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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Precipitation (meteorology)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Garvert, Matthew F. "An observational and modeling study of a heavy orographic precipitation event over the Oregon Cascades /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10021.

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2

Chew, Serena Janine. "Comparison of quantitative precipitation forecast, a precipitation-based quantitative precipitation estimate and a radar-derived quantitative precipitation estimate." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1432997.

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3

James, Curtis Neal. "Radar observations of orographic precipitation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10082.

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4

Foster, James H. "GPS meteorology and the phenomenology of precipitable water." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=4&did=765064511&SrchMode=1&sid=5&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1209143773&clientId=23440.

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5

Bogart, Tianna Anise. "Bias adjustments of Arctic precipitation." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 144 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1397904201&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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6

Takahashi, Ken. "Processes controlling the mean tropical Pacific precipitation pattern /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10069.

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7

Kirshbaum, Daniel. "Shallow convection in orographic precipitation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10091.

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8

Schumacher, Courtney. "Tropical precipitation in relation to the large-scale circulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10041.

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9

Lack, Steven A. "Quantifying the effect of wind-drift on radar-derived surface rainfall estimations /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1420931.

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10

Byrd, Gregory Paul. "Analysis of winter season precipitation bands over the Southern Plains /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1987.

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11

Zhao, Qingyun. "The incorporation and initialization of cloud water/ice in an operational forecast model /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1993.

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12

Duncan, Mike R. (Mike Ross). "The universal multifractal nature of radar echo fluctuations." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41364.

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The intensity returns obtained by a radar from precipitation are well known to fluctuate violently in space and time. We present a systematic study of the resolution dependence time series with overlapping time resolutions spanning 10 orders of magnitude (0.77 ms to 4 months), of the fluctuating radar echo from precipitation. The results undermine the current assumptions of homogeneity of rainfield at scales smaller than the radar resolution, due to Marshall and Hitschfeld (1953), by showing that the only length scales identifiable in the time series are those of the radar pulse volume, the wavelength, and a very small inner scale of the order of millimeters. An analysis of the multiscaling nature of the time series of echo fluctuations reveals multiscaling behaviour at scales down to the resolution or pulse volume scale. Since there are no a priori scales in the rainfield we proceed to model the fluctuating radar echo by assuming a multiscaling model of rainfield variability which extends to sub-resolution scales. A systematic analysis of the statistical behaviour of computed reflectivities from this variability gives a full statistical description of reflectivity originating from multiscaling variability, and solves the scalar multifractal radar observer's problem. Computation of time series of reflectivities from a time-space representation of this variability reveals quantitative and qualitative behaviours consistent with those of observed echo fluctuation time series. We conclude that a multiscaling model of the rainfield which extends to the smallest scales of the rainfield is consistent with observation.

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13

Adsero, Charlotte M. "NRCS Curve Number calibration using USGS regression equations /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2369.pdf.

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14

Groen, Maria Margaretha de. "Modelling interception and transpiration at monthly time steps : introducing daily variability through Markov chains /." Lisse : Swets & Zeitlinger, 2002. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0647/2003275124-d.html.

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Thesis (doctoral) - Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2002.
"Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Board for Doctorates of Delft University of Technology and of the Academic Board of the International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering for the Degree of Doctor to be defended in public on Monday, 29 April 2002 at 13:30 hours in Delft, The Netherlands." Includes bibliographical references (p. [191]-199).

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15

DeSordi, Steven Paul. "Utah local area model sensitivity to boundary conditions for summer rain simulations." Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio : Dept. of the Air Force, 1996. http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/fulcrum%5Fmain.pl?database=ft%5Fu2&searchid=0&keyfieldvalue=ADA319136&filename=%2Ffulcrum%2Fdata%2FTR%5Ffulltext%2Fdoc%2FADA319136.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Utah, 1996. Thesis from the University of Utah's Department of Meteorology explores the sensitivity of the pecipitation-predicting model known as the Utah Limited Area Model (LAM) to the way that the lateral and upper boundary conditions are applied. The approach is different from most past studies of LAM boundary specification because it is founded upon a medium-range simulation using real data. Many other studies of boundary conditions have used idealized cases or short-term (a few days or less) predictions.
Title from web page (viewed Oct. 30, 2003). "96-084." "August 1996." Includes bibliographical references p. [110]-112. Also available in print version.

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16

Chung, Chi-hang, and 鍾志恆. "Teleconnection of global precipitation anomaly with climate patterns." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/195968.

