Academic literature on the topic 'Pre-existing vulnerabilities'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pre-existing vulnerabilities"
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van Zuiden, Mirjam, Annemieke Kavelaars, Elbert Geuze, Miranda Olff, and Cobi J. Heijnen. "Predicting PTSD: Pre-existing vulnerabilities in glucocorticoid-signaling and implications for preventive interventions." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 30 (May 2013): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.08.015.
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Cabin, William. "Pre-Existing Inequality: The Impact of COVID-19 on Medicare Home Health Beneficiaries." Home Health Care Management & Practice 33, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1084822321992380.
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There is significant data on the adverse impact of COVID-19 on persons who were poor, minorities, had compromised physical or mental health, or other vulnerabilities prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant portion of the overall Medicare population has such vulnerabilities. The Medicare home health beneficiary population is even more vulnerable than the overall Medicare population based on gender, race, income level, living alone status, and number of chronic conditions. A literature review indicates there is only 1 study on the impact of COVID-19 in Medicare home health on home care workers and none on the impact on home health beneficiaries. The current study is a qualitative study based on interviews of a convenience sample of 48 home care nurses from 9 different home health agencies in New York City between April 1 and August 31, 2020. Six major themes emerged: need for social service supports increased; loneliness and depression increased among patients; physical and mental health conditions became exacerbated; substance use and abuse increased; evidence of domestic violence against patients increased; and there was a limited amount of staff and equipment to care for patients.
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Schweizerhof, Margarete, Zechser Adrian, and Artur Mueller. "Effects of the measures to contain the Covid-19 pandemic on pre-existing mental vulnerabilities and disorders." SCENTIA International Economic Review 1, no. 2 (May 25, 2022): 11–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52514/sier.v1i2.25.
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This article deals with the following question: "What is the impact of certain pandemic control measures on patient groups with specific mental illnesses, and what are the economic effects on public health?"
For this purpose, 103 patients of psychotherapeutic practice in Germany in the periods before, during and at the current time (April, May 2021) were asked in a twenty-minute survey to indicate the development of their psychiatric symptoms concerning individual measures to combat the pandemic and concerning the general pandemic situation. The collected data were divided into specific diagnostic groups with single and multiple diagnoses and analyzed using the method of descriptive statistical analysis using the IBM SPSS software. As a result, it was found that specific measures to combat the pandemic had varying degrees of influence on the worsening of the specific symptoms of patients with single or multiple diagnoses. Due to the division of patients into diagnostic groups, the present study made it possible for the first time to differentiate and assess the course symptoms of various mental illnesses in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. It has been shown that the presence of multiple psychiatric diagnoses causes an inflationary worsening of the symptoms. In addition, the specific influence of different measures on specific psychiatric diagnostic groups could be demonstrated. The authors conclude that the impact of specific pandemic control measures varies depending on the diagnostic group. It was also found that the economic impact is high due to the need for interdisciplinary and multimodal therapeutic approaches to combat the consequences for patients with pre-existing mental illnesses.
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Sekalala, Sharifah, Katrina Perehudoff, Michael Parker, Lisa Forman, Belinda Rawson, and Maxwell Smith. "An intersectional human rights approach to prioritising access to COVID-19 vaccines." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 2 (February 2021): e004462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004462.
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We finally have a vaccine for the COVID-19 crisis. However, due to the limited numbers of the vaccine, states will have to consider how to prioritise groups who receive the vaccine. In this paper, we argue that the practical implementation of human rights law requires broader consideration of intersectional needs in society and the disproportionate impact that COVID-19 is having on population groups with pre-existing social and medical vulnerabilities. The existing frameworks/mechanisms and proposals for COVID-19 vaccine allocation have shortcomings from a human rights perspective that could be remedied by adopting an intersectional allocative approach. This necessitates that states allocate the first COVID-19 vaccines according to (1) infection risk and severity of pre-existing diseases; (2) social vulnerabilities; and (3) potential financial and social effects of ill health. In line with WHO’s guidelines on universal health coverage, a COVID-19 vaccine allocation strategy that it is more consistent with international human rights law should ensure that vaccines are free at the point of service, give priority to the worst off and be allocated in a transparent, participatory and accountable prioritisation process.
