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1
Hadda, Lamia, ed. Médina. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-248-5.
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Dedicated to the medina in the Mediterranean space, this book is essentially based on detailed historical and photographic research into the characteristics of city design and its evolution, as well as some case studies from direct experience. The main objective of the present study consists of its documentary and evocative value, without forgetting the analysis of the multiple architectural spaces with monumental complexes of extraordinary cultural importance arranged according to precise hierarchies and specific uses. The research summarises the different experiences from this immense Arab-Muslim architectural heritage and its urban evolution. These aspects are expressed both by the large number of case studies (from Cordoba to Palermo, passing through Fez, Séfrou, Marrakech and Tunis) as well as by the quality of the built spaces as a whole. The several contributions show an urban framework that is still legible and significant, consisting of grids of houses with forms, structures and functions that show a concentration of spaces, places and monuments stratified over time and developed in the Mediterranean countries, producing extremely diverse situations.
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Rivadossi, Silvia. Sciamani urbani. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-414-1.
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What does it mean to be a ‘shaman’ in present-day Tokyo today? In what way(s) is the role of the shamanic practitioner represented at a popular level? Are certain characteristics emphasised and others downplayed? This book offers an answer to these questions through the analysis of a specific discourse on shamans that emerged in the Japanese metropolitan context between the late 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century, a discourse that the more ‘traditional’ approaches to the study on shamanism do not take into account. In order to better contextualise this specific discourse, the volume opens with a brief historical account of the formation of the academic discourse on shamans. Within the theoretical framework offered by critical discourse analysis and by means of multi-sited ethnographic research, it then weaves together different case studies: three novels by Taguchi Randy, a manga, a TV series and the case of an urban shaman who is mostly active in Tokyo. The main elements emerging from these case studies are explored by situating them in the precise historical and social context within which the discourse has been developed. This shows that the new discourse analysed shares several characteristics with the more ‘traditional’ and accepted discourses on shamanism, while at the same time differing in certain respects. In this work, particular attention is given to how the category and term ‘shaman’ is defined, used and re-negotiated in the Japanese metropolitan context. Through this approach, the book aims to further problematize the categories of ‘shaman’ and ‘shamanism’, by highlighting certain aspects that are not yet accepted by many scholars, even though they constitute a discourse that is relevant and effective.
3
Campney, Brent M. S. Hostile Heartland. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042492.001.0001.
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Hostile Heartland examines racial violence—or, more aptly, racist violence—against blacks (African Americans) in the Midwest, emphasizing lynching, whipping, and violence by police (or police brutality). It also focuses on black responses, including acts of armed resistance, the development of local and regional civil rights organizations, and the work of individual activists. Within that broad framework the book considers patterns of institutionalized violence in studies of individual states, like Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas over a number of decades; it also targets specific incidents of such violence or resistance in case studies representative of changes in these patterns like the lynching of Joseph Spencer in Cairo, Illinois, in 1854 and the lynching of Luke Murray in South Point, Ohio, in 1932. Significantly, Hostile Heartland not only addresses the years from the Civil War to World War I, which are the typical focus of such studies, but also incorporates the twenty-five years that precede the Civil War and the additional twenty-five that follow World War I. It pioneers new research methodologies, as exemplified by Chapter 4’s analysis of the relations between and among racist violence, family history, and the black freedom struggle. Finally, Hostile Heartland situates its findings within the historiography more broadly.
4
Anderson, Cheryl P., and Debra L. Martin, eds. Massacres. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400691.001.0001.
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Bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology offer unique perspectives on studies of mass violence and present opportunities to interpret human skeletal remains in a broader cultural context. Massacres and other forms of large-scale violence have been documented in many different ancient and modern contexts. Moving the analysis from the victims to the broader political and cultural context necessitates using social theories about the nature of mass violence. Massacres can be seen as a process, that is, as the unfolding of nonrandom patterns or chains of events that precede the events and continue long after. Mass violence has a cultural logic of its own that is shaped by social and historical dynamics. Massacres can have varying aims, including subjugation or total eradication of a group based on status, ethnicity, or religion. The goal of this edited volume is to present case studies that integrate the evidence from human remains within the broader cultural and historical contexts through the utilization of social theory to provide a framework for interpretation. This volume highlights case studies of massacres across time and space that stress innovative theoretical models that help make sense of this unique form of violence. The primary focus will be on how massacres are used as a strategy of violence across time and cultural/geopolitical landscapes.
