Journal articles: 'Pre-Patterning'

1

Stower, Hannah. "Histone modification pre-patterning." Nature Reviews Genetics 13, no. 1 (December 16, 2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3149.

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Pouchelon, Gabrielle, Laura Frangeul, Filippo M. Rijli, and Denis Jabaudon. "Patterning of pre-thalamic somatosensory pathways." European Journal of Neuroscience 35, no. 10 (May 2012): 1533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08059.x.

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Lim, Bomyi, Michael Levine, and Yuji Yamazaki. "Transcriptional Pre-patterning of Drosophila Gastrulation." Current Biology 27, no. 2 (January 2017): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.047.

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Lim, Bomyi, Michael Levine, and Yuji Yamazaki. "Transcriptional Pre-patterning of Drosophila Gastrulation." Current Biology 27, no. 4 (February 2017): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.067.

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Rudall, Paula J., and Emma V. W. Knowles. "Ultrastructure of stomatal development in early-divergent angiosperms reveals contrasting patterning and pre-patterning." Annals of Botany 112, no. 6 (August 21, 2013): 1031–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct169.

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Dietrich, J. E., and T. Hiiragi. "Stochastic patterning in the mouse pre-implantation embryo." Development 134, no. 23 (October 24, 2007): 4219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.003798.

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Stasi, V., G. Cattaneo, S. Franz, M. Bestetti, M. C. Ubaldi, D. Piccinin, and S. M. Pietralunga. "Aluminium pre-patterning for highly ordered nanoporous anodized alumina." Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications 5, no. 2-3 (October 2007): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2007.07.009.

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Gardner, Richard L., and Timothy J. Davies. "The basis and significance of pre–patterning in mammals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1436 (August 29, 2003): 1331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1322.

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The second polar body (Pb) provides an enduring marker of the animal pole of the zygote, thereby revealing that the axis of bilateral symmetry of the early blastocyst is aligned with the zygote's animal–vegetal axis. That this relationship is biologically significant appeared likely when subsequent studies showed that the equator of the blastocyst tended to correspond with the plane of first cleavage. However, this cleavage plane varies both with respect to the position of the second Pb and to the distribution of components of the fertilizing sperm that continue to mark the point where it entered the egg. It also maps too variably on the blastocyst to play a causal role in early patterning. The zygote has been found transiently to exhibit bilateral symmetry before regaining an essentially spherical shape prior to first cleavage. Marking experiments indicate that the plane of bilateral symmetry of the blastocyst is aligned with, and the plane of first cleavage is typically orthogonal to, the zygote's bilateral plane. The bilateral symmetry of the zygote bears no consistent relationship either to the point of sperm entry or to the distribution of the pronuclei, and may therefore be a manifestation of intrinsic organization of the egg. Finally, the two–cell blastomere inheriting the sperm entry point has not been found to differ consistently in fate from the one that does not.

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Gorenflo, L. J. "COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN SETTLEMENT DATA IN THE BASIN OF MEXICO." Ancient Mesoamerica 26, no. 1 (2015): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536115000140.

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AbstractA key component of archaeological research in the Basin of Mexico was a series of systematic regional surveys conducted between 1960 and 1975. This essay discusses efforts to finalize settlement data generated by those surveys, and preliminary analyses of the resulting dataset that include geographic information system applications to examine patterns of settlement over time. The paper begins by reviewing the surveys and the information they produced for more than 3,900 sites. Analyses of demographics, settlement hierarchies, and environmental patterning reveal periods of slow population increase and decrease that indicate no major demographic events, but noteworthy shifts in settlement types and environmental focus. Analyses of spatial patterning reveal evidence of considerable geographic shifts in settlement over time, probable widespread reliance on irrigation throughout much of the pre-Columbian basin, likely major shifts in adaptation to the central lake system in the region, and intraregional migration as a key demographic process in settlement patterning. Amid growing understanding of pre-Columbian settlement patterns in the Basin of Mexico, this paper also defines key research problems involving demographic mobility, the role of water control in adaptation and sociocultural evolution, and implications of changing environmental emphasis in settlement patterning.

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Patel, Nipam H. "The evolution of arthropod segmentation: insights from comparisons of gene expression patterns." Development 1994, Supplement (January 1, 1994): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.1994.supplement.201.

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The comparison of gene expression patterns in a number of insect and crustacean species has led to some insight into the evolution of arthropod patterning mechanisms. These studies have revealed the fundamental nature of the parasegment in a number of organisms, shown that segments can be generated sequentially at the molecular level, and suggested that pair-rule pre-patterning might not be shared by all insects.

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Jin, Jiao, Huihui Ren, and Zhaoyue Liu. "Large-Area Patterning of Oil-Based Inks on Superhydrophobic TiO2 Nanotubular Layers by Photocatalytic Wettability Conversion." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101203.

