreviation of Pakistan and Hydrometeorology, and 1.0 indicates that it is the first version. This data set is developed by utilizing data from 67 meteorological stations of Pakistan. This number of observation sites is 2 to 4 times higher than that used in prior similar products, and this product can be adopted as an operational information product that can be updated on daily basis. Finally, we focused on meteorological and hydrological droughts in Pakistan. We have reconstructed history of drought in Pakistan using in situ observations based high resolution gridded data through Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) methodology on different time scales. Furthermore, we have explained the transition of meteorological drought to hydrological drought using river inflows data of large rivers of Pakistan, and explained the sensitivity of different rivers to rainfall and temperature of different seasons. On the basis of this analysis, we have proposed a solution of construction of water reservoirs to tap water resources from northern mountains as inflows from these mountains has potential to perform as a buffer against droughts in low-lying areas of Pakistan. In addition to that, we have demonstrated the potential of Palmer Drought Sensitivity Index (PDSI) as an operational tool for drought monitoring in Pakistan.

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Scott, Michael H. "Precipitation variability of streamflow fraction in West Central Florida." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001793.

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Simpson, Ian. "Precipitation variability across the UK : observations and model simulations." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/39149/.

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Day, Jesse Alexander. "The Dynamics of Precipitation Variability in the Asian Monsoon." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10150844.

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<p> The Asian summer monsoon supplies around 3 billion people with much of their yearly supply of freshwater, necessary for human consumption as well as in agriculture and industry. In many regions, particularly along the Ganges River in India and in northern China, use of freshwater far exceeds natural recharge rates. Given the high population density of these regions, a substantial fraction of Asia's population is therefore critically sensitive to interannual changes in the supply of freshwater by the monsoon, as well as potential future change under 21st century warming. This dissertation focuses on understanding the atmospheric dynamics of the leading mode of July-August Asian Monsoon rainfall variability, which links two major subsystems: the South Asian and East Asian monsoons. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)</p>

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Tuel, Alexandre. "Precipitation variability and change over Morocco and the Mediterranean." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129036.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Hydrology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, September, 2020<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 264-287).<br>Water is a critical factor limiting economic and social development in Morocco and the Mediterranean Basin. In addition to strong seasonality and high inter-annual variability, annual precipitation remains low (<500mm) across much of the region. Furthermore, the situation is not expected to improve under climate change as models project a sustained decline in precipitation in the Mediterranean, most pronounced during the winter season. Despite the significance of such projections, a comprehensive theory for Mediterranean winter climate change is still lacking. Here, we adopt a multi-faceted approach to investigate precipitation variability and change over Morocco and the Mediterranean, with a focus on resulting water availability. First, we link inter-annual variability of seasonal precipitation in Morocco to global sea-surface temperatures, and develop empirical forecast models that can predict up to 35% of this variability with a one-month lead time.<br>Turning our attention to regional climate change processes and impacts, we show how future winter precipitation trends in the Mediterranean directly result from projected circulation anomalies. The enhanced advection of dry air from the Sahara Desert caused by these anomalies is key in causing precipitation to decline over Morocco. In addition, a major contribution of this work is to propose a physical explanation for the circulation trends involving planetary-scale circulation shifts and reduced warming of the Mediterranean Sea compared to land. We develop high-resolution regional climate simulations over Morocco to assess future risks from drought and weather extremes relevant to agriculture. Our results point to robust declines of 25-45% in annual precipitation and confirm physical drivers identified at the regional scale.<br>Because snow is such an important component of the water cycle in this semi-arid region, we also investigate snowpack dynamics in the High Atlas and we quantify components of the snow water balance for the first time. Future trends in snowpack and associated runoff are also investigated: at best, snowpack volume will decline by at least 60%, which, combined with increased air dryness, will likely reduce mountain runoff by 60%. Our findings have important implications for climate change adaptation and water management in Morocco, particularly in agriculture, which uses 90% of all available water.<br>by Alexandre Tuel.<br>Ph. D. in Hydrology<br>Ph.D.inHydrology Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

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Ek, Ella. "Precipitation variability modulates the terrestrial carbon cycle in Scandinavia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten- och landskapslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445453.