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Mevorach, Irit. A Normative Framework for Promoting Compliance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782896.003.0005.
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This chapter completes the proposed normative framework for cross-border insolvency. It considers the problem of compliance with a cross-border insolvency system by countries and implementing institutions. The previous chapters have shown how the choice and use of certain international legal sources, such as customary international law (CIL), can strengthen the system, close gaps, and address biases that may otherwise impede the choices of optimal solutions. Yet, notwithstanding the pervasiveness and behavioural force of CIL, the observance of the norms is not guaranteed. Written instruments, even if precise and comprehensive, and designed effectively, do not assure compliance either. Even where so-called soft law is in fact hard in important ways, countries might still underperform. This chapter suggests how compliance can be induced, and discusses which measures can be more, or less effective in that regard, including in view of decision-making constraints.
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Salleh, Dani, and Mazlan Ismail. Infrastructure procurement framework for local authority. UUM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789670474434.
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The spread of infrastructure requirements and variety in mechanisms used to secure contributions (infrastructure provision) from private sector was a reflection of the institutional framework in planning system.The study has identified that although both private and local authorities have a good understanding of the fundamental of concept of local infrastructure provision and the arguments for and against the use of private provision, there are still considerable areas of uncertainty surrounding the precise definition (as prescribed in the relevant legislations) and measurements of the key elements pertaining to local infrastructure.The findings revealed that the previous studies has tended to examine the nature of the practice of the infrastructure delivery within the framework of national economy and very little focus has been given to a comprehensive examination on how private developers can be involved in local infrastructure development.The primary problem is that there is no single framework available at the local level that might be considered or applied to secure infrastructure from private developers.The study then provides the parameters for securing contributions towards infrastructure provision. To achieve a complete understanding of this issue, it is necessary to appreciate the broader picture of what is required in terms of infrastructure for the operation of the urban environment.
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Hansford, Thomas G. Vertical Stare Decisis. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.18.
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This chapter critically assesses the current state of the literature on vertical stare decisis. It begins with a consideration of how stare decisis does, or does not, fit with the principal–agent framework that is often used as a starting point for theories of the relationship between high and low courts. Various approaches to testing the existence of vertical stare decisis and the factors that might condition the strength of this constraint are then addressed. While there is a good deal of evidence that is consistent with the claim that High Court precedent constrains lower court decision-making, this evidence is not as conclusive as it might first appear. There is also ambiguity regarding the precise causal mechanism at work. This chapter then considers recent scholarship focused on the potential for bottom-up influences on the operation of precedent in a judicial hierarchy.
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Jan, Paulsson. Part I Investment Treaties and the Settlement of Investment Disputes: The Framework, 4 The Role of Precedent in Investment Treaty Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the role of precedent in investment treaty arbitration. The technical rules of precedent are practice rules developed within legal systems. A system that enforces the rule of precedent requires a supreme court authorised both to impose a rule on inferior courts and to modify it when it sees fit. However, there is nothing like it in the international realm, and even less so in the context of arbitration. Nonetheless, it is possible to imagine the development of an international ‘law on investment protection’ by something akin to the common-law process of developing authoritative rules by case-by-case accretion, though this type of precedent must be qualified by the word ‘persuasive’ rather than ‘binding’.
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LO, Gane Samb, Aladji Babacar Niang, and Lois Chinwendu Okereke. A course of Elementary Probability Course. SPAS-EDS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.16929/sts/2020.001.
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This book introduces to the theory of probabilities from the beginning. Assuming that the reader possesses the normal mathematical level acquired at the end of the secondary school, we aim to equip him with a solid basis in probability theory. The theory is preceded by a general chapter on counting methods. Then, the theory of probabilities is presented in a discrete framework. Two objectives are sought. The first is to give the reader the ability to solve a large number of problems related to probability theory, including application problems in a variety of disciplines. The second is to prepare the reader before he takes course on the mathematical foundations of probability theory. In this later book, the reader will concentrate more on mathematical concepts, while in the present text, experimental frameworks are mostly found. If both objectives are met, the reader will have already acquired a definitive experience in problem-solving ability with the tools of probability theory and at the same time he is ready to move on to a theoretical course on probability theory based on the theory of Measure and Integration. The book ends with a chapter that allows the reader to begin an intermediate course in mathematical statistics.
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Heitzeg, Mary M. Brain Functional Contributors to Vulnerability for Substance Abuse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0006.