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Kuz, Antonieta. "Educational technological inequalities expressed during confinement by COVID19." EDMETIC 11, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/edmetic.v11i2.13657.
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In Argentina, in March 2020, face-to-face classes were suspended to prevent the spread of the covid-19 with a prolonged quarantine. The design of this work seeks to know some of the factors that operate at the origin of pre-existing technological inequalities. The information was obtained through a quantitative design with 290 students during the year 2020 in Buenos Aires combined non-experimental with descriptive scope, exploratory in nature through interviews with 3 teachers. Combining both analyses we found relevant findings on socio-educational inequalities, with an emphasis on the interpretative-descriptive of pre-existing quarantine problems and vulnerabilities.
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Cetin, Ronay, Eva Quandt, and Manuel Kaulich. "Functional Genomics Approaches to Elucidate Vulnerabilities of Intrinsic and Acquired Chemotherapy Resistance." Cells 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020260.
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Drug resistance is a commonly unavoidable consequence of cancer treatment that results in therapy failure and disease relapse. Intrinsic (pre-existing) or acquired resistance mechanisms can be drug-specific or be applicable to multiple drugs, resulting in multidrug resistance. The presence of drug resistance is, however, tightly coupled to changes in cellular homeostasis, which can lead to resistance-coupled vulnerabilities. Unbiased gene perturbations through RNAi and CRISPR technologies are invaluable tools to establish genotype-to-phenotype relationships at the genome scale. Moreover, their application to cancer cell lines can uncover new vulnerabilities that are associated with resistance mechanisms. Here, we discuss targeted and unbiased RNAi and CRISPR efforts in the discovery of drug resistance mechanisms by focusing on first-in-line chemotherapy and their enforced vulnerabilities, and we present a view forward on which measures should be taken to accelerate their clinical translation.
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Armingeon, Klaus, Caroline de la Porte, Elke Heins, and Stefano Sacchi. "Voices from the past: economic and political vulnerabilities in the making of next generation EU." Comparative European Politics 20, no. 2 (March 7, 2022): 144–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41295-022-00277-6.
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AbstractIn this article, we show that Next Generation EU (NGEU) is mainly a response to the economic and political imbalances left over from the Eurozone crisis. It is a pre-emptive intervention, especially targeted at structurally weak economies with rising Euroscepticism, to avoid costly ex-post bailouts as in the Great Recession. We demonstrate, using quantitative analysis, that pre-existing vulnerabilities, rather than the impact of the pandemic, drove the allocation of NGEU resources: per capita grants largely correspond to past economic vulnerabilities, as well as to political ones. Countries most vulnerable to another adjustment by austerity after the COVID-19 economic crisis receive most resources. Also, countries with strong anti-EU sentiments are entitled to larger NGEU grants per capita. In contrast, grants are not correlated with the severity of the health crisis. Then, we show the domestic relevance of economic and political vulnerabilities through qualitative case studies of national political debates and domestic positions on NGEU in Italy, Germany and the Netherlands. Despite its innovative traits, NGEU is a politically constrained solution to address the mess from the previous decade, and as such, it is a Janus solution: promising a fresh start, but haunted by the past.
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Lewis, Stephanie J., Karestan C. Koenen, Antony Ambler, Louise Arseneault, Avshalom Caspi, Helen L. Fisher, Terrie E. Moffitt, and Andrea Danese. "Unravelling the contribution of complex trauma to psychopathology and cognitive deficits: a cohort study." British Journal of Psychiatry 219, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.57.
