Academic literature on the topic 'Pre-contractual agreements'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pre-contractual agreements"
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Nahnybida, Volodymyr, Yurii Bilousov, Yaroslav Bliakharskyi, Ievgen Boiarskyi, and Anatolii Ishchuk. "Trade agreements, digital development and international commercial arbitration." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 74 (October 25, 2022): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.08.
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The purpose of the article was to study the problems that arise during the settlement of disputes in the order of international commercial arbitration. The article used general scientific (dialectic, analysis and synthesis) and special legal (comparative legal, formal-logical, systemic, hermeneutic, axiological) methods. In the results of the research, it was established that the characteristic features of electronic development contracts in international trade are: electronic forms of conclusion of pre-contractual and contractual communication, making amendments and additions to the contract. Taking into account the features that accompany the chosen form of contracting prevails the need to refer to the provisions of the applicable legislation on tax and customs legislation and protection of personal data, etc. The conclusions state that the main problems in the resolution of disputes arising from e-commerce contracts, in international commercial arbitration, are the issues of requirements and validity of the arbitration clauses contained in such contracts, the importance of the agreements reached in the pre-contractual stage in the subsequent resolution of disputes between the parties and the problems of proof arising from the peculiarities of entering into relevant contracts
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Linh, NGUYỄN THỊ MỸ. "Marital Agreements in Vietnam from 1858 until Now." DÍKÉ 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/dike.2021.05.01.10.
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The institution of prenuptial agreement is a founder of contractual matrimonial property regime. The possibility of concluding a marriage contract contributes to ensuring the equal rights of the spouses, as they are free to agree on their pre-marital property. Recognizing the necessity of the contractual freedom in family law, the 2014 Act on Marriage and Family of Vietnam allows couples to choose between the statutory property regime and the agreed property regime. This article presents the history of the institution of marriage agreement in Vietnam, also with regard to the development of law in European countries.
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Teremetsʹkyy, V., and N. Huts. "PROCEDURE NOVATIONS FOR CONCLUDING INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR AGREEMENTS." Scientific Notes Series Law 1, no. 12 (October 2022): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2022-12-176-181.
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The article is focused on defining procedure novations for concluding independent contractor agreements. The existence of two tendencies in the legal construction of the procedure for concluding an independent contractor agreement has been emphasized: unchanged architectonics of the procedure for concluding an acceptance and introducing novation elements into this system, which depend on the method of concluding and the purpose of the corresponding agreement. The general and special procedures for concluding independent contractor agreements have been characterized. General procedure – is when proposals set out in the offer coincide with the acceptance. Special procedure for concluding an independent contractor agreement is implemented in regard to public, defense procurement. The content of the stages of concluding an independent contractor agreement has been revealed, in particular the offer and acceptance. Specific features of concluding an independent contractor agreement with Diia-City residents have been researched. It has been emphasized that the conclusion of an independent contractor agreement in the digital environment forms a special legal regime of civil legal relations, which arise, are changed, are terminated in this environment. At the same time, the consumer receives a positive effect from the electronic agreement in the real, material world, and the product or service has the appropriate objective form. It has been proved that the institution of assurance can be applied in corporate, labor legal relations, relations in the field of intellectual property law, innovation law, foreign economic activity. It has been stated that this institution includes the following elements: 1) pre-contractual contacts of the parties (negotiations); 2) obtaining assurances and guarantees; 3) consideration of assurances and guarantees; 4) formation and provision of the offer; 5) consideration of the offer; 6) acceptance of the offer. It has been established that the procedure of concluding an independent contractor agreement for public, defense procurement is characterized by: the presence of an imperative element in the procedure of concluding an agreement; mandatory compliance with the procedure for concluding an agreement; lack of pre-contractual contacts of the parties: expanded public offer; planned procurement, i.e. the conclusion of a future agreement; narrowing the principle of contractual freedom. The lack of practice in applying the institution of assurance has been emphasized.
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Poludniak-Gierz, Katarzyna. "Sanctions for Lack of Fulfilment of Information Duties: Searching for an Adequate Regulatory Model for Personalized Agreements." European Review of Private Law 28, Issue 4 (October 1, 2020): 817–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2020050.
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The effectiveness of the protection-by-information model in consumer law depends primarily on the method of structuring pre-contractual duties and sanctions correlated with the lack of fulfilment of said duties. Modern legal doctrine considers applying technology to law-making i.e. to fix flaws in the existing protection-by-information model. However, during this discussion, the problem of sanctions for lack of fulfilment of information duties has been disregarded. This article fills this gap by exploring how the use of technology might influence the adequacy of contemporary sanctioning models. There are two main approaches towards how lack of fulfilment of information obligations should be sanctioned. First, the fact that consumer acts based on his false impression of reality can trigger liability. As a result, the individual protection mechanism (i. a. regulation of mistake and deceit) is seen as a proper sanction for non-compliance with information duties. Second, failing to provide pre-contractual information might itself be sanctionable. In this scenario, standardized protection mechanisms are preferred (Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, Consumer Rights Directive). However, the balance achieved by linking specific sanctioning mechanisms to particular pre-contractual obligations is disturbed by the use of personalization tools during contracting. Therefore, the postulate of answering the personalization of contracts with personalization of pre-contractual information duties is discussed. The possibility of extending the scope of personalization to sanctions of these norms is considered. Finally, the introduction of smart execution mechanisms is explored, and the influence of technical changes on the essential characteristics of protection-by-information model is observed.
