Books on the topic 'Pre-clinical imaging'
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1
Najarian, Kayvan. Biomedical Signal and Image Processing. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.
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2
Nixdorff, Uwe, Stephan Achenbach, Frank Bengel, Pompillio Faggiano, Sara Fernández, Christian Heiss, Thomas Mengden, et al. Imaging in cardiovascular prevention. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0006.
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Imaging tools in preventive cardiology can be divided into imaging modalities to assess pre-clinical and clinical atherosclerosis and functional assessments of vascular function or vascular inflammation. To calculate the likelihood of pre-clinical atherosclerosis intima-media thickness as well as coronary calcium scoring are most frequently used. However, beyond these two there are other parameters derived by ultrasound and multi-detector computed tomography as well as magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear/molecular imaging which are discussed in the chapter. Functional tests include flow-mediated dilatation, pulse wave analysis, and the ankle-brachial index. In clinical research other invasive measurements such as intravascular ultrasound/virtual histology/elastography, optical coherence tomography as well as thermography are being used. However, their value in clinical prevention still needs to be established.
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Cleverley, Joanne. The imaging of fungal disease. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0041.
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The imaging of fungal infection is diverse and often non-specific with multiple abnormalities commonly identified, frequently with more than one organ involved. By correlating the clinical information, which should include patient immune status, pre-existing chronic disease, and potential exposure to endemic fungi, and using this information with an awareness of the radiographic findings of fungal infection, a potential diagnosis can be ascertained. In this chapter, the imaging of fungal infection is discussed, concentrating on the various imaging modalities available, their role, and the major organs involved, highlighting any distinguishing radiographic findings, which may help in the search for a definitive diagnosis.
4
Loving, Vilert A. Pre-Operative Localization. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0059.
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Non-palpable, surgical breast lesions require image guidance to direct the site of excision. With the widespread adoption of screening mammography and increased identification of non-palpable breast cancers, image guidance is critical to support the surgeon in successful breast-conserving surgery. Pre-operative localization procedures are typically performed under mammography guidance or ultrasound guidance, and less commonly under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance. This chapter, appearing in the section on interventions and surgical changes, reviews protocols and pitfalls, pre-/peri-/post-procedure clinical management, and imaging follow-up of pre-operative localization procedures. Topics discussed include mammography-guided, ultrasound-guided, and MRI-guided localization procedures. This chapter also introduces the radioactive seed and radiofrequency identification localization procedures and discusses post-operative specimen radiographs.
5
Splinter, Robert, and Kayvan Najarian. Biomedical Signal and Image Processing. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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6
Splinter, Robert, and Kayvan Najarian. Biomedical Signal and Image Processing. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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7
Kayvan, Najarian, and Splinter Robert, eds. Biomedical signal and image processing. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2005.
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8
Splinter, Robert, and Kayvan Najarian. Biomedical Signal and Image Processing. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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9
Wang, Sigen, Otto Zhou, and Sha Chang. Carbon-nanotube field emission electron and X-ray technology for medical research and clinical applications. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.19.
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This article describes carbon-nanotube based X-ray technologies for medical research and clinical applications, including an X-ray source, microfocus X-ray tube, microcomputed tomography scanner, stationary digital breast tomosynthesis, microradiotherapy system, and single-cell irradiation system. It first examines electron field emission from carbon nanotubes before discussing carbon-nanotube field emission electron and X-ray technologies in greater detail. It highlights the enormous promise of these systems in commercial and research application for the future in diagnostic medical imaging; in-vivo imaging of small-animal modelsfor pre-clinical cancer studies; security screening; industrial inspection; cancer radiotherapy of small-animal models for pre-clinical cancer studies; and basic cancer research using single-cell irradiation.
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McCormick, Patrick Neil. Pre-clinical evaluation of [carbon-11]-(+)-PHNO as an agonist positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for imaging of the high-affinity state of the dopamine D2 receptor. 2006.
