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Journal articles on the topic 'Prechamber'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Ciampolini, Marco, Simone Bigalli, Francesco Balduzzi, Alessandro Bianchini, Luca Romani, and Giovanni Ferrara. "CFD Analysis of the Fuel–Air Mixture Formation Process in Passive Prechambers for Use in a High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Two-Stroke Engine." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 2846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112846.

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The research on two-stroke engines has been focused lately on the development of direct injection systems for reducing the emissions of hydrocarbons by minimizing the fuel short-circuiting. Low temperature combustion (LTC) may be the next step to further improve emissions and fuel consumption; however, LTC requires unconventional ignition systems. Jet ignition, i.e., the use of prechambers to accelerate the combustion process, turned out to be an effective way to perform LTC. The present work aims at proving the feasibility of adopting passive prechambers in a high-pressure, direct injection, two-stroke engine through non-reactive computational fluid dynamics analyses. The goal of the analysis is the evaluation of the prechamber performance in terms of both scavenging efficiency of burnt gases and fuel/air mixture formation inside the prechamber volume itself, in order to guarantee the mixture ignitability. Two prechamber geometries, featuring different aspect ratios and orifice numbers, were investigated. The analyses were replicated for two different locations of the injection and for three operating conditions of the engine in terms of revolution speed and load. Upon examination of the results, the effectiveness of both prechambers was found to be strongly dependent on the injection setup.

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2

Radicchi, Fábio, Raphael M. Braga, Raniro A. Coelho, Roberto B. R. Costa, and Ramon Molina Valle. "Numerical Analysis of a Torch-Ignition System for an Internal Combustion Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 798 (October 2015): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.798.234.

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Torch ignition systems in spark-ignition engines represents an interesting option in the efforts to reduce pollutants emission and specific fuel consumption. Based on this idea, this paper presents a 3D model of a prechamber created for a spark-ignition engine and focuses on the numerical analysis of the fluid flow inside the modified chamber. This kind of analysis is very important once it allowed evaluating aspects like turbulence parameters, pressure inside the chamber and prechamber, fluid recirculation and a possible prechamber’s geometry for the engine. The studies were done in a four valve Single Cylinder Research Engine – SCRE. For the numerical modeling and fluid flow investigation was used STAR-CD software. Results show higher values of tumble ratio and kinetic energy with the prechamber.

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3

Gombosuren, Nyamsuren, Ogami Yoshifumi, and Asada Hiroyuki. "A Charge Possibility of an Unfueled Prechamber and Its Fluctuating Phenomenon for the Spark Ignited Engine." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020303.

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The demand for internal combustion engines remains high for mobile power sources in all fields due to their low costs, running distance capacity, charging reliability, and heavy driving durability. However, air pollution, efficiency, and environmental factors make this more challenging. According to recent research, using a fueled prechamber can lead to lean combustion in the main chamber, resulting in increased efficiency, reduced fuel consumption, and reduced toxic emissions. However, difficulties in producing a fueled prechamber for commercial engines include mixture and soot formation problems in the limited space of the prechamber, and limited research on the charging possibility of the unfueled prechamber. A removable prechamber is advantageous for used vehicles because an engine redesign is not required. Therefore, we proposed to use an unfueled prechamber to enhance the lean burning efficiency of the spark ignited (SI) engine and explore the possibility of charging an unfueled, unscavenged prechamber with a fuel-rich mixture. Consequently, investigating the possibility of filling an unfueled prechamber with a fuel-rich mixture without additional fuel delivery or an air control system was the aim of this study. For this purpose, the charge flowrate of the centrally located unfueled prechamber is extensively investigated by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), through its design. As a result, a realizable charge flow was detected for the unfueled prechamber in two periods in the inlet and compression strokes. Most importantly, we found fluctuation phenomena in mass flow rates at the inlet stroke directing a charge flow of the richer mixture into an unfueled prechamber without additional systems. Moreover, keeping the charged rich mixture inside the prechamber during the compression stroke is as important as charging the prechamber with the fuel-rich mixture. The study will enable us to produce a removable prechamber to improve the combustion efficiency of port injected engines.

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4

Liu, Pengzhong, Fang Niu, Xuewen Wang, Fei Guo, Wei Luo, and Naiji Wang. "Influence of the Inner and Outer Secondary Air Ratios on the Combustion Characteristic and Flame Shape of a Swirl Burner with a Prechamber." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (July 24, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4363016.

