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Ahmed, Gulzar, Muhammad Arshad Khan, Tahir Mahmood, and Muhammad Afzal. "Trade Liberalisation and Industrial Productivity: Evidence from Manufacturing Industries in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 319–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v56i4pp.319-348.
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This study examines the impact of trade liberalisation on the industrial productivity for a panel of twenty seven 3-digit manufacturing industries in Pakistan over the period 1980-2006. Using a variant of the Cobb-Douglas production function for industrial sector, we estimated output elasticities. The results show positive output elasticities with respect to labour, capital and raw materials for the pre-trade liberalisation period (1981 –1995) as well as post-trade liberalisation period (1996-2006). For the pre-liberalisation period, we observe positive output elasticity with respect to energy, while it turns out to be negative in the post-liberalisation period probably due to energy crisis in Pakistan. In the second stage, we calculate total factor productivity (TFP) and examine the impact of trade liberalisation on TFP for pre-and post-trade liberalisation periods. The results reveal that trade liberalisation proxied by import duty has positive but negligible impact on the TFP in the pre-as well as post-liberalisation periods. On the other hand, effective rates of protection exert large negative impact on the TFP in the post-liberalisation than the pre-liberalisation period. JEL Classifications: F14, F13, O53, L60 Keywords: Trade Liberalisation, Total Factor Productivity, Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan
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Dash, Abhiram, Madhuchhanda Kishan, S. N. Mishra, and Nirakar Bhol. "Assessment of Growth Rate and Instability of Groundnut Production in Odisha, India: A Statistical Modelling Approach." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i72862.
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Oilseeds in Odisha has a major contribution in increasing the income of farmers which is due to their greater economic value. The important oilseed crops grown in Odisha are groundnut, mustard, sunflower, sesamum and castor. Groundnut shares 34% of total area under oilseeds in Odisha and 64% of total production of oilseeds in the state. The present makes an attempt to explore the best fit model on area, productivity and production of groundnut in Odisha and use the selected best fit model to estimate the growth rate of the variables. The instability of area, productivity and production of groundnut in Odisha is also studied with help of coefficient of variation.
Data from 1970-71 to 2019-20 have been used to estimate the growth rate and instability by dividing the whole period of study in two periods - pre-liberalisation period (1970-71 to 1995-96) which is referred as period I and post-liberalisation (1996-97 to 2019-20) which is referred as period II. Models considered in the analysis are linear model, logarithmic model, quadratic model, compound model and power model. Durbin-Watson test, Shapiro-wilk’s test and park’s test are used for testing error assumption. By testing the significance of parametric coefficient, residual diagnostics and the model fit statistics, the best fit model for the variable have been selected. Using the best fit model, the growth rate of area, productivity and production of groundnut in Odisha has been estimated. The measure of instability of area, productivity and production of groundnut is given by Coefficient of Variation.
The study reveals that different models have been found to be the best fit for different variables in different periods. The study of growth rate using the best fit model reveals that area and production of groundnut decrease in post-liberalisation period than pre-liberalisation period. The growth rate of productivity of groundnut increases in post-liberalisation period as compared to pre-liberalisation period. The situation is reverse with respect to instability. The study comes with the conclusion that as compared to pre-liberalisation period, the productivity performance of groundnut in Odisha has enhanced in post-liberalisation period. The poor performance in area under groundnut results in poor performance in production of groundnut during post-liberalisation period as compared to pre-liberalisation period. The appropriate model building technique helps in depicting a proper scenario of groundnut production in the state of Odisha.
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Karunakaran, N., and K. V. Pradeep. "Gold price dynamics in India: A pre-post-liberalisation comparison." Journal of Management Research and Analysis 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jmra.2022.020.
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There are considerable differences in gold price movements in India in the periods of pre-and-post globalised regimes. This is because of a change in the controlled regime in the pre-liberalised to a meticulous dilution in the post-liberalised era. Hence, the liberalised period witnessed an upward trend in price dynamics with only occasional dampening in the price cycles. The jewellery sector in India is not driven by local forces as most of the inputs are imported for production and value-added export. It is revealed that the positive impact is the result of liberalisation and related mechanisation. Gold price shows a kind of co-integration of domestic prices with the global cues. In the pre-post-dichotomy, the post-liberalisation period is more integrated with the global prices than the pre-liberalised.
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Chile, Love, and D. Talukder. "Agricultural trade liberalisation and price volatility in Bangladesh and Tanzania: a comparative analysis." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 44, no. 2 (January 30, 2015): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/70.