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Climate variability and the carbon cycle (C-cycle) are tied together in complex feedback loops and due to these complexities there are still knowledge-gaps of this coupling. However, to make accurate predictions of future climate, profound understanding of the C-cycle and climate variability is essential. To gain more knowledge of climate variability, the study aims to identify recurring spatial patterns of the variability of precipitation anomalies over Scandinavia during spring and summer respectively between 1981 to 2014. These patterns will be related to the C-cycle through changes in summer vegetation greenness, measured as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Finally, the correlation between the patterns of precipitation variability in summer and the teleconnection patterns over the North Atlantic will be investigated. The precipitation data was obtained from ERA5 from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and the patterns of variability were found through empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The first three EOFs of the spring and the summer precipitation anomalies together explained 73.5 % and 65.5 % of the variance respectively. The patterns of precipitation variability bore apparent similarities when comparing the spring and summer patterns and the Scandes were identified to be important for the precipitation variability in Scandinavia during both seasons. Anomalous events of the spring EOFs indicated that spring precipitation variability had little impact on anomalies of summer NDVI. Contradictory, summer precipitation variability seemed to impact anomalies of summer NDVI in central- and northeastern Scandinavia, thus indicating that summer precipitation variability modulates some of the terrestrial C-cycle in these regions. Correlations were found between a large part of the summer precipitation variability and the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation and the East Atlantic pattern. Hence, there is a possibility these teleconnections have some impact, through the summer precipitation variability, on the terrestrial C-cycle.<br>Förändringar och variation i klimatet är sammankopplade med kolcykeln genom komplexa återkopplingsmekanismer. På grund av denna komplexitet är kunskapen om kopplingen mellan klimatvariation och kolcykeln fortfarande bristande, men för att möjliggöra precisa prognoser om framtida klimat är det viktigt att ha kunskap om denna koppling. För att få mer kunskap om klimatvariation syftar därför denna studie till att identifiera återkommande strukturer av nederbördsvariation över Skandinavien under vår respektive sommar från 1981 till 2014. Dessa relateras till förändringar i sommarväxtlighetens grönhet, uppmätt som skillnaden i normaliserat vegetationsindex (NDVI). Även korrelationen mellan sommarstrukturerna av nederbördsvariationen och storskaliga atmosfäriska svängningar, s.k. "teleconnections", över Nordatlanten undersöks. Nederbördsdatan erhölls från ERA5 analysdata från Europacentret för Medellånga Väderprognoser och strukturer av nederbördsvariationen identifierades genom empirisk ortogonal funktionsanalys (EOF) av nederbördsavvikelser. De tre första EOF av vår- respektive sommarnederbördsavvikelser förklarade tillsammans 73,5 % respektive 65,5 % av nederbördsvariationen. Strukturerna av nederbördsvariation under vår respektive sommar uppvisade tydliga likheter sinsemellan. Dessutom identifierades Skanderna vara av stor vikt för nederbördsvariationen i Skandinavien under båda årstider. Avvikande år av nederbördsvariation under våren indikerade att sagda nederbördsvariation haft liten påverkan på NDVI-avvikelser under sommaren. Emellertid verkade nederbördsvariationen under sommaren påverkat NDVI-avvikelser under sommaren i centrala och nordöstra Skandinavien. Detta indikerar att nederbördsvariationen under sommaren till viss del styr den terrestra kolcykeln i dessa regioner. För nederbördsvariationen under sommaren fanns korrelation mellan både Nordatlantiska sommaroscillationen och Östatlantiska svängningen. Det finns således en möjlighet att dessa "teleconnections" har en viss påverkan på den terrestra kolcykeln genom nederbördsvariationen under sommaren.

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Fuller, Jacob. "Strength Property Variability in Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation Soils." UNF Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/773.

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Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) is an attractive alternative for a variety geotechnical ground improvement practices commonly used today and has a variety of potential applications. This research focuses primarily on its use as a soil stabilization technique using the bacteria Sporosarcina Pasteurii and a single injection point percolation method adapted from previous research in granular soils. This method, and most published data, show an inherent variability in both physical and engineering properties due to the distribution of precipitated calcite within the specimen. The focus of this research is on the quantification of the variability in shear strength parameters induced by MICP treatment in sand. Also, on the initial development of a new treatment method which aims to reduce this inherent variability and offer a more feasible option for field applications. The MICP treated soil columns were sampled at constant intervals from the injection point and then subject to direct shear testing (DST) and calcite distribution analysis. This analysis reiterates previously documented reduction in cementation as distance from injection point increases. The reduction in cementation results in reduced shear strength parameter improvements. This research also concluded a minimum of two percent mass of calcite per total mass of treated soil for significant strength improvements.