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The swirl burner with a prechamber was used in a 14 MW pulverized-coal combustion experiment to investigate the influence of inner and secondary air ratios (ISA/OSA) on the combustion characteristic and flame shape in this work. The temperatures and species concentrations in the prechamber were measured via the flue gas analyzer and thermocouples. The flame shape beyond the prechamber outlet was captured by using a high-speed camera. The results showed that the combustion efficiency was increased and low nitrogen combustion was achieved by adopting the swirl burner with a prechamber. The high temperature corrosion and slagging phenomenon did not occur in the prechamber. The influence of ISA/OSA on temperature and species concentration profiles at different areas in the prechamber was different. The flame shape size exhibited an inflection point with increasing ISA/OSA. Considering, comprehensively, the temperature peak, near wall temperature, oxygen-free zone, CO concentration, flame length, flame diameter, and divergence angle, the case of ISA/OSA =1 : 2 had great processing on combustion efficiency and NOx emission. Thus, ISA/OSA = 1 : 2 was selected as the optimized case under experiment conditions.

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5

Jamrozik, A., and W. Tutak. "Theoretical analysis of air-fuel mixture formation in the combustion chambers of the gas engine with two-stage combustion system." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0085.

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Abstract The results of theoretical analysis of a mixture formation process during the compression stroke in a prechamber of the IC (internal combustion) gas engine with the stratified mixtures two-stage combustion system were presented in the paper. The course of excess air-fuel ratio changes in prechamber at ignition time λkz in function of degree of the mixture condensation during the compression stroke φ expressing quotient of a temporary cylinder and prechamber volume and maximal value of the volume were estimated. Research concerning λkz sensitivity on changes of rich combustible mixture composition delivered to the prechamber by the additional fuel supply system λko, mixture composition in cylinder _c and degree of filling a prechamber with the rich combustible mixture ξ were performed. According to numerical calculations it was proved that the real gas engine with the two stage combustion system at equal degree requires exact regulation of the three analysed values.

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6

Crane, M. E., and S. R. King. "Emission Reductions Through Precombustion Chamber Design in a Natural Gas, Lean Burn Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906612.

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A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various precombustion chamber design, operating, and control parameters on the exhaust emissions of a natural gas engine. Analysis of the results showed that engine-out total hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) can be reduced, relative to conventional methods, through prechamber design. More specifically, a novel staged prechamber yielded significant reductions in NOx and total hydrocarbon emissions by promoting stable prechamber and main chamber ignition under fuel-lean conditions. Precise fuel control was also critical when balancing low emissions and engine efficiency (i.e., fuel economy). The purpose of this paper is to identify and explain positive and deleterious effects of natural gas prechamber design on exhaust emissions.

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7

LoRusso, J. A., P. H. Havstad, E. W. Kaiser, and W. G. Rothschild. "Origins of Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Multi-Fuel, Torch Ignition Assisted Direct Injection Engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 200, no. 1 (February 1986): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_004_02.

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Unthrottled, direct injection ignition assisted (DI–IA) engines have demonstrated DI diesel efficiencies and multi-fuel capabilities. However, high hydrocarbon (HC) emissions have been a problem with this concept. Torch ignition, provided by a separately fuelled small volume prechamber with spark ignition, was applied as a research tool to define the benefits of large volume ignition for controlling HC emissions. Torch ignition was found to be beneficial for HC control relative to the use of single point spark ignition; however, HC levels were higher than those observed from a DI diesel using low emissions technology. To assist in investigating the cause of the higher HC emissions, tracer experiments were conducted to verify that prechamber combustion characteristics did not contribute significantly to the total exhaust HC emissions. Separate, but similar, fuels were used for the main chamber and prechamber. Through gas chromatographic analysis of the major exhaust HC species, prechamber combustion was found to contribute substantially less than 20 per cent to the overall HC emissions for the engine conditions studied.

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8

Xu, Lina, Gang Li, Mingfa Yao, Zunqing Zheng, and Hu Wang. "Numerical Investigation on the Jet Characteristics and Combustion Process of an Active Prechamber Combustion System Fueled with Natural Gas." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 24, 2022): 5356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155356.