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Substance use disorder (SUD) is one of the most significant health concerns worldwide; therefore, understanding the mechanisms that precede the onset and contribute to the escalation of substance use from childhood to adulthood is vital. Evidence suggests that behavioral undercontrol and negative affectivity are two behavioral pathways through which risk for SUD emerges across development. This chapter discusses studies that probe the neural systems underlying these behavioral phenotypes in high-risk youth from the Michigan Longitudinal Study, a prospective study of families with high levels of parental SUDs. The focus is on work that integrates behavioral trait, developmental, neurobiological, and, in some cases, genetic frameworks to develop a better understanding of the risk factors leading to SUDs.
11
Weatherall, James Owen. Category Theory and the Foundations of Classical Space–Time Theories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0013.
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I review some recent work on applications of category theory to questions concerning theoretical structure and theoretical equivalence of classical field theories, including Newtonian gravitation, general relativity, and Yang–Mills theories. In particular, the chapter explains how the Baez–Bartel–Dolan framework for classifying forgetful functors provides a precise way of saying when one formulation of a physical theory posits more or less structure than another, and also when two theories posit equivalent amounts of structure.
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Dino, Kritsiotis. Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 15 The Indian Intervention into (East) Pakistan—1971. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0015.
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This contribution discusses the 1971 Indian intervention in east Pakistan. It sets out the facts and context of the crisis, the legal positions of the main protagonists (India and Pakistan), and the international community’s reactions. It then tests the legality of the Indian intervention against the international legal framework governing the use of force as it stood at the time of the events. The final section examines if, and to what extent, the case has had an impact on the further development of the jus ad bellum, in particular whether it is a precedent for humanitarian intervention.
13
Honig, Dan. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672454.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the basic framework of the book. Agent judgment is fallible, and top-down controls may preclude useful actions by agents. International development organizations (IDOs), then, must choose between two flawed strategies in deciding whether to put agents in charge (Navigation by Judgment) or have principals retain control (Navigation from the Top). The extent to which environments are predictable and projects are externally verifiable affects how IDOs should manage interventions to increase intervention success and aid impact. This chapter introduces the quantitative and qualitative data that the book employs and previews how each chapter will contribute to the overall argument.
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Balbo, Andrea. Traces of Actio in Fragmentary Roman Orators. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788201.003.0014.
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Collecting references to the actio of fragmentary orators, this chapter explores the theoretical aspects of using the whole body (including both the speaker’s vocal delivery and his body language,) in public speaking. The evidence, despite its fragmentary nature, is contextualized using the advice given by the ancient rhetorical handbooks of Cicero and Quintilian on oratorical delivery, and related to modern theories of communication. The lack of a precise theoretical framework for actio in antiquity is argued to have allowed ancient theoreticians and practitioners considerable freedom for the representation and adoption of various elements of non-vocal delivery in their treatises and speeches.
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Valeriano, Brandon. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618094.003.0001.
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This chapter evaluates the efficacy of modern cyber strategies and how states coerce rivals in the digital domain. It argues that these campaigns are neither as revolutionary nor as novel as they seem. It finds that cyber disruptions, short-term and long-term espionage, and degradation operations all usually fail to produce concessions. When states do compel a rival, which is measured as a change in behavior in the target that is strategically advantageous to the initiator, the cyber operation tends to occur alongside more traditional coercive instruments such as diplomatic pressure, economic sanctions, and military threats and displays. Cyber capabilities complement, but do not replace traditional statecraft. Theoretical and empirical investigation of cyber strategies and their efficacy should therefore precede development of suggestions for sound foreign policy responses to state-backed cyber intrusions or craft international frameworks that constrain the proliferation of politically motivated malware. This book is a critical first step.
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Carballo, Alejandro Pérez. Good Questions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779681.003.0007.
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Pérez Carballo adopts an epistemic utility theory picture of epistemic norms where epistemic utility functions measure the value of degrees of belief, and rationality consists in maximizing expected epistemic utility. Within this framework he seeks to show that we can make sense of the intuitive idea that some true beliefs—say true beliefs about botany—are more valuable than other true beliefs—say true beliefs about the precise number of plants in North Dakota. To do so, however, Pérez Carballo argues that we must think of the value of epistemic states as consisting in more than simply accuracy. This sheds light on which questions it is most epistemically valuable to pursue.
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Remington, Gary, Ofer Agid, Hiroyoshi Takeuchi, Jimmy Lee, and Araba Chintoh. Ultra-treatment resistance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0012.