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HAMOUDA, MOSTAFA ESSAM ABDELRAHMAN. "LARGE SCALE DRIVERS OF EXTREME PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY IN EUROPE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/314175.

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È noto che le precipitazioni invernali europee sono ben stimate nei dati di rianalisi e nelle simulazioni dai modelli dato che sono altamente correlate con modi con variabilità su larga scala e a bassa frequenza come l'oscillazione del Nord Atlantico (NAO) e l'oscillazione artica (AO). Dal momento che NAO e AO sono principalmente modi di variabilità invernale, la capacità di stimare le precipitazioni è più limitata nelle altre stagioni, soprattutto in estate, in cui (quando) le precipitazioni sono principalmente dovute alla convezione a mesoscala. La prima parte dello studio utilizza dati osservativi, dati di rianalisi e l'output del modello WRF (Weather Research and Forecast) per studiare i cambiamenti recenti negli eventi estremi di precipitazione giornaliera in Europa. Si è stato riscontrato che nelle stagioni estive e di transizione, sono più le regioni che hanno registrato un aumento di eventi di precipitazioni estreme rispetto a quelle che hanno registrato una tendenza al ribasso. Questo è coerente con le tendenze del riscaldamento globale con per via della relazione di Clausius-Clapeyron. è stato studiato anche il valore aggiunto dell'utilizzo di un modello ad alta risoluzione che consenta la convezione per stimare gli estremi delle precipitazioni. I risultati mostrano che WRF riesca a correggere il fallimento della rianalisi ERA-Interim per I risultati mostrano che WRF riesce, al contrario di ERA-Interim, a catturare le tendenze positive delle precipitazioni estreme europee sia in estate che nelle stagioni di transizione indicate dai dati osservativi (EOBS) e dalla letteratura precedente. D'altra parte, sono di più le aree in Europa che hanno registrato tendenze negative nelle precipitazioni estreme rispetto alle aree con tendenze positive. Questo si tratta di una conseguenza del recente trend positivo)della NAO negli ultimi decenni, che ha causato eventi NAO positivi più frequenti, riducendo le precipitazioni estreme in più regioni in Europa. Dato che sia la NAO che l'AO, che sono altamente correlate, stanno cambiando, sono state svolte ulteriori indagini sulla natura delle due oscillazioni. I dati di rianalisi e le simulazioni del modello climatico, (sia per run climatiche che rappresentative di condizioni a temperatura più elevata), dei climi storici e caldi sono stati utilizzati per mostrare che la relazione tra le due oscillazioni cambia con il riscaldamento climatico. Le due modalità sono attualmente altamente correlate, poiché entrambe sono fortemente influenzate dalla propagazione verso il basso delle anomalie del vortice polare stratosferico nella troposfera. Tuttavia, se si considera uno scenario climatico molto caldo, il modello AO definito emisfericamente si sposta per riflettere la variabilità della rotta delle tempeste del Pacifico settentrionale, mentre il modello NAO definito a livello regionale rimane stabile. La stratosfera rimane un importante precursore della NAO e le anomalie di pressione superficiale eurasiatica e aleutiana precedono le anomalie stratosferiche. Simulazioni con modelli idealizzati di circolazione generale suggeriscono che queste modifiche sono legate al riscaldamento più forte del Pacifico rispetto al riscaldamento più lento dell'Oceano Atlantico, dovuto al rallentamento della Overturning Meridional Circulation (AMOC).<br>European wintertime precipitation is known to be skilfully estimated in reanalysis data and model simulations since it is highly correlated with large scale, low frequency modes of variability, namely the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO). Since the NAO and AO are mainly a wintertime mode of variability, the skill of estimating precipitation becomes more limited in the other seasons, most importantly in the summer, in which precipitation is mainly a result of mesoscale convection. The first part of the study uses observational data, reanalysis data, and the output of Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to study the recent changes of extreme daily precipitation events over Europe. It is found that in summer and transition seasons, more regions recorded an increase of extreme precipitation events than regions that recorded a decreasing trend. This is consistent with the global warming trends with Clausius-Clapeyron relation. The added value of using a high resolution, convection-permitting model to estimate precipitation extremes is deduced. The results show that WRF succeeds to correct the failure of ERA-Interim reanalysis to capture the positive trends of European extreme precipitation in summer and transition seasons that are indicated by the observational data (EOBS) and previous literature. On the other hand, more regions in Europe recorded negative extreme precipitation trends than regions with positive trends. This is found to be a consequence of the recent positive trend of the NAO over the past decades, causing more frequent positive NAO events, reducing extreme precipitation outbreaks to more regions in Europe. As the NAO and the highly correlated AO are changing, further investigations to the nature of the two oscillations are carried out. Reanalysis data and climate model simulations of historical and warm climates are used to show that the relation between the two oscillations changes with climate warming. The two modes are currently highly correlated, as both are strongly influenced by the downward propagation of stratospheric polar vortex anomalies into the troposphere. However, when considering a very warm climate scenario, the hemispherically defined AO pattern shifts to reflect variability of the North Pacific storm track, while the regionally defined NAO pattern remains stable. The stratosphere remains an important precursor for NAO, and surface Eurasian and Aleutian pressure anomalies precede stratospheric anomalies. Idealized general circulation model simulations suggest that these modifications are linked to the stronger warming of the Pacific compared to the slower warming of the Atlantic Ocean, that is due to the slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).