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This paper examines the impacts of agricultural trade liberalisation on the welfare of smallholder farmers in Bangladesh and Tanzania. Using secondary data for the pre and postliberalisation periods for two main agricultural crops from Bangladesh (rice) and Tanzania (maize) we analysed the correlation between domestic and international prices of rice and maize to investigate impacts of agricultural trade liberalisation on price stability/volatility and food security with a view to analysing the economic benefits of trade liberalisation for smallholder farmers. To understand price volatility, we used the Huchet-Bourdon (2011) method to estimate the coefficient of variation of the level of prices (CV) and the corrected coefficient of variation (CCV). We found that the values of both CV and CCV for consumer price in the postliberalisation period were quite large, suggesting greater volatility of consumer price of both crops. We further found that productivity growth did not necessarily lead to income gains for smallholder farmers in either country due to price volatility and the lack of market integration. This study illustrates the contradictory outcomes of agricultural trade liberalisation. We recommend complementary policy interventions to achieve enhanced welfare outcomes from agricultural trade liberalisation.
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Raju, Sunitha. "From Public to Private Investment Based Development Strategy: Understanding the Process, Policies and Effects of the Paradigm Shift." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 2, no. 1 (January 1998): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722629x98002001009.
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This paper analyses India’s Industrial transition from a protectionist to a liberalised regime. As such, the analysis is for two time periods, namely, the Pre and the Post Reform periods. Given the broad development objectives, the focus of the analysis is on examining the policy framework and its effect on the industrialisation process. At the sectoral level, the relative roles of the public and the private sectors have been analysed in terms of their investment behaviour and performance. Even though there has been evidence of positive efficiency gains in the post reform period, this paper argues that economic liberalisation in India has been primarily reactionary in nature, without any long term development agenda. Contrary to the general belief that economic liberalism would diminish the role of the State, the paper argues that the role of the State needs to be redefined. Considering our development needs, the State should concentrate on designing appropriate policies for regulating private sector instead of actively participating in commercial activities, develop rural infrastructure for greater employment opportunities; and strengthen the social security systems.
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Nguyen, Thanh. "The performance of the Chinese banking system before and after the WTO entry." China Finance Review International 6, no. 3 (August 15, 2016): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-08-2015-0116.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in January 2002 on the efficiency levels, efficiency components (technological change and scale economy), and efficiency determinants of Chinese banks. Design/methodology/approach – This study employs a two-stage stochastic frontier analysis to estimate efficiency and its components and identify the efficiency determinants. Findings – Chinese banks did not benefit from technological change and scale expansion in reducing costs in the pre-WTO period, but the reverse occurred in the post-WTO period. Chinese banks benefited from technological change in increasing profits to a lower degree in the post than the pre-WTO period. Cost efficiency declined while profit efficiency improved after China’s accession. Security investments positively drove profit efficiency in both pre- and post-WTO periods. There was an efficiency gap between joint-stock banks and state-owned banks in the pre-WTO period, but this gap disappeared in the post-WTO period. Economic freedom was related negatively to cost efficiency and positively to profit efficiency in the pre-WTO period, but opposite relations occurred in the post-WTO period. Practical implications – These findings appear to favour gradual liberalisation in the Chinese banking system, gradual removal of restrictions on foreign banks, certain shift from non-security investments to security investments, technology investment and scale expansion. Originality/value – This is the first study investigating the impact of the WTO on the efficiency, technological progress, economy of scale and efficiency determinants in Chinese banks.
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Chile, Love M., and Dayal Talukder. "The Paradox of Agricultural Trade Liberalization in Bangladesh and Tanzania." American Journal of Trade and Policy 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2014): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v1i1.358.
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This paper examines some of the contradictions and theoretical ambiguities of agricultural trade liberalizationon the welfare of smallholder farmers. Using production, consumption and price data for pre-and post-liberalization periods for two main agricultural crops from Bangladesh (rice) and Tanzania (maize) we critically analyse the correlation between domestic and international prices of rice in Bangladesh and maize in Tanzania to estimate impact of agricultural trade liberalization on price stability/volatility and food security to measure economic benefits of trade liberalization on smallholder farmers. Using coefficient of variation of the level of prices (CV) and corrected coefficient of variation (CCV) as measured by Huchet-Bourdon (2011) we found that the values of both CV and CCV for consumer price in the post-liberalisation were quite large suggesting greater volatility of consumer price of rice in Bangladesh and maize in Tanzania in the post-liberalization period. We conclude that price volatility diminishes the potential benefits of agricultural trade liberalization forsmallholder farmers who are net-deficit producers, net-deficit sellers and recommend supplementary policy interventions to achieve enhanced welfare from trade liberalization.