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Patterning an oil-based ink on a solid surface based on a wettability difference is of significant importance for the application of offset printing. Herein, we describe a large-area patterning of oil-based ink on a self-organized TiO2 nanotubular layer based on a photocatalytic wettability conversion. The TiO2 nanotubular layer was fabricated by electrochemical anodization, which demonstrated a superhydrophobic wettability after modification with a self-assembled molecular layer. Subsequently, area-selective ultraviolet (UV) irradiation through a pre-designed pattern of water-based UV-resistant ink formed by an ink-jet technique was used to form a wettability difference. After removing the water-based ink, an oil-based ink was capable of depositing selectively on the superhydrophobic area to form the same pattern as the pre-designed pattern of water-based ink. This large-area patterning of an oil-based ink based on the photocatalytic wettability conversion is potentially applicable in offset printing.

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Qiu, Xiaxin, Shumin Liang, Xinhua Huang, and Lidong Zhang. "Pre-patterning and post-oxidation-crosslinking of Fe(0) particles for a humidity-sensing actuator." Chemical Communications 55, no. 100 (2019): 15049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc07855j.

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Papic, Marina M., Joanne T. Mulligan, and Michael C. Mitchelmore. "Assessing the Development of Preschoolers' Mathematical Patterning." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 42, no. 3 (May 2011): 237–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.42.3.0237.

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The development of patterning strategies during the year prior to formal schooling was studied in 53 children from 2 similar preschools. One preschool implemented a 6-month intervention focusing on repeating and spatial patterns. An interview-based Early Mathematical Patterning Assessment (EMPA) was developed and administered pre- and postintervention, and again following the 1st year of formal schooling. The intervention group outperformed the comparison group across a wide range of patterning tasks at the post- and follow-up assessments. Children from the intervention group demonstrated greater understanding of unit of repeat and spatial structuring, and most were also able to extend and explain growing patterns 1 year later. In contrast, most of the comparison group treated repeating patterns as alternating items and rarely recognized simple geometrical patterns. The findings indicate a fundamental link between patterning and multiplicative reasoning through the development of composite units.

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Armon, Nina, Ehud Greenberg, Eitan Edri, Avraham Kenigsberg, Silvia Piperno, Omree Kapon, Ohad Fleker, et al. "Simultaneous laser-induced synthesis and micro-patterning of a metal organic framework." Chemical Communications 55, no. 85 (2019): 12773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc05990c.

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Buller, Oleg, Hong Wang, Wenchong Wang, Lifeng Chi, and Andreas Heuer. "Boundary-induced nucleation control: a theoretical perspective." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 5 (2018): 3752–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02348k.

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Singh, Sherjang, Pranesh Muralidhar, Samuel Mallabar, and Silas Scott. "Middle of Line (MoL) Cleaning Challenges in Sub-20nm Node Device Manufacturing." Solid State Phenomena 255 (September 2016): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.255.105.

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In advanced technology nodes (sub 20nm), the gate & active contact architecture has become very complex. This architecture not only introduced new materials but also integrated additional patterning mask layers. This necessitated a separate Middle of Line (MoL) zone whereas conventionally contact integration used to be a Front End of Line (FEoL) process. This paper discusses wet cleaning challenges in MoL that were unforeseen with conventional contact architecture. Typical chemistries such as Sulfuric Peroxide Mixture (SPM), dilute Hydrofloric Acid (dHF), Aqua Regia, Standard Clean 1 (SC1), etc. that were used for contact cleaning or in salicidization process are found to be too aggressive due to smaller process window, shrinking Critical Dimensions (CD), and other challenges arising from overall tighter tolerances. As a result of device scaling, most of the MoL mask patterning is done with immersion lithography and double patterning techniques such as Litho-Etch Litho-Etch (LELE) are also needed. Immersion lithography is very sensitive to pre-litho backside and frontside particles which make pre-litho cleaning in MoL very critical as well. Also due to lack of high aspect ratio features in MoL (mostly contact holes), physical particle removal techniques such as droplet spray and MegaSonic can be very effectively used to achieve higher Particle Removal Efficiency (PRE). This paper summarizes such different scenarios & related challenges.

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T. SHAFEEK. "SOUND PATTERNING OF PRE-TEENS IN ENGLISH WORDS - A COGNITIVE PROCESS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN EDUCATION HUMANITIES AND COMMERCE 05, no. 05 (2024): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37602/ijrehc.2024.5520.

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Teachers of English tend to believe learners of English as Second or Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) generate “same phonological patterns’ during even taught English words. Evidences show they deviate from teacher- instructed patterns in their known English word articulations. This unrecognized act is speakers’ subconscious knowledge of phonological awareness. The sounds of all languages are patterned and organized in a way where some actions of sound patterning are results of cognitive process leading distorted processes. This paper presents Sound Pattern Processing (SPP) and it impacted deviated processes in utterances of two- forty (240) pre-teens students in select known English words. The complexity of phonological patterns in these words is studied from the perspectives of the theory of RCVP - Radical CV Phonology (Hulst, 2020), autosegmental (Goldsmith, 1976), and lexical phonology (Mohanan, 1982). The study is concerned with issues of phonological processes where preteen learners of English exhibit differences and variations in their independent English –word articulations.