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Sanders, Anne. "PRIVATE AUTONOMY AND MARITAL PROPERTY AGREEMENTS." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59, no. 3 (July 2010): 571–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589310000230.
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AbstractAfter the Court of Appeal decision in Radmacher v Granatino, the question whether English law should introduce enforceable pre-nuptial or marital property agreements came into focus again. Taking the decision as a starting point, the article argues in favour of introducing such agreements. Adopting a comparative approach, the article explains how such agreements are used in Germany and demonstrates that the idea of private autonomy, which has been regarded as the basis of pre-nuptial property agreements in Germany since the 19th century, can explain why couples should be allowed to make their own decisions with respect to the financial consequences of the breakdown of their relationship. Analysis of the different notions of contract in German and English law as well as comparing marriage with partnerships and other long-term contractual relationships illustrates not only the historical reasons why such agreements have not been allowed so far, but also helps to understand what safeguards the legislator and the judiciary could apply to ensure that parties do not abuse their freedom.
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Lalafaryan, Narine. "Orchestrating finance with Material Adverse Changes?" Legal Studies 42, no. 1 (March 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lst.2022.6.
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AbstractFrom a legal and economic perspective, the global financial crisis, terrorist attacks, wars, natural catastrophes, and COVID-19 all have one thing in common: they are potentially ‘material adverse change’ events. Such events are unpredictable and have severe consequences for the global economy. To help manage the fallout from such negative events, businesses in economically valuable and complex deals, such as debt financing or mergers and acquisition (M&A) agreements, include special contractual risk allocation provisions, called Material Adverse Change/Effect (MAC) clauses. The COVID-19 crisis has had a drastic effect on M&A and debt financing deals, often leading to renegotiation and sometimes to litigation of these agreements based on MAC clauses. Termination of such transactions via MAC clauses poses serious risks, including those of causing a domino-effect in the market.The effects of MAC clauses in debt finance (as opposed to M&A deals), however, have been largely overlooked both in law and in finance. This paper is the first to investigate the pre-contractual (ex-ante) and contractual (ex-post) effects of MAC clauses in commercial debt financing agreements. It proposes a novel Multifunctional Effect Approach of MAC clauses in debt finance. This paper aims to explain why the commercial parties attach high importance to these vague and uncertain MAC clauses in debt financing agreements but hardly ever rely on them. First, the paper argues that apart from acceleration of the credit facilities, MAC clauses have various beneficial effects, such as screening. Secondly, MAC clauses should be regarded not only as mechanisms to solve information asymmetry but also have the following effects: improving governance, decoupling debt, providing restructuring impulses, countering uncertainty, signalling with acceleration. Potentially, MAC clauses also have the effect of a penalty default rule. The paper finds that despite these functions, the potential of MAC clauses in debt finance is not fully utilised, due to the unique characteristics of debt finance. This significantly undermines the efficiency of MAC clauses in debt finance, as lenders overprotect themselves by additionally relying on other contractual protection mechanisms and risk offsetting strategies for more efficiency.
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Mendis, Daylath, Kasun N. Hewage, and Joanna Wrzesniewski. "CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS ANALYSIS FOR CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CANADA." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 21, no. 7 (July 10, 2015): 866–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.893907.
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Construction industry creates a massive amount of waste, which typically ends up in landfills. Canadian construction industry represents 30% of the total municipal solid waste deposited in landfills. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste has created negative socioeconomic and environmental impacts including contaminating ground water, emitting greenhouse gases, and adding more waste to scarce landfills. Literature is cited rework/waste generation due to ambiguity/errors in construction contract documents. Exculpatory clauses in contract documents are included in contractual agreements to prevent contractor claims, which often cause rework. After an extensive contract documents review, these clauses were categorized in to eight major areas. This paper (1) analyses expert opinions on pre-identified contractual clauses; and (2) introduces recommendations to minimize rework and waste in construction projects. It was found that the clauses related to quality, workmanship, and field quality control/inspection have the most potential to generate construction waste.
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Sood, Muhammad. "Mechanism of Business Contract Drafting in Supporting Economic Activities." Unram Law Review 4, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ulrev.v4i2.124.
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The development of business contracts in supporting economic activities, especially in the trade sector, is inseparable from developments in the field of law. Thus, economic actors should understand the contract design method. This article aims to analyze the regulations of business contracts both nationally and internationally, and analize the mechanism of business contract draftingin supporting economic activity. This article is sourced from the results of normative legal research; therefore the method of approach used is the legal approach and conceptual approach. The results of the study indicates that the legal sources which form the basis for regulating business contracts include national law as regulated in Article 1457-1540 of the Civil Code; contract documents; international agreements in the field of contract; court decisions regarding business contracts; and doctrines in the field of contract law. The business contract mechanism includes 3 stages, namely: 1) Pre contractual includes: negotiations on the delivery, delivery and payment of goods; risk of loss if there is a default and procedure for resolving contractual problems; make a Memorandum of Understanding as an initial guideline for the understanding of the parties; Feasibility study concerning the prospects of business contracts made by the parties; 2) Contractual or contractual arrangements include, writing the initial manuscript, revising the manuscript, exchanging draft contracts, revising and writing the final manuscript, and signing of the contract. 3) Contract contractual or contract completion where the parties are responsible for providing guarantees or guarantees that the agreed contract is executed and completed properly. Understanding the mechanism of contract design will facilitate business activities carried out by the parties.