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Books on the topic "Precipitation variability"

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Brázdil, Rudolf. Variation of atmospheric precipitation in the C.S.S.R. with respect to precipitation changes in the European region. Univerzita J.E. Purkyně, 1986.

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Kożuchowski, Krzysztof. Kontynentalizm pluwialny w Polsce: Zróżnicowanie geograficzne i zmiany wieloletnie. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1988.

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Coca, Sergio Reyes. Tendencias y variabilidad interanual de la lluvia en Aguascalientes. Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes, Oficina de Coordinación de Asesores, 1994.

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Bousnina, Abderrahmen. La variabilité des pluies en Tunisie. Université de Tunis, 1986.

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Mateu, Joan Estrada. Característiques climatològiques de la precipitació al Pirineu Andorrà. Institut d'Estudis Andorrans, Centre de Recerca en Ciènces de la Terra, 2004.

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Hogan, Daniel Lewis. Meteorological conditions associated with hillslope failures on the Queen Charlotte Islands. Ministry of Forests, 1991.

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Kożuchowski, Krzysztof. Zmienność opadów atmosferycznych w Polsce w stuleciu 1881-1980. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1985.

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1927-, Vogel John L., and United States. National Weather Service., eds. Relationship between storm and antecedent precipitation over Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Colorado. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, 1995.

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Chin, Edwin H. Relationship between storm and antecedent precipitation over Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Colorado. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, 1995.

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1927-, Vogel John L., and United States. National Weather Service, eds. Relationship between storm and antecedent precipitation over Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Colorado. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Precipitation variability"

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Welch, E. B., D. E. Spyridakis, and T. Smayda. "Temporal Chemical Variability in Acid Sensitive High Elevation Lakes." In Acidic Precipitation. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3385-9_109.

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Samson, Perry J., Mark Fernau, and Patricia Allison. "On the Variability of Simulated Source-Receptor Relationships for Sulfur Deposition." In Acidic Precipitation. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3385-9_83.

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Loranger, T. J., D. F. Brakke, M. B. Bonoff, and B. F. Gall. "Temporal Variability of Lake Waters in the North Cascades Mountains (Washington, U.S.A.)." In Acidic Precipitation. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3385-9_118.

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Downing, Thomas E., Fredrick K. Karanja, Mohamed Saïd Karrouk, Fred M. Zaal, and Mohamed A. Salih. "Precipitation Variability and Food Security." In Understanding the Earth System. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56843-5_17.

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Arkin, Phillip A., Heidi M. Cullen, and Pinping Xie. "Oceanic Precipitation Variability and the North Atlantic Oscillation." In Measuring Precipitation From Space. Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5835-6_4.

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Riha, Susan J., Gail Senesac, and Eric Pallant. "Effects of Forest Vegetation on Spatial Variability of Surface Mineral Soil pH, Soluble Aluminum and Carbon." In Acidic Precipitation. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3385-9_191.

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Van Stan, John T., Anke Hildebrandt, Jan Friesen, Johanna C. Metzger, and Sandra A. Yankine. "Spatial Variability and Temporal Stability of Local Net Precipitation Patterns." In Precipitation Partitioning by Vegetation. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29702-2_6.

