Academic literature on the topic 'Pre-Socratic thought'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pre-Socratic thought"
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Santacroce, Luigi, Lucrezia Bottalico, Kastriot Haxhirexha, Skender Topi, and Ioannis A. Charitos. "Pre-Chemistry Concepts and Medical Therapy among Ancient Physicians through the Pre-Socratic Philosophers." Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets 20, no. 9 (November 5, 2020): 1470–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530320666200508115041.
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Background: Chemistry as experimental science began in the seventeenth century, when it began moving away from being one of the alchemical doctrines and toward analyzing matter and its transformations using scientific methods. Previously, the ancient Pre-Socratic philosophy through observation of nature was concerned with the laws that govern the natural world and the property of matter. Later, the Hellenistic Alexandrian culture took possession of the Hermetic doctrines of the Egyptians, mixing them with pre-Socratic thought and Gnosticism. At this historical moment, therefore, there was a fusion of the Greek philosophical patrimony and the Hellenistic and Alexandrian influences on medicine. The Hermetic gnosis evolved over time to become alchemy and then to usher in the birth of chemical science. Many doctors were wandering philosophers who dealt with cosmogony to understand the body and diseases and to discover new healing drugs for treatment, and thus they were the first chemist therapists. Methods: The influence of ancient physicians through the pre-Socratic philosophy for these prochemical theories and practice has been researched through ancient texts, so these texts have been referenced to determine the legacy of paleo-chemicals doctrines. Results: The study of various texts in particular from the Pre-Socratic age and the eminent physicians underline that, despite a different approach to the cosmogonic concepts of nature and the matter, the medicine of that age had an important influence on chemistry as an experimental science, especially concerning therapy with drugs. Conclusions: The Pre-Socratic philosophers have influenced the medical practice and guided it toward the concept of the properties of matter for medical treatment and an understanding of the causes of diseases.
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Saxonhouse, Arlene W. "From Tragedy to Hierarchy and Back Again: Women in Greek Political Thought." American Political Science Review 80, no. 2 (June 1986): 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1958265.
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The earliest attempts at a theoretical understanding of politics occur in the city-states of ancient Greece. Women had no place in the politics of those cities. However, the Greek tragedians and philosophers raised questions about the fundamental assumptions underlying political life by introducing women into their writings. Thus, women appear in some Greek tragedies as a counter to the male sense of political efficacy—the sense that men can create through speech and ignore the facts of physical creation entailed in the process of reproduction. A discussion of two tragedies, The Seven Against Thebes and the Antigone, suggests how the failure of male political leaders to acknowledge the demands of the physical and that which is different brings on tragedy. The Socratic response in the Republic is to overcome tragedy by making the male and the female the same. Aristotle attempts to incorporate sexual difference in the theoretical framework of hierarchy. Finally, there is a brief consideration of the role of the pre-Socratic philosophers in setting the agenda for the Greeks' confrontation with the problems of incorporating difference into the political community.
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Kirby, Christopher. "The Organic Roots of Conatus in Early Greek Thought." Conatus 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/cjp.26601.
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The focus of this paper will be on the earliest Greek treatments of impulse, motivation, and self-animation – a cluster of concepts tied to the hormē-conatus concept. I hope to offer a plausible account of how the earliest recorded views on this subject in mythological, pre-Socratic, and Classical writings might have inspired later philosophical developments by establishing the foundations for an organic, wholly naturalized approach to human inquiry. Three pillars of that approach which I wish to emphasize are: practical intelligence (i.e., a continuity between knowing and doing), natural normativity (i.e., a continuity between human norms and the environment), and an ontology of philosophical dialectic (i.e., a continuity between the growth of human understanding and the growth of physis).
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Bailey, Stephen. "Certainly Uncertain." Stance: an international undergraduate philosophy journal 4, no. 1 (September 10, 2019): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/s.4.1.15-26.
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In this paper, I contrast pre- and post-Socratic Greek thought, particularly with respect to Apollonian optimism and Dionysian pessimism. I show how Socrates’ judgment of a “right” way of living undermined Greek pessimism and was the first step towards modern scientific optimism, the belief that the world can be understood. I then argue that new developments in quantum physics make this optimism untenable, and I finally assert that Nietzschean pessimism is a coherent and beneficial metaphysical perspective.