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Atmospheric oscillations, which mostly associate with climate patterns, have great influences on global climate variables, and they usually lead to extreme climate conditions and events, which cause lots of adverse impacts on our socioeconomic statuses. This study aims to identify the influence of climate patterns on the global precipitation anomaly. Four major climate patterns are investigated, and they are El Niño/La Niña–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO). This study adopts the NINO3.4, DMI, AO index and AAO index to represent the climate patterns of ENSO, IOD, AO and AAO, respectively. The other research data used include precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). The multiple linear regression method is used to study the relationships between the climate patterns and the global precipitation anomalies. Then, the precipitation anomalies all over the globe is modeled by those four climate pattern indexes. The signs and magnitudes of the regression coefficients for those indexes can reflect the relations of the climate patterns with the precipitations and their strength. Part of the results from the regression analysis matches well with the general understanding about the impact of those climate patterns. The influences of the climate patterns can be explained by their impact on the Walker circulation, monsoon system, jet stream, convection and atmospheric moisture transport. This suggests that the regression method is able to represent the teleconnection between the climate patterns and precipitation anomalies. Further, for each calendar month of the year, the variations of the relationships between precipitation anomalies and climate indexes show that the influences of the climate patterns on the precipitation anomalies vary throughout the year. The variations are mainly due to the different general circulation patterns in different seasons. The strengths of the relations also vary, and they mostly change with the strength of the climate patterns. Usually the stronger the climate pattern, the stronger the relationship. The variation of the heating from the sun also explain some of the seasonal variations of the relationships. Overall, this study indicates that the precipitation anomalies in Asia near the tropics and subtropics are significantly related to ENSO and IOD. Precipitation anomalies in Australia show significant relation with ENSO, IOD and AAO. AO has the greatest influence on the precipitation anomalies over Europe. For Africa, IOD and AAO have large influence on the precipitation anomalies on the east part and south part respectively. The south part of the North America is mainly affected by ENSO, while AO is dominant over the regions located at higher latitudes. ENSO is the dominant climate pattern affecting the precipitation anomalies in South America, and further, AAO and IOD also show some significant influences.
published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Master
Master of Philosophy

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17

Medina, Valles María del Socorro. "Orographic enhancement of mid-latitude cyclone precipitation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10028.

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18

Hellgren, Mikael. "Pressure oscillations over Scandinavia during the last century and coupling with regional temperature and precipitation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-392448.

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Conclusions In this work we have used a multiple linear regression model, to see how different predictors are correlated to each other, and how they are correlated to temperature and precipitation in the southern part of Sweden. The correlation between the large and small indices vary over the year, but both cases show an increase in correlation during the winter. The MoVa index and the ViGö index are much better correlated than what the NAO and the KaUp indices are. One possible explanation for this can be the much shorter distace between the lines MoVa and ViGö in the latitudinal direction, compared to the distance in the longitudinal direction between NAO and KaUp. The correlation between the predictors and the predictands, temperature and precipitation, vary between different stations. The south-north predictors, NAO and KaUp, show different signs concerning the temperature in the summer. This is remarkable, but one should have in mind, that the correlation coefficient between the two is very low during the summer months. To recieve a good approximation concerning the precipitation amount by using this multiple regression model, it’s almost enough to use the mean pressure predictor, because the other predictors are very low or not even significant, except for some stations. The NAO predictor is only significant for a few months concerning precipitation. It should also be mentioned, that the model shows a lower amount of precipitation than what is observed when we are talking about great amounts of precipitation. Finally, this regression model is based on pressure differences or just the mean pressure. This means, that the model doesn’t take into account such phenomena as convective clouds, local rain or thunder storms, subsidence inversions, sea breeze effects, etc.

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19

Cary, Kevin. "A Model of Precipitation Rates in Kentucky, 1965-1996." TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/682.