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Zorita, Eduardo, Birgit Hünicke, Nele Tim, and Matthieu Rouault. "Past Climate Variability in the Last Millennium." In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_5.

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AbstractWe review our knowledge of the climate variability in southern Africa over the past millennium, based on information provided by proxy data and by climate simulations. Since proxy data almost exclusively record past temperature and/or precipitation, the review is focused on those two variables. Proxy data identify three thermal phases in the region: a medieval warm period around year 1000 CE (common era), a Little Ice Age until about the eighteenth century, and a clear warming phase since that temperature minimum until the present period. Variations of precipitation are different in the summer-rainfall and winter-rainfall regions. In the former, precipitation tends to accompany the temperature, with warm/humid and cold/dry phases. In the winter-rainfall zone, the variations are opposite to temperature. Thus, past precipitation variations display a see-saw pattern between the summer- and winter-rainfall zones. However, climate simulations do not display these three different hydroclimatic periods. Instead, the simulations show a clearly warm twentieth century and punctuated cooling due to volcanic eruptions, with otherwise little variations during the pre-industrial period. Also, the simulations do not indicate an anticorrelation between precipitation in the summer- and winter-rainfall zones. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed.

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Lettenmaier, Dennis. "Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling." In Analysis of Climate Variability. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03744-7_11.

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Lettenmaier, Dennis. "Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling." In Analysis of Climate Variability. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03167-4_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Precipitation variability"

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Hu, Xiong, Xianbin Zhao, Li Wang, Weihua Ai, Genwang Liu, and Junqi Qiao. "Variability of Heavy Ice Precipitation in Eastern China Revealed by GPM DPR Observations." In IGARSS 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10640664.

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Salcedo-Bosch, Andreu, Zong Lian, Jason B. Cohen, Yuanjing Yang, and Simone Lolli. "Comparative analysis of precipitation scavenging effects on aerosol loading in Shanghai: seasonal variability and implications for air quality management." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XXIX, edited by Evgueni I. Kassianov and Simone Lolli. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3031200.

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Das, Diya, Sandip Pal, Eric Bruning, and Brian Hirth. "Exploring Spatial Variability of Precipitation over the Semi-Arid Region of West Texas Using Ground Based and Satellite Remote Sensing Measurements Synergy." In IGARSS 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10641391.

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Nikolov, Dimitar, Cvetan Dimitrov, and Radoslav Evgeniev. "RECENT CHANGES IN THE SNOW COVER DURATION IN BULGARIA � PRELIMINARY RESULTS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s19.57.

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Snow cover is an indicator of the fluctuating climate, resulting from the change in the regime of winter precipitations and air temperatures. Our previous studies have revealed significant decreasing of the seasonal snow cover maxima and the precipitation amounts in the highest mountainous regions of Bulgaria, which is however not so strong at lower altitudes. Current research summarizes our last findings about one other characteristic of the snow cover � its duration. This is presented as annual number of days with snow cover with different heights. We have used 62 weather stations with altitudes ranging from 20 up to 2376 m a.s.l. Statistical analysis is performed in order to assess the variability and possible differences in the investigated characteristic from long-term data series for two main climatological periods 1961-90 and 1991-2020. The general tendency for the whole country is a decreasing trend, more pronounced at the northwest and north parts of Bulgaria with some opposite exceptions with much smaller magnitude at some isolated places at northeast and south. Remarkable decreasing of the snow cover days in comparison with the period 1961-1990 has been encountered in the mountainous regions � in the regions of Koprivshtitza (Stara planina) and Cherni vrah (Vitosha Mountain) the decline is almost one month. We have investigated the mean annual number of snow cover days in three different height categories � all days with snow cover, and those above the limits 15 and 30 cm. Some of the results are presented graphically as maps of the current stage together with the deviation from the previous climatic periods. This investigation is part of a project for investigation of the current variability of the snow cover and was funded by the Bulgarian National Science Fund in the call for young and post-doctoral researchers under contract number DM14/1.

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Pilecka-Ulcugaceva, Jovita, Anda Bakute, Maris Bertins, Kristaps Siltumens, and Inga Grinfelde. "ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN URBAN SNOW: A CASE STUDY OF NICKEL AND COPPER IN JELGAVA, LATVIA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/4.2/s18.25.