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Ultra-treatment resistance or ultra-resistant schizophrenia is defined as describing individuals who meet criteria for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and receive an adequate trial of clozapine in the absence of other confounding factors that might compromise response (e.g. substance abuse, antipsychotic non-adherence), but demonstrate a suboptimal response. Because the definition currently hinges on a trial of clozapine, ‘clozapine-resistant schizophrenia’ has also been proposed as a more precise descriptor. This chapter reviews issues specific to classifying this subpopulation, including existing criteria and challenges in their clinical application. It also underscores the importance of this conceptual framework in terms of better understanding schizophrenia’s heterogeneity and the opportunity to establish different pathophysiological subtypes, in this case based on treatment response. It reviews existing evidence specific to this sample, which at this point is limited as only recently have efforts begun to isolate these individuals for the purpose of investigation. Finally, it highlights the dynamic nature of this strategy, since gains in understanding will demand that the framework, terminology, and criteria be continuously revisited and revised.
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Puranam, Phanish. New Forms of Organizing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672363.003.0008.
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Using the universal problems of organizing as a basic framework helps to expose novelty in forms of organizing in a precise manner. Even if a form of organizing is justifiably novel relative to the comparison group of organizations, it may well be that existing theory provides a sound basis to understanding much of this novelty, because the novelty in a form of organizing often takes the form of new bundles of old solutions. An implication is that the bar for novelty in organizing is significantly lower than the bar for theoretical novelty. Every new form of organizing that appears on our horizon need not lead us in fruitful quest for new theories of organizing.
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Crow, Michael M., and William B. Dabars. Interdisciplinarity and the Institutional Context of Knowledge in the American Research University. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.38.
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This chapter assesses the accommodation of interdisciplinarity in the American research university in terms of the reflexive relationship between knowledge production and its institutional context. Although the tacit assumption in academic culture is that institutional frameworks have already been optimally configured to facilitate knowledge production, the process remains defined by the traditional correlation between academic disciplines and departments, and, more broadly, the filiopietism and isomorphism that impede the development of new models for the set of research universities. Entrenchment in discipline-based departments mirrors an academic culture that prizes individualism over teamwork and the discovery of specialized knowledge over problem-based collaboration. An overview of theoretical approaches and relevant models in this context precedes a brief historical survey of the institutional accommodation of interdisciplinarity. The chapter issues a call for mutual intelligibility among academic disciplines, and concludes with a case study.
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Bacon, Andrew. Vagueness and Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712060.001.0001.
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According to orthodoxy the study of vagueness belongs to the domain of the philosophy of language. On that view, to solve the paradoxes of vagueness we need to investigate the nature of words like ‘heap’ and ‘bald’. This book criticizes linguistic explanations of the state of ignorance we find ourselves in when confronted with borderline cases and develops, within the framework of classical logic, a theory of propositional vagueness in its stead. The view places the study of vagueness squarely in epistemological terms, situating it within a theory of rational propositional attitudes. Once one has accepted vague propositions, a number of questions about their role in thought become conspicuous. Can one’s total evidence be vague? What sort of support does vague evidence lend to precise matters and conversely? Can rational people agree about the precise whilst disagreeing about the vague? Is it rational to care intrinsically about vague matters? Can one’s attitudes towards vague propositions be relevant in decision making? The book develops a set of positions on these matters, and exploits them in expounding a novel theory of vagueness in which vagueness is defined in terms of its role in thought. The resulting view is applied to a number of problems in the philosophy of vagueness.
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Buzsáki, György. The Brain from Inside Out. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905385.001.0001.
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The Brain from Inside Out takes a critical look at contemporary brain research and reminds us that theoretical framework does matter. Current technology-driven neuroscience is still largely fueled by an empiricist philosophy assuming that the brain’s goal is to perceive, represent the world, and learn the truth. An inevitable consequence of this framework is the assumption of a decision-making homunculus wedged between our perception and actions. In contrast, The Brain from Inside Out advocates that the brain’s fundamental function is to induce actions and predict the consequences of those actions to support the survival and prosperity of the brain’s host. Brains constantly test their hypotheses by producing actions rather than searching for the veridical objective world. Only actions can provide a second opinion about the relevance of the sensory inputs and provide meaning for and interpretation of those inputs. In this inside-out framework, it is not sensations that teach the brain and build up its circuits. Instead, the brain comes with a preconfigured and self-organized dynamics that constrains how it acts and views the world. Both its anatomical and physiological organizations are characterized by an enormous diversity which spans several orders of magnitude. The two ends of this continuous landscape give rise to apparently distinct qualitative features. A small core of strongly interconnected, highly active neurons provides fast and “good-enough” answers in needy situations by generalizations, whereas detailed and precise solutions rely on the contribution of the more isolated and sluggish majority. In this non-egalitarian organization, preexisting nonsense brain patterns become meaningful through action-based experience. The inside-out framework offers an alternative strategy to investigate how brain operations give rise to our cognitive faculties, as opposed to the outside-in approach that explores how our preconceived ideas map onto brain structures.