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Biser, Jeffrey M., Jason T. Perkins, Hong Wei Li, Helen M. Chan, and Richard P. Vinci. "Fabrication and Morphological Stability of Aluminium Nanostructures En Route to Nanopatterned Sapphire." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 945–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.945.

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It has recently been demonstrated that it is possible to produce a pristine surface layer on a lapped sapphire substrate by depositing a thin film of aluminum and subjecting it to an appropriate thermal treatment. This process also shows promise for the fabrication of nanopatterned sapphire by pre-patterning the aluminum metal prior to thermal conversion to sapphire. We have explored two distinct patterning processes: a dual layer photoresist e-beam lithography technique for fabricating arbitrarily shaped aluminum structures, and a novel, non-conventional mask-liftoff method involving nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide, useful for patterning very large scale arrays of sub-micron aluminum dots or posts. Our work is focused on refining the fabrication process and investigating the morphological stability of such metal nanostructures during conversion to sapphire.

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Michiue, Tatsuo, and Kohei Tsukano. "Feedback Regulation of Signaling Pathways for Precise Pre-Placodal Ectoderm Formation in Vertebrate Embryos." Journal of Developmental Biology 10, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb10030035.

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Intracellular signaling pathways are essential to establish embryonic patterning, including embryonic axis formation. Ectodermal patterning is also governed by a series of morphogens. Four ectodermal regions are thought to be controlled by morphogen gradients, but some perturbations are expected to occur during dynamic morphogenetic movement. Therefore, a mechanism to define areas precisely and reproducibly in embryos, including feedback regulation of signaling pathways, is necessary. In this review, we outline ectoderm pattern formation and signaling pathways involved in the establishment of the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE). We also provide an example of feedback regulation of signaling pathways for robust formation of the PPE, showing the importance of this regulation.

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CADILHE, ANTÓNIO, and VLADIMIR PRIVMAN. "RANDOM SEQUENTIAL ADSORPTION OF MIXTURES OF DIMERS AND MONOMERS ON A PRE-TREATED BETHE LATTICE." Modern Physics Letters B 18, no. 05n06 (March 12, 2004): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984904006846.

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We report studies of random sequential adsorption on the pre-patterned Bethe lattice. We consider a partially covered Bethe lattice, on which monomers and dimers deposit competitively. Analytical solutions are obtained and discussed in the context of recent efforts to use pre-patterning as a tool to improve self-assembly in micro- and nano-scale surface structure engineering.

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Yang, Bin, Marina Lledos, Riaz Akhtar, Giuseppe Ciccone, Long Jiang, Emanuele Russo, Sunil Rajput, et al. "Surface-controlled spatially heterogeneous physical properties of a supramolecular gel with homogeneous chemical composition." Chemical Science 12, no. 42 (2021): 14260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc04671c.

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A mechanical pattern is created in a hydrogel film by pre-patterning the underlying surface chemistry. This allows spatial variation of the viscous component of the gel, controlling dissipative forces in the gel film without altering gel chemistry.

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Kyvelidou, Christiana, George J. Tserevelakis, George Filippidis, Anthi Ranella, Anastasia Kleovoulou, Costas Fotakis, and Irene Athanassakis. "Following the course of pre-implantation embryo patterning by non-linear microscopy." Journal of Structural Biology 176, no. 3 (December 2011): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2011.09.007.

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Rasmussen, Theodore P., and Gareth N. Corry. "Epigenetic pre-patterning and dynamics during initial stages of mammalian preimplantation development." Journal of Cellular Physiology 225, no. 2 (July 6, 2010): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22293.

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Wang, Xinnan, Shuping Xu, Ming Cong, Haibo Li, Yuejiao Gu, and Weiqing Xu. "Hierarchical Structural Nanopore Arrays Fabricated by Pre-patterning Aluminum using Nanosphere Lithography." Small 8, no. 7 (February 8, 2012): 972–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201102274.

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Hermitte, Stéphanie, and Claire Chazaud. "Primitive endoderm differentiation: from specification to epithelium formation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1657 (December 5, 2014): 20130537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0537.

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In amniotes, primitive endoderm (PrE) plays important roles not only for nutrient support but also as an inductive tissue required for embryo patterning. PrE is an epithelial monolayer that is visible shortly before embryo implantation and is one of the first three cell lineages produced by the embryo. We review here the molecular mechanisms that have been uncovered during the past 10 years on PrE and epiblast cell lineage specification within the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and on their subsequent steps of differentiation.

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Grandel, Heiner, Klaus Lun, Gerd-Jörg Rauch, Muriel Rhinn, Tatjana Piotrowski, Corinne Houart, Paolo Sordino, et al. "Retinoic acid signalling in the zebrafish embryo is necessary during pre-segmentation stages to pattern the anterior-posterior axis of the CNS and to induce a pectoral fin bud." Development 129, no. 12 (June 15, 2002): 2851–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.12.2851.