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11
van den Bosch, Annemien E., Luigi P. Badano, and Julia Grapsa. Right ventricle and pulmonary arterial pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0023.
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Right ventricular (RV) performance plays an important role in the morbidity and mortality of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, congenital heart disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Assessment of RV size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its complex geometry. Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography is the modality of choice for assessment of RV function in clinical practice. Recent developments in echocardiography have provided several new techniques for assessment of RV dimensions and function, include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging. However, specific training, expensive dedicated equipment, and extensive clinical validation are still required. Doppler methods interrogating tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision-making. This chapter addresses the role of the various echocardiographic modalities used to assess the RV and pulmonary circulation. Special emphasis has been placed on technical considerations, limitations, and pitfalls of image acquisition and analysis.
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Badano, Luigi P., and Denisa Muraru. Assessment of right heart function and haemodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0011.
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Assessment of right ventricular (RV) size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its unique cavity geometry. Conventional two-dimensional assessment of RV function is often qualitative. Doppler methods involving tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision making. Recent advances in echocardiographic assessment of the RV include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging, but they need specific training, expensive dedicated equipment, and extensive clinical validation. However, assessment of RV function is crucial, especially in patients with signs of right-sided failure and those with congenital or mitral valve diseases. This chapter aims to address the role of the various echocardiographic modalities used to assess RV and pulmonary vascular bed function. Special emphasis has been placed on technical considerations, limitations, and pitfalls of image acquisition and analysis.
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Mullen, Lisa A. MRI-Guided Core Biopsy. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0057.
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MRI-guided breast biopsy techniques were developed to sample indeterminate and suspicious breast lesions visible only on MRI. Breast MRI performed for high-risk screening, problem solving, or assessment of extent of disease in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer may demonstrate indeterminate findings, such as enhancing foci, masses or non-mass enhancement. If the lesion is not visible by mammography or ultrasound, and MRI follow-up is not appropriate, then MRI-guided biopsy is indicated. This chapter, appearing in the section on interventions and surgical changes, reviews the key points and procedural protocols and pitfalls for performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–guided breast core biopsy. Pre-, peri-, and post-procedure clinical management, radiology–pathology correlation, and imaging follow-up are also reviewed.
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Di Carlo, Philip A. Ultrasound-Guided Core Biopsy. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0056.
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Prior to 1993, when ultrasound-guided core breast biopsy was first described by Parker and colleagues, surgery following image-guided needle localization was necessary to obtain a histological diagnosis of breast lesions. But there are many financial, practical, and clinical advantages of image-guided core biopsy over surgical excisional biopsy. There are also many advantages to ultrasound-guided biopsy over stereotactic- or MRI-guided biopsy, detailed in this chapter. Ultrasound is now usually the modality of choice by which to perform core biopsies if the lesion is visualized by multiple imaging modalities. This chapter, appearing in the section on interventions and surgical changes, reviews the key points of performing ultrasound-guided core biopsy. Topics discussed include protocols for both spring-loaded and vacuum-assisted devices; pre-procedure and post-procedure management, and imaging follow-up.
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Al-Nahhas, Adil, and Imene Zerizer. Nuclear medicine. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0070.
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The application of nuclear medicine techniques in the diagnosis and management of rheumatological conditions relies on its ability to detect physiological and pathological changes in vivo, usually at an earlier stage compared to structural changes visualized on conventional imaging. These techniques are based on the in-vivo administration of a gamma-emitting radionuclide whose distribution can be monitored externally using a gamma camera. To guide a radionuclide to the area of interest, it is usually bound to a chemical label to form a 'radiopharmaceutical'. There are hundreds of radiopharmaceuticals in clinical use with different 'homing' mechanisms, such as 99 mTc HDP for bone scan and 99 mTc MAA for lung scan. Comparing pre- and posttherapy scans can aid in monitoring response to treatment. More recently, positron emission tomography combined with simultaneous computed tomography (PET/CT) has been introduced into clinical practice. This technique provides superb spatial resolution and anatomical localization compared to gamma-camera imaging. The most widely used PET radiopharmaceutical, flurodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), is a fluorinated glucose analogue, which can detect hypermetabolism and has therefore been used in imaging and monitoring response to treatment of a variety of cancers as well as inflammatory conditions such as vasculitis, myopathy, and arthritides. Other PET radiopharmaceuticals targeting inflammation and activated macrophages are becoming available and could open new frontiers in PET imaging in rheumatology. Nuclear medicine procedures can also be used therapeutically. Beta-emitting radiopharmaceuticals, such as yttrium-90, invoke localized tissue damage at the site of injection and can be used in the treatment of synovitis.