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Grace, John G., and Max Williamson. "THE PAPUA NEW GUINEA STANDARD PETROLEUM AGREEMENT: ITS STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES." APPEA Journal 31, no. 1 (1991): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90046.
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Until the discovery of the Iagifu/Hedinia/Agogo (now called Kutubu) Fields, Papua New Guinea (PNG) petroleum laws followed, in both legislation and administration, the Australian model brought to PNG by the former pre-independence administrators. In particular, exploration and production rights derived from licences issued under the national petroleum legislation.This practice was distinctly different from the State practice of PNG's near neighbours to the north, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia. In those countries rights to explore for and produce petroleum were acquired by entry into a production sharing contract with the State which to a considerable extent was a self-contained legal code.In addition, PNG has developed a unique contractual model which has been grafted on to the existing licensing system. This new model, embodied in a Standard Petroleum Agreement (SPA), incorporates elements of the negotiated petroleum agreements common in countries with a less developed legal system.The scope of this paper is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the SPA, both internally and against the framework of the PNG legislation, particularly the Petroleum Act, as well as against the background of similar petroleum agreements offered to oil companies by other countries in the region.
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Rini, Ragil Kusnaning. "Urgensi Prinsip Kepatutan dan Keadilan (Redelijkheid en Billijkheid) Dalam Pembuatan Perjanjian Pendahuluan." Notaire 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ntr.v4i3.27221.
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The principle of reasonableness and fairness (redelijkheid en billijkheid) is a pair of principles that are closely related and constitute an interpretation of the principle of good faith. So that the terms used in NBW are no longer good faith, but rather reasonableness and fairness. In the Netherlands, this principle is mandatory not only at the time of contract execution, but also at the pre-contract stage, giving rise to pre-contractual liability. Whereas to judge whether or not a preliminary agreement is binding, what must be observed first is the substance and not just based on the title. The importance of applying the principles of reasonableness and fairness in the preliminary agreement is to realize contractual justice and provide protection for weak parties when the expectations of the promises offered cannot be fulfilled. In essence, the principle of reasonableness and fairness requires proportionality among the parties. A preliminary agreement if the clauses are made without paying attention to the principles of reasonableness and fairness will have the potential to cause disputes. Furthermore, the party who feels aggrieved can file a lawsuit on the basis of an unlawful act and demand compensation for the costs that have been incurred.Keywords: Preliminary Agreements; Good Faith; Redelijkheid en Billijkheid.Prinsip kepatutan dan keadilan (redelijkheid en billijkheid) merupakan sepasang prinsip yang saling terkait erat dan merupakan penafsiran dari makna prinsip itikad baik. Sehingga istilah yang digunakan pada NBW tidak lagi itikad baik (good faith), melainkan kepatutan dan keadilan (reasonableness and fairness). Di Belanda, prinsip ini tidak hanya diwajibkan pada saat pelaksanaan kontrak saja, namun juga pada tahapan pra kontrak sehingga menimbulkan adanya pra-contractual liability. Bahwa untuk menilai mengikat atau tidaknya suatu perjanjian pendahuluan, maka yang harus dicermati terlebih dahulu adalah substansinya dan bukan hanya didasarkan pada judulnya saja. Pentingnya penerapan prinsip kepatutan dan keadilan dalam perjanjian pendahuluan adalah untuk mewujudkan keadilan berkontrak dan memberikan perlindungan terhadap pihak yang lemah manakala harapan dari janji-janji yang ditawarkan tidak dapat terpenuhi. Pada hakikatnya prinsip kepatutan dan keadilan menghendaki adanya proporsionalitas diantara para pihak. Suatu perjanjian pendahuluan jika klausul-klausulnya dibuat tanpa memperhatikan prinsip kepatutan dan keadilan akan berpotensi menimbulkan perselisihan. Selanjutnya terhadap pihak yang merasa dirugikan dapat mengajukan gugatan atas dasar perbuatan melanggar hukum dan menuntut ganti kerugian atas biaya-biaya yang telah dikeluarkannya.Kata Kunci: Perjanjian Pendahuluan; Itikad Baik; Redelijkheid en Billijkheid.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pre-contractual agreements"
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Benedetto, Alessandra. "Pre-contractual agreements in international commercial contracts: legal dynamics and commercial expediency." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1302.