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BackgroundComplex traumas are traumatic experiences that involve multiple interpersonal threats during childhood or adolescence, such as repeated abuse. These traumas are hypothesised to cause more severe psychopathology and poorer cognitive function than other non-complex traumas. However, empirical testing has been limited to clinical/convenience samples and cross-sectional designs.AimsTo investigate psychopathology and cognitive function in young people exposed to complex, non-complex or no trauma, from a population-representative longitudinal cohort, and to consider the role of pre-existing vulnerabilities.MethodParticipants were from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, a population-representative birth cohort of 2232 British children. At age 18 years (93% participation), we assessed lifetime exposure to complex and non-complex trauma, past-year psychopathology and current cognitive function. We also prospectively assessed early childhood vulnerabilities: internalising and externalising symptoms at 5 years of age, IQ at 5 years of age, family history of mental illness, family socioeconomic status and sex.ResultsParticipants exposed to complex trauma had more severe psychopathology and poorer cognitive function at 18 years of age, compared with both trauma-unexposed participants and those exposed to non-complex trauma. Early childhood vulnerabilities predicted risk of later complex trauma exposure, and largely explained associations of complex trauma with cognitive deficits, but not with psychopathology.ConclusionsBy conflating complex and non-complex traumas, current research and clinical practice underestimate the severity of psychopathology, cognitive deficits and pre-existing vulnerabilities linked with complex trauma. A better understanding of the mental health needs of people exposed to complex trauma could inform the development of new, more effective interventions.
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Meyers, Benjamin S., Sultan Fahad Almassari, Brandon N. Keller, and Andrew Meneely. "Examining Penetration Tester Behavior in the Collegiate Penetration Testing Competition." ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology 31, no. 3 (July 31, 2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3514040.
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Penetration testing is a key practice toward engineering secure software. Malicious actors have many tactics at their disposal, and software engineers need to know what tactics attackers will prioritize in the first few hours of an attack. Projects like MITRE ATT&CK™ provide knowledge, but how do people actually deploy this knowledge in real situations? A penetration testing competition provides a realistic, controlled environment with which to measure and compare the efficacy of attackers. In this work, we examine the details of vulnerability discovery and attacker behavior with the goal of improving existing vulnerability assessment processes using data from the 2019 Collegiate Penetration Testing Competition (CPTC). We constructed 98 timelines of vulnerability discovery and exploits for 37 unique vulnerabilities discovered by 10 teams of penetration testers. We grouped related vulnerabilities together by mapping to Common Weakness Enumerations and MITRE ATT&CK™. We found that (1) vulnerabilities related to improper resource control (e.g., session fixation) are discovered faster and more often, as well as exploited faster, than vulnerabilities related to improper access control (e.g., weak password requirements), (2) there is a clear process followed by penetration testers of discovery/collection to lateral movement/pre-attack. Our methodology facilitates quicker analysis of vulnerabilities in future CPTC events.
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Ogunlesi, A. O., and E. O. Akande. "Mental illness in the medical profession: Nigeria in the world." Psychiatric Bulletin 16, no. 8 (August 1992): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.8.502.
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It is widely acknowledged that the medical profession can be highly stressful. In addition, practitioners in many developing countries face the peculiar problems of poor remuneration, lack of necessary clinical facilities and a heavy clinical case load (due to the lack of qualified manpower). Such a scenario can easily aggravate those medical practitioners with pre-existing deeply rooted emotional conflicts as well as personality vulnerabilities and can result in mental decompensation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pre-existing vulnerabilities"
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Luca, Lisa De. "The Development of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence: The Role of Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Risk Factors." Doctoral thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1275911.
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The present dissertation aims to improve our knowledge on the longitudinal development of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) and the role of interpersonal and intrapersonal risk factors associated with it. Non-Suicidal Self-injury (NSSI), defined as the direct and deliberate self-inflicted damage of body tissue without suicidal intent, is a serious public health concern worldwide (Kiekens et al., 2018). Adolescents are the most at-risk group, given that the transition into adolescence may represent a critical vulnerability period for the onset of NSSI behaviors (Lloyd-Richardson, 2008). This phenomenon requires attention not only because of its heavy impact in terms of public health and the high incidence within the population, but also for the consequences that engagement in NSSI entails. The long-term effects of self-injurious behavior can be destructive, with consequences for emotional and cognitive development (Baetens et al., 2011). NSSI is used as a maladaptive means of coping with intense emotions. Both interpersonal (e.g., social interaction with peers and family; Brausch & Gutierrez, 2010) and intrapersonal factors (e.g., emotion regulation, self-efficacy, and self-esteem; Baetens et al., 2011) can serve to initiate and maintain NSSI (Nock, 2009; Nock & Prinstein, 2004; Zetterqvist et al., 2013). In the last ten years, the attention given to this issue has become increasingly important. Most of the existing literature has examined this behavior (e.g., prevalence, risks factors) at the cross-sectional level, while few studies have explored the longitudinal development of NSSI, and the role played by interpersonal and intrapersonal factors at the longitudinal level. For these reasons, the general aim of the present dissertation is to analyze the longitudinal development of NSSI and the association with interpersonal and intrapersonal risk factors. Three empirical studies are presented. They cover three main issues: 1) a meta-analysis on the longitudinal development of NSSI; 2) the reciprocal associations between peer problems and NSSI; 3) the mediational role of Covid-19 related stress in the association between pre-existing vulnerabilities and NSSI.