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Hourly precipitation data from thirty cooperative stations in Kentucky from 1965 to 1996 were used to determine the diurnal distribution of precipitation rates. Descriptive summaries for the diurnal distribution for each climate division in Kentucky and for Kentucky as a whole were calculated. In each case, the trends were similar. Precipitation rates increased into the afternoon and then decreased until sunrise. A stochastic model was developed to estimate mean seasonal precipitation rates in Kentucky by using regional and localized parameters. More than half of the variation (r2 = 0.57) in precipitation rates can be explained by the following variables: 1) Distance away from the moisture source, the Gulf of Mexico; 2) Roughness of topography; 3) Degree of urbanization. Precipitation rates decrease in a northeasterly direction across Kentucky as air moves farther away from the Gulf of Mexico along its path of migration. The maritime tropical air mass migrating out of the Gulf of Mexico loses its water vapor over its path of migration. As a result, less water vapor is available for precipitation processes in areas farther away. As a precipitation event moves over rougher terrain and more urbanized areas, precipitation rates decrease as well. A rougher terrain absorbs more solar radiation because it has more surface area. An urbanized area absorbs more solar radiation because of the urban structures (e.g., buildings, asphalt, roofs). As a result, both will radiate more heat causing the air to be buoyant at the surface to either enhance convection or increase vertical air motions. Increased vertical air motions will cause an increase in air resistance acting upon precipitation falling, thereby, causing a decrease in the amount falling to the surface per hour.

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20

Betts, Nicholas Leonard. "A synoptic climatology of precipitation in Northern Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335059.

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21

El-Dardiry, Hisham Abd El-Kareem. "The Use of Multi-Sensor Quantitative Precipitation Estimates for Deriving Extreme Precipitation Frequencies with Application in Louisiana." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1585854.

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The Radar-based Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPE) is one of the NEXRAD products that are available in a high temporal and spatial resolution compared with gauges. Radar-based QPEs have been widely used in many hydrological and meteorological applications; however, a few studies have focused on using radar QPE products in deriving of Precipitation Frequency Estimates (PFE). Accurate and regionally specific information on PFE is critically needed for various water resources engineering planning and design purposes. This study focused first on examining the data quality of two main radar products, the near real-time Stage IV QPE product, and the post real-time RFC/MPE product. Assessment of the Stage IV product showed some alarming data artifacts that contaminate the identification of rainfall maxima. Based on the inter-comparison analysis of the two products, Stage IV and RFC/MPE, the latter was selected for the frequency analysis carried out throughout the study. The precipitation frequency analysis approach used in this study is based on fitting Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution as a statistical model for the hydrologic extreme rainfall data that based on Annual Maximum Series (AMS) extracted from 11 years (2002-2012) over a domain covering Louisiana. The parameters of the GEV model are estimated using method of linear moments (L-moments). Two different approaches are suggested for estimating the precipitation frequencies; Pixel-Based approach, in which PFEs are estimated at each individual pixel and Region-Based approach in which a synthetic sample is generated at each pixel by using observations from surrounding pixels. The region-based technique outperforms the pixel based estimation when compared with results obtained by NOAA Atlas 14; however, the availability of only short record of observations and the underestimation of radar QPE for some extremes causes considerable reduction in precipitation frequencies in pixel-based and region-based approaches.

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22

Adam, Jennifer C. "Understanding the causes of streamflow changes in the Eurasian Arctic /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10135.

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23

Pavelsky, Tamlin Muir. "Spatial and temporal patterns in high latitude hydrologic systems." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1666396571&sid=27&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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24

Bellone, Enrica. "Nonhomogeneous hidden Markov models for downscaling synoptic atmospheric patterns to precipitation amounts /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8979.

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25

Comstock, Kimberly K. "Mesoscale variability and drizzle in southeast Pacific stratocumulus /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10013.

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26

Wild, Adrian Douglas. "Multi-sensor precipitation measurement techniques for quantitative rainfall forecasting." Thesis, University of Salford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360408.

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27

Follum, Michael Lee. "Upper Green River Basin precipitation reconstructions and drought analysis." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1798481411&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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28

Miranda, Jose Leopoldo Guevara. "Precipitation estimation over Mexico applying PERSIANN system and gauge data." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2002. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0050_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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29

Hawksworth, Kevin. "The synoptic climatology of daily precipitation in Wales." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683158.

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30

Marzette, Philip J. "A study of heavy spillover precipitation with contributed to the Reno floods of 1997 and 2005." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1453595.

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31

West, Derek A. "The use of satellite microwave rainfall measurements to predict eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone intensity." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/41553838.html.

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32

Leon, David C. "Observations of drizzle cells in marine stratocumulus." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1212794291&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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33

Peters, Matthew E. "Moist convection and the large scale tropical circulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6773.

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34

Kirkland, Jessica Lynn. "Regional Differences in the Spatial Patterns of Precipitation Bands in Hurricanes Through Landfall along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coasts of the United States." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96586.