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A number of studies have suggested that retinoic acid (RA) is an important signal for patterning the hindbrain, the branchial arches and the limb bud. Retinoic acid is thought to act on the posterior hindbrain and the limb buds at somitogenesis stages in chick and mouse embryos. Here we report a much earlier requirement for RA signalling during pre-segmentation stages for proper development of these structures in zebrafish. We present evidence that a RA signal is necessary during pre-segmentation stages for proper expression of the spinal cord markers hoxb5a and hoxb6b, suggesting an influence of RA on anteroposterior patterning of the neural plate posterior to the hindbrain. We report the identification and expression pattern of the zebrafish retinaldehyde dehydrogenase2 (raldh2/aldh1a2) gene. Raldh2 synthesises retinoic acid (RA) from its immediate precursor retinal. It is expressed in a highly ordered spatial and temporal fashion during gastrulation in the involuting mesoderm and during later embryogenesis in paraxial mesoderm, branchial arches, eyes and fin buds, suggesting the involvement of RA at different times of development in different functional contexts. Mapping of the raldh2 gene reveals close linkage to no-fin (nof), a newly discovered mutant lacking pectoral fins and cartilaginous gill arches. Cloning and functional tests of the wild-type and nof alleles of raldh2 reveal that nof is a raldh2 mutant. By treating nof mutants with RA during different time windows and by making use of a retinoic acid receptor antagonist, we show that RA signalling during pre-segmentation stages is necessary for anteroposterior patterning in the CNS and for fin induction to occur.

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Tabata, T., C. Schwartz, E. Gustavson, Z. Ali, and T. B. Kornberg. "Creating a Drosophila wing de novo, the role of engrailed, and the compartment border hypothesis." Development 121, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 3359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.10.3359.

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Anterior/posterior compartment borders bisect every Drosophila imaginal disc, and the engrailed gene is essential for their function. We analyzed the role of the engrailed and invected genes in wing discs by eliminating or increasing their activity. Removing engrailed/invected from posterior wing cells created two new compartments: an anterior compartment consisting of mutant cells and a posterior compartment that grew from neighboring cells. In some cases, these compartments formed a complete new wing. Increasing engrailed activity also affected patterning. These findings demonstrate that engrailed both directs the posterior compartment pathway and creates the compartment border. These findings also establish the compartment border as the pre-eminent organizational feature of disc growth and patterning.

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Bao, Shuai, Ai Hua Gao, Huan Liu, and Wei Guo Liu. "Fabrication of Fine-Line Pattern with Image Reversal Process." Advanced Materials Research 411 (November 2011): 474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.411.474.

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This paper describes a simple and effective lift-off method that relies upon a single layer of positive photoresist and lithography technology. We have succeeded in patterning narrow lines in a photoresist film by image reversal process. Image reversal with AZ 5214-E resist is characterized by contact lithography. A process of patterning different line widths was developed based on image reversal technology, using AZ5214-E, followed by pre-bake, exposure, reversal bake, flood exposure and development. We could obtain very neat patterns with 2-5μm dimensions and their relative features have been supported by scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures. The application of the proposed process is suitable for the electrode fabrication in MEMS SAW devices.

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Abu-Khalaf, Jumana, Loiy Al-Ghussain, and Ala’aldeen Al-Halhouli. "Fabrication of Stretchable Circuits on Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Pre-Stretched Substrates by Inkjet Printing Silver Nanoparticles." Materials 11, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 2377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122377.

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Several research methodologies have recently been developed to allow for the patterning of conductive lines on elastomeric rubber substrates. Specifically, various conductive materials, substrates, and fabrication techniques were investigated to develop stretchable circuits. One promising technique recommends the application of axial strain on an elastomer substrate prior to patterning conductive lines on it. When the substrate is released, conductive lines buckle to form waves, making the circuit stretchable. However, the majority of applications of stretchable circuits require fitting them to two-dimensional surfaces, such as the human body. Hence, in this paper we propose the concept of radial pre-stretching of the substrates to enhance the stretchability of the fabricated circuits. In particular, straight silver conductive lines were deposited on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface using inkjet printing technology, and subsequently tested under both axial and radial loads. Radial pre-stretching was compared to axial pre-stretching, resulting in an improved performance under radial loads. The optimal performance was achieved by pre-stretching the PDMS substrate with a radial strain of 27%. This resulted in stretchable circuits which could sustain radial loads with an average breakdown strain of approximately 19%. Additionally, horseshoe patterns were printed on radially pre-stretched PDMS substrates and their performance was compared to that of their straight line counterparts. Though these patterns are generally favorable for the fabrication of stretchable circuits, the optimal horseshoe pattern examined in this study could only sustain up to 16% radial strain on average when radially pre-stretched by 27%.

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Pang, Ilsun, Sungsoo Kim, and Jaegab Lee. "Significantly Improved Adhesion of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanofilms to Amino-Silane Monolayer Pre-Patterned SiO2 Surfaces." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3792–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.028.