In the first study (Chapter 1), we presented a meta-analysis on the development of NSSI from childhood to young adulthood, using a Bayesian approach. The aim was to examine both the occurrence and the frequency of NSSI over time, considering all studies published up until November 2020. Subsequently, we examined the role of possible moderators, such as gender, mean age during the first wave of data collection, and number of months covered by the assessment. The results show the important role of gender (i.e., females) and age in the explanation of the expected proportion and mean changes of NSSI over time. Specifically, what emerges from the findings is how being female represents an important risk factor for the occurrence of this behavior. As for the frequency of this behavior, a higher percentage of females are associated with higher severity of NSSI, but it tends to decrease over time. The results show that mid-adolescence (i.e., 14/15 years) appears to be the period of highest risk for the occurrence of NSSI over time. Instead, over time, findings suggest that the frequency of this behavior is higher in adolescence, at a mean age of 15-16 years of age, and it decreases in late adolescence (e.g., Plener et al., 2015).
In the second study (Chapter 2), we investigated the reciprocal associations between peer problems (e.g., peer victimization, friendship stress, and loneliness) and NSSI throughout adolescence, distinguishing between- and within-person effects. Participants were 866 adolescents (54.5% females; Mage = 13.12 years, SD = 0.78), who took part in six waves of data collection. Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPM) were used to estimate within-person cross-lagged effects between each peer problem and NSSI from Grade 7 to 12. After accounting for between-person associations between peer problems and NSSI, results indicated that higher-than-usual levels of NSSI predicted higher-than-usual levels of adolescents’ own friendship stress, loneliness, and peer victimization at the subsequent time point. Yet, sensitivity analyses revealed that most of these effects were strongly attenuated and explained by within-person fluctuations in depressive symptoms. No within-person cross-lagged effects from peer problems to NSSI were found.
In the third study (Chapter 3), we examined the role of Covid-19 related stress in the association between pre-existing vulnerabilities and the engagement in NSSI during the pandemic. Specifically, the study aimed to examine if adolescents with pre-existing vulnerabilities, including a prior history of NSSI, higher levels of internalizing symptoms, and poorer regulatory emotional self-efficacy, were more likely to show increases in NSSI across the pandemic period through higher levels of Covid-19 related stress. The analysis was conducted on 1061 adolescents (52.4% females; Mage = 15.49 years, SD = 0.76), enrolled in the 9th and 10th grade in Tuscany, Italy, who took part in two waves of data collection. Results showed that adolescents with pre-existing vulnerabilities were at higher risk of engaging in NSSI through the role of Covid-19 related stress. Specifically, adolescents with a prior history of NSSI, higher levels of anxious and depressive symptoms, and poorer regulatory emotional self-efficacy showed a higher level of Covid-19 related stress, which in turn it was associated with an increased risk of occurrence of NSSI.
In the final chapter (Chapter 4), the results of the previous three studies have been discussed highlighting their contribution to the literature on the longitudinal development of NSSI, strengths and limitations, and the implications for future studies.
Books on the topic "Pre-existing vulnerabilities"
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Hopkins, Ramona O., and James C. Jackson. Neurocognitive impairment after critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0382.