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An active prechamber turbulent ignition system is a forced ignition method for internal combustion engines fueled with low reactivity fuels, i.e., natural gas and gasoline, which could expand the lean-burn limit, promote flame propagation, and ensure cyclic stability. In the present study, the effects of charge concentration stratifications inside the prechamber on the jet characteristics and combustion process were numerically investigated using CONVERGE software coupled with a reduced methane mechanism by the coupling control of spark timing and prechamber global equivalence ratio. The results show that the jet characteristics and ignition mechanisms can be regulated by controlling the prechamber global equivalence ratio and spark timing. On the one hand, as the prechamber global equivalence ratio increases, the velocity of the jet increases firstly and then decreases, the temperature drops, and OH and CH2O radicals are reduced, but the stable combustion intermediates, CO and H2, are increased. Thus, the ignition mechanism changes from flame ignition (ignition by flame and reactive radicals) to jet ignition (ignition by hot combustion intermediates), and the ignition delay is shortened, but the combustion duration is extended, mainly due to more of the combustion intermediates, CO and H2, downstream of the jet. On the other hand, as spark timing is advanced, the jet velocity and the mass of the OH and CH2O radicals increase, which is conducive to flame ignition, and the ignition delay and combustion duration are reduced.

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9

Kouremenos, D. A., C. D. Rakopoulos, and D. Hountalas. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Indirect Injection Diesel Engines by Two-Zone Modeling of Combustion." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906468.

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This work presents a thermodynamic analysis of a naturally aspirated, four-stroke, diesel engine with a swirl prechamber, under firing conditions during the open and closed part of the cycle. For calculating the heat exchange between gas and walls in both the main chamber and (swirl) prechamber, the relevant characteristic velocities and lengths are calculated by setting up a zero-dimensional energy cascade turbulence model. One-dimensional, quasi-steady, compressible flow with heat transfer inside the throat passageway connecting the two chambers is used. Combustion in both the main chamber and the swirl prechamber is attacked by proposing a two-zone combustion model, and following the movement of the spray plume inside an air solid body rotation environment in the prechamber and its later progression into the main chamber through the connecting throat. To validate the analysis, an extensive experimental investigation is undertaken at the laboratory of the authors on a flexible Ricardo, single-cylinder, swirl chamber diesel engine, and evaluating its performance in a wide range of operating conditions. The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical results obtained from the computer program implementing the analysis.

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10

PIELECHA, Ireneusz. "Numerical investigation of lambda-value prechamber ignition in heavy duty natural gas engine." Combustion Engines 181, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-205.

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Turbulent Jet Ignition systems are mainly dedicated to the combustion of lean mixtures of natural gas in heavy duty engines. The use of such a system in combination with lean mixtures leads to an increase in its overall efficiency. The article presents simulation analyzes of the impact of the excess air coefficient occurring in prechamber on the combustion process: combustion indicators and emission indicators. Tests on a single-cylinder engine with a displacement of about 4 dm3 at medium mixture (IMEP = 1.0 MPa) were carried out using the AVL Fire software. It was found that the incineration of global lean mixtures (lambda = 2) is effective when initiating this process (in the prechamber) with a charge of a stoichiometric composition. A strong relationship was found between the thermodynamic indicators in both prechamber and main chamber and the excess air coefficient initiating combustion.

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11

Snyder, W. E., M. R. Wright, and S. G. Dexter. "A Natural Gas Engine Combustion Rig With High-Speed Photography." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240126.

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Engines today must satisfy stringent emission requirements but must at the same time have low fuel consumption. One method of approaching both of these goals in spark-ignited natural gas engines is with lean combustion. The use of as much as 80 percent excess air significantly reduces the peak combustion temperature and, as compared to a stoichiometric engine, reduces the NOx emissions by up to 90 percent and the fuel consumption by up to 15 percent. One limitation on lean combustion, however, is the high energy needed for ignition. In larger engines, a small prechamber containing an easily ignitable near-stoichiometric mixture has proved to be both successful and popular as one method of producing the necessary high ignition energy. Although this form of stratified charge combustion has been known for many years, its development has largely been the result of “cut and try” procedures. Lack of access for suitable instrumentation, combined with the difficulty of isolating the individual variables which affect performance, has limited the fundamental understanding of the mechanism of prechamber combustion. This paper summarizes results from a research program where a constant-volume combustion rig is used to simulate engine operation. Emphasis is placed on high-speed photography of the prechamber combustion. A second program on a single-cylinder prechamber spark-ignited gas engine and a third on a multiple-cylinder engine will be reported in subsequent papers.

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12

Kusnadi, Kusnadi, and Taryana Taryana. "USULAN WAKTU PENGGANTIAN OPTIMUM KOMPONEN MESIN GAS ENGINE (PRECHAMBER GAS VALVE) DENGAN MODEL AGE-BASED REPLACEMENT DI PT. XYZ." Jurnal Teknologi 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/jurtek.8.1.45-52.