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Evolutionary periods of precipitation distribution in tropical cyclones (TCs) are sometimes misrepresented in numerical weather prediction models due to the rapid nature of TC structure changes that accompany intensity change. To better understand quantitative changes in TC rainband structure around landfall, I quantify the spatial distribution of precipitation in 62 landfalling TCs along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. between 1998 and 2014. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 product is utilized to assess three spatial measures of precipitation: 1) area, 2) closure, and 3) dispersion. Calculations are made using two rain rate thresholds, 0.254mm/hr and 5mm/hr, to capture and compare changes in light and heavy precipitation, respectively. Changes in TC precipitation are statistically different based on landfall location along the Atlantic vs. Gulf. Overall, dispersion (measure of centrality) is the most dissimilar metric due to variability between 0.254mm/hr and 5mm/hr results. Lighter precipitation decreases in area and expands away from the TC center, while heavier precipitation contracts rather than disperses in Gulf landfalling storms. A k-means clustering produces six landfall regions and reinforces the result of heavier precipitation becoming more central along the Gulf, while Atlantic landfalling storms exhibit decreased centrality. Significant differences were not found in storms that undergo extratropical transition or dissipate later in lifecycle. The holistic approach exhibited by this study reveals wide variability among a large dataset of storms making landfall; therefore, sub-setting techniques are helpful to hurricane forecasters in understanding the role of landfall location.
MS

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35

Taylor, Daniel. "Evaluating Spatial Variability of Precipitation in Kentucky with Exploratory Data Analysis." TopSCHOLAR®, 2004. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/540.

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Spatial variability of precipitation is examined over the state of Kentucky and surrounding areas. The study focuses on the analysis of monthly precipitation totals from the period of 1961-2000. The purpose of the study is to develop a set of indices to represent the spatial variability of the study area for a given month. Various exploratory data analysis methods such as variography, kriging, and cluster analysis were used. The study attempts to quantify the second order (local) effects of the spatial variation of precipitation as a means to provide insight into the prediction of precipitation randomness. This task can be a difficult one due to the distinction between first and second order effects being somewhat arbitrary. The study proposes that a qualitative map of mean monthly precipitation can be classified through the use of a quantitative measure. This approach allowed for the unique classification of numerous months of precipitation through the use of a standard methodology. The researcher found that trying to capture the spatial variation of precipitation with two indices is an arduous task. Months were classified based on percentiles of the variogram cloud. The data were condensed into distance bins for analysis and used for calculation of the indices. A Short Range Index (SRI) and Long Range Index (LRI) were calculated for each month. The indices were then analyzed through the use of cluster analysis. The Partioning Around Medoids (PAM) method was used for the analysis providing an average silhouette value of .32. The study found that the methods applied did not efficiently capture the spatial variability of precipitation across the study area. However, this study has provided insight into the methodologies that can be applied to investigate spatial patterns of precipitation.

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36

Airey, Martin. "An evaluation of GCM simulations of precipitation on monthly and daily time-scales." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361485.

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37

Ayala, Orlando. "Effects of turbulence on the collision rate of cloud droplets." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 6.00 Mb , 236 p, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3181864.

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38

Welles, Edwin. "Comparison of rainfall sampling schemes using a calibrated Stochastic Rainfall Generator." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0062_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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39

Khairoutdinov, Marat. "Large-eddy simulation of stratocumulus-topped boundary layer with an explicit and a new bulk microphysics scheme /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1997.

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40

Coats, Lamar S. "The Influence of Tropical Cyclones on Droughts and Warm Season Precipitation in Tennessee and Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1567.

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The Southeast United States during summer and fall is often affected by droughts and tropical cyclones. Both phenomena rank among the most expensive of natural hazards, although droughts are not as feared by the public as hurricanes. When a tropical cyclone causes a pendulum swing from drought to wet conditions, it is known as a “drought-busting tropical cyclone.” The majority of the research related to drought busting tropical cyclones investigates only the storms during their tropical cyclone phase, which covers the southeastern states that have boundaries adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean. An unanswered question from this literature is whether or not these findings apply to the interior southeastern states that have no ocean boundaries, where there is an increase in the probability of a drought-busting tropical cyclone transitioning to an extra-tropical cyclone. This thesis research attempts to determine the impact of drought-busting cyclones on the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. Research findings in this thesis revealed that droughts occur more frequently in the eastern climate divisions of the study area, 2-3 tropical cyclones affect the study area each year, and 6% of warm-season precipitation comes from tropical cyclones or their remnants. Chi-Square analysis and Kruskal-Wallis tests suggest that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) has statistically significant relationships with drought frequency, tropical cyclone precipitation, and extra-tropical cyclone precipitation in several climate divisions. While the literature argues that drought-busting tropical cyclones are common in coastal locations, they were found to be rare in Kentucky and Tennessee.