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Vassallo, Christian. "The ‘Pre–Socratic Section’ Of Philodemus’ On Piety: A New Reconstruction Praesocratica Herculanensia X (Part Ii)." Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 98–147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/apf-2018-0007.
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Abstract This paper is divided into two parts: the first presents all the papyrological and bibliological observations necessary for a new edition of P.Herc. 1428 (= LDAB 3563; TM 62400) which comes from the large Herculanean roll that contains Philodemus’ treatise On Piety. The second part provides a new critical reconstruction, along with translation and notes, of the ‘pre-Socratic section’ of P.Herc. 1428, in which Philodemus, via his harsh polemics against previous theological thought, critically lays out the Presocratic opinions on the gods, from Thales to the Sophists.
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Preston, David. "Empedocles’ Big Break." Sapiens ubique civis 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/suc.2020.1.11-28.
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This paper endeavours to demonstrate that certain strands of ancient and modern cosmological thought are not as dissimilar as one might initially believe. In doing so, it will examine two accounts of the fundamental nature and origin of the universe – one put forward in the 5th century BCE by the Pre-Socratic Empedocles, and one favoured by a faction of 21st Century CE physical cosmologists. After said parallels are highlighted, there will be some speculation on how Empedocles may have arrived at such conclusions two and a half millennia ago, followed by a defence of him being classified only as an ancient poet.
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Nye, Andrea. "The Hidden Host: Irigaray and Diotima at Plato's Symposium." Hypatia 3, no. 3 (1988): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1988.tb00188.x.
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Irigaray's reading of Plato's Symposium in Ethique de la difference sexuelle illustrates both the advantages and the limits of her textual practise. Irigaray's attentive listening to the text allows Diotima's voice to emerge from an overlay of Platonic scholarship. But both the ahistorical nature of that listening and Irigaray's assumption of feminine marginality also make her a party to Plato's sabotage of Diotima's philosophy. Understood in historical context, Diotima is not an anomaly in Platonic discourse, but the hidden host of Plato's banquet, speaking for a pre-Socratic world view against which classical Greek thought is asserted. Understood in historical context, Plato is not the authoritative founder of Western thought against whom only marginal skirmishes can be mounted, but a rebellious student who manages to transform Diotima's complex teaching on personal identity, immortality, and love into the sterile simplicities of logical form.
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Oakes, M. Gregory. "Is There a Principle of Continued Material Being?" Process Studies 51, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21543682.51.2.05.
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Abstract What is the relation of an earlier being to a later such that given the earlier there is or will be a later? I call this the question of material continuation. To answer, I offer a review of several philosophers’ thoughts, including those of Zeno, Aristotle, Descartes, Bertrand Russell, Henri Bergson, and Alfred North Whitehead. While there is considerable variety among the ontological views of these philosophers, and indeed some direct opposition of both method and assertion, my review suggests that material continuation may be explained by reference to a principle of continual creation. This principle is reflected in Aristotle's unmoved mover, in Descartes's account of God's activity in persistence, in Bergson's concept of la durée, and in Whitehead's principle of creativity. It disappears from view in objective methodologies first emerging in pre-Socratic thought, made rigorous by the development of science by the modern philosophers such as Descartes, and realized in the scientist philosophy of Russell. I include some consideration of whether the creative principle might be ideal or divine.
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Nobre, Bruno, and Ricardo Barroso Batista. "Causality: Contemporary Approaches." Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 77, no. 4 (January 31, 2022): 1141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rpf/2021_77_4_1141.
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From the dawn of philosophy, with pre-Socratic thinkers, to the present day, the concept of causality continues to captivate and divide philosophers in all areas. On the one hand, as it is a fundamental concept for understanding the World and its dynamism, the notion of causality remains attractive. On the other hand, it is a source of discord, since it can be understood and thought of in different ways, which leads to contradictory visions about reality. In face of these two stances, the contemporary philosophical debate about the nature of causality is fragmented into a large number of positions, each of which implies a different worldview. In this context, this issue of Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia (RPF) intends to contribute to the philosophical reflection on the challenges posed by the different perspectives on causality and corresponding problematics.