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Snow water pollution, especially from heavy metals, is a growing global environmental concern, as urbanization and industrial activities increasingly contribute to the contamination of precipitation. Snow, acting as a natural filter, accumulates atmospheric pollutants, which are subsequently released during snowmelt, entering stormwater systems and surface water bodies. This issue has been observed across Europe, North America, and other industrialized regions, where heavy metals such as nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) are prevalent contaminants. In Latvia, studies on snow pollution remain limited, making it crucial to understand how urbanization impacts snow water quality, particularly in cities like Jelgava. This study, conducted during the winters of 2023 and 2024, focuses on the accumulation of heavy metals in snow samples from Jelgava city. A total of 177 snow samples were collected each year from various urban locations, alongside 3 samples from outside the city as controls. The aim is to identify areas with the highest pollution levels and assess their potential contribution to stormwater pollution. The results revealed that nickel concentrations in the urban snow samples had an average of 0.124 mg/L, with values ranging from 0.033 mg/L to a maximum of 0.393 mg/L. Copper concentrations, however, showed greater variability, with an average of 0.906 mg/L, a minimum of 0.000 mg/L, and a maximum of 4.427 mg/L. Pollution areas were identified using Arc GIS and using the IDW method. These findings indicate that urban snowmelt in Jelgava could be a significant source of heavy metal pollution, particularly copper, to the city's drainage systems and natural water bodies.

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MIREA, Adrian. "Variability of Precipitation in Oltenia." In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2024 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2024_07.

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Excess atmospheric precipitation is part of the category of climatic risk phenomena and is located at the opposite pole to the phenomena of dryness and drought (Octavia Bogdan, Ion Marinică, 2007). They are possible in any season of the year and can be determined by both rains and heavy snowfalls, produced mainly by cyclonic activity on the continent. Precipitation is one of the important factors that can compete with triggering the phenomena of dryness and drought, but also of excess humidity. The causes of excess precipitation are related to the dynamics of the atmosphere, but it can also be maintained by other factors that depend on the characteristics of the active surface. The precipitation deficit is characterized by precipitation that is below the values of daily averages and monthly averages (below normal values). A multitude of factors participate in the triggering of drought and dryness phenomena with the climatic parameters that define the state of dry and arid weather ( Ion Marinică, 2006).

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Yang, Song, Eric A. Smith, and Kwo-Sen Kuo. "Diurnal variability of precipitation from TRMM measurements." In Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing Symposium, edited by Tiruvalam N. Krishnamurti, B. N. Goswami, and Toshiki Iwasaki. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.696275.

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Nikolov, Dimitar, and Cvetan Dimitrov. "ANALYSIS OF THE VARIABILITY OF THE WINTER PRECIPITATIONS AND TEMPERATURES IN TWO MOUNTAIN REGIONS OF BULGARIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.35.

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Snow cover is an indicator of the fluctuating climate, resulting from the change in the regime of winter precipitations and air temperatures. Our previous study has revealed significant decreasing of the snow cover in the high altitudes of Vitosha mountain. The current sturdy is now focused on these two meteorological variable � the type and amount of the winter precipitations and the seasonal change of the air temperature. Monthly and seasonal values of precipitation amounts, number of days with different type of precipitation and mean air temperature from 6 meteorological stations in Vitosha and Stara planina have been used in this survey. The main period of investigation is 1960-2021 and the stations altitudes range from 1000 up to 2376 m. Statistical analysis is performed in order to assess the variability and possible differences in the investigated characteristics from long-term data series for two main climatological periods 1961-90 and 1991-2020. Statistically significant decreasing tendencies in the precipitation amounts have been discovered for all stations. Increasing trend of the mean seasonal air temperature is also observed, however manifestly only for the highest regions where remarkable rising tendency could be determined in the beginning of the 1990-es. Number of days with snowfalls also shows declining behavior in agreement with the general precipitation amount tendency. Recently increasing days with rain could be find out only in the high altitude regions of Stara planina. This investigation is part of a common project for investigation of the current variability of the snow cover and winter precipitations in the mountain regions of Austria and Bulgaria and is funded by the Bulgarian National Science Fund and the Austria's Agency for Education and Internationalisation in the call of the bilateral program Scientific and Technological Cooperation between both countries.

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Yankova, Maya Yordanova. "WATER RESOURCES IN NORTHWEST BULGARIA AND THE PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b31/s12.099.

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Bhatia, Udit, and Auroop Ratan Ganguly. "Extreme Values from Spatiotemporal Chaos: Precipitation Extremes and Climate Variability." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdmw.2018.00114.