22
William H, Boothby. 8 Conventional Weapons Convention. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the important provisions of the UN Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW). It explains the significance of the Convention in relation to the evolution of the law relating to weapons, noting that it provides a framework within which specific Protocols have been negotiated to address particular weapons or weapon issues. The procedures for amending the Convention, for amending Protocols and for negotiating and adopting new Protocols are examined. The extension in scope agreed at the First Review Conference is discussed. The requirement for consensus as a condition precedent to the adoption of new Protocols and the increasing difficulty in securing such consensus as to new Protocols as the number of States party to the Convention increases are both considered.
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Lawry-White, Merryl. Victims of Environmental Harm During Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784630.003.0016.
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This chapter considers the interaction of some of the applicable norms related to liability and reparation for environmental damage in a post-conflict setting, including human rights and humanitarian law norms (including precedents) and their interaction with each other, with a focus on the potential consequences for victims. Using displacement as a specific case study, the discussion regarding potential consequences is supported by the learning that may be drawn from precedent reparations schemes, including those implemented in a ‘transitional justice’ framework as part of an attempt to afford ‘justice’ for breaches of human rights and humanitarian law (whether related to the environment or otherwise). The chapter considers some of the potential challenges of this interaction, particularly for justice initiatives, and particularly reparations schemes, experienced in the aftermath of conflict, such as constructing a coherent post-conflict narrative, restitution (or ‘truth’), awarding reparation (including ‘restitution’), and reconciliation as part of ‘peacebuilding’.
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Lévay, Miklós. Youth Justice in Hungary During the 20th and 21st Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935383.013.69.
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Juvenile justice systems are not static constructions but are highly dependent on the cultural, historical, and political environment. Therefore, analyses cannot provide a complete picture of them without explaining the effects of these to the development of the system. To encourage precise understanding on the main issues and institutions of the contemporary Hungarian juvenile justice system, this essay uses developmental and cultural perspectives, focusing on the introduction of formal law and legal practice. In this framework the author explains special characteristics of the Hungarian system, such as the traditional two-tiered justice system, the types and practice of deprivation of liberty of juveniles, the development of the consideration of culpability and maturity of delinquent children, and the limited overlap with child welfare. Beyond historical explanations, the author provides a contemporary evaluation of this development and points out the weakest areas with respect to international children’s rights.
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Teta, Keoni (John), Ralph Esposito, and Jade Teta. Sexual Dysfunction and Exercise (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0011.
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Sexual dysfunction often is multifactorial, with contributing etiologies ranging from cardiometabolic, neuronal, hormonal to psychological in origin. Whatever the origin, there is one very productive, often overlooked intervention for sexual dysfunction: exercise. Both female and male sexual dysfunction can be indicators of poor general health and may be linked to multiple conditions that respond exceptionally well to precise and tailored therapeutic exercises. Major contributing risk factors to sexual dysfunction include obesity, diabetes, hormonal imbalances, nerve damage, pharmaceutical side effects, cardiometabolic dysregulation, psychoemotional imbalance, menopause, pregnancy, and childbirth. A “go hard and rest hard” approach creates an intricate balance between high-intensity training and restorative exercise designed to address the underlying causes and risk factors of sexual dysfunction. This chapter discusses therapeutic exercise for sexual dysfunction and provides tailored exercises, detailed routines, and key practitioner-patient tools to provide a framework for a successful response to treat, reverse, and prevent sexual dysfunction.
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Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part I Overview, 3 Dispute Resolution Provisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 examines those aspects of dispute resolution provisions commonly found in bilateral investment treaties (BITs), with particular emphasis on four fundamental issues in the settlement of investment disputes through arbitration: (1) the clauses in investment treaties that provide for investor–State arbitration, focusing on the issue of the existence and limits of the consent to arbitrate; (2) transparency and the extent to which non-parties may be heard in the process; (3) the legal nature of the rights contained in investment treaties within the choice of law framework applicable to investment arbitration, in which both international law and host State law have a role to play; and (4) the overall approach to be taken to the interpretation of BITs under the general rule of interpretation provided in the Vienna Convention. The chapter concludes by discussing the role precedent plays in the development of investment treaty law.