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2010 - 2011La materia dei contratti internazionali è andata acquisendo sempre maggiore importanza e diffusione negli ultimi anni. Questo fatto costituisce, in qualche modo, la conseguenza dei profondi cambiamenti che hanno interessato il mondo delle relazioni commerciali. Oggigiorno, grazie alla creazione di un mercato unico europeo e, soprattutto, quale conseguenza diretta della globalizzazione, la gran parte dei businessmen tendono a spingere i propri affari ben oltre i confini nazionali, quando non accantonano addirittura la dimensione “geografica” e si avvalgono dei più moderni strumenti della comunicazione forniti dalla tecnologia (e-commerce). La categoria dei contratti internazionali dà vita, invero, a non pochi problemi: anzitutto, non è dato rinvenirne una specifica definizione e non è sempre facile stabilire quale regime normativo (nazionale) sia applicabile nel singolo caso, a prescindere dalle apposite regole già esistenti. Un altro aspetto molto rilevante è costituito dalla notevole complessità (spesso dovuta al valore economico dell’operazione commerciale) della fase delle negoziazioni durante la quale le parti, solitamente, si comunicano l’un l’altra la propria volontà e la misura entro la quale sono disposti a farsi reciproche concessioni, fissano i singoli steps attraverso cui addivenire al raggiungimento di un accordo, valutano la concreta fattibilità dell’affare. In un tale contesto complesso esse, spesso, fissano in appositi documenti i profili del futuro regolamento contrattuale su cui hanno già raggiunto un accordo e, nel far questo, non di rado escludono i lawyers dalla redazione degli stessi. Il risultato pratico è che, piuttosto frequentemente, le formulazioni di questi documenti danno vita a notevoli problemi interpretativi. La risoluzione di una controversia emersa dalla lettera di un contratto internazionale rende necessario che il giudice o, più spesso, l’arbitro tenga in debito conto gli sviluppi della legislazione in molti degli ordinamenti nazionali, degli strumenti normativi transnazionali e di ogni altra pratica emersa in tema di accordi commerciali. Giudici e arbitri, infatti, nel formulare le proprie decisioni non possono prescindere da tali sviluppi avutisi nella pratica del commercio, andando oltre i confini tracciati dalla normativa nazionale prescelta. Questa tesi si propone di analizzare gli effetti connessi al contenuto dei documenti pre-contrattuali, secondo quella che è la disciplina degli ordinamenti di Common Law e di Civil Law, nonché negli strumenti a vocazione transnazionale come, ad esempio, i Principi UNIDROIT, i Principles of European Contract Law, Draft Common Frame of Reference, U.N. Convention on the International Sales of Good (CISG) e, emenata recentemente, la proposta di regolamento Common European Sales Law. Più specificamente, due sono i profili presi in considerazione: anzitutto, ci si domanda fino a che punto una dichiarazione pre-contrattuale possa considerarsi vincolante in sé e per sé. In secondo luogo, si tratta di appurare fino a che punto una dichiarazione pre-contrattuale possa produrre effetti giuridici venendo incorporata nel futuro contratto o, comunque, inducendo alla stipula del contratto stesso. Il metodo d’indagine adottato consiste, anzitutto, nell’analisi delle regole sulla formazione dei contratti previste dagli ordinamenti più rappresentativi afferenti al Common Law ed al Civili Law, nonché dai documenti transazionali su menzionati. Segue, poi, uno studio sull’interpretazione e la qualificazione delle lettere di intenti e degli altri pre-contractual statements risultati di maggiore impiego nella prassi del commercio internazionale e, prima ancora, alla luce delle disposizioni normative riconducibili agli ordinamenti nazionali. La tesi si propone, in definitiva, di conseguire i seguenti obiettivi: 1) verificare quali siano gli eventuali riflessi sugli attuali trends relativi alla disciplina nazionale e transnazionale; 2) individuare quali fattori di policy incidono sulla evoluzione giuridica; 3) appurare se si venga a creare, o meno, una qualche interferenza tra diritto nazionale e transnazionale; 4) stabilire quale sia la relazione esistente tra Hard Law e Soft Law. [a cura dell'autore]
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Piacitelli-Guedj, Aurélia. "Le droit international privé de négociation précontractuelle." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA111019.
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Dans un contexte de mondialisation, face à l’accroissement des échanges et la complexification des contrats internationaux, les négociations précontractuelles ont pris une dimension particulière : création de nouvelles obligations, étirement de la durée des pourparlers, multiplications des contrats préliminaires, tout conduit à transformer cette simple période de transition en une étape primordiale de la vie contractuelle. Les différentes phases de négociation entre partenaires internationaux vont ainsi générer des contentieux qui intéressent le droit international privé. En effet, la valeur juridique de la négociation diverge d’un régime juridique à un autre. Alors que les Etats de common law adoptent une conception individualiste des pourparlers avec pour principe une liberté contractuelle très étendue, la civil law circonscrit la liberté contractuelle par le respect d’un devoir de bonne foi. Par conséquent, il apparaît essentiel, pour les parties, de connaître avec certitude le droit applicable à leur relation précontractuelle.Or les règles de conflits existantes, supposées garantir la sécurité juridique des parties à la négociation en leur assurant une certaine prévisibilité des solutions, ne sont pas adaptées à l’heure actuelle. Dans cette perspective, l’objet de la recherche s’attache à considérer les spécificités de la période précontractuelle et les questions de droit international privé s’y rattachant et tente d’y apporter des réponses efficaces en proposant des règles de conflits adaptées, afin de garantir la sécurité juridique à laquelle aspirent les parties à la négociationIn a context of globalization, facing increased trade and the increasing complexity of international contracts, pre-contractual negotiations take a special dimension: creating new obligations, stretching the length of talks, multiplications of preliminary contracts, are leading to transform this simple transition in a primordial stage of contracts. The different phases of negotiation between international partners and will generate interest litigation private international law.Indeed, the legal negotiation differs from one legal regime to another. Common law countries adopt an individualistic principle for talks with extensive contractual freedom, whereas civil law circumscribes the freedom of contract in respect of a duty of good faith. Therefore, it is essential for the parties to know with certainty the law applicable to their pre-contractual relationship.However, the existing conflict rules, supposed to guarantee the legal security of the negotiating parties by ensuring predictability solutions are not appropriate at this time. In this perspective, the purpose of the research focuses on considering the specificities of the pre-contractual period and issues of private international law relating thereto and attempts to provide effective responses by providing conflict rules adapted to ensure legal certainty aspired parties to the negotiation
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López, Fung Jorge. "Contractual innovations: Memorandum of Understanding." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122593.