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41

VALDEZ, MARC PHILIP. "THE INCORPORATION OF SULFUR-DIOXIDE INTO SNOW AND DEPOSITING ICE." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184250.

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Depth profiles of S(IV) and S(VI) in snow exposed to 20-140 ppbv SO₂ for 6 to 12 hours have been determined in 48 laboratory experiments. Surface deposition velocity (v(d)) averaged 0.06 cm s⁻¹. Well-metamorphosed snow, longer run times, higher SO₂ concentrations and colder snow were associated with lower values of v(d), and vice versa. Melting followed by draining increased v(d) greatly (0.14 cm s⁻¹. Any effect of ozone on SO₂ v(d) was undetectable. Most sulfur in the snow was as S(VI), even without added ozone, indicating the presence of other oxidants, especially in new snow. Four NO₂ deposition experiments (average v(d) = 0.007 cm s⁻¹), and one combined SO₂-NO₂ deposition experiment were conducted. Ozone, sunlight and SO₂ did not enhance NO₂ deposition; NO₂ and sunlight did not enhance SO₂ deposition. The deposition of SO₂ into a snowpack is modelled as an aqueous system, where the liquid water is considered to be present on snow grain surfaces. Gas transport into the snow, air-water partitioning, and aqueous-phase reactions are explicitly considered. Three oxidants (Fe- or Mn-catalyzed O₂, O₂, and H₂O₂) act to convert S(IV) to S(VI), acidify the film, and inhibit further S(IV) uptake. Model calculations illustrate the primary importance of liquid-water mass fraction (X(m)) and the secondary importance of oxidative reactions on SO₂ v(d) to snow. Model and experimental results are similar for assumed X(m) on the order of one percent. Experiments were also conducted on the incorporation of SO₂ into ice depositing from the vapor at -7 and -15°C. Remarkably, SO₂ is captured in deposited ice at concentrations comparable to Henry's Law equilibrium with water at 0°C. Ozone and HCHO appear to inhibit, not enhance, SO₂ capture. An aqueous-film model accounting for the capture of SO₂ by depositing ice was developed. S(IV) concentrations may be enhanced in the liquid-like layer on growing ice surfaces due to solute exclusion from the bulk ice and greatly-retarded diffusional transport from the ice/film interface, leading to significant incorporation into the ice despite low distribution coefficients. SO₂ snow scavenging ratios may be comparable to sulfate scavenging ratios in the remote troposphere.

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42

Johansson, Elisabet. "Compound Extreme Wind and Precipitation Events in Europe." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten- och landskapslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446009.

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The simultaneous occurrences of several extreme events, known as compound extremes, are often associated with greater impact than univariate extremes. Flooding and windstorms are widespread hazards in Europe which can lead to severe property damage and fatalities. During winter, extreme wind and precipitation often co-occur, since they are associated with a common driver, namely extratropical cyclones. In this project, the occurrences of compound wind and precipitation events in Europe are investigated using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset. The analysis covers the years 1979-2019 with a focus on boreal winter. Areas that experience the highest occurrence of compound wet-windy extremes are the west coast of Norway, the Iberian peninsula, parts of central Europe, and southeast of the Black Sea. A few case studies are discussed with the purpose to give an idea of the magnitude of possible impacts. Further, the relationship between extreme wind and precipitation events and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is presented. During days with positive NAO, extreme precipitation and wind events occur in the central and northern parts of Europe while the negative phase brings extreme wind and precipitation to the southern parts of Europe. Lastly, a short analysis to discover changes in the occurrences of compound precipitation and wind events for the two periods 1979-1999 and 2000-2019 is performed. The result showed no clear changes. The number of compound extremes does not seem to vary for the two periods.
Olika extrema väderhändelser som sammanfaller orsakar ofta större skada än enskilda extrema händelser på många håll i samhället. Översvämningar och vindstormar är vanligt förekommande i Europa och kan leda till kostsamma skador och dödsfall. Extrema vind-och nederbördshändelser sammanfaller vanligen under vintern eftersom de båda ofta orsakas av Nordatlantiska cykloner, som är vanligast under den årstiden. I detta projekt kartläggs sammanfallande vind- och nederbördshändelser i Europa under vintermånaderna december-februari, med hjälp av ERA5 reanalysdata för åren 1979-2019. Områden med relativt hög förekomst av sammanfallande vind- och nederbördshändelser är Norges västkust, Iberiska halvön, delar av Centraleuropa och östra Turkiet. Några fallstudier kopplade till dessa områden är diskuterade för att ge en uppfattning om konsekvenserna av dessa sammanfallande händelser. Eventuella kopplingar mellan sammanfallande vind- och nederbördshändelser och den Nordatlantiska Oscillationen (NAO) är också undersökt. Under den positiva fasen av NAO sker extrema nederbörd- och vindhändelser i norra och centrala delar av Europa medan den negativa fasen ger extrem vind och nederbörd i de södra delarna av Europa.En kort analys för undersöka om förekomsten av extrema sammanfallande händelser har ändrats genomfördes genom att jämföra andelen sammanfallande händelser under de två perioderna 1979-1999 och 2000-2019. Ingen betydande förändring i andelen sammanfallande händelser mellan dessa perioder hittades.