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Immerman, Richard H., and Petra Goedde, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236961.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War offers a broad reassessment of the cold war period based on new conceptual frameworks developed in the field of international history. The cold war emerges as a distinct period in twentieth-century history, yet one that should be evaluated within the broader context of global political, economic, social, and cultural developments. This book brings together scholars in cold war history to offer an assessment of the state of the field and identify fundamental questions for future research. The individual chapters in this volume evaluate both the extent and the limits of the cold war's reach in world history. They call into question orthodox ways of ordering the chronology of the cold war and also present new insights into the global dimension of the conflict. Even though each chapter offers a unique perspective, together they show the interconnectedness between cold war and national and transnational developments, including long-standing conflicts that preceded the cold war and persisted after its end, or global transformations in areas such as human rights or economic and cultural globalization. Because of its broad mandate, the volume is structured not along conventional chronological lines, but thematically, offering chapters on conceptual frameworks, regional perspectives, cold war instruments, and cold war challenges. The result is an account of the ways in which the cold war should be positioned within the broader context of world history.
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Stuart, Philip E., Lam C. Tsoi, Caely A. Hambro, and James T. Elder. Genetics of psoriasis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0005.
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Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) characterized by skin inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia, increased risk of arthritis, and cardiovascular morbidity. Substantial evidence indicates that psoriasis is driven by abnormal interactions between cells of the innate and adaptive host defence systems, including keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and T-cells, resulting in a dysregulated immune response and markedly increased epidermal proliferation. The precise aetiology of psoriasis remains unknown. Here, we review how innate and adaptive host defence responses are regulated by genetic factors that modulate the overall risk of psoriasis and dictate whether the disease affects the skin and/or the joints. Specifically, we review the epidemiologic basis for considering psoriasis as a genodermatosis, summarize knowledge derived from linkage and association studies of cutaneous psoriasis (PsC) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and attempt to relate genetic and immunologic discoveries in a pathogenetic framework that may eventually allow prediction of the development of PsA in psoriatic individuals.
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Annabelle, Möckesch. Attorney-Client Privilege in International Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795865.001.0001.
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Attorney–client privilege is often invoked as a defence in international arbitration proceedings. Nevertheless, the participants often have very different expectations regarding the applicable privilege standard, as national attorney–client privilege laws vary widely between jurisdictions. This is complicated by the fact that institutional arbitration rules do not include provisions on the scope of attorney–client privilege, nor do they contain conflict-of-laws rules to determine the applicable national privilege standard. The determination of the applicable level of protection is rather left to the discretion of the arbitral tribunal. Drawing on interviews with more than thirty leading international arbitration practitioners and extensive academic research, this book provides guidance to arbitral tribunals regarding the determination of the applicable attorney–client privilege standard. It compares attorney–client privilege in key common and civil law jurisdictions, analyses precedent from previous tribunals, and finally sets out proposed changes to the legal framework governing this area.
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Doucerain, Marina, Norman Segalowitz, and Andrew G. Ryder. Acculturation Measurement. Edited by Seth J. Schwartz and Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.7.
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This article discusses the importance of clear and precise conceptualizations of acculturation as well as the need for consistencies in definition, operationalization, and measurement. More specifically, it argues for an expanded acculturation research toolkit that does not rely too heavily on self-report acculturation scales. The article begins with an overview of the state of affairs with respect to acculturation conceptualizations and methods, paying particular attention to the unidimensional, bidimensional, and multidimensional frameworks of psychological acculturation. It then considers ways in which commonly used definitions and methods of acculturation can be used more intelligently. It also describes alternative methods for researchers interested in moving beyond self-report rating scales, a tiered approach to acculturation research, and method-specific health considerations. Finally, it offers some recommendations aimed at helping the field of acculturation and health research move forward.
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Lundgren, Britta, and Martin Holmberg. Pandemic flus and vaccination policies in Sweden. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526110886.003.0011.
