Academic literature on the topic 'Pre-implantation development'

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Journal articles on the topic "Pre-implantation development"

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Niakan, K. K., J. Han, R. A. Pedersen, C. Simon, and R. A. R. Pera. "Human pre-implantation embryo development." Development 139, no. 5 (February 7, 2012): 829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.060426.

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Sudheer, S., and J. Adjaye. "Functional genomics of human pre-implantation development." Briefings in Functional Genomics and Proteomics 6, no. 2 (September 3, 2007): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bfgp/elm012.

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Zhang, Pu, Marco Zucchelli, Sara Bruce, Fredwell Hambiliki, Anneli Stavreus-Evers, Lev Levkov, Heli Skottman, Erja Kerkelä, Juha Kere, and Outi Hovatta. "Transcriptome Profiling of Human Pre-Implantation Development." PLoS ONE 4, no. 11 (November 16, 2009): e7844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007844.

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Ko, Minoru S. H. "Embryogenomics of pre-implantation mammalian development: current status." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd03080.

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Pre-implantation development is marked by many critical molecular events, including the maternal to zygotic transition and the first differentiation of cells. Understanding such events is important, for both basic reproductive biology and practical applications, including regenerative medicine and livestock production. Scarcity of materials has hampered the progress of the field, but systematic genomics approaches are beginning to be applied to the study of pre-implantation development, resulting in unprecedented amounts of data about the pre-implantation process. The first step in embryogenomics is to collect and sequence cDNAs (expressed sequence tags (ESTs)) for genes that are expressed and function in these early embryos. Mouse work is the most advanced, with 140111 ESTs derived from all stages of pre-implantation development currently available in the public sequence database. For other mammals, at present only approximately 1000 ESTs can be found in the public database, but efforts by several groups are generating cDNA libraries and ESTs. In the present review, the current status of the implementation of these investigative tools for mammalian pre-implantation embryos is discussed.
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Liu, Weimin, and William S. B. Yeung. "LET-7 REGULATES PRE-IMPLANTATION MOUSE EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT." Fertility and Sterility 116, no. 3 (September 2021): e279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.07.748.

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Justin, R. Chimka, and Jiang Leiying. "A note on interaction and pre-implantation development stages." Journal of Cell and Animal Biology 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2014): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jcab2014.0416.

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Krawchuk, Dayana, and Yojiro Yamanaka. "Understanding inter-strain differences in pre-implantation mouse development." Developmental Biology 356, no. 1 (August 2011): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.295.

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Jiang, Zongliang, Jiangwen Sun, Hong Dong, Oscar Luo, Xinbao Zheng, Craig Obergfell, Yong Tang, et al. "Transcriptional profiles of bovine in vivo pre-implantation development." BMC Genomics 15, no. 1 (2014): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-756.

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Chin, P. Y., J. G. Thompson, and S. A. Robertson. "Programming embryo development with a pre-implantation inflammatory insult." Journal of Reproductive Immunology 86, no. 1 (August 2010): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2010.06.075.

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Wu, Xiaoli, Sumit Sandhu, Nehal Patel, Barbara Triggs-Raine, and Hao Ding. "EMG1 is essential for mouse pre-implantation embryo development." BMC Developmental Biology 10, no. 1 (2010): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-213x-10-99.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pre-implantation development"

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Sepulveda-Rincon, Lessly P. "Cell allocation patterns during mammalian pre-implantation development." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43031/.

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The first cell differentiation in the mammalian embryo occurs during pre implantation development. At blastocyst stage two cell lineages can be distinguished: the inner cell mass (ICM), situated at the embryonic pole and the trophectoderm (TE) at the abembryonic pole. In murine embryos, it has been suggested that the first cleavage plane might be related with the embryonic-abembryonic (Em-Ab) axis at the blastocyst stage. So the daughter cells of the two-cell embryo might be already predisposed to a specific cell lineage further on development. The objective of the present thesis is to investigate the effects of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) factors affecting cell allocation patterns during pre implantation development. This was addressed by observing cell allocation patterns during mammalian pre implantation development on embryos produced using different ARTs. Using live-cell tracing, it has been concluded that cell allocation patterns during pre-implantation embryo development are potentially conserved among mammals, or at least among mouse and bovine embryos. Pre determined (orthogonal and deviant patterns), as well as stochastic development (random pattern), have been identified in mouse and bovine embryos. The incidence of these cell allocation patterns was not affected by maternal age, oocyte production, oocyte fertilisation/activation method, cleavage-stage biopsy or species. In addition, differences on epigenetic profiles, coping mechanisms after cell removal and further organ development were present among patterned embryos. Future work is advised to understand the basis of the mechanism(s) driving or driven by cell allocation patterns; particularly its relation with organ development.
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Spikings, Emma Catherine. "Mitochondrial DNA replication in pre-implantation embryonic development." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/45/.