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More than 5 million individuals are admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) in North America annually. Due to improvements in treatment, increasing numbers of these individuals survive and go on to develop long-term neurocognitive impairment in a variety of cognitive domains. As evidence from over two dozen studies demonstrates, neurocognitive impairment occurs in up to two-thirds of individuals. While it may be particularly common in those with pre-existing vulnerabilities, even patients who are young with robust health prior to critical illness are at risk of post-ICU neurocognitive impairment. While neurocognitive impairment may improve over time and even dissipate in a subset of ICU survivors, neurocognitive impairment is often permanent and, in some cases may be progressive. As commonly occurs in the context of acquired brain injury, the neurocognitive impairment observed after critical illness is typically diffuse, although domains including memory, attention, and executive functioning are often particularly impaired. This impairment is sufficiently severe to negatively impact daily functioning. Although the risk factors and mechanisms undergirding neurocognitive impairment have yet to be fully elucidated, potential contributors include inflammation, hypoxia, and delirium. While one way to impact on the prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment after critical illness is to attempt to modify key ‘in-hospital’ risk factors, another approach involves the use of post-ICU cognitive rehabilitation, which is increasingly being successfully employed with other impaired medical populations.
Book chapters on the topic "Pre-existing vulnerabilities"
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Curnow, David. "Pre-existing Vulnerabilities." In The Psychology of Embezzlement, 35–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74439-7_3.
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Molnar, Petra. "Territorial and Digital Borders and Migrant Vulnerability Under a Pandemic Crisis." In Migration and Pandemics, 45–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_3.
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AbstractPeople on the move are often left out of conversations around technological development and become guinea pigs for testing new surveillance tools before bringing them to the wider population. These experiments range from big data predictions about population movements in humanitarian crises to automated decision-making in immigration and refugee applications to AI lie detectors at European airports. The Covid-19 pandemic has seen an increase of technological solutions presented as viable ways to stop its spread. Governments’ move toward biosurveillance has increased tracking, automated drones, and other technologies that purport to manage migration. However, refugees and people crossing borders are disproportionately targeted, with far-reaching impacts on various human rights. Drawing on interviews with affected communities in Belgium and Greece in 2020, this chapter explores how technological experiments on refugees are often discriminatory, breach privacy, and endanger lives. Lack of regulation of such technological experimentation and a pre-existing opaque decision-making ecosystem creates a governance gap that leaves room for far-reaching human rights impacts in this time of exception, with private sector interest setting the agenda. Blanket technological solutions do not address the root causes of displacement, forced migration, and economic inequality – all factors exacerbating the vulnerabilities communities on the move face in these pandemic times.
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Kandilige, Leander, and Geraldine Asiwome Ampah. "Gaps in Protection for West African Migrants in Times of Crisis: The Role of a Multi-Stakeholder Platform Within a Partnership in Preparedness Model?" In IMISCOE Research Series, 129–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_7.
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AbstractThis quasi-theoretical chapter examines the peculiar protection vulnerabilities that face voluntary migrants in times of crises in destination countries. It argues that while protection regimes broadly exist for involuntary migrants (i.e. refugees, asylum seekers and stateless persons) within the ambit of intergovernmental/international organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Red Cross Society or even the International Organisation for Migration, there is a yawning gap in national protection mechanisms for voluntary migrants in destination countries during episodes of crises situations. Using Ghana in the West African sub-Region as a case study, the chapter evaluates the potential of a national protection platform to safeguard the rights of predominantly West African migrants in Ghana during crises situations. The chapter conceptualises protection preparedness as a continuous cyclical phenomenon within the three main phases in disaster management – pre-disaster phase (prevention, mitigation), the disaster phase (response), and the post disaster phase (recovery). It draws on data from three national inter-ministerial workshops held in Accra, Ghana in 2018 towards establishing a multi-stakeholder protection platform for voluntary migrants. The chapter concludes that existing generic national disaster management agencies are inadequate in providing specific support for voluntary migrants during disasters. It recommends a public-private partnership in preparedness as it pertains to migrants in destination countries.
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Rawlins, Jonty, and Felix Kanungwe Kalaba. "Adaptation to Climate Change: Opportunities and Challenges from Zambia." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2025–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_167.