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43

Casey, Sean Patrick. "The frequency of tropical precipitating clouds as observed by the TRMM PR and ICESat/GLAS." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1895.

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44

Ummenhofer, Caroline C. Mathematics &amp Statistics Faculty of Science UNSW. "Southern hemisphere regional precipitation and climate variability : extrems trends and prdictability." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Mathematics & Statistics, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41253.

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This PhD thesis investigates the relative importance of oceanic and atmospheric influences on extremes, long-term trends, and seasonal to interannual variability of precipitation for different regions in the Southern Hemisphere in observations, reanalysis data, and output from general circulation models (GCM). Examination of interannual rainfall extremes over southwest Western Australia (SWWA) reveals a characteristic dipole pattern of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA). This coincides with a large-scale reorganization of the wind field over the tropical/subtropical Indian Ocean changing SSTA, via anomalous Ekman transport in the tropical Indian Ocean and via anomalous air-sea heat fluxes in the subtropics, and altering moisture advection onto SWWA. The potential impact of these Indian Ocean SSTA in driving modulations of mid-latitude precipitation across southern and western regions of Australia is assessed in atmospheric GCM simulations. The SSTA give rise to changes in the thermal properties of the atmosphere, meridional thickness gradient, subtropical jet, thermal wind, and baroclinicity over southern regions of Australia, thus modulating precipitation. In addition, links between anomalous wet conditions over East Africa and these characteristic Indian Ocean SSTA are explored during the "short rain" season in October-November. Interannual extremes m New Zealand rainfall and their modulation by modes of Southern Hemisphere climate variability, namely the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are investigated. Late twentieth Century trends in New Zealand precipitation are examined for the period 19792006 to quantify the relative impact of recent changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation related to the SAM and ENSO. Increasingly drier conditions over much of New Zealand can be partially explained by the SAM and ENSO. Cool season rainfall variability in southeastern Australia is investigated via a classification and characterization of the predominant types of synoptic systems occurring in the region, focusing on frontal and cutoff low systems. Two definitions of the autumn break developed for northwestern Victoria are employed to produce a synoptic climatology of the break phenomenon. Trends in characteristics of the autumn break indicate that the most recent drought in southeastern Australia is comparable in severity with the two major droughts in the twentieth Century.

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45

Barros, Ana Paula. "Modeling of orographic precipitation with multilevel coupling of land-atmosphere interactions /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10144.

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46

Mojzisek, Jan, and n/a. "Precipitation variability in the South Island of New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Geography, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070503.151144.