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Yermolenko, Anatoliy. "The practical philosophy of Hryhorii Skovoroda in the light of our experience." Filosofska dumka (Philosophical Thought) -, no. 4 (December 13, 2022): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fd2022.04.007.
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The article deals with the practical philosophy of Hryhorii Savych Skovoroda from the point of view of the leading trends of modern philosophical thought: the «rehabilitation of practical philo- sophy» and the communicative turn in philosophy, the components of which are the neo-Socratic dialogue, the philosophy of communication, and the ethics of discourse. The interpretation of Skovoroda’s philosophy is carried out not only in accordance with the principle «know yourself» as a method of knowledge, but primarily in the dimension of the Socratic dialogue, when the methods of morals and elenctics are used in the joint search for truth, solving moral problems. The dialogic nature of Skovoroda’s method consists in searching for the truth together with other people through argumentation, the truth that also appears as a moral category. The article shows the actualization of Skovoroda’s philosophy in the pre-Soviet, Soviet and modern periods of the study of his work in independent Ukraine. The main thesis of the work consists in the statement that Skovoroda did not reduce philosophy to life, but raised life itself to philosophy. Philosophy was his life — a practical philosophy of life that formed his dialogical habitus. Socratic dialogue appears in philosophy, in everyday practices of communication with people, in particular, in the itinerant habitus of the thinker. Traveling is an important element of his philosophy, his life, and his habitus. The itinerant nature of Skovoroda’s habitus takes his dialogues beyond epistemology, transferring the dialogue to a practical, or rather, moral-practical plane. Skovoroda as an educator, relying on the habitus of Ukrainian culture and dialogic practices, transcends this habitus, elevating it to the habitus of reason. The work asserts the opinion about the need and necessity to develop and practice neo-skovorodinian dialogue as a component of the worldwide trend of development of dialogic practical philosophy and dialogic civilization. The article shows not only the significance of Skovoroda’s philosophy as a historical-philosophical phenomenon, but also its role in modern philosophical research in Ukraine, as well as the national liberation struggles of the Ukrainian people in the fight against Russia’s aggressive policy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pre-Socratic thought"
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Brook, Angus. "A Phenomenology of Religion?" Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/994.
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This research explores the possibility of a phenomenology of religion that is ontological, founded on Martin Heidegger’s philosophical thought. The research attempts to utilise Heidegger’s formulation of phenomenology as ontology while also engaging in a critical relation with his path of thinking; as a barrier to the phenomenological interpretation of the meaning of Religion. This research formulates Religion as an ontological problem wherein the primary question becomes: how are humans, in our being, able to be religious and thus also able to understand the meaning of ‘religion’ or something like ‘religion’? This study focuses on the problem of foundation; of whether it is possible to provide an adequate foundation for the study of religion(s) via the notion ‘Religion’. Further, this study also aims to explore the problem of methodological foundation; of how preconceptions of the meaning of Religion predetermine how religion(s) and religious phenomena are studied. Finally, this research moves toward the possibility of founding a regional ontological basis for the study of religion(s) insofar as the research explores the ontological ground of Religion as a phenomenon. Due to the exploratory and methodological/foundational emphasis of the research, the thesis is almost entirely preliminary. Herein, the research focuses on three main issues: how the notion of Religion is preconceived, how Heidegger’s phenomenology can be tailored to the phenomenon of Religion, and how philosophical thought (in this case, Pre-Socratic philosophy) discloses indications of the meaning of Religion. Pre-Socratic thought is then utilised as a foundation for a preliminary interpretation of how Religion belongs-to humans in our being. This research provides two interrelated theses: the provision of an interpretation of Religion as an existential phenomenon, and an interpretation of Religion in its ground of being-human. With regard to the former, I argue that Religion signifies a potential relation with the ‘originary ground’ of life as meaningful. Accordingly, the second interpretation discloses the meaning of Religion as grounded in being-human; that for humans in our being, the meaning of life is an intrinsic question/dilemma for us. This being-characteristic, I argue, can be called belief.