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AbstractContext appropriate adaptation interventions and strategies that respond directly to localized climate change stressors, hazards, and vulnerabilities are critical for the sustainable development of countries like Zambia. This chapter examines both localized and systemic climate change risk pathways and barriers to adaptation action in Zambia.A three-staged methodology was applied, combining content analysis, focus group discussions, and expert interviews. Livelihood diversification was identified as the central adaptation option across Zambia, despite little empirical research detailing possible risks of diversification. The dominant adaptation discourse is focused specifically on diversifying within agriculture-based livelihoods. However, as all agricultural activities are impacted by climate change, diversification also needs to be explored in value-added or alternative sectors. With this, a weak policy framework and enabling environment are exacerbating cycles of poverty that underpin climate change vulnerability in Zambia. Moreover, maladaptation risks of existing diversification interventions are high as generic approaches often do not provide suitable options to complex and localized risk profiles.To implement a sustainable transition toward climate resilient and compatible development in Zambia, the authors recommend that a systematic livelihood diversification strategy should be rolled out and future research programs designed to support this. Specifically, this necessitates a system-wide analysis of pre-identified livelihood diversification pathways that can be adapted to different scenarios given the current and future climate uncertainties at local scales. The approach should focus on harnessing the positive feedback loops for systematic change to build resilience, while minimizing the dominant risk pathways and eliminating persistent barriers that enable positive feedback loops driving vulnerability to climate change. Thorough stakeholder engagement and incremental development of diversification options, incentives, penalties, and other governance and/or policy mechanisms will be needed to support these processes.
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Moore, Daniel. "Charting Intangible Warfare." In Offensive Cyber Operations, 45–68. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197657553.003.0003.
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Abstract Cyber operations as observed today are an evolution of pre-existing aspects of modern warfare. The child of signals intelligence and electronic warfare, offensive cyber operations represent the increasing importance of targeting information systems and networks in pursuit of military objectives. The explosive rise of computing power, interconnected military and civilian networks, and the insatiable hunger of the modern military for sensory inputs all created new vulnerabilities. This chapter dissects how cyber is not an altogether new phenomenon, but rather the latest iteration of counter-innovation warfare designed to defeat modern advantages and capitalize on new vulnerabilities. The analysis cycles between World War Two, the Cold War, Network Centric Warfare, information operations, and modern cyber warfare while observing lessons learned through each. By understanding the history of cyber-warfare, we can then observe why some countries are better disposed than others to be successful at it.
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Granello, Darcy Haag, Paul F. Granello, and Gerald A. Juhnke. "Suicide in Context." In Suicide and Self-Injury in Schools, 50—C3.P130. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190059842.003.0003.
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Abstract There are multiple pathways that young people can take that might lead to a suicide attempt or suicide death. Typically, a complicated interplay of biological, psychological, and social reasons, including pre-existing vulnerabilities, all contribute to individual risk. The student’s environment, including family life, adverse childhood experiences, and other traumas, also plays a role in suicide risk. In the aftermath of a student suicide, it might be tempting to look for a single reason or answer that helps suicide loss survivors as they struggle to make sense of the loss. Ultimately, simplistic answers or triggering events are seldom the cause of an individual’s suicide.
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Conley, Bridget, and Alex de Waal. "What is Starvation?" In Accountability for Mass Starvation, 33–45. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864734.003.0002.
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Abstract This chapter presents the historical and conceptual framework for ‘starvation’ that informs this volume. Contextualizing mass starvation within famine definitions, the authors argue that the term ‘starvation’ captures a key element often missed in ‘famine’. ‘Starvation’ is a process of deprivation that occurs when actors impede the capacity of targeted persons to access the means of sustaining life, during which pre-existing vulnerabilities interact with policies that create starvation conditions. The term ‘starvation crimes’ is presented as a means to capture the way various legal regimes already criminalize an array of acts and omissions that move populations from conditions of need to life-threatening catastrophe. The authors detail how starvation has been used to by various military and political actors to achieve strategic and tactical goals, illustrating them with historical examples from the nineteenth century until today, ranging across every continent.