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PT. XYZ adalah perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang manufaktur perakitan sepeda motor, visinya menjadi perusahaan yang leading di bidang tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dan pengamatan langsung di perusahaan, untuk perawatan mesin Gas Engine perusahaan telah menerapkan kegiatan maintenance dengan konsep Planned Maintenance dan Unplanned maintenance, Tingkat kepentingan perawatan untuk mesin Gas Engine ini sangat tinggi mengingat bahwa Gas Engine merupakan sumber pasokan listrik untuk menunjang kegiatan produksi sehari-hari. Kerusakan komponen terbesar ada pada komponen Prechamber Gas Valve, hal tersebut dikarenakan tidak adanya perlakuan perawatan khusus terhadap komponen tersebut karena beberapa faktor, sementara komponen tersebut sangat berpengaruh pada kondisi mesin, yang bisa mengancam stop line produksi. Model matematis metode Age Based Replacement adalah metode yang tepat dalam memecahkan masalah tersebut, dimana dengan metode ini akan didapat interval waktu optimum untuk melakukan pergantian part prechamber gas valve untuk meningkatkan kinerja mesin. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, diperoleh interval penggantian komponen mesin Gas Engine (Prechamber Gas Valve) yang optimum adalah 6.547 jam dengan unit cost sebesar Rp. 1.316 per Jam

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13

Bivol, G. Yu, S. V. Golovastov, and V. V. Golub. "Prechamber initiation of detonation in gaseous mixtures." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 653 (November 11, 2015): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012064.

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14

KOTZAGIANNI, Maria, Panagiotis KYRTATOS, and Konstantinos BOULOUCHOS. "Optical investigation of prechamber combustion in an RCEM." Combustion Engines 176, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-102.

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In this study, detailed investigations of scavenged prechamber engine combustion are performed experimentally in a Rapid Com-pression Expansion Machine (RCEM), which allows optical access into the main chamber. OH* chemiluminescence measurements combined with pressure measurements are used to study the effect of varying ignition timing on combustion and cycle-to-cycle varia-tions. The variation of ignition timing (pressure at ignition) showed an optimum ignition point for a given injection duration. Earlier ignition resulted in weaker but more reactive jets, coupled to increased cyclic variations. Later ignition did not significantly affect heat release rate, but increased cyclic variation.

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15

Bivol, G. Yu, S. V. Golovastov, and V. V. Golub. "Prechamber Initiation of Gaseous Detonation in a Channel." Combustion Science and Technology 188, no. 7 (April 19, 2016): 1165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2016.1177030.

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16

Saefkow, Martin, Matthias List, Andreas Schubert, Andreas Lohmüller, and Robert F. Singer. "Continuous Powder Extrusion for Fabrication of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Aluminium." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.158.

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Short fibre reinforced aluminium was produced using the Temconex® process which is a continuous extrusion using a mixture of metal powder and ceramic short fibre as feedstock. The Temconex® process was derived and further developed from the ConformTM process which uses metal rod rather than powder as feedstock. In the present paper the effect of the prechamber length on the mechanical properties was examined. As material Al99.7 powder with different volume fractions of milled carbon fibres was used. Distribution, orientation and geometry of the embedded fibres were examined using light microscopy. The mechanical properties were determined via tensile testing and resonance frequency analysis. An important increase of the Young’s modulus is observed because of the introduction of fibres. It can be rationalized based on Clyne’s Shear Lag model. Results show that an extension of the prechamber enhances the Young’s modulus and the elongation of fracture due to reduced fibre fracture and better fibre alignment.

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17

Makita, Takashi, Kazumi Hirabara, and Haruko Hirose. "Combination of cryo-SEM and WET-SEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 568–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100127360.

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WET-SEM is a version of commercially available SEM equipped with Robinson's type of wide-angle backscattered electron detector to observe wet samples under low vacuum(0.3-0.5 torr) and it has been used to variable biological samples with or without chemical fixation. Its versatility to observe hydrated specimens without any metalic coating is obviously advantageous to application of cryo-SEM to biological samples.Recent improvement of nitrogen gas cooled cold stage, and vacuum transfer device(Hexland, England) made the WET-SEM(ISI, Akashi, Japan) as a tool for quick survey of unfixed, hydrated, uncoated, and frozen fractured tissue blocks of animals. For examples, tissue from the rat liver or the mice kidney was quickly frozen in nitrogen slush for several minutes and then transfered to prechamber with a type of vacuum transfer system. Within the prechamber the surface of frozen sample is sublimated or fractured under vacuum and then the sample is ready to be seen on the cryo stage which is cooled by nitrogen gas.