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All eukaryotic cells possess mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is maternally inherited through the oocyte, its replication being regulated by nuclear-encoded replication factors. It was hypothesised that mtDNA replication is highly regulated in oocytes, pre-implantation embryos and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and that this may be disrupted following nuclear transfer (NT). MtDNA copy number decreased between 2-cell and 8-cell staged porcine embryos and increased between the morula and expanded blastocyst stages, coinciding with increased expression of mtDNA replication factors. Competent porcine oocytes replicated their mtDNA prior to and during in vitro maturation to produce and maintain the 100000 mtDNA copies required for fertilisation. Those oocytes in which mtDNA replication was delayed had reduced developmental ability. Expression of pluripotency-associated genes decreased as murine ESCs differentiated into embryoid bodies, although expression of mtDNA replication factors did not increase until the stage equivalent to organogenesis. Cross-species NT embryos in which the donor cell-derived mtDNA was replicated produced decreased developmental outcomes compared to those in which no mtDNA replication took place. Disruption of the strict regulation of mtDNA replication that occurs during early embryogenesis, as is likely following NT, may therefore contribute to the reduced developmental ability of embryos produced using such techniques.
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Graham, Sarah Jane Lehar. "Novel molecular mechanisms in pre-implantation mouse embryo development." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708487.

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Abou, Sleiman Patrick Martin. "Development of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis for dominantly inherited cancer predisposition syndromes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392335.

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Champigny, Marc. "Expression of stem-loop binding protein during murine oogenesis and pre-implantation development." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21522.

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The goal of the work presented here was to investigate the hypothesis that cytoplasmic SLBP is required for translation of somatic H1 mRNA, and their translational repression is due to a lack of SLBP in the cytoplasm of oocytes, and early cleavage-stage embryos. To this end, the expression of SLBP in murine oocytes and pre-implantation embryos was characterized by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunocytochemical. techniques.
mRNA encoding SLBP was detected throughout oogenesis and pre-implantation development, from small growing oocytes to the late blastocyst stage. SLBP protein was found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of growing and fully-gown prophase I-arrested oocytes. SLBP accumulated to extremely high levels during meiotic maturation in a process requiring translation. The protein remained abundant both in the nucleus and cytoplasm throughout the 1- and 2-cell stages. SLBP was depleted in 4-cell embryos in a process independent of DNA replication, and was not detected again until the late 8-cell stage. From the late 8-cell stage to the early blastocyst stage, SLBP was detected exclusively in the cytoplasm. Interestingly, in late blastocysts, SLBP was translocated to the nucleus. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Champigny, Marc. "Expression of stem-loop binding protein during murine oogenesis and pre-implantation development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0025/MQ50733.pdf.

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Spyropoulou, Isabella. "Studies of methods to improve human pre- and peri-implantation embryo development in vitro." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365394.

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Loof, Gesa. "Elucidating the influence of chromatin topology on cellular identity in murine pre-implantation development." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22928.