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This article addresses the most relevant aspects of Memorandum of Understanding, one of the most important contractual figures of our times. Through the article, the author explains this figure according to doctrinaire and jurisprudential pronouncements and determines its legal nature and the treatment the Peruvian legal system should grant to it.El presente artículo aborda los aspectos más relevantes del Memorando de Entendimiento o Memorandum of Understanding, una de las figuras contractuales más importantes de nuestros tiempos. A lo largo del artículo, el autor explica esta figura a la luz de pronunciamientos doctrinarios y jurisprudenciales y, asimismo, determina su naturaleza jurídica y el tratamiento que el ordenamiento jurídico peruano debe otorgarle.
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Brunius, Charlotte, and Alexander Lorenius. "Osäkerheter kring förhandsavtal för nyproducerade bostadsrätter i Stockholm : Vilka finansiella orsaker ligger till grund för de problem som har uppstått?" Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254739.
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Bostadsinvesteringarna har tagit fart de senaste åren i Sverige. Den gynnsammaprisutvecklingen har resulterat i fler nybyggnadsinvesteringar och antaletproducerade lägenheter har varit stort. I detta marknadsläge blev det allt merattraktivt att teckna förhandsavtal på nyproducerade bostäder. När prisfallet sedankom under hösten 2017 för att därefter stagnera, har det uppstått en ökad osäkerhetpå den svenska bostadsmarknaden. I den stagnerade marknaden harbostadsutvecklarnas finansieringsmodell avseende förhandsavtalen fått störremedial uppmärksamhet. Oftast handlar det om den kritik och de brister vad gäller deförhandsavtal som tecknats och som har uppenbarat sig allt mer när marknadensvängde. Detta har gett upphov till ett ökat antal tvister mellan bostadsutvecklare ochköpare såsom konsumenter, i ett försök att häva dessa avtal. Mot denna bakgrundhar idag allt fler hushåll avvaktat med att teckna förhandsavtal, framför allt påbostadsrätter där tillträdesdatum ligger långt fram i tiden.I uppsatsen har intervjuer hållits med bostadsutvecklare i Stockholm, finansiärer ochjuridiska ombud för konsumenter för att sammanställa synen på marknaden idag vadgäller förhandsavtal för nyproducerade bostadsrätter hos olika aktörer. Vidare har enfallstudie genomförts genom en djupdykning i två olika bostadsutvecklaresaffärsmodeller och styrprocesser, för att kunna granska underliggande orsaker till atttvister med köpare har uppstått. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att identifiera definansiella orsaker som ligger till grund för de problem som idag uppstått påmarknaden, samt ge förslag på lösningar som vidare skulle kunna undersökas iämnet.Residential investments have increased over the past years in Sweden. Thefavorable price trend has resulted in more investments in new-construction, and thenumber of new-built apartments has been large. During this market situation, itbecame increasingly attractive to sign pre-sale agreements on newly producedcondominiums. Since the prices subsequently fell in Autumn 2017 and thereafterstagnated, there has been an increased uncertainty in the Swedish housing market.In this stagnated market, the residential housing developers’ financing models for thepre-sale agreements has received greater medial attention. Most of this attention hasbeen about criticism and shortcomings regarding the pre-sale agreements that havebeen signed and which have become increasingly appeared when the marketswung. This has led to enhanced numbers of disputes between residentialdevelopers and buyers, as an attempt to lift these agreements. Today an increasingnumber of households have been waiting to sign pre-sale agreements, especially oncondominiums where access dates are well ahead.In the paper, interviews were carried out with housing developers in Stockholm,financiers and legal representatives for consumers in order to compile the view of themarket today regarding pre-sale agreements for newly produced condominiums,from various players. In addition, a case study has been conducted to get a deepdive into two different housing developers' business models and control processes,in order to be able to examine the underlying reasons why any disputes with buyershave arisen. The purpose of the thesis has been to identify the financial causes thatunderlie the problems that have arisen in the market today, and to give suggestionsfor solutions that could further be investigated on the subject.
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Le, Bescond de Coatpont Mathieu. "La dépendance des distributeurs." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL20006.