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Brook, Angus. "A Phenomenology of Religion?" Studies in Religion, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/994.
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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)This research explores the possibility of a phenomenology of religion that is ontological, founded on Martin Heidegger’s philosophical thought. The research attempts to utilise Heidegger’s formulation of phenomenology as ontology while also engaging in a critical relation with his path of thinking; as a barrier to the phenomenological interpretation of the meaning of Religion. This research formulates Religion as an ontological problem wherein the primary question becomes: how are humans, in our being, able to be religious and thus also able to understand the meaning of ‘religion’ or something like ‘religion’? This study focuses on the problem of foundation; of whether it is possible to provide an adequate foundation for the study of religion(s) via the notion ‘Religion’. Further, this study also aims to explore the problem of methodological foundation; of how preconceptions of the meaning of Religion predetermine how religion(s) and religious phenomena are studied. Finally, this research moves toward the possibility of founding a regional ontological basis for the study of religion(s) insofar as the research explores the ontological ground of Religion as a phenomenon. Due to the exploratory and methodological/foundational emphasis of the research, the thesis is almost entirely preliminary. Herein, the research focuses on three main issues: how the notion of Religion is preconceived, how Heidegger’s phenomenology can be tailored to the phenomenon of Religion, and how philosophical thought (in this case, Pre-Socratic philosophy) discloses indications of the meaning of Religion. Pre-Socratic thought is then utilised as a foundation for a preliminary interpretation of how Religion belongs-to humans in our being. This research provides two interrelated theses: the provision of an interpretation of Religion as an existential phenomenon, and an interpretation of Religion in its ground of being-human. With regard to the former, I argue that Religion signifies a potential relation with the ‘originary ground’ of life as meaningful. Accordingly, the second interpretation discloses the meaning of Religion as grounded in being-human; that for humans in our being, the meaning of life is an intrinsic question/dilemma for us. This being-characteristic, I argue, can be called belief.
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Kaddour, Karim. "Traduction commentée du Grand commentaire d' Averroès aux livres petit Alpha, grand Alpha, Gamma et Epsilon de la Métaphysique d' Aristote." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H233/document.
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L’objet de ce présent travail consiste dans une traduction commentée du Grand commentaire d’Averroès de la Métaphysique d’Aristote à partir du texte arabe établi par le père Maurice Bouyges. Cette traduction concerne principalement les livres Grand Alpha, Petit Alpha ; Gamma ; Epsilon. Ce travail s’inscrit dans l’intérêt que nous portons à la transmission de la pensée grecque chez les auteurs musulmans du Moyen Âge, et plus particulièrement à la restitution de la pensée métaphysique d’Aristote chez Averroès. À travers cette traduction, les enjeux sont multiples : traduire le texte arabe de la Métaphysique avec ce qu’il contient et ce qu’il exclut afin de déterminer la nature du texte arabe commenté par Averroès et voir s’il existe une réelle correspondance avec le texte que nous connaissons d’Aristote. En outre, permettre aux hellénistes d’accéder au texte qui a servi de support pour toutes les métaphysiques musulmanes, notamment celle d’al-Kindi, d’al-Fârâbî et d’Avicenne, car c’est le même texte qui a été utilisé par ces derniers, alors que chaque auteur a interprété différemment le contenu doctrinal de ce traité. Et enfin, suivre pas à pas le commentaire d’Averroès afin de déterminer si ce dernier demeure fidèle à Aristote en l’interprétant sans aucune considération extérieure, ou bien si son interprétation s’en éloigne volontairement, rejoignant ainsi le cercle de la plupart des philosophes néoplatoniciens. Quelques résultats de recherche ont été exposés dans les Appendices. Ils concernent essentiellement les différentes variantes que le texte soulève. Tout d’abord, une première étude consacrée à examiner la structure et le contenu de l’ensemble du traité d’Aristote dans sa version arabe. Ensuite, une deuxième étude consacrée à examiner toutes les corruptions relatives aux quatre livres traduits et leur conséquence sur l’unité doctrinale de la pensée d’Aristote. Et enfin, une troisième étude dans laquelle sont examinées les différentes erreurs de traduction et leur conséquence sur le commentaire d’AverroèsThe object of this present work is a commented translation of Averroes’ Great commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics from the Arabic text prepared by father Maurice Bouyges. This translation mainly concerns the books Alpha, little Alpha, Gamma and Epsilon. This work is a part of our interest in the transmission of the Greek knowledge among Muslim authors of the Middle Age, and particularly