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Dhar, Saptarshi, Tahira Farzana, and Sabiha Saju Ibne Abedin. "Impact, Reaction, and Learning From Overcoming the COVID-19 Crisis." In Cases on Small Business Economics and Development During Economic Crises, 27–51. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7657-1.ch002.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has created devastating consequences for all businesses globally, including the small businesses in Bangladesh. The small business sector in Bangladesh is a key driver of its economic growth and has been hit particularly hard by the pandemic due to its pre-existing vulnerabilities and lower resilience to crisis. This chapter investigates the impact of COVID-19 on small-scale businesses, their subsequent response measures, and learning experiences that have created a route to resilience. A qualitative investigation on six small-scale enterprises across manufacturing and service areas was included in the study. The cases covered fashion and clothing and organic food and beverage businesses. The findings of the study suggest that the impacts of the pandemic are primarily financial, operational and supply chain, and logistical in nature. The policymakers need to take urgent measures to ensure the sustainability of this sector amid the ongoing pandemic.
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Zamboni, Francesco Saverio. "Risk Models and Managerial Strategies for the Global Supply Chain's Security." In Computational Thinking for Problem Solving and Managerial Mindset Training, 57–83. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7126-2.ch003.
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This chapter aims to investigate the effectiveness of managerial strategies to address sources of risk and strengthen global supply chain security, with specific attention to disasters deriving from the interaction between extreme natural phenomena and pre-existing socio-economic vulnerabilities. The object of the study is represented by the mutual learning opportunities that can arise from socially-oriented cross-sector collaborations between humanitarian agencies and enterprises. With the ultimate scope of grasping the economic impacts, the business perspective provides several insights to integrate a proactive approach into the corporate strategic planning to ensure a capacity to react with respect to external stimuli. In particular, an in-depth study was carried out dedicated to the regulatory standards that allow the development of this management system. Finally, the private sector's involvement in humanitarian programs is analyzed in order to highlight the benefits in terms of effectiveness of operational performances and the safety of communities' critical infrastructure.
Conference papers on the topic "Pre-existing vulnerabilities"
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Seth, Sahil, Chieh-Yuan Li, Sara Loponte, I.-Lin Ho, Denise Corti, Luigi Sapio, Edoardo Del Poggetto, et al. "Abstract 2900: Dissection of clonal heterogeneity unmasks pre-existing chemoresistance and new metabolic vulnerabilities in pancreatic cancer." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-2900.
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Seth, Sahil, Chieh-Yuan Li, Sara Loponte, I.-Lin Ho, Denise Corti, Luigi Sapio, Edoardo Del Poggetto, et al. "Abstract 2900: Dissection of clonal heterogeneity unmasks pre-existing chemoresistance and new metabolic vulnerabilities in pancreatic cancer." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2900.
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Cauli, Claudia, Magdalena Ortiz, and Nir Piterman. "Closed- and Open-world Reasoning in DL-Lite for Cloud Infrastructure Security." In 18th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2021}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2021/17.
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Infrastructure in the cloud is deployed through configuration files, which specify the resources to be created, their settings, and their connectivity. We aim to model infrastructure before deployment and reason about it so that potential vulnerabilities can be discovered and security best practices enforced. Description logics are a good match for such modeling efforts and allow for a succinct and natural description of cloud infrastructure. Their open-world assumption allows capturing the distributed nature of the cloud, where a newly deployed infrastructure could connect to pre-existing resources not necessarily owned by the same user. However, parts of the infrastructure that are fully known need closed-world reasoning, calling for the usage of expressive formalisms, which increase the computational complexity of reasoning. Here, we suggest an extension of DL-LiteF that is tailored for capturing such cloud infrastructure. Our logic allows combining a core part that is completely defined (closed-world) and interacts with a partially known environment (open-world). We show that this extension preserves the first-order rewritability of DL-LiteF for knowledge-base satisfiability and conjunctive query answering. Security properties combine universal and existential reasoning about infrastructure. Thus, we also consider the problem of conjunctive query satisfiability and show that it can be solved in logarithmic space in data complexity.
Reports on the topic "Pre-existing vulnerabilities"
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Chauvin, Juan Pablo. Why Does COVID-19 Affect Some Cities More than Others?: Evidence from the First Year of the Pandemic in Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003458.