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Pisapia, Jared M., Zarina S. Ali, Gregory G. Heuer, and Eric L. Zager. Adult Upper Trunk Brachial Plexus Injury. Edited by Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara, and Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0022.
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This chapter takes a case-based approach to the diagnosis and management of adult brachial plexus injury involving the upper trunk. The clinical presentation and differential diagnosis associated with this injury pattern are reviewed, as well as the findings of electrodiagnostic and imaging studies. Preoperative considerations include the timing from initial injury and the difference between pre- and postganglionic injury. Options for nerve reconstruction include nerve grafting, nerve transfer, or a combination of both. The options are compared, and a detailed description of each surgical procedure is provided, along with related complications, alternative repair strategies, and outcomes.
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Koczo, Agnes, Reshad Mahmud, and Belinda Rivera-Lebron. Pulmonary Embolism (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0020.
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This chapter examines the diagnosis, risk stratification, and breadth of treatment options for pulmonary embolism (PE). It reviews the decision pathways based on degree of clinical suspicion of PE and assessing pre-test probability using the Geneva and Wells’ Score. It also reviews the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria (PERC) and D-dimer with high negative predictive values. Imaging and cardiac biomarkers, which allow classification and risk stratification of PE, are discussed in how they guide management. Options for parenteral anticoagulation including bridging to novel oral anticoagulants or vitamin K antagonists for long term therapy are discussed, as well as clinical situations where systemic or catheter based thrombolysis should be considered. Hemodynamic support involving vasopressors are reviewed. The options for surgical embolectomy, as well as special cases including clot in transit, are discussed.
18
Sandford, Richard. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0308_update_001.
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Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a diagnosis typically made following imaging of the renal tract. The characteristic features of enlarged bilateral polycystic kidneys with or without liver cysts and a positive family history allow a secure diagnosis to be made for the majority of affected individuals. Other conditions may mimic ADPKD and features of these diseases should always be sought before making a diagnosis. Genetic testing for ADPKD is now widely available and its use in clinical practice is being evaluated. It is likely to have a role in cases with diagnostic uncertainty, living related donor assessment, and pre-symptomatic testing in addition to reproductive planning.
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Lameire, Norbert, Raymond Vanholder, and Wim Van Biesen. Clinical approach to the patient with acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0222_update_001.