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Les distributeurs sont des intermédiaires économiques car ils offrent sur le marché des produits ou services conçus, fabriqués ou exécutés par d’autres (les fournisseurs). Cette recherche démontre que le degré de protection accordé par le droit positif aux différents distributeurs n’est pas corrélé à leur degré de dépendance aux fournisseurs. Les qualifications de la dépendance sont multiples, incertaines, incohérentes et parfois artificiellement restrictives ou extensives, en droit du travail comme en droit économique. Des distributeurs connaissant un même degré de dépendance à leur fournisseur peuvent être traités de façon différente sans justification au regard des fondements des règles considérées. Il existe ainsi des inégalités de traitement. Il est donc proposé un nouveau droit de la dépendance des distributeurs, plus cohérent et égalitaire. Celui-ci se traduirait par un statut légal des distributeurs remplaçant les multiples statuts spéciaux existants, traçant une frontière plus nette avec le droit du travail et conciliant les intérêts des distributeurs avec la liberté des fournisseurs d’organiser la distribution de leurs produits et services. Dépassant la notion trop restrictive de contrat et les conflits de qualification, ce statut viserait la relation de distribution et prévoirait un régime appréhendant la complexité et l’évolutivité de la dépendance des distributeurs grâce à l’information, à une garantie de revenus et différentes indemnités de fin de relationDistributors are economic intermediaries because they offer on the market goods and services produced or served by others (the suppliers). This research demonstrates that the degree of protection offered by the Law to the various distributors isn’t correlated with their degree of dependence towards suppliers. The qualifications of dependence are numerous, incoherent and sometimes artificially restrictive or extensive, in labour law as in business law. Distributors experiencing a same degree of dependence towards their supplier can be treated differently without any justification regarding the grounds of the rules in question. Hence, appear inequalities towards the Law. Therefore, new legal rules are suggested. They would take the form of a statute ruling distributors and replacing the numerous statutes in force at the present time. It would draw a clearer line between labour law and business law and conciliate the distributors’ interests with the freedom of suppliers to organize the distribution of their goods and services. Going other the too restrictive notion of contact and the conflicts between qualifications, this statute would rule the relation of distribution and contain rules comprehending the complex and changing nature of dependence. It would ensure sufficient information of distributors and offer them an income guarantee and various compensations when the relation is terminated
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Momo, Maria Vitoria Galvan. "A MATERIALIZAÇÃO DO PRINCÍPIO DA TRANSPARÊNCIA NO CONTRATO DE FRANQUIA ATRAVÉS DO DEVER DE INFORMAÇÃO Equilíbrio Contratual e Proteção das Partes na Fase Preliminar." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85911.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoMuito se discute, na doutrina e jurisprudência, questões relativas à cessação do contrato de franquia e suas consequências no ordenamento jurídico interno e comunitário. Entretanto, poucos ordenamentos jurídicos consagram normas referentes à fase pré-contratual e a formação dos contratos de franquia. No presente trabalho pretende-se demonstrar que a maioria dos problemas na fase de execução ou na fase pós-contratual estão conexos a vícios que se iniciam na fase pré-contratual. Busca-se evidenciar que a observância de alguns princípios e a iniciativa das partes pela manutenção do equilíbrio contratual, nessa fase, poderá influir diretamente no bom funcionamento da relação negocial subsequente. Por conseguinte, pretende-se analisar alguns ordenamentos jurídicos avançados no que diz respeito à consagração de deveres pré-contratuais no franchising, especialmente do dever de informação preliminar, em uma análise comparada entre o sistema Português, Espanhol, Brasileiro, Francês e Italiano. Adicionalmente, será ressaltado o tratamento adotado pela Lei Modelo UNIDROIT, de 2002. Para tanto, serão observados institutos e princípios que norteiam a fase preliminar, com ênfase ao dever de boa-fé, transparência, lealdade e informação, de forma a verificar como poderão servir para garantir uma fase preliminar diligente. Desse modo, pretende-se ressaltar a imprescindibilidade do dever de informação para a contratação válida, uma vez que traduz importante instrumento para compensação de eventual desequilíbrio econômico ou jurídico da parte considerada mais vulnerável.
There is a lot of doctrinal and jurisprudential discussion about matters related to the cease of the franchise agreement, and its consequences in the internal and communitarian legal orders. However, few legal orders establish rules concerning the pre-contractual phase and the franchise contract’s formation. In this dissertation, we intent to demonstrate that most of the problems in the execution phase or in the post-contractual phase are connected to defects that begin in the pre-contractual phase. It aims to evidence that the observance of a few principles and the initiative of both parties towards the maintenance of the contractual balance can, in this phase, influence directly in the proper functioning of the subsequent business relation. Therefore, the intent is to analyze a few advanced legal orders regarding the pre-contractual obligations’ establishment in franchising, specially the preliminary information duty, in a compared analysis between the Portuguese, Spanish, Brazilian, French and Italian’ systems. Additionally, the treatment adopted by the Disclosure Law UNIDROIT will be highlighted. To that end, there will be the observation of the preliminary’s phase guiding institutes and principles, emphasizing the obligations of good faith, transparency, loyalty and information, to verify how they can serve as guarantee to a diligent preliminary phase. This way, we intent to highlight the indispensability of the information’s duty for a valid contracting once it translates as an important instrument to compensate for an eventual legal or economical unbalance to the party considered to be most vulnerable.
Books on the topic "Pre-contractual agreements"
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Ross G, Anderson. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation II: Arts 2.1.6–2.1.14—Acceptance, Art.2.1.13. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0029.
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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.13 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the conclusion of a contract. Art 2.1.13 deals with two separate aspects of formation during pre-contractual negotiations: agreement on specific matters of content, and agreement is concluded only if the agreement is concluded in a specific form. Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form. This commentary compares conditional contracts and fundamental prerequisites and concludes with a discussion of particular formalities relating to the conclusion of a contract.
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Isabel, Zuloaga Rios. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation III: Arts 2.1.15–2.1.16—Negotiations, Art.2.1.15. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0031.
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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.15 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning negotiations in bad faith. Art 2.1.15 establishes liability for pre-contractual conduct in general terms. It stipulates that a party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement. However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party. In particular, it is bad faith for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party. This commentary also discusses the consequences of failure to observe the principle of good faith and fair dealing, with particular emphasis on damages and the right to request performance of the obligation to negotiate in good faith, along with exclusion or limitation of liability and burden of proof.