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18

Jamrozik, Arkadiusz, and Wojciech Tutak. "A study of performance and emissions of SI engine with a two-stage combustion system." Chemical and Process Engineering 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-011-0036-0.

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A study of performance and emissions of SI engine with a two-stage combustion systemLean mixture burning leads to a decrease in the temperature of the combustion process and it is one of the methods of limiting nitric oxide emissions. It also increases engine efficiency. An effective method to correct lean mixture combustion can be a two-stage system of stratified mixture combustion in an engine with a prechamber. This article presents the results of laboratory research on an SI engine (spark ignition) with a two-stage combustion system with a cylinder powered by gasoline and a prechamber powered by propane-butane gas LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The results were compared to the results of research on a conventional engine with a one-stage combustion process. The test engine fuel mixture stratification method, with a two-stage combustion system in the engine with a prechamber, allowed to burn a lean mixture with an average excess air factor equal to 2.0 and thus led to lower emissions of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust of the engine. The test engine with a conventional, single-stage combustion process allowed to properly burn air-fuel mixtures of excess air factors λ not exceeding 1.5. If the value λ > 1.5, the non-repeatability factorCOVLiincreases, and the engine efficiency decreases, which makes it virtually impossible for the engine to operate. The engine with a two-stage combustion process, working with λ = 2.0, theQin/Qtot= 2.5%, reduced the NOxcontent in the exhaust gases to a level of about 1.14 g/kWh. This value is significantly lower than the value obtained in a conventional engine, which worked at λ = 1.3 with comparable non-repeatability of successive cycles (about 3%) and a similar indicated efficiency (about 34%), was characterised by the emissions of NOxin the exhaust equal to 26.26 g/kWh.

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19

Heinz, Christoph, Stefan Kammerstätter, and Thomas Sattelmayer. "Prechamber Ignition Concepts for Stationary Large Bore Gas Engines." MTZ worldwide 73, no. 1 (January 2012): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s38313-012-0134-5.

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20

Imoto, Koji, Yoichi Kataoka, and Tadao Omura. "Combustion and Emission of New-Concept Prechamber Diesel Engine." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 61, no. 585 (1995): 1955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.61.1955.

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21

NOJIMA, Ryo, Shinitiro HATA, Kimitoshi TANOUE, Fumio SHIMADA, and Yasuo MORIYOSHI. "Study of prechamber combustion characteristics using low-temperature plasma." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2018.71 (2018): E15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2018.71.e15.

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22

Moszner, Peng, Suutala, Jasnau, Damani, and Palm. "Application of Iron Aluminides in the Combustion Chamber of Large Bore 2-Stroke Marine Engines." Metals 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080847.

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Iron aluminides possess a unique combination of properties such as attractive corrosion resistance in hot gas and wet chemical environments, a favorable strength to weight ratio, low costs of alloying elements, and they can be processed by conventional methods. For the current study, a promising iron aluminide (Fe-Al-Mo-Ti-B) was employed, which shows the potential to replace costly heat resistant steels or expensive Ni-based alloys for components in large bore two-stroke marine engines. The prechamber, an integral part of the combustion system of dual fuel two-stroke marine engines, which must withstand harsh conditions, was selected as the component. Prototypes made of the novel iron aluminide were manufactured via investment casting and hot isostatic pressing using powder of the intermetallic alloy. The high temperature oxidation behavior, the wet corrosion resistance in acid media, and the mechanical properties up to 700 °C were evaluated. A prototype of the prechamber was tested on a large bore two-stroke dual fuel test engine and post analysis of the tested component was performed. The results show that the employed iron aluminide alloy could be an economic alternative to the currently used Ni-based alloy.

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23

Thelen, Bryce C., and Elisa Toulson. "A computational study on the effect of the orifice size on the performance of a turbulent jet ignition system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 536–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016659199.