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During 2010 an increasing incidence of narcolepsy in children and adolescents was reported in Sweden and Finland, associated with the pandemic vaccine Pandemrix. Vaccination has since the 1940s been seen as a magic bullet to protect from flu. During past influenza pandemics in Sweden, the vaccine was, however, either absent or in short supply. Since the pandemic 2009-10 – caused by the Influenza A(H1N1) virus – production increased and mass vaccination campaigns were launched in many countries. Sweden was the most successful, with over sixty per cent coverage in what became the largest public health intervention in Swedish history. Facing the A(H1N1) pandemic, Swedish mass vaccination efforts were preceded by consensual decision-making relying on historically successful vaccination campaigns. Paradoxically, both the efficiency of the response as well as the approach to consensual decision-making may have harmed instead of strengthened public trust. The aim is to discuss pandemic influenza as an old and a contemporary problem and place it within the framework of national and international flu vaccination practices, pandemic preparedness, and nation building. This work is built on research on flu pandemics, on public documents and on interviews with parents of children suffering vaccination-induced narcolepsy and with officials working on pandemic preparedness.
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Bertoni, Eduardo, and Collin Kurre. Surveillance and Privacy Protection in Latin America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685515.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter covers surveillance and privacy protection in Latin America providing examples, principles, and suggestions. The first part offers an overview of governmental surveillance regulation through an analysis of existing legislation in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. It should be noted that this analysis merely seeks to identify trends in legal frameworks, rather than provide a comprehensive account of existing laws. Regulating state surveillance and creating a precedent of rights protection both off- and online is critical. To provide a more nuanced and updated understanding of how human rights should be protected online, the second part of this chapter examines several sets of principles that have been created by civil society actors, technical experts, and human rights specialists. The chapter compares those principles with the actual legislation in the four countries surveyed. Finally, the chapter concludes with some suggestions for future policymaking concerning communications interceptions and surveillance in Latin America.
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Zerilli, John. The Adaptable Mind. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190067885.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
What conception of mental architecture can survive the evidence of neuroplasticity and neural reuse in the human brain? In particular, what sorts of modules are compatible with this evidence? This book shows how developmental and adult neuroplasticity, as well as evidence of pervasive neural reuse, force a revision to the standard conceptions of modularity and spell the end of a hardwired and dedicated language module. It argues from principles of both neural reuse and neural redundancy that language is facilitated by a composite of modules (or module-like entities), few if any of which are likely to be linguistically special, and that neuroplasticity provides evidence that (in key respects and to an appreciable extent) few if any of them ought to be considered developmentally robust, though their development does seem to be constrained by features intrinsic to particular regions of cortex (manifesting as domain-specific predispositions or acquisition biases). In the course of doing so, the book articulates a schematically and neurobiologically precise framework for understanding modules and their supramodular interactions.
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Lawson, Gary, and Guy I. Seidman. Deference. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190273408.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Deference is perhaps the most important concept and practice in law. It lies at the core of every system of precedent, appellate review, federalism, and separation of powers, all of which center on how one actor should deal with previous decisions. Oddly enough, deference is also one of the most underanalyzed and undertheorized legal concepts and practices, perhaps because its applications are so varied. This book’s goal is to provide a definition of and vocabulary for deference that can be used to describe, explain, and/or criticize deference in all of its manifestations in the law, including some manifestations that are not always identified by legal actors as instances of deference, such as practices of precedent in which institutional actors consider their own prior decisions. This book undertakes a descriptive and conceptual, not normative or critical, analysis of deference. It leaves to others the question whether deference, in any particular context, is “legitimate” or “bad,” and it does not seek to prescribe whether and how any legal system should apply deference in any specific circumstance or to critique any particular deference doctrines. Rather, it hopes to bring the very concept of deference to the forefront of legal discussion; to identify, catalogue, and analyze at least the chief among its many legal applications; to set forth the many and varied rationales that can be and have been offered in support of (some species of) deference in different legal contexts; and thereby to provide a vocabulary and conceptual framework that can be employed in future projects, whether those projects are descriptive or prescriptive. While this book draws its material almost entirely from American law and practice, we hope in future work, perhaps with the help of other scholars, to expand the study to include the law and practice in other countries and particularly in non-common-law legal systems.