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R, Sharmila. "Trends in the growth of net State Domestic Product in Karnataka." Scholedge International Journal of Management & Development ISSN 2394-3378 2, no. 10 (November 9, 2015): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmd021004.
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Being eighth largest state in India (geographically), the involvement of Karnataka for India’s rising success is significant. Diverse agricultural and mineral resources and strong manufacturing capabilities of Karnataka accounts for close to 10 per cent of India’s product exports. The State’s software exports are more than 35 per cent of India’s software exports. Being the world’s fourth largest technology cluster, Bangalore has the perfect ecosystem fostering growth and development of State-of-the-art technology. The State has made notable progress in all sectors inspite of the global slowdown in recent years. This paper is an attempt to analyse the trends in the growth of Net State Domestic Product in Karnataka for the period 1980-2011. It is concerned with the growth of different sectors of the economy, the changes in the shares of sectors to the Net State Domestic Product of Karnataka. The paper categorised a period of 31 years (1980-2011) as the Pre-liberalisation period-1980-1990, two phases of liberalisation:-Period/Phase 1:1990-2000, Period/Phase 2:2000-2011.Methodology follows the semi-log growth model. Karnataka recorded considerable growth rate of domestic product in the I-Phase and II-Phase of liberalisation period and for the entire period. What has been observed is that in the three periods and for the entire period both in terms of rates of growth and share in net state domestic product the tertiary sector has dominated.
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Prayagsing, Chakeel, and Kheswar Jankee. "Influence of External Sources of Funding on Corporate Financial Policies in a Pre-Financial Crisis Period in South Africa—A Case Study of Mauritian Enterprises." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 3, no. 3 (June 3, 2017): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v3n3p287.
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<p><em>A number of scholars have been motivated to study the manner to which firms adjust their corporate finance strategies in light of the availability and easiness of accessing external sources of funding. Till recently, researchers have also been interested to analyse the external factors that allow firms to relax their fixed budget and the consequent impact on corporate strategies. These mainly include alterations in the composition of their funding and the second round effects on other corporate decisions such as on investment projects and their dividend policies. External financing can be assessed both from a policy perspective, i.e., via financial liberalisation policies, as well as other development in the financial sector such as availability of alternative bases of finance, both from banks and non-banks. It will thus be pertinent to examine the impact of FL policies as well as availability of financial resources on the capital structure of Mauritian firms and their investment decisions in a post financial liberalization period. A judicious investigation is undertaken and the empirical soundness of our different formulations tested with the techniques of panel data and GMM estimates. We compare and contrast the results in the 7 different sectors notably banking, insurance, leasing, hotel, oil, retail/distributive trade and the construction industry. For a better analysis, the full sample of firms is divided into several subsamples as follows: top 100 companies, firms in group-structure, those which are not in group structures, local firms, international firms, firms with good banking ties, those with good and poor corporate governance, listed and unlisted firms. By employing different econometric investment models, we found that all indices of FL, including the index of money market liberalisation, index of capital account liberalisation and overall financial liberalisation index have do not have any influence on private investment behaviour. In contract, higher amount of money in circulation, bank credit, leasing activities and subsidised financing from the Development bank have a positive impact on private investment expenditures. Development in the financial sector in terms of credit facilities offered by insurance companies, venture capitals and the stock market activities have not been effective in inducing firms to increase their investment portfolios.</em></p>
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Moses Gabriel OTIEDHE and Edirin JEROH. "VALUE RELEVANCE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION OF QUOTED NIGERIAN FIRMS IN THE INDUSTRIAL GOODS SECTOR: ASSESSMENT OF THE PRE- AND POST- IFRS ERA." Finance & Accounting Research Journal 4, no. 4 (November 28, 2022): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/farj.v4i4.415.