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Chunyan, Ding. Contract Formation under Chinese Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808114.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the law on contract formation in Chinese law which largely follows the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. An objective approach is adopted in determining the parties’ intentions but exceptions are allowed where parties have not accurately expressed their true agreement, the contract is a sham, or one party’s intentional false expression is known to the other. For a contract to be binding, its ‘essential elements’ must be agreed (names of the parties, subject matter, and quantity); other terms may be agreed by the parties after the conclusion of the contract or, failing that, determination by the court. In reality, however, courts use soft laws and the nature of the contract, to augment what is required. A purported acceptance which makes a ‘non-material’ alteration to the content of the offer can bind the offeror unless the offeror timely rejects it, but there is little scope for non-materiality. Nevertheless, even a materially varied acceptance can bind if the original offeror’s performance amounts to acceptance where the usage of transaction or the express terms of the offer allows acceptance by conduct. Furthermore, courts show willingness to recognize an acceptance by conduct of performance beyond these two situations. There is no general requirement of form for a valid contract, although exceptionally, laws or administrative regulations may require writing or approval/registration. There is no general requirement of consideration; gratuitous contracts are enforceable. However, the latter attract far less legal force than onerous contracts. An offer is irrevocable only if it is an option or if the offeree reasonably believes the offer is irrevocable and has made preparations for the performance of the contract. An acceptance takes effect only when it arrives. A late acceptance that is not attributed to the offeree is ineffective unless the offeror gives timely notice of its intention to ratify the acceptance. Electronic means of communication are treated in the same way as paper-based communications with specific rules to determine the time and place of contract formation and the validity of electronic signature. Reliance-based pre-contractual liability may be imposed, on the basis of the requirement of good faith, in the circumstances including negotiating with no intention of concluding a contract, intentional concealment of material facts, or breach of confidentiality.
Book chapters on the topic "Pre-contractual agreements"
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Poole, Jill, James Devenney, and Adam Shaw-Mellors. "1. Agreement." In Contract Law Concentrate, 1–29. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198840442.003.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the components of agreement; an essential ingredient of a contract. Traditionally, an agreement is comprised of an offer and a corresponding acceptance. There are two types of agreement: bilateral and unilateral. Bilateral agreements are by far the most common in practice and consist of a promise in exchange for a promise. Unilateral agreements consist of a promise in exchange for an act. This chapter analyses the agreement process in terms of offer, acceptance, and revocation of offers in bilateral and unilateral scenarios in order to provide structures and scenarios for future use. It also explains the two-contract analysis which is used to impose pre-contractual liability in English law.
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Poole, Jill, James Devenney, and Adam Shaw-Mellors. "1. Agreement." In Contract Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198803850.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the components of agreement, an essential ingredient of a contract. Traditionally an agreement is comprised of an offer and a corresponding acceptance. There are two types of agreement: bilateral and unilateral. Bilateral agreements are by far the most common in practice and consist of a promise in exchange for a promise. Unilateral agreements consist of a promise in exchange for an act. This chapter analyses the agreement process in terms of offer, acceptance, and revocation of offers in bilateral and unilateral scenarios in order to provide structures and scenarios for future use. It also explains the two-contract analysis which is used to impose pre-contractual liability in English law.
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Poole, Jill, James Devenney, and Adam Shaw-Mellors. "1. Agreement." In Contract Law Concentrate, 1–28. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192897336.003.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the components of agreement; an essential ingredient of a contract. Traditionally, an agreement is comprised of an offer and a corresponding acceptance. There are two types of agreement: bilateral and unilateral. Bilateral agreements are by far the most common in practice and consist of a promise in exchange for a promise. Unilateral agreements consist of a promise in exchange for an act. This chapter analyses the agreement process in terms of offer, acceptance, and revocation of offers in bilateral and unilateral scenarios in order to provide structures and scenarios for future use. It also explains the two-contract analysis which is used to impose pre-contractual liability in English law.
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"APPROACHES TO FINDING AGREEMENT AND PRE-CONTRACTUAL NEGOTIATIONS." In Contract Law in Perspective, 79–86. Routledge-Cavendish, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843146469-13.
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"APPROACHES TO FINDING AGREEMENT AND PRE-CONTRACTUAL NEGOTIATIONS." In Contract Law in Perspective, 71–78. Routledge-Cavendish, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203885802-15.
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Benbaji, Yitzhak, and Daniel Statman. "Foundations of a Non-Individualist Morality." In War By Agreement, 37–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199577194.003.0002.
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The purpose of this chapter is to outline an alternative to Individualism and to show that moral rights can be taken seriously while acknowledging the role of organized societies in determining the actual distribution of moral rights and duties. In some cases, the rules accepted by such societies give content to what was indeterminate at the pre-contractual level. In others, they redistribute moral rights and duties among members of society. In both these ways, rights behave in a less rigid manner than that entailed by Individualism. To understand how social rules can determine rights, it is particularly helpful to look at the way social roles provide their holders with a permission to diverge from what would be required from them pre-contractually. In decent societies, holders of public roles typically have a right to fulfil their professional duty without deliberating on the merits of the case; namely, without being guided by first-order reasons that pertain to the cases with which they deal. This applies to combatants as well. In most cases, they have a right to disregard the first-order reasons pertaining to the justness of the war they are sent to fight. The responsibility for launching an unjust war lies on the shoulders of the politicians and not on those of combatants, just as the responsibility for sending an innocent person to jail rests with the court and not with the prison guards.
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Merkin, Robert, and Séverine Saintier. "6. Content of the contract and principles of interpretation." In Poole's Casebook on Contract Law, 211–88. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198817864.003.0006.