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Fully three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic simulations with detailed combustion chemistry of a turbulent jet ignition system installed in a rapid compression machine are presented. The turbulent jet ignition system is a prechamber-initiated combustion system intended to allow lean-burn combustion in spark ignition internal-combustion engines. In the presented configuration, the turbulent jet ignition prechamber has a volume that is 2% of the volume of the main combustion chamber in the rapid compression machine and is separated from the main chamber by a nozzle containing a single orifice. Four simulations with orifice diameters of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, and 3.0 mm respectively are presented in order to demonstrate the effect of the orifice diameter on the combustion behavior of the turbulent jet ignition process. Data generated by the simulations is shown including combustion chamber pressures, temperature fields, jet velocities and mass fraction burn durations. From the combustion pressure trace, the jet velocity, and other field data, five distinct phases of the turbulent jet ignition process are identified. These phases are called the compression phase, the prechamber combustion initiation phase, the cold jet phase, the hot jet phase, and the flow reversal phase. The four simulations show that the orifice diameter of 1.5 mm provides the fastest ignition and the fastest overall combustion as reflected in the 0–10% and 10–90% mass fraction burn duration data generated. Meanwhile, the simulation for the orifice diameter of 1.0 mm produces the highest jet velocity and has the shortest delay between the spark and the exit of a jet of hot gases into the main chamber but produces a slower burn duration than the simulation for the larger orifice diameter of 1.5 mm. The simulations for orifice diameters of 2.0 mm and 3.0 mm demonstrate that the combustion speed is reduced as the orifice diameter increases above 1.5 mm. Finally, a discussion is given which examines the implications that the results generated have in regard to implementation of the turbulent jet ignition system in an internal-combustion engine.

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24

Nakazono, Tohru, and Yoshihiro Natsume. "Effect of Dimensions of Prechamber on Lean Burn Gas Engine." JSME International Journal Series B 37, no. 4 (1994): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb.37.951.

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25

WOLFF, Dagmar, Masayuki TAMURA, Hideo TAI, and Teruhiro SAKURAI. "Looking into the Prechamber of a Lean-Burn Gas Engine." JSME International Journal Series B 40, no. 2 (1997): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb.40.320.

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26

Song, S., and P. G. Hill. "Dual-Fueling of a Prechamber Diesel Engine With Natural Gas." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239836.

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The feasibility of dual-fuel operation with natural gas in a prechamber diesel engine was studied with special emphasis on fuel consumption and cylinder pressure development. The effects of air restriction, pilot diesel flow rate, and injection timing were also investigated. Near full load the fuel energy consumption rate was close to that of straight diesel operation though at part load (in the absence of air restriction) the fuel energy consumption rate was relatively high. In the absence of injection timing adjustment the maximum power output of dual-fuel operation was severely limited by the maximum cylinder pressure. Retarding the injection timing is effective in reducing the maximum cylinder pressure to a safe level. The analysis of apparent energy release indicates the differences in combustion mechanism between auto-ignition of diesel fuel in straight diesel operation and propagation of flame fronts in dual-fuel operation.

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27

NAKAZONO, Tohru, and Yoshihiro NATSUME. "Effect of Dimensions of Prechamber on Lean Burn Gas Engine." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 58, no. 553 (1992): 2931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.58.2931.

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28

Ionov, V. G. "Study of separate stages of prechamber ignition by cinematographic analysis." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 26, no. 2 (1990): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00742396.

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29

Wang, Li, Zhaoming Huang, Wang Tao, Kai Shen, and Weiguo Chen. "Economy and emission characteristics of the optimal dilution strategy in lean combustion based on GDI gasoline engine equipped with prechamber." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 12 (December 2021): 168781402110381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211038100.

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EGR and excess-air dilution have been investigated in a 1.5 L four cylinders gasoline direct injection (GDI) turbocharged engine equipped with prechamber. The influences of the two different dilution technologies on the engine performance are explored. The results show that at 2400 rpm and 12 bar, EGR dilution can adopt more aggressive ignition advanced angle to achieve optimal combustion phasing. However, excess-air dilution has greater fuel economy than that of EGR dilution owing to larger in-cylinder polytropic exponent. As for prechamber, when dilution ratio is greater than 37.1%, the combustion phase is advanced, resulting in fuel economy improving. Meanwhile, only when the dilution ratio is under 36.2%, the HC emissions of excess-air dilution are lower than the original engine. With the increase of dilution ratio, the CO emissions decrease continuously. The NOX emissions of both dilution technologies are 11% of those of the original engine. Excess-air dilution has better fuel economy and very low CO emissions. EGR dilution can effectively reduce NOX emissions, but increase HC emissions. Compared with spark plug ignition, the pre chamber ignition has lower HC, CO emissions, and higher NO emissions. At part load, the pre-chamber ignition reduces NOX emissions to 49 ppm.