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The prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) depends on early diagnosis and therapy. A multitude of causes are classified according to their origin as prerenal, intrinsic (intrarenal), and post-renal.Prerenal AKI means a loss of renal function despite intact nephrons, for example, because of volume depletion and/or hypotension.There is a broad spectrum of intrinsic causes of AKI including acute tubular necrosis (ATN), interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis. Evaluation includes careful review of the patient’s history, physical examination, urinalysis, selected urine chemistries, imaging of the urinary tree, and eventual kidney biopsy. The history should focus on the tempo of loss of function (if known), associated systemic diseases, and symptoms related to the urinary tract (especially those that suggest obstruction). In addition, a review of the medications looking for potentially nephrotoxic drugs is essential. The physical examination is directed towards the identification of findings of a systemic disease and a detailed assessment of the patient’s haemodynamic status. This latter goal may require invasive monitoring, especially in the oliguric patient with conflicting clinical findings, where the physical examination has limited accuracy.Excluding urinary tract obstruction is necessary in all cases and may be established easily by renal ultrasound.Distinction between the two most common causes of AKI (prerenal AKI and ATN) is sometimes difficult, especially because the clinical examination is often misleading in the setting of mild volume depletion or overload. Urinary chemistries, like calculation of the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), may be used to help in this distinction. In contrast to FENa, the fractional excretion of urea has the advantage of being rather independent of diuretic therapy. Response to fluid repletion is still regarded as the gold standard in the differentiation between prerenal and intrinsic AKI. Return of renal function to baseline or resuming of diuresis within 24 to 72 hours is considered to indicate ‘transient, mostly prerenal AKI’, whereas persistent renal failure usually indicates intrinsic disease. Transient AKI may, however, also occur in short-lived ATN. Furthermore, rapid fluid application is contraindicated in a substantial number of patients, such as those with congestive heart failure.‘Muddy brown’ casts and/or tubular epithelial cell casts in the urine sediment are typically seen in patients with ATN. Their presence is an important tool in the distinction between ATN and prerenal AKI, which is characterized by a normal sediment, or by occasional hyaline casts. There is a possible role for new serum and/or urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of the patient with AKI, including the differential diagnosis between pre-renal AKI and ATN. Further studies are needed before their routine determination can be recommended.When a diagnosis cannot be made with reasonable certainty through this evaluation, renal biopsy should be considered; when intrarenal causes such as crescentic glomerulonephritis or vasculitis are suspected, immediate biopsy to avoid delay in the initiation of therapy is mandatory.
20
Quinn, Tom, and Eva Swahn. The intensive cardiac care unit team. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0011.
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Effective, safe health care is a multidisciplinary undertaking. From its inception, half a century ago, the concept of intensive coronary (now cardiac) care has drawn on the expertise of a range of professionals, particularly physicians working closely with nurses. As the evidence base for some aspects of the intensive cardiac care unit care has developed, the intensive cardiac care unit, in some instances, has striking similarities to the general intensive care unit, while paradoxically traditional intensive cardiac care unit functions have been devolved to other parts of the health care system such as the emergency department or pre-hospital care, and the concept of critical care ‘outreach’ has been further developed to take the expertise to patients on the general ward or even in the pre-hospital phase. With more intensive treatment policies for older people becoming the norm, the range of multi-comorbidities to be addressed by the clinical team requires input from a range of other specialties. Moreover, the increasing complexity of diagnostic and interventional techniques requires close collaboration with laboratory and imaging personnel. Thus, the intensive cardiac care unit team arguably extends beyond staff working solely within the physical structure of the intensive cardiac care unit to encompass a range of other professional and support staff, both within and outside the hospital setting.
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Quinn, Tom, and Eva Swahn. The intensive cardiac care unit team. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0011_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Effective, safe health care is a multidisciplinary undertaking. From its inception, half a century ago, the concept of intensive coronary (now cardiac) care has drawn on the expertise of a range of professionals, particularly physicians working closely with nurses. As the evidence base for some aspects of the intensive cardiac care unit care has developed, the intensive cardiac care unit, in some instances, has striking similarities to the general intensive care unit, while paradoxically traditional intensive cardiac care unit functions have been devolved to other parts of the health care system such as the emergency department or pre-hospital care, and the concept of critical care ‘outreach’ has been further developed to take the expertise to patients on the general ward or even in the pre-hospital phase. With more intensive treatment policies for older people becoming the norm, the range of multi-comorbidities to be addressed by the clinical team requires input from a range of other specialties. Moreover, the increasing complexity of diagnostic and interventional techniques requires close collaboration with laboratory and imaging personnel. Thus, the intensive cardiac care unit team arguably extends beyond staff working solely within the physical structure of the intensive cardiac care unit to encompass a range of other professional and support staff, both within and outside the hospital setting.
22
Atkinson, Paul, Justin Bowra, Tim Harris, Bob Jarman, and David Lewis, eds. Point of Care Ultrasound for Emergency Medicine and Resuscitation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198777540.001.0001.