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Präzise regulierte Genexpression, ist der Schlüssel zu erfolgreicher Embryonal-entwicklung. Die Expression von Zelltyp-spezifischen Transkriptionsfaktoren kann durch räumliche Interaktionen von Promotoren und Enhancern im Nukleus kontrolliert werden, aber auch durch 3D Faltung der DNA in größere organisatorische Einheiten wie “Topologically Associating Domains” (TADs) oder “A/B compartments”. Um die 3D Faltung in den Zelltypen des prä-implantations Embryos zu untersuchen, nutze ich ES und XEN Zellen, die stark dem Epiblast und dem primitiven Endoderm in der inneren Zellmasse des E4.5 Embryos ähneln. Um den Zusammenhang zwischen 3D DNA Faltung und zellulärer Identität zu erforschen, habe ich GAM, ATAC-seq und RNA-seq Daten von ES und XEN Zellen produziert. Um die Genom-Architektur im Embryo zu untersuchen, habe ich außerdem die GAM Methode an den Mausembryo angepasst und kann dadurch erstmals genomweit DNA-Faltung in den spezifischen Zelltypen der inneren Zellmasse des prä-implantations Embryos zeigen. ES und XEN Zellen zeigen viele differentiell exprimierte Gene, sowie starke Veränderungen in der Chromatin-Organisation, beispielweise in der Bildung von reprimierten Chromatinnetzwerken in ESCs, die wichtige XEN Gene wie Gata6 und Lama1 enthalten, während diese nicht aktiv sind. XEN-spezifische Genexpression ist oft mit der Präsenz von XEN-spezifischen “TAD boundaries” gekoppelt. Der Sox2 Locus zeigt eine ESC-spezifische Organisation mit aktiven Genen, und Regionen die von den Transkriptionsfaktoren SOX2, NANOG und OCT4 gebunden sind. Die starke Reorganisation der Genom-Architektur in wichtigen Loci wie Gata6 und Sox2 konnte ich mit in vivo GAM Daten bestätigen und finde ähnliche Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Zelltypen der inneren Zellmasse wie im in vitro Model. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, wie wichtig es ist, Zelltypen getrennt zu untersuchen und, dass eine Verbindung zwischen zellulärer Identität und der Faltung des Genoms in der Embryonalentwicklung besteht.
Tightly controlled gene regulation is key to functional metazoan embryonic development. The expression of cell-fate determining transcription factors orchestrates the establishment of the various lineages of the embryo. Gene expression is often regulated via specific chromatin organisation. To investigate cell type-specific differences in chromatin folding in early embryonic development, I used in vitro models of the two distinct cell populations in the blastocyst ICM. In mouse ES and XEN cells, I mapped 3D genome conformation using Genome Architecture Mapping (GAM), chromatin accessibility using ATAC-seq, and gene expression using total RNA-seq. To enable the mapping of 3D genome folding directly in the blastocyst ICM, I adapted GAM for cell type-specific selection of nuclei, by integrating immunofluorescence detection of markers, and generated the first genome-wide chromatin contact maps that distinguish ICM cell types. I report that the ES and XEN cell lineages undergo abundant large scale rearrangements of genome architecture and exhibit high numbers of differentially expressed genes. For example, extra-embryonic endoderm genes, such as Lama1 and Gata6, form silent hubs in ESCs, potentially connecting maintenance of pluripotency to 3D structure of the genome. Further, I show that the expression of XEN cell-specific genes relates to the formation of XEN cell-specific TAD boundaries. Chromatin contacts at the Sox2 locus exhibit an ESC-specific organisation around binding of pluripotency transcription factors OCT4, NANOG and SOX2, into hubs of high gene activity. The observations detected in in vitro models, were investigated in smaller GAM datasets produced using the in vivo counterparts in the ICM. Overall, in vivo data confirmed the high degree of chromatin rearrangement among the two cell types, specifically in loci of lineage driving genes. The findings from in vivo data further underscore the connection of genome topology and cellular identity.
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Henery, Caroline Cecilia. "The influence of ploidy on the pre- and post-implantation development of mouse embryos." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19837.

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Since the number of pre- and postimplantation human polyploid embryos available for analysis is very small and relatively few are available at any one centre, I have used appropriate experimental mouse models to facilitate a large scale investigation. One aim was to analyse the influence of ploidy on the cleavage rate of preimplantation embryos. A deviation from the optimum embryonic (diploid fertilized) cell number during this time might explain the poor development and failure of genetically abnormal embryos. Therefore, experimentally produced haploid, diploid, triploid and tetraploid embryos were analysed together with appropriate control embryos. In addition, the analysis of parthenogenetic embryos and diandric and digynic triploid and homozygous tetraploid embryos during this time would also enable the influence of the parental genomes on development to be investigated. I also wished to examine whether a predictable relationship existed between ploidy and cell size and number in the tissues of postimplantation mammalian polyploid embryos. Confirmation of such a relationship may explain the abnormal morphological features encountered in some of these embryos and the premature death of all triploid and tetraploid mouse embryos, and the majority of human embryos with similar genetic abnormalities. My results show that the duplication of one or both parental genomes leading to the triploid or tetraploid status, respectively, still allows apparently normal preimplantation development to occur. However, the loss of a haploid genome from the diploid status is invariably detrimental to normal development. My results confirm that the presence of a maternal genome is important for normal early embryogenesis since parthenogenetic diploid embryos and diandric and digynic triploid embryos developed as well as fertilised diploid embryos during the pre- and very early postimplantation period.
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Bolton, Helen Louise. "Investigating the consequences of chromosome abnormalities arising during pre-implantation development of the mouse." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245199.