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This study reports a novel patterning method for highly pure poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanofilms having a particularly strong adhesion to a SiO2 surface. An oxidized silicon wafer substrate was micro-contact printed with n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayer, and subsequently its negative pattern was self-assembled with three different amino-functionalized alkylsilanes, (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APS), N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane (EDAS), and (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) diethylenetriamine (DETS). Then, PEDOT nanofilms were selectively grown on the aminosilane pre-patterned areas via the vapor phase polymerization method. To evaluate the adhesion and patterning, the PEDOT nanofilms and SAMs were investigated with a Scotch® tape test, contact angle analyzer, optical and atomic force microscopes. The evaluation revealed that the newly developed bottom-up process can successfully offer a strongly adhered and selectively patterned PEDOT nanofilm on an oxidized Si wafer surface.

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Pang, Ilsun, Sungsoo Kim, and Jaegab Lee. "Significantly Improved Adhesion of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanofilms to Amino-Silane Monolayer Pre-Patterned SiO2 Surfaces." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3792–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18074.

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This study reports a novel patterning method for highly pure poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanofilms having a particularly strong adhesion to a SiO2 surface. An oxidized silicon wafer substrate was micro-contact printed with n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayer, and subsequently its negative pattern was self-assembled with three different amino-functionalized alkylsilanes, (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APS), N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane (EDAS), and (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) diethylenetriamine (DETS). Then, PEDOT nanofilms were selectively grown on the aminosilane pre-patterned areas via the vapor phase polymerization method. To evaluate the adhesion and patterning, the PEDOT nanofilms and SAMs were investigated with a Scotch® tape test, contact angle analyzer, optical and atomic force microscopes. The evaluation revealed that the newly developed bottom-up process can successfully offer a strongly adhered and selectively patterned PEDOT nanofilm on an oxidized Si wafer surface.

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S. Williamson, Randall. "PEEK as a Potential Material for Dental Implants and its Biomechanical Properties and Osteoblast Cell Response." Journal of Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1, no. 2 (November 23, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54289/jdoe2100106.

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Proper osseointegration is crucial for the success of dental and orthopedic implants. Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium (TAV) is one of the most popular implant materials; however, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has gained the interest of implant researchers and manufacturers over the past several years due to its lower modulus of elasticity compared to metallic implant materials. Porosity and patterned surface morphologies are thought to improve mechanical interlocking and play an important role in the differentiation of pre-osteoblasts into mature osteoblasts. This study aimed to determine the effects a macro patterned PEEK surface has on the material’s mechanical properties and the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of pre-osteoblasts. Mechanical testing data indicated that the macro patterning improved the mechanical interlocking and has no detrimental effect on compression strength. DNA data and live/dead imaging showed that pre-osteoblasts on solid PEEK specimens did not readily differentiate but instead encouraged proliferation only. However, ALP data in comparison to the DNA data showed that cells on patterned PEEK specimens more readily entered the differentiation pathway to mineralization. This is further confirmed by the patterned PEEK specimens showing an overall higher amount of cell mineralization. Clinical significance: This study concludes that surface macro patterning of PEEK material increases the mechanical interlocking and enhances the osseointegration capability without diminishing mechanical properties.

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Ma, Yingyi. "Pre-College Influences and College Major Choice: Gender, Race/Ethnicity and Nativity Patterning." Theory In Action 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2009): 96–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.09008.

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Slater, Brendan, Sonia Boscolo, Alex Shafarenko, and Sergei K. Turitsyn. "Mitigation of patterning effects at 40 Gbits/s by skewed channel pre-encoding." Journal of Optical Networking 6, no. 8 (2007): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jon.6.000984.

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Byrd, Brian Franklin, and Edward B. Banning. "Southern Levantine Pier Houses: Intersite Architectural Patterning during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B." Paléorient 14, no. 1 (1988): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1988.4440.

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Blom, Deborah E., Jane E. Buikstra, Linda Keng, Paula D. Tomczak, Eleanor Shoreman, and Debbie Stevens-Tuttle. "Anemia and childhood mortality: Latitudinal patterning along the coast of pre-Columbian Peru." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 127, no. 2 (June 2005): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10431.

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RAJAGOPALAN, KARTIK KUMAR, JUAN CHEN, BAIYANG LU, and SHENGNIAN WANG. "MANUFACTURING DNA NANOWIRES WITH AIR BLOWING ASSEMBLY ON MICROPATTERNED SURFACE." Nano LIFE 03, no. 02 (June 2013): 1350001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984413500013.

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Herein, we present a new flow-guided assembly approach to align and position DNA nanowires. Single or multiple drops of a λ-DNA solution were loaded from one side of template with micropad array and blown off by air flow. DNA molecules were aligned along the flow direction and well positioned under the guiding of pre-defined micropatterns. Different from other pioneering work, we focused on investigating the assembly quality, reliability and appropriateness for large-scale manufacturing. We correlated the assembly quality (alignment, patterning and the surface coverage) with the concentration of DNA in droplets and droplet evaporation and suggested appropriate process windows. With this new approach, the synthesis, alignment and patterning of nanowires may be done in a reliable and efficient manner and with high throughput.

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Korostynska, Olga, Jun Jie Yan, Alex Mason, Khalil Arshak, and Ahmed Al-Shamma'a. "Flexible Approach to Sensors Arrays Nanopatterning for Real-Time Water Contaminants Monitoring Platform." Key Engineering Materials 543 (March 2013): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.55.