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The Casebook series provides a comprehensive selection of case law that addresses all aspects of the subject encountered on undergraduate courses. This chapter examines what the parties to a contract have undertaken to do, that is, the terms of the contract, and the principles determining how the courts interpret the meaning of those contractual terms. It considers whether pre-contractual statements are terms or mere representations. The chapter then turns to written contracts, focusing on the parol evidence rule, entire agreement clauses, and the effect of signature on the contractual document. It also discusses oral contracts and incorporation of written terms in such contracts by means of signature, reasonable notice, consistent course of dealing and common knowledge of the parties. In addition to express terms, this chapter looks at how terms are implied, particularly terms implied by the courts—terms implied in law and terms implied in fact. There is discussion of the typical implied terms in sale and supply contracts in the B2B and B2C context. Finally, this chapter focuses on the principles governing the interpretation of contractual terms.
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Merkin, Robert, and Séverine Saintier. "5. Content of the contract and principles of interpretation." In Poole's Casebook on Contract Law, 171–250. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198869986.003.0005.
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Poole’s Casebook on Contract Law provides a comprehensive selection of case law that addresses all aspects of the subject encountered on undergraduate courses. This chapter examines what the parties to a contract have undertaken to do; that is, the terms of the contract, and the principles determining how the courts interpret the meaning of those contractual terms. It considers whether pre-contractual statements are terms or mere representations. The chapter then turns to written contracts, focusing on the parol evidence rule, entire agreement clauses, and the effect of signature on the contractual document. It also discusses oral contracts and incorporation of written terms in such contracts by means of signature, reasonable notice, consistent course of dealing, and common knowledge of the parties. In addition to express terms, this chapter looks at how terms are implied, particularly terms implied by the courts—terms implied in law and terms implied in fact. There is discussion of the typical implied terms in sale and supply contracts in the B2B and B2C context. Finally, this chapter focuses on the principles governing the interpretation of contractual terms.
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Noah, Rubins, Papanastasiou Thomas-Nektarios, and Kinsella N Stephan. "Part I Assessment and Pre-Investment Management of Political Risk, 2 Structuring Transactions to Minimize Political Risk." In International Investment, Political Risk, and Dispute Resolution. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808053.003.0003.
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This chapter analyzes the types of investment projects most often undertaken in developing States, and provides an analysis of the structures that can be implemented to reduce exposure to political risk. The discussions cover project types (petroleum extraction agreements and infrastructure projects), transaction structures, investor–State contracts, core State contract clauses affecting political risk (arbitration clause, choice-of-law clause, stabilization clause, and force majeure clause), clauses for guidance of courts and tribunals (damage clause, interest rate clause, local remedies clause, and waiver of sovereign immunity), and other useful contractual provisions (conversion of currency clause, payment of currency to offshore account, and binding the State as party to the contract).
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Merkin, Robert, and Séverine Saintier. "6. Content of the contract and principles of interpretation." In Poole's Textbook on Contract Law, 197–249. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198816980.003.0006.
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Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provides an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. This chapter explores how the terms of the parties’ agreement (that is, the contractual promise to be performed) are identified and how the courts interpret the meaning of those terms. It considers the status of statements made prior to the conclusion of the contract (as terms or representations) and why this matters. The parol evidence rule applies where the contract is written and provides that the writing represents the entire contract. This definition is flawed, however, because it allows the rule to be sidestepped by defining the contract as partly written and partly oral. Alternatively, an oral term can take effect as a collateral contract, which is separate to any written contract to which the parol evidence rule applies. The effect of the parol evidence rules can be achieved by incorporating an entire agreement clause. This chapter also considers the effect and impact of a no oral modification clause (or NOM). This chapter examines methods of achieving incorporation of terms such as signature, reasonable notice (or a higher standard of notice if the term is onerous or unusual), consistent course of dealing and common knowledge of the parties. In addition to the express terms, there may be terms implied by custom, by courts or by statute. Finally, the chapter considers the principles on which contracts are interpreted including the relevance, or otherwise, of pre-contractual negotiations.
Conference papers on the topic "Pre-contractual agreements"
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Kozar, Vladimir. "UTICAJ OTVARANjA STEČAJNOG POSTUPKA NA ZAKONSKA I UGOVORNA PRAVA PREČE KUPOVINE." In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.959k.
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The paper analyzes the regulations of the Republic of Serbia, the standpoints of domestic court practice and the opinions of jurisprudence on the impact of the opening of bankruptcy proceedings on the preemptive right. The importance of terminating previously acquired preemptive rights, as a legal consequence of opening bankruptcy proceedings, and avoiding a collision with the legal pre-emptive right of the secured creditor on the subject of pledge right. Also, the issue of exercising and protecting the preemptive right in bankruptcy proceedings was discussed. The legal nature of the legal preemptive right of secured creditors on the subject of separate or pledge right in the case of methods of sale by direct agreement is explained. The importance of the creditor's right to set off his secured claim with the purchase price was pointed out, in case he is the best bidder (credit bidding). The aim of this paper is to show the termination of various types of legal and contractual preemptive rights, as legal consequences of opening bankruptcy proceedings, as well as the manner of exercising pre-emptive rights in the case of methods of selling encumbered property by direct agreement. Also, the legal remedies that secured creditors can use in case of violation of their legal preemptive right on a mortgaged real estate or other subject of a pledge right are analyzed.