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Cesario, Marilina, and Hugh Magennis, eds. Aspects of knowledge. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719097843.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This edited collection explores how knowledge was preserved and reinvented in the Middle Ages. Unlike previous publications, which are predominantly focused either on a specific historical period or on precise cultural and historical events, this volume, which includes essays spanning from the eighth to the fifteenth centuries, is intended to eschew traditional categorisations of periodisation and disciplines and to enable the establishment of connections and cross-sections between different departments of knowledge, including the history of science (computus, prognostication), the history of art, literature, theology (homilies, prayers, hagiography, contemplative texts), music, historiography and geography. As suggested by its title, the collection does not pretend to aim at inclusiveness or comprehensiveness but is intended to highlight suggestive strands of what is a very wide topic. The chapters in this volume are grouped into four sections: I, Anthologies of Knowledge; II Transmission of Christian Traditions; III, Past and Present; and IV, Knowledge and Materiality, which are intended to provide the reader with a further thematic framework for approaching aspects of knowledge. Aspects of knowledge is mainly aimed to an academic readership, including advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, and specialists of medieval literature, history of science, history of knowledge, history, geography, theology, music, philosophy, intellectual history, history of the language and material culture.
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Hellman, Geoffrey, and Stewart Shapiro. Varieties of Continua. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712749.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Two historical episodes form the background to the research presented here: the first is the remarkably rapid transition in the course of the nineteenth century from the ancient Aristotelian view that a true continuum cannot be composed entirely of points to the now standard, entirely punctiform frameworks for analysis and geometry found in modern texts (stemming from the work of Bolzano, Cauchy, Weierstrass, Dedekind, Cantor, et al.). The second is the mid-to-late twentieth-century revival of pre-limit methods in analysis and geometry using infinitesimals, viz. non-standard analysis due to Abraham Robinson, and the more radical smooth infinitesimal analysis based on intuitionistic logic. One goal of the present work is to develop a systematic comparison of these and related including (alternatives constructivist and predicative conceptions), balancing various trade-offs, helping articulate a modern pluralist perspective. A second main goal (pursued in the opening chapters) is to develop thoroughgoing regions-based theories of classical continua that are mathematically equivalent (inter-reducible) to the currently standard, punctiform accounts of modern texts. Although in this project the work has been preceded by various writings, as explained below, it is believed the theories developed here are more streamlined, unified, and comprehensive than others in the contemporary literature. Finally, the book considers various limitations of the systems developed and some of the more striking implications for contemporary philosophy stemming from the pluralism take we our work to support.
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Barno, David, and Nora Bensahel. Adaptation under Fire. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672058.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Adaptation under Fire looks at the essential importance of military adaptation in winning wars. Every military must prepare for future wars despite inevitably having little confidence about the precise shape that those wars will take. As former US secretary of defense Robert Gates once noted, the United States has a perfect record in predicting the next war: “We have never once gotten it right.” Despite this uncertainty, military organizations still must make choices. They must determine the nature of doctrine they will need to fight effectively, the type of weaponry and equipment they must procure to defeat their potential foe, and the kind of leaders they must select and develop to guide the force to victory. Since the US military has global security responsibilities, it will have to make these choices without knowing when, where, or how the next war will unfold, or even who the enemy may be. It will need to adapt quickly and successfully in the face of the unexpected in order to prevail. The book starts by providing a framework for understanding adaptation and includes several historical examples of success and failure. The second part examines US military adaptation during the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and explains why certain forms of adaptation have proven so problematic. The final part argues that the US military must become more adaptable in order to successfully address the fast-changing security challenges of the 21st century, and concludes with some recommendations on how it should do so.
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Mercer, Jarred A. Divine Perfection and Human Potentiality. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190903534.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
No figure of fourth-century Christianity seems to be both so well known and clouded in mystery as Hilary of Poitiers. His invaluable position historically is unquestioned, but the coherence and significance of his own thought is less certain. While scholars have worked to renew Hilary’s place within his historical and polemical context, much remains to be said concerning his actual contribution within these revised contextual parameters, and the overall shape of his thought remains obscure. This book provides a new paradigm for understanding Hilary’s De Trinitate. It contends that in all of Hilary’s polemical and constructive argumentation, which is essentially trinitarian, he is inherently developing an anthropology. This work therefore reinterprets Hilary’s overall theological project in terms of the continual, and for him necessary, anthropological corollary of trinitarian theology—to reframe it in terms of a “trinitarian anthropology.” The coherence of Hilary’s work depends upon this framework, and without it his thought will continue to elude his readers. The book demonstrates this by following Hilary’s main lines of trinitarian argument, out of which flows his anthropological vision. These main lines of argument, divided into the book’s chapters, unfold into a progressive picture of humanity from potentiality to perfection. This work will also aid those seeking a more precise picture of fourth-century polemical controversy through trenchant examination of the theologies involved and the philosophical and historical influences acting upon them. The book also places the controversy in the context of its theological heritage, providing a helpful guide to previous Christian thought.