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Karimi, Abdullah, and M. Razi Nalim. "Ignition by Hot Transient Jets in Confined Mixtures of Gaseous Fuels and Air." Journal of Combustion 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9565839.

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Ignition of a combustible mixture by a transient jet of hot reactive gas is important for safety of mines, prechamber ignition in IC engines, detonation initiation, and novel constant-volume combustors. The present work is a numerical study of the hot jet ignition process in a long constant-volume combustor (CVC) that represents a wave rotor channel. The hot jet of combustion products from a prechamber is injected through a converging nozzle into the main CVC chamber containing a premixed fuel-air mixture. Combustion in a two-dimensional analogue of the CVC chamber is modeled using a global reaction mechanism, a skeletal mechanism, or a detailed reaction mechanism for three hydrocarbon fuels: methane, propane, and ethylene. Turbulence is modeled using the two-equation SSTk-ωmodel, and each reaction rate is limited by the local turbulent mixing timescale. Hybrid turbulent-kinetic schemes using some skeletal reaction mechanisms and detailed mechanisms are good predictors of the experimental data. Shock wave traverse of the reaction zone is seen to significantly increase the overall reaction rate, likely due to compression heating, as well as baroclinic vorticity generation that stirs and mixes reactants and increases flame area. Less easily ignitable methane mixture is found to show slower initial reaction and greater dependence on shock interaction than propane and ethylene.

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31

Shimov, Georgy V., Aleksandr Bogatov, and D. Kovin. "FEM Simulation of Copper Busbar Pressing on the Continuous Extrusion Line "CONFORM"." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.547.

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Simulation using the DEFORM-3D package of the steady-state pressing mode of a copper busbar on the continuous extrusion line "Conform" was carried out. The nature of the metal flow in the deformation zone was studied. An analysis of the velocities of the metal flow in the prechamber was performed. It was shown that in the channel of the wheel there is pressing out, which negatively affects the quality of the finished busbars and can lead to such defects as "lamination".

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32

NYAMSUREN, Gombosuren, Hiroyuki ASADA, and Yoshifumi OGAMI. "Study on air fuel mixture flow in prechamber of gasoline engine." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2020.95 (2020): 02_204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2020.95.02_204.

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33

Nakazono, Tohru. "Characteristics of Unburned HC from a Lean-Burn Prechamber Gas Engine." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 60, no. 569 (1994): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.60.335.

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34

Namekawa, Shoji, Hano Ryu, Toshio Iijima, and Tsuyoshi Asanuma. "Flow characteristics of a motored spark ignition engine with a prechamber." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 55, no. 514 (1989): 1768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.55.1768.

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35

Gounko, Yu P., and I. N. Kavun. "Starting flow in an impulse wind tunnel with a throttled prechamber." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1404 (November 2019): 012108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1404/1/012108.

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36

Jamrozik, Arkadiusz, Wojciech Tutak, Arkadiusz Kociszewski, and Marcin Sosnowski. "Numerical simulation of two-stage combustion in SI engine with prechamber." Applied Mathematical Modelling 37, no. 5 (March 2013): 2961–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2012.07.040.

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37

Mehanna, Ahmed Mohamed, Moustafa Mohamed Abdelnaby, and Mohamed Eid. "The Anatomy and Anatomical Variations of the Round Window Prechamber and Their Implications on Cochlear Implantation: An Anatomical, Imaging, and Surgical Study." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 24, no. 03 (December 13, 2019): e288-e298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698783.

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Introduction Over the last decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of cochlear implant recipients and, consequently, there is a recent increase of interest in the proper understanding of the anatomy of the round window (RW), which is the most important anatomical land mark during cochlear implant surgery. Objectives The present study was undertaken to assess the detailed surgical and radiological anatomy of the RW prechamber; its shape, directions, measurements, common anatomic variations, and its relationships with different surrounding structures as related to cochlear implantation. Methods A total of 20 cadaveric specimens of human temporal bone were microscopically dissected for the anatomical assessment of the measurements of the RW and its relation to surrounding structures in the tympanum. A total of 20 patients were subjected to cochlear implantation, and a radiological and surgical assessment of the anatomy of their RW prechambers was performed. Results The distances between the RW and the facial canal (FC), the jugular fossa (JF), the carotid canal (CC), and the oval window (OW) were measured. Among the cases subjected to cochlear implantation, the infracochlear tunnel was studied radiologically; the lengths of the anterior and posterior pillars were assessed, and the relation with the direction at which the RW faces was statistically analyzed. Conclusions Proper understanding of the topographic anatomy of the RW, including its direction of opening and the distances from different adjacent structures in the tympanum, is essential for a successful cochlear implantation surgery, since it can help decision-making before the surgery and is useful to avoid many complications, such as misplaced electrode and iatrogenic injury to the surrounding structures.