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The majority of human pre-implantation embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) are mosaic as they are constituted of a mixture of diploid and aneuploid cells. Chromosome abnormalities are widely believed to contribute towards the relatively low success rates of IVF treatment. Consequently major efforts have been undertaken to develop effective tools to aid the selection of embryos with minimal abnormalities with the aim of improving clinical outcomes. However, the ultimate fate of mosaic embryos is not known. Human embryo research is limited by practical and ethical constraints, and directly relevant animal studies are sparse. To circumvent many of these limitations, a mouse model for pre-implantation chromosome mosaicism was developed. Acute chromosome segregation errors were induced in cleavage stage mouse blastomeres by bypassing the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). This model was used to investigate the fate of abnormal cells within the developing pre-implantation embryo, and the ultimate developmental outcome of mosaic embryos. Time-lapse imaging of pre-implantation development revealed that cells with chromosome abnormalities were progressively depleted during blastocyst maturation; inner cell mass (ICM) cells exhibited higher rates of apoptosis, while in the trophectoderm (TE) lineage effects on the cell-cycle predominated. Depletion continued throughout post-implantation development. Significantly, the presence of a critical number of control blastomeres within the embryo could rescue the early post-implantation lethality that occurred in embryos containing high rates of abnormalities. Thus it was demonstrated that mosaic embryos can achieve full developmental potential and that abnormal cells are progressively depleted as development proceeds. Finally, the mechanisms responsible for eliminating the abnormal cells from the embryo were investigated, revealing that embryos containing chromosome abnormalities may have increased metabolic requirements which could contribute to their clonal depletion; a feature previously characterised in aneuploid cells in the context of cancer research.
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Book chapters on the topic "Pre-implantation development"

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Austin, C. R. "Pre-Implantation Development." In Marshall’s Physiology of Reproduction, 93–155. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1286-4_2.

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Abd. Rahman, Fadilah, Hanifah Musa Fathullah Harun, Zakiah Samori, and Fathi Ramly. "Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD): Halal Perspective." In Contemporary Issues and Development in the Global Halal Industry, 271–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1452-9_25.

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Schatten, Heide, and Qing-Yuan Sun. "Posttranslationally Modified Tubulins and Other Cytoskeletal Proteins: Their Role in Gametogenesis, Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Pre-implantation Embryo Development." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 57–87. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0817-2_4.

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Braude, Peter, Jan Grace, and Tarek El Tockhy. "Pre-implantation genetic testing." In Implantation and Early Development, 169–82. Cambridge University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107784680.016.

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Piliszek, Anna, and Zofia E. Madeja. "Pre-implantation Development of Domestic Animals." In Cell Fate in Mammalian Development, 267–94. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.11.005.

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Bazer, Fuller W., Greg A. Johnson, and Thomas E. Spencer. "Growth and Development: Pre‐Implantation Embryo." In Encyclopedia of Animal Science, Second Edition, 601–3. CRC Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-eas2-120041186.

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Kimber, S. J. "Glycoconjugates and Cell Surface Interactions in Pre- and Peri-implantation Mammalian Embryonic Development." In International Review of Cytology, 53–167. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61599-5.

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Böckenförde, Ernst-Wolfgang, Mirjam Künkler, and Tine Stein. "Human Dignity as a Normative Principle." In Religion, Law, and Democracy, 339–53. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818632.003.0019.

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Böckenförde was one of the most outspoken critics of attempts to legalize new biomedical techniques, such as human cloning, therapeutic cloning, and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. In this article, he lays out why the legal principle of human dignity, enshrined in Article 1 of the German Basic Law, not only suggests but even requires the prohibition of such techniques. Drawing on the records of the 1949 Parlamentarischer Rat (the constitution-drafting body), he is able to show that with Article 1 the drafters sought to set a counterpoint to fascist Germany’s total negation of human dignity and that the preservation of human dignity was intended to be the highest and most pressing aim of the Federal Republic. Böckenförde notes further that the Federal Constitutional Court adopted the Kantian view that human dignity means every human being is an end in itself. But who is ‘every human being’? Does it include unborn life? Böckenförde answers in the affirmative and argues that the unborn therefore must be protected by the state from the very beginning of life, from the point of fertilization. Every other point in time in human development, such as the implantation of the embryo in the uterus, or the development of the central nervous system, would be arbitrary criteria for eligibility as a bearer of human dignity. Therefore, all biomedical techniques which treat the embryo not as an end in itself must be prohibited. He lays out the consequences of this argument in detail with regard to cloning and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis.
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Abdulazeez, Mansurah A., and Ibrahim Sani. "Use of Fermented Papaya (Carica papaya) Seeds as a Food Condiment, and Effects on Pre- and Post-implantation Embryo Development." In Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, 855–63. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-375688-6.10101-x.