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Precipitation is one of the atmospheric variables that characterize the climate of a region. The South Island of New Zealand (SI of NZ) has an unusually large number of distinct regional climates and its climatic diversity includes the coldest, wettest, driest and windiest places in New Zealand. This thesis focuses on identifying precipitation trends and rainfall fluctuations for the SI of NZ. First, homogeneity of 184 precipitation series is assessed with the combination of three homogeneity tests (Standard Normal Homogeneity Test, Easterling & Peterson test, Vincent�s Multiple Linear Regression). More than 60% of tested time series are found to contain at least one inhomogeneity. About 50% of the inhomogeneities can be traced to information in the station history files with nearly 25% of all inhomogeneities caused by the relocation of the precipitation gauge. Five coherent precipitation regions are defined by the Principal Component Analysis. The objective of identifying the periods of water deficit and surplus in spatial and temporal domains is achieved by using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The SPI series (for 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months time scales) are calculated for each region and used for analysis of dry and wet periods. Clear differences in the frequency, length and intensity of droughts and wet periods were found between individual regions. There is a positive (i.e. increase in wet periods) trend in SPI time series for the North, Westland and Southland regions during the 1921-2003 period at all times scales, and a negative trend for Canterbury during the same period. The results show longer wet periods than dry periods at all time scales. Extreme heavy precipitation, which causes floods, is the most common type of natural disaster accounting for about 40% of all natural disasters worldwide. A set of ten extreme indices is calculated for 51 stations throughout the South Island for the period 1951-2003. The west-east division is found to be the dominant feature of extreme precipitation trends for all extreme indices with more frequent and more intense extreme precipitation in the west/southwest and with a declining trend in the east. The significant decrease in extreme precipitation frequency was detected in Canterbury with 3 days less of precipitation above the long-term 95th percentile by 2003 as compared to 1951. The variability of precipitation, expressed by the SPI, is correlated with local New Zealand atmospheric circulation indices and large-scale teleconnections. The precipitation variability in the South Island is governed largely by the local circulation characteristics, mainly the strength and position of the westerly flow. The increase in precipitation in the West and SouthEast is associated with enhanced westerlies. The correlations between New Zealand�s circulation indices and regional SPI are seasonally robust. The SouthEast region exhibits a strong relationship with the Southern Oscillation Index on seasonal and annual time scales,and with Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation at the decadal scale. The predictability of seasonal precipitation one season ahead is very limited.

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47

Tan, Jun. "Analysis and application of differential propagation phase shift in polarization-diversity radar measurements of precipitation at centimeter wavelengths." Thesis, University of Essex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303477.

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48

Collier, Jonathan Craig. "Tropical precipitation simulated by the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3): an evaluation based on TRMM satellite measurements." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2715.

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This study evaluates the simulation of tropical precipitation by the Community Climate Model, Version 3, developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. For an evaluation of the annual cycle of precipitation, monthly-mean precipitation rates from an ensemble of CCM3 simulations are compared to those computed from observations of the TRMM satellite over a 44-month period. On regional and sub-regional scales, the comparison fares well over much of the Eastern Hemisphere south of 10◦S and over South America. However, model - satellite differences are large in portions of Central America and the Caribbean, the southern tropical Atlantic, the northern Indian Ocean, and the western equatorial and southern tropical Pacific. Since precipitation in the Tropics is the primary source of latent energy to the general circulation, such large model - satellite differences imply large differences in the amount of latent energy released. Differences are seasonally-dependent north of 10◦N, where model wet biases occur in realistic wet seasons or model-generated artificial wet seasons. South of 10◦N, the model wet biases exist throughout the year or have no recognizable pattern. For an evaluation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation, hourly-averaged precipitation rates from the same ensemble of simulations and for the same 44-month period are compared to observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Comparisons are made for 15◦ longitude ?? 10◦ latitude boxes and for larger geographical areas within the Tropics. The temporally- and spatially-averaged hourly precipitation rates from CCM3 and from TRMM are fit to the diurnal harmonic by the method of linear leastsquares regression, and the phases and the amplitudes of the diurnal cycles are compared. The model??s diurnal cycle is too strong over major land masses, particularly over South America (by a factor of 3), and is too weak over many oceans, particularly the northwestern Tropical Pacific (by a factor of 2). The model-satellite phase differences tend to be more homogeneous. The peak in the daily precipitation in the model consistently precedes the observations nearly everywhere. Phase differences are large over Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Saharan Africa, where CCM3 leads TRMM by 4 hours, 5 to 6 hours, and 9 to 11 hours respectively. A model sensitivity experiment shows that increasing the convective adjustment time scale in the model??s deep convective parameterization reduces its positive amplitude bias over land regions but has no effect on the phase of the diurnal cycle.

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Rodell, Matthew. "Estimating changes in terrestrial water storage /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004367.

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50

Russell, Frances Marion. "Semi-permanent zones of radar radial shear within the planetary boundary layer : observations and effects on high intensity precipitation in the wider Auckland region, New Zealand : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geophysics /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1215.

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