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38

Frolov, S. M., V. S. Aksenov, and V. Ya Basevich. "Detonation initiation by shock wave interaction with the prechamber jet ignition zone." Doklady Physical Chemistry 410, no. 1 (September 2006): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012501606090028.

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39

Samoilov, I. B. "A possible mechanism for the accentuated thermal factor in prechamber mixture enrichment." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 22, no. 4 (1987): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00862889.

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40

Heyne, S., M. Meier, B. Imbert, and D. Favrat. "Experimental investigation of prechamber autoignition in a natural gas engine for cogeneration." Fuel 88, no. 3 (March 2009): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.09.032.

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41

Olsen, Daniel B., and Justin M. Lisowski. "Prechamber NOx formation in low BMEP 2-stroke cycle natural gas engines." Applied Thermal Engineering 29, no. 4 (March 2009): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.03.049.

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42

Tanoue, Kimitoshi, Takanori Kimura, Taishu Jimoto, Jun Hashimoto, and Yasuo Moriyoshi. "Study of prechamber combustion characteristics in a rapid compression and expansion machine." Applied Thermal Engineering 115 (March 2017): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.12.079.

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43

Kostykov, A. V., V. V. Kuznetsov, E. K. Ashcheulnikov, and K. P. Rodkin. "Investigation of combustion modes of energy-accumulating materials." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 6, no. 2-1 (January 20, 2012): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68483.

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The paper considers a model of combustion powdered energy-accumulating substances (EAS) in a cylindrical combustion chamber. This camera can be considered as a prechamber of the hydrogen reactor for transport and stationary power plants based on gas turbine engines. For calculations of combustion of powdered EAS in the flow of superheated steam a program is developed. Distribution of the temperature in the chamber axis at different values of the coefficient of oxidant excess (water vapor). The authors determined the size of the depth of the flame front at the given conditions of the combustion chamber with energy-accumulating substances.

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44

ISINO, Yojiro, Masahiro TAKEMOTO, Yuka MATUYAMA, and Norio OHIWA. "628 Ignition and Burning processes by an Unsteady Flame Jet in a Constant Volume Prechamber : Control of Ignition Delay and Burning processes by Double Spark Ignition in a Prechamber." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2001.50 (2001): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2001.50.349.

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45

OHTSU, Akihiko, Hano RYU, and Tsuyoshi ASANUMA. "Visualization of Flame Propagation in a Spark Ignition Engine with an Unscavenged Prechamber." JSME international journal. Ser. 2, Fluids engineering, heat transfer, power, combustion, thermophysical properties 32, no. 1 (1989): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb1988.32.1_127.

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46

UENO, Seiya, Yosuke SATAKE, Taiga TAKAYAMA, Fumio SHIMADA, Kimitoshi TANOUE, and Yasuo MORIYOSHI. "A fundamental study of prechamber combustion characteristics in a constant volume combustion chamber." Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) 86, no. 889 (2020): 20–00039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/transjsme.20-00039.

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47

OHIWA, Norio, Shigeki YAMAGUCHI, Tatsuya HASEGAWA, and Motokazu OGISO. "Ignition and combustion mechanism in a prechamber combustor (Quantitative classification of combustion patterns)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 52, no. 482 (1986): 3609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.52.3609.

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48

SHIMATA, Kenji, Ryo NOJIMA, Fumio SHIMADA, Kimitoshi TANOUE, and Yasuo MORIYOSHI. "A Fundamental Study of Prechamber Combustion Characteristics In a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2019.72 (2019): B23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2019.72.b23.

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49

MAEDA, Atsuhito, Tomoaki ITO, Yuta OISHI, Naoto MAEDA, Teruyuki SAITO, Kimitoshi TANOUE, Fumio SHIMADA, and Yasuo MORIYOSHI. "Development of Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine with prechamber ignition for gas engine." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2019.72 (2019): B24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2019.72.b24.

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50

Ryu, Hano, and Tsuyoshi Asanuma. "Combustion analysis with gas temperature diagrams measured in a prechamber spark ignition engine." Symposium (International) on Combustion 20, no. 1 (January 1985): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(85)80503-8.

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