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Jauniaux, Eric, Amarnath Bhide, and Graham J. Burton. "The placenta." In Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, edited by Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, William Ledger, Lynette Denny, and Stergios Doumouchtsis, 120–32. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0009.

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Abnormal placental development and function are widely recognized as having immediate consequences on the outcome of a pregnancy, and more recently to influence the lifelong health of the offspring. The development of the placenta starts from implantation, when the embryonic pole of the blastocyst enters into contact with the maternal uterine epithelium. The placenta provides the fetus with all essential nutrients, water, and oxygen, and a route for clearance of fetal excretory products, but it also produces a vast array of protein and steroid hormones and factors necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy. Placental-related disorders of pregnancy affect around a third of human pregnancies, primarily including miscarriages, pre-eclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. Placental and umbilical cord structural anomalies that are associated with perinatal complications can now be diagnosed from early in pregnancy with ultrasonography and the antenatal detection of anomalies such as placenta praevia and placenta accreta has a direct impact on the outcome of pregnancy.
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Conference papers on the topic "Pre-implantation development"

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Olive, Mark, Alison Lashwood, and Tony Solomonides. "A retrospective study of paediatric health and development following pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and screening." In 2011 24th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbms.2011.5999026.

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Knocker, Louisa, and Zheng Rong Yang. "SLC- and NDUF-genes expression dynamics in pre-implantation embryonic development between bovine and mouse — A bioinformatics study." In 2014 7th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2014.7002857.

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Masuda, Tsuyoshi, Hideyuki Tsuboi, Michihisa Koyama, Akira Endou, Momoji Kubo, Ewa Broclawik, and Akira Miyamoto. "Development of Hybrid Tight-Binding Quantum Chemical Molecular Dynamics Method and Its Application to Boron Implantation Process into Pre-amorphized Silicon Substrate." In 2005 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2005.p1-21.

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Silva, Victor, Ana Moliterno, Carlos Henrique Araujo, Francis Pimentel, Jose Ronaldo Melo, Claudio Falcao, and Thiago Pessoa. "Buzios Drainage Strategy: A Combination Of Reservoir Characterization, Risks Mitigation And Unique Contract Features." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31170-ms.

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Abstract Petrobras acquired the right to produce 3.058 billion boe under the Transfer of Rights (ToR) in Buzios field, which still has a recoverable surplus, recently auctioned by the Brazilian Petroleum Regulatory Agency. Properly planning the production development of a supergiant field and under two tax regimes, requires a large multidisciplinary effort of data acquisition, characterization and modelling. Located in the Santos Basin Pre-Salt Pole, the Buzios field is a deep-water supergiant that has a large thickness of carbonate reservoirs, with significant areal and vertical variation. The presence of faults, fractures, karsts and other diagenetic processes adds complexity to the field, which motivated the development and implantation of industry innovations to enable its development. The presence of high levels of CO2 and H2S in the reservoir fluid, the risk of inorganic scaling and asphaltene deposition and risks of early fluid channeling and low sweep efficiency due to the aforementioned geological complexities are challenges that need to be addressed. One of these challenges is to ensure a better seismic data for the reservoir characterization. The 3D seismic data from a streamer acquisition did not have sufficient quality for this. The geological complexity of the field, the great reservoir depth and mainly the very irregular topography of the overlying evaporitic sequence indicated the need for rich azimuth seismic data. This led to the world's largest ultra-deep water seismic survey using Ocean Bottom Nodes (OBN) technology. This paper will address the static and dynamic data acquisition from the wells and the Early Productions Systems (EPS), as well as the challenges that arose and were faced by Petrobras through technology and innovation, and the complexity of the reservoir dynamic modelling. Furthermore, the OBN seismic acquisition in Buzios will be discussed in more detail, as well as the frontier that this acquisition opens to the development of the field.
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