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Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Emergency Medicine and Resuscitation (Oxford Clinical Imaging Guides) focuses on the day-to-day utility of point-of-care ultrasound in emergency medicine. The book explains how clinicians can safely and accurately use ultrasound for the diagnosis and management of shock, acute presentations, and phases of key conditions. The book begins with a summary of cardiac ultrasound before continuing through the chest, moving down to the abdomen, and finally considers the major vessels and soft tissues. Paediatric and pre-hospital ultrasound, as well as practical procedures, are also addressed. Each chapter begins at a basic level and moves on to higher-level skills. The book is highly illustrated with annotated diagrams showing structures and explaining how to interpret findings. The text is written in a user-friendly fashion with short paragraphs and headings. Technical terminology is explained throughout. A short section in each chapter outlines ‘core’ and ‘advanced’ applications. Each chapter has a clear ‘how to scan’ summary. The book reflects the content and skills included in current curricula for ultrasound use in national and international emergency medicine.
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Compston, Alastair. Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0871.
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The oligodendrocyte–myelin unit subserves saltatory conduction of the nerve impulse in the healthy central nervous system. At one time, many disease processes were thought exclusively to target the structure and function of myelin. Therefore, they were designated ‘demyelinating diseases’. But recent analyses, based mainly on pathological and imaging studies, (re)emphasize that axons are also directly involved in these disorders during both the acute and chronic phases. Another ambiguity is the extent to which these are inflammatory conditions. Here, distinctions should be made between inflammation, as a generic process, and autoimmunity in which rather a specific set of aetiological and mechanistic conditions pertain. And there are differences between disorders that are driven primarily by immune processes and those in which inflammation occurs in response to pre-existing tissue damage.With these provisos, the pathological processes of demyelination and associated axonal dysfunction often account for episodic neurological symptoms and signs referable to white matter tracts of the brain, optic nerves, or spinal cord when these occur in young people. This is the clinical context in which the possibility of ‘demyelinating disease’ is usually considered by physicians and, increasingly, the informed patient. Neurologists will, with appropriate cautions, also be prepared to diagnose demyelinating disease in older patients presenting with progressive symptoms implicating these same pathways even when there is no suggestive past history. Both in its typical and atypical forms multiple sclerosis remains by far the commonest demyelinating disease. But acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, the leucodystrophies, and central pontine myelinolysis also need to be considered in particular circumstances; and multiple sclerosis itself has a differential diagnosis in which the relapsing-remitting course is mimicked by conditions not associated with direct injury to the axon–glial unit. Since our understanding of the cause, pathogenesis and features of demyelinating disease remains incomplete, classification combines aspects of the aetiology, clinical features, pathology, and laboratory components. Whether the designation ‘multiple sclerosis’ encapsulates one or more conditions is now much debated. We anticipate that a major part of future studies in demyelinating disease will be further to resolve this question of disease heterogeneity leading to a new taxonomy based on mechanisms rather than clinical empiricism. But, for now, the variable ages of onset, unpredictable clinical course, protean clinical manifestations, and non-specific laboratory investigations continue to make demyelinating disease one of the more challenging diagnostic areas in clinical neurology.
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Waldemar, Gunhild. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease in clinical practice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779803.003.0006.
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The diagnostic evaluation in a patient with cognitive impairment suspected of having Alzheimer’s disease (AD) should include investigations aimed at 1) confirming and characterizing the cognitive impairment using cognitive tests with particular attention to typical (episodic memory impairment) and atypical presentations of AD; 2) checking the diagnostic criteria for AD and considering biomarkers to document AD pathology; and 3) differential diagnosis: ruling out other conditions which could cause cognitive impairment. With the advent of CSF and imaging biomarkers for AD, it may be possible to establish an early specific diagnosis, or to confirm an increased risk of progressing to AD dementia, in patients with mild cognitive symptoms. In such cases pre-biomarker counselling and patient consent is essential.