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This paper investigates what explains the variation in impacts of COVID-19 across Brazilian cities. I assemble data from over 2,500 cities on COVID-19 cases and deaths, population mobility, and local policy responses. I study how these outcomes correlate with pre-pandemic local characteristics, drawing comparisons with existing US estimates when possible. As in the United States, the connections between city characteristics and outcomes in Brazil can evolve over time, with some early correlations fading as the pandemic entered a second wave. Population density is associated with greater local impact of the disease in both countries. However, in contrast to the United States, the pandemic in Brazil took a greater toll in cities with higher income levels consistent with the fact that higher incomes correlate with greater mobility in Brazil. Socioeconomic vulnerabilities, such as the presence of slums and high residential crowding, correlate with higher death rates per capita. Cities with such vulnerabilities in Brazil suffered higher COVID-19 death rates despite their residents' greater propensity to stay home. Policy responses do not appear to drive these connections.
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Millington, Kerry A. Protecting and Promoting Systems for Essential Health Services During Rollout of COVID-19 Tools. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.084.
Full textAbstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous negative impact on economies of most countries around the world. COVID-19 has disrupted the ability of health systems to deliver on essential health services and has also exposed pre-existing vulnerabilities and inequities in public health systems. According to a key informant survey conducted by WHO, over one year into the COVID-19 pandemic, there still exist substantial disruptions to essential health services. This rapid review examines evidence on successful interventions that could enable adaptive approaches to help manage and respond future pandemics and mitigate the risk of collapse of the public health systems. Countries must use the opportunity provided by the deployment of COVID-19 vaccines to strengthen health services and health systems and find long-lasting solutions for similar future challenges. The review notes that there still exist gaps in preparedness and response to the Covid-19 pandemic. New variants of concern threaten the effectiveness of existing COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine hesitancy slowing rollout, including in Africa, and interrupted and limited supply of COVID-19 tools. More funding is required though to scale up adaptive measures which are working, accelerating new approaches and innovations to improve service delivery. This review also highlights briefly the plight of marginalised social groups, people living with disabilities, women and children during the pandemic. According to estimates by Global Fund, Gavi, Global Financing Facility, access to life-saving health interventions for women, children and adolescents in 36 of the world’s poorest countries has dropped by as much as 25% due to COVID-19. Countries must build on the momentum of health innovations during the COVID-19 crisis to build more resilient health systems that can withstand disruptions by future pandemics.
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Rethinking risk in times of COVID-19. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/wskw1341.
Full textAbstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has been tremendously difficult for many people across the globe. What was initially viewed as a health crisis affected societies to their core, many of which were already grappling with the devastating effects of climate change, as well as other challenges such as political instability and conflict. While each of these crises has its own identifiable causes, the increasingly interconnected nature of our world means that these shocks or hazards and the knock-on effects from them cannot be viewed in isolation. Indeed, the number of record-breaking disasters witnessed over the past years and their cascading effects across sectors and borders have illuminated those interconnections as never before. Similarly, interconnections became very visible whenCOVID-19 started to spread around the globe. The unfolding pandemic prompted a range of policy measures to limit the spread of the virus and avoid health systems becoming overwhelmed. Yet the effects of these measures, including stay-at-ho-me orders and shutdown of public life, while highly important to prevent health system collapse and reduce COVID-19 fatalities, hit the most vulnerable the hardest. Underlying vulnerabilities such as poverty, precarious jobs in the informal economy, lack of access to education and, structural gender biases were exacerbated by the pandemic. This report sheds light on the complexity of risks in a highly interconnected world, and present lessons for risk management. Focusing on COVID-19, it shows how, through the interconnectedness of societies and the underlying vulnerabilities within them, the direct and indirect impacts of the pandemic have revealed the systemic nature of risk. Through a case study approach, it demonstrates how the pandemic triggered a multitude of impacts far beyond the direct health crisis, including joblessness, debt, civil and domestic violence and the derailment of their children’s education, among many others. In many locations, women suffered disproportionately, whether as a result of bias in employment patterns or other pre-existing gender biases in society. Drawing on insights from different case studies across the world, this report also offers lessons from the pandemic for understanding risk more systemically, and presents recommendations for risk management moving forward.