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This paper reports on the development of a flexible nanopatterning approach using the NanoeNablerTM to manufacture miniaturised sensor arrays platform for real-time water quality assessment. Traditionally biosensors are fabricated by lithography, screen printing, inkjet printing, spin-or deep-coating methods to immobilize the sensing element onto substrate pre-patterned with electrodes. NanoeNablerTM patterning method is benchmarked against other currently adapted approaches for cost-effective sensors arrays manufacture. Sensors measuring ~1 µm diameter or more can be patterned for further employment in molecularly imprinted polymer structures. Notably, the dimensions of the sensor depend on the fluid being patterned and on the interaction forces between the substrate and the patterning tool. Thus, careful selecting of patterning parameters is vital for repeatable and controlled manufacture of sensors to guarantee superior sensitivity. The reported nanopatterning method is capable of accurately placing attoliter to femtoliter volumes of liquids, including proteins and DNAs, onto any substrate, thus making it an ideal technology for biomedical sensors. A custom-made 1 cm2 silicon wafer with 48 interdigited electrodes sensor heads was used as a platform for the multi-sensor array with potential use in a wide range of real-time monitoring applications.

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Norfleet, Dennis Andre, Anja J. Melendez, Caroline Alting, Siya Kannan, Arina A. Nikitina, Raquel Caldeira Botelho, Bo Yang, and Melissa L. Kemp. "Identification of Distinct, Quantitative Pattern Classes from Emergent Tissue-Scale hiPSC Bioelectric Properties." Cells 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2024): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13131136.

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Bioelectric signals possess the ability to robustly control and manipulate patterning during embryogenesis and tissue-level regeneration. Endogenous local and global electric fields function as a spatial ‘pre-pattern’, controlling cell fates and tissue-scale anatomical boundaries; however, the mechanisms facilitating these robust multiscale outcomes are poorly characterized. Computational modeling addresses the need to predict in vitro patterning behavior and further elucidate the roles of cellular bioelectric signaling components in patterning outcomes. Here, we modified a previously designed image pattern recognition algorithm to distinguish unique spatial features of simulated non-excitable bioelectric patterns under distinct cell culture conditions. This algorithm was applied to comparisons between simulated patterns and experimental microscopy images of membrane potential (Vmem) across cultured human iPSC colonies. Furthermore, we extended the prediction to a novel co-culture condition in which cell sub-populations possessing different ionic fluxes were simulated; the defining spatial features were recapitulated in vitro with genetically modified colonies. These results collectively inform strategies for modeling multiscale spatial characteristics that emerge in multicellular systems, characterizing the molecular contributions to heterogeneity of membrane potential in non-excitable cells, and enabling downstream engineered bioelectrical tissue design.

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Sinani, Alexandra, Dimitrios Palles, Constantinos Bacharis, Dionysios Mouzakis, Maria Kandyla, and Christos Riziotis. "Laser Processing of Intraocular Lenses." Applied Sciences 14, no. 14 (July 11, 2024): 6071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14146071.

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Polymeric Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are vital for restoring vision following cataract surgery and for correcting refractive errors. Despite technological and medical advancements, challenges persist in achieving optimal vision and preventing complications. Surface modifications aim to mitigate the risk of posterior capsule opacification (PCO), while pre-operative measurements aid in selecting suitable IOLs. However, individualized solutions are lacking and there is a clear demand for the development of fully customized IOL surfaces. We employ laser micromachining technology for precise modifications via ablation on PMMA and acrylic IOLs, using femtosecond (fs), nanosecond (ns), and diode continuous wave (CW) lasers, at wavelengths ranging from near-ultraviolet to infrared. Characterization reveals controlled ablation patterning, achieving feature sizes from as small as 400 nm to several micrometers. Regular and confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed alterations of the IOL materials’ structural integrity for some patterning cases, thus affecting the optical properties, while these can be minimized by the proper selection of micromachining conditions. The results suggest the feasibility of accurate IOL patterning, which could offer personalized vision correction solutions, based on relevant corneal wavefront data, thus surpassing standard lenses, marking a significant advancement in cataract surgery outcomes.

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Sun, Chen, Mengchao Yao, Ruiqi Xiong, Yang Su, Binglin Zhu, Yong-Cong Chen, and Ping Ao. "Evolution of Telencephalon Anterior–Posterior Patterning through Core Endogenous Network Bifurcation." Entropy 26, no. 8 (July 26, 2024): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26080631.

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How did the complex structure of the telencephalon evolve? Existing explanations are based on phenomena and lack a first-principles account. The Darwinian dynamics and endogenous network theory—established decades ago—provides a mathematical and theoretical framework and a general constitutive structure for theory–experiment coupling for answering this question from a first-principles perspective. By revisiting a gene network that explains the anterior–posterior patterning of the vertebrate telencephalon, we found that upon increasing the cooperative effect within this network, fixed points gradually evolve, accompanied by the occurrence of two bifurcations. The dynamic behavior of this network is informed by the knowledge obtained from experiments on telencephalic evolution. Our work provides a quantitative explanation for how telencephalon anterior–posterior patterning evolved from the pre-vertebrate chordate to the vertebrate and provides a series of verifiable predictions from a first-principles perspective.