the restitution of the metaphysical thought of Aristotle in Averroes.Through this translation, the stakes are multiples: translating the Arabic text of the Metaphysics with what it contains and what it excludes in order to determine the nature of the Arabic text commented by Averroes and to see if there is a real correspondence with the text we know of Aristotle. In addition, allowing the Hellenists to access the text that has served as a support for all Muslim metaphysics, including that of al-kindi, al-Fârâbî and Avicenne, as it the same text that was used by the latter, while each author has interpreted the doctrinal content of this treatise differently. And finally, following step by step the commentary of Averroes to determine if the latter remains faithful to Aristotle by interpreting it without any external consideration, or if its interpretation deviates voluntarily, joining the circle of most of Neo-Platonist philosophers.Somme research results are exposed at the end of the translation. They mainly concern the different variants that the text raises. First, a primary study devoted to examine the structure and content of the entire Aristotle treaty in its Arabic version. Then, a second study devoted to examine all the corruptions relative to the four translated books and their consequences to the doctrinal unity of Aristotle’s thought. And finally, a third study in which are examined the various translation errors and their consequences on the commentary of Averroes
Books on the topic "Pre-Socratic thought"
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Early Greek thought: Before the dawn. London: Continuum, 2011.
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Curd, Patricia. The legacy of Parmenides: Eleatic monism and later presocratic thought. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1998.
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The founders of Western thought: The presocratics : a diachronic parallelism between presocratic thought and philosophy and the natural sciences. [New York?]: Springer, 2009.
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Luchte, James. Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn. Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
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Curd, Patricia. The Legacy of Parmenides: Eleatic Monism and Later Presocratic Thought. Parmenides Publishing, 2004.
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Korab-Karpowicz, W. Julian. Presocratics in the Thought of Martin Heidegger. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.
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Korab-Karpowicz, W. Julian. Presocratics in the Thought of Martin Heidegger. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.
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Presocratics in the Thought of Martin Heidegger. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.
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Korab-Karpowicz, W. Julian. Presocratics in the Thought of Martin Heidegger. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.
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The Founders of Western Thought – The Presocratics: A diachronic parallelism between Presocratic Thought and Philosophy and the Natural Sciences. Springer Netherlands, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Pre-Socratic thought"
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Andriopoulos, D. Z. "Concepts of Causality in Pre-Socratic Philosophy." In Natural Sciences and Human Thought, 93–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78685-3_8.
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Rescher, Nicholas. "Thought Experimentation in Pre-Socratic Philosophy." In What If?, 61–72. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351321884-4.
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"Pre-Socratic philosophy, with a glance at ancient Indian and Chinese thought." In A History of Western Thought, 21–47. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203870372-8.
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Pecora, Vincent P. "Athens and Jerusalem." In Land and Literature in a Cosmopolitan Age, 1–34. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852148.003.0001.
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Autochthony is fundamental to ancient Greek notions of belonging to the land. While the motif had a negligible presence in the literature of European Christendom, it returns with some force in modern productions by Stéphane Mallarmé, Thomas Hardy, D. H. Lawrence, E. M. Forster, and James Joyce. Martin Heidegger too draws on pre-Socratic Greek thought on the theme of autochthony. But there is a parallel tradition of belonging to the land that begins in the Pentateuch. In Exodus, God speaks to Moses about a Promised Land. In medieval Europe, Meister Eckhart reads Exodus as providing a special, mystical understanding of God’s soul, one that intertwines promised land with the human soul’s creative capacities, and lays the foundation for theologically infused politics in the German tradition. In Alexander Baumgarten, Immanuel Kant, and J. G. Fichte, nationalism is linked to Eckhart. In the twentieth century, Heidegger phenomenologically reinscribes earth, divinities, and dwelling poetically.