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Reports on the topic "Precipitation variability"

1

Berry, Joseph, and Ari Kornfeld. Collaborative Research On Ecophysiological Controls On Amazonian Precipitation Seasonality And Variability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1570388.

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Wehner, Michael, Mark Risser, Paul Ullrich, and Shiheng Duan. Exploring variability in seasonal average and extreme precipitation using unsupervised machine learning. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1769708.

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Williams, Christopher R. Using ARM-SGP Multi-Sensor Datasets to Investigate Precipitation Characteristics and Vertical Variability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1569735.

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Cavigelli, Michel. Mid-Atlantic Corn and Soybean Yields Show Great Variability in Response to Precipitation during Critical Growth Stages. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6892663.ch.

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The mid-Atlantic coastal plain, where the FSP is located, has higher than average variability in corn and soybean yields compared to the most productive agricultural regions in the US. Precipitation is the primary driver of crop yield variability in this region and drought is often responsible for low yields.

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Lintner, Benjamin Richard. Collaborative Research on Ecophysiological Controls on Amazonian Precipitation Seasonality and Variability. Final Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1499992.

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Jung-Eun, Lee. Final report for Collaborative Research on Ecophysiological Controls on Amazonian Precipitation Seasonality and Variability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1431208.

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Johnson, David B. A Theoretical Framework for Examining Geographical Variability in the Microphysical Mechanisms of Precipitation Development. Defense Technical Information Center, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada170317.

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Ramizo, Dorothea, Homer Pagkalinawan, and Maria Carina Tinio. The Economic Impact of Weather Shocks on a Cold-Climate Developing Economy: Evidence from Mongolia. Asian Development Bank, 2024. https://doi.org/10.22617/wps240564-2.

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This paper examines the different economic impacts of weather shocks in Mongolia across sectors and provinces. It highlights the importance of tailored policy responses that consider local climatic conditions and economic structures. The analysis finds that temperature increases in Mongolia negatively affect economic performance and the livestock sector, while increased precipitation positively influences provincial GDP and livestock at the provincial level. Recommendations include investing in infrastructure and agriculture practices that can withstand climate variability, identifying which sectors to promote in each province to achieve climate resilience, and addressing the climate financing gap.

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Ruosteenoja, Kimmo, Joona Hautala, and Mika Rantanen. Climate change in Finland, Germany, Uruguay and China: observed changes and future projections derived from CMIP6 global climate models. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523362017.

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This report examines recent past changes in mean temperature and precipitation and future climate projections in four areas where the UPM-Kymmene company operates: Finland, Germany, Uruguay and China. Observational changes over 1961–2023 are derived from the ERA5 reanalysis and future projections from CMIP6 global climate models. Three greenhouse gas scenarios are considered: the SSP1-2.6 scenario represents low, SSP2-4.5 medium and SSP5-8.5 very high future emissions. All projections are presented with respect to the period 1981--2010, and main focus is placed on the changes projected for the period 2040–2069 under SSP2-4.5. In addition, we discuss changes in indices representing extreme heat, excessive precipitation events and the occurrence of drought. Observational seasonal temperatures have already shown a statistically significant increase. For precipitation, interannual variability is large, and no statistically significant trends were found, apart from Finland in winter. In the future, mean temperatures are projected to increase in all four regions, even though inter-model differences in the magnitude of change are substantial. In conjunction with the general warming, hot extremes will become increasingly frequent. For variables other than temperature, there is at least some degree of model disagreement on the sign of the change. However, it is likely that precipitation will increase in Finland in winter and decrease in Germany in summer. Extreme precipitation evidently intensifies in all four regions. In Germany, the risk of drought is expected to increase especially in late summer. Solar radiation is projected to increase in Finland and Germany (especially in summer) and in China (in all seasons). An important factor behind this phenomenon is the decrease of aerosol load in the air. For relative humidity, a substantial decrease is projected for Germany in summer. In the second half of the 21st century, the magnitude of climate change depends strongly on the evolution of greenhouse gas emissions. In particular, if emissions were effectively reduced, the changes would probably be weaker than those simulated under the SSP2-4.5 scenario.

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Lai, Chung-Chieng A. Coupled ocean-atmosphere model system for studies of interannual-to-decadal climate variability over the North Pacific Basin and precipitation over the Southwestern United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/534525.

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