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Baron, Margaret H., Stephen Willey, Kenneth Sahr, Hailan Zhang, Kevin Balbi, Michael A. Dyer, and Matthew Adlam. "Induction and Patterning of Pre-Hemato-Vascular Mesoderm by the Mouse Mix Homeodomain Protein." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.565.565.

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Abstract Members of the Xenopus and zebrafish Mix/Bix family of paired class homeodomain proteins play determining roles in both mesoderm and endoderm development and are induced by members of the TGFbeta/BMP family of signaling molecules. A single Mix gene has been identified in mouse, humans and chick. Prior to gastrulation, the mouse Mix (mMix) gene is expressed in the visceral endoderm and later in the primitive streak and nascent mesoderm, where it overlaps, in part, with T. Mix expression in ES-derived embryoid bodies is early and transient, overlapping partially with Flk1 activation around the time of formation of hemangioblasts. Both mMix mRNA and protein are found in a FACS-sorted population of T+Flk1+ cells from ES cell-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) which contains hemangioblasts. A complex embryonic lethal phenotype has been reported for Mix deficient embryos, including defects in allantoic (vascular) and cardiogenesis. Mesoderm forms in these embryos but is not patterned properly. Embryonic lethality occurs around E10.5–11, presumably as a result of the cardiovascular defects. We have generated inducible ES cell lines in which expression of Mix protein is responsive to doxycycline. Ectopic expression of Mix in EBs results in premature, enhanced expression of hemangioblast, angioblast and hematopoietic stem cell markers (mRNA and FACS analyses) and increased formation of stem/progenitor cells in clonogenic assays in methylcellulose. Together, the expression analyses, knockout phenotype, and gain-of-function studies in ES cells suggest that mMix functions early in induction and patterning of mesoderm, including formation of hematopoietic and endothelial lineages. Potential mMix target genes are being identified by microarray analyses of the inducible Mix ES lines. To examine mMix activities in vivo, we have generated null and conditional mMix knockout mice from several independently targeted ES cell lines. Analysis of these animals is in progress. Like Xenopus Mix.1, mouse Mix may represent an important connection between the TGFbeta/BMP pathway and hematopoietic/vascular development in the embryo.

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Yang, Bo, Tejoder Muppidi, Vidvuds Ozolins, and Mark Asta. "Strong effect of substrate symmetry and pre-patterning on self-assembly of compositional patterns." Surface Science 602, no. 18 (September 2008): L123—L126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2008.07.041.

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Ellison, Ann. "The Bronze Age Settlement at Thorny Down: pots, post-holes and patterning." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, no. 1 (1987): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00006290.

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The structures and artefact patterning of the Bronze Age settlement at Thorny Down are re-examined in the light of newly discovered documentation from the original excavation. Two phases of settlement are recognized, the earlier one pre-Deverel-Rimbury. Analysis of artefact patterns allows the functional interpretation of different structural types. Four settlement units can be identified, similar to recurring modules previously defined on Middle Bronze-Age sites in southern England.

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Yamamoto, Hiroki, Guy Dawson, Takahiro Kozawa, and Alex P. G. Robinson. "Lamellar Orientation of a Block Copolymer via an Electron-Beam Induced Polarity Switch in a Nitrophenyl Self-Assembled Monolayer or Si Etching Treatments." Quantum Beam Science 4, no. 2 (March 27, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs4020019.

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Directed self-assembly (DSA) was investigated on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) chemically modified by electron beam (EB) irradiation, which is composed of 6-(4-nitrophenoxy) hexane-1-thiol (NPHT). Irradiating a NPHT by EB could successfully induce the orientation and selective patterning of block copolymer domains. We clarified that spatially-selective lamellar orientations of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) could be achieved by a change of an underlying SAM. The change of an underlying SAM is composed of the transition of an NO2 group to an NH2 group, which is induced by EB. The modification in the polarity of different regions of the SAM with EB lithography controlled the lamellar orientation of PS-b-PMMA. The reduction of the NPHT SAM plays an important role in the orientation of block copolymer. This method might significantly simplify block copolymer DSA processes when it is compared to the conventional DSA process. By investigating the lamellae orientation with EB, it is clarified that only suitable annealing temperatures and irradiation doses lead to the vertical orientation. We also fabricated pre-patterned Si substrates by EB lithographic patterning and reactive ion etching (RIE). DSA onto such pre-patterned Si substrates was proven to be successful for subdivision of the lithographic patterns into line and space patterns.

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Painter, Desmond, and Wilhelmina H. Theron. "Gripping Stuff: A Response to Kevin Durrheim." South African Journal of Psychology 31, no. 1 (March 2001): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630103100103.

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In this response to Kevin Durrheim we argue that he misrepresents some of our arguments by Implying that talk of pre-reflexive patterning of social form and experience and the role of the body in this suggests biological and cultural essentialism. He further overstates the consensus amongst discursive social psychologists and social constructionists on these matters, as we briefly show in relation to the problem of the body in social psychology.

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Jones, Sarah E., and Mathias Dutschmann. "Testing the hypothesis of neurodegeneracy in respiratory network function with a priori transected arterially perfused brain stem preparation of rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 2593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01073.2015.

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Degeneracy of respiratory network function would imply that anatomically discrete aspects of the brain stem are capable of producing respiratory rhythm. To test this theory we a priori transected brain stem preparations before reperfusion and reoxygenation at 4 rostrocaudal levels: 1.5 mm caudal to obex ( n = 5), at obex ( n = 5), and 1.5 ( n = 7) and 3 mm ( n = 6) rostral to obex. The respiratory activity of these preparations was assessed via recordings of phrenic and vagal nerves and lumbar spinal expiratory motor output. Preparations with a priori transection at level of the caudal brain stem did not produce stable rhythmic respiratory bursting, even when the arterial chemoreceptors were stimulated with sodium cyanide (NaCN). Reperfusion of brain stems that preserved the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) showed spontaneous and sustained rhythmic respiratory bursting at low phrenic nerve activity (PNA) amplitude that occurred simultaneously in all respiratory motor outputs. We refer to this rhythm as the pre-BötC burstlet-type rhythm. Conserving circuitry up to the pontomedullary junction consistently produced robust high-amplitude PNA at lower burst rates, whereas sequential motor patterning across the respiratory motor outputs remained absent. Some of the rostrally transected preparations expressed both burstlet-type and regular PNA amplitude rhythms. Further analysis showed that the burstlet-type rhythm and high-amplitude PNA had 1:2 quantal relation, with burstlets appearing to trigger high-amplitude bursts. We conclude that no degenerate rhythmogenic circuits are located in the caudal medulla oblongata and confirm the pre-BötC as the primary rhythmogenic kernel. The absence of sequential motor patterning in a priori transected preparations suggests that pontine circuits govern respiratory pattern formation.

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Zhao, Yong, Chang Chun Wang, Wei Min Huang, and Hendra Purnawali. "Ethanol Induced Shape Recovery and Swelling in Poly(methyl methacrylate) and Applications in Fabrication of Microlens Array." Advances in Science and Technology 77 (September 2012): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.77.354.

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The transportation phenomenon of ethanol in pre-deformed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is systematically investigated. Two different phenomena simultaneously occur during this process. One is shape recovery, which is resulted from the ethanol induced softening and plasticization of PMMA. The other is swelling, which is produced by the ethanol induced molecular relaxation. Based on this study, a novel surface patterning method is proposed to fabricate PMMA microlens arrays in a simple and cost-effective manner.

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Spyer, K. Michael, and Alexander V. Gourine. "Chemosensory pathways in the brainstem controlling cardiorespiratory activity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1529 (September 12, 2009): 2603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0082.

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Cardiorespiratory activity is controlled by a network of neurons located within the lower brainstem. The basic rhythm of breathing is generated by neuronal circuits within the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex, modulated by pontine and other inputs from cell groups within the medulla oblongata and then transmitted to bulbospinal pre-motor neurons that relay the respiratory pattern to cranial and spinal motor neurons controlling respiratory muscles. Cardiovascular sympathetic and vagal activities have characteristic discharges that are patterned by respiratory activity. This patterning ensures ventilation–perfusion matching for optimal respiratory gas exchange within the lungs. Peripheral arterial chemoreceptors and central respiratory chemoreceptors are crucial for the maintenance of cardiorespiratory homeostasis. Inputs from these receptors ensure adaptive changes in the respiratory and cardiovascular motor outputs in various environmental and physiological conditions. Many of the connections in the reflex pathway that mediates the peripheral arterial chemoreceptor input have been established. The nucleus tractus solitarii, the ventral respiratory network, pre-sympathetic circuitry and vagal pre-ganglionic neurons at the level of the medulla oblongata are integral components, although supramedullary structures also play a role in patterning autonomic outflows according to behavioural requirements. These medullary structures mediate cardiorespiratory reflexes that are initiated by the carotid and aortic bodies in response to acute changes in PO 2 , PCO 2 and pH in the arterial blood. The level of arterial PCO 2 is the primary factor in determining respiratory drive and although there is a significant role of the arterial chemoreceptors, the principal sensor is located either at or in close proximity to the ventral surface of the medulla. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of central chemosensitivity as well as the neural basis for the integration of central and peripheral chemosensory inputs within the medulla remain challenging issues, but ones that have some emerging answers.

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Cooper, Fay, George E. Gentsch, Richard Mitter, Camille Bouissou, Lyn E. Healy, Ana Hernandez Rodriguez, James C. Smith, and Andreia S. Bernardo. "Rostrocaudal patterning and neural crest differentiation of human pre-neural spinal cord progenitors in vitro." Stem Cell Reports 17, no. 4 (April 2022): 894–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.02.018.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pre-Patterning'

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