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The possible impact that IFRS adoption may have on the relevance of accounting information of some selected quoted industrial goods sector firms in Nigeria. The studied periods spanned from 2003-2011 (pre-IFRS periods) and 2012-2020 (post-IFRS periods). The sample used in this article consisted of ten (10) readily chosen quoted industrial businesses. In the study, the share price served as both a regressand and a regressor, together with earnings per share and book value per share. The provided data were examined using descriptive statistics, a correlation matrix, and a variance inflation factor. The study opted for the Panel Corrected Standard Error (PSCE) due to heteroskedasticity challenges. The study finds that, on the overall, accounting information produced under the pre-IFRS periods are more value relevant than accounting information produced under the post-IFRS periods. Similarly, earnings per share during pre-IFRS periods have higher value relevance than post-IFRS periods. On the contrary, compared to the pre-IFRS periods, the post-IFRS periods have a higher value relevance for book value per share. The study concludes that the implementation of IFRS has not yet fully boosted the value relevance of accounting information for listed industrial products sector enterprises in Nigeria. As such, the recommends that management of the industrial goods sector firms in Nigeria should continue to adhere strictly to the standards laid down by IFRS for financial reporting and not be selective of standards. This will help to improve the value relevance of what is being reported especially to the stakeholders.
Keywords: Accounting Information, Value Relevance, Industrial Goods Sector, Firms, Pre- and post-IFRS adoption.
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Parsons, R., J. Robbins, R. Dewell, G. Dewll, A. Johnson, D. Haley, and S. Millman. "Sociality in pre- and post-wean beef calves." American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, no. 56 (May 10, 2024): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/aabppro20238952.
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Bonding between beef cows and their calves is well established; however, social relationships between calves is less understood. In wild ungulates, young calf integration into the natal herd is typically facilitated by its dam based in part on her preexisting social rank and relationships. Weaning stress occurs when calves are transitioned off milk to solid feed and are commonly separated from their dam. Research is lacking on preferential relationships between calves during both the pre-wean and the post-wean periods. The objective of this study was to explore the relationships between calves during both the pre-wean and post-wean periods.
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MARKS, SALLY. "Post-war and Pre-war." Contemporary European History 17, no. 2 (May 2008): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777308004402.
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In the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attack on the United States, a few book editors seeking a silver lining, however slight, suggested that the global shock might generate a revival of international history. As time passed, works gendering (or engendering) the landscape or re-imagining the city remained dominant in the historical profession. Some international historians addressing very recent periods found a bandwagon and focused on cultural diplomacy, which was largely a post-1945 innovation, but the rest of the field continued to languish. Only time will tell if the optimism of the editors was justified, but whether or not ‘9/11’ (as Americans term it) had any causal role, we now have four studies directed to the international history of Europe in the inter-war era.
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Sohn, Jee Hoon, Sung Joon Cho, Hae Woo Lee, Hyun Kim, Seung Yeon Lee, Yoomi Park, Hwo Yeon Seo, Eun Soo Kim, Jee Eun Park, and Bong Jin Hahm. "Effectiveness of a Community-Based Intensive Case Management Model on Reducing Hospitalization for People With Severe Mental Illness in Seoul." Psychiatry Investigation 20, no. 12 (December 25, 2023): 1133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2023.0152.
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Objective To overcome the limited effectiveness of standard case management services, the Seoul Intensive Case Management program (S-ICM) for patients with serious mental illnesses was introduced in 2017. This study aimed to evaluate its effectiveness in reducing the length of hospital stay.Methods Monitoring data from April 2019 to March 2020 were retrieved from the Seoul Mental Health Welfare Center. A total of 759 participants with serious mental illnesses were included. The average length of admission per month was compared between the pre-ICM (previous year) and during-ICM periods. For post-ICM observation subgroup, average length of admission per month was compared between pre-ICM, during-ICM, and post-ICM periods. To determine the relative contributions of risk factors for during-ICM and post-ICM admission, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.Results The average admission stay for pre-ICM period was significantly longer than that for during-ICM period (1.47 vs. 0.26 days). Among the predictors for during-ICM admission, pre-ICM psychiatric admission was the most important risk factor, followed by medical aid beneficiary and suicidal behavior. In the subgroup analysis of the post-ICM observation period, the pre-ICM, during-ICM, and post-ICM average admission stays were 1.45, 0.29, and 0.57 days/month, respectively. There was a significant difference in the average length of stay between the pre-ICM and during-ICM periods and between the pre-ICM and post-ICM periods. Post-ICM admission risks included pre-ICM admission, S-ICM duration <3 months, and chronic unstable symptoms.Conclusion The results suggest that the S-ICM effectively reduces psychiatric hospitalization duration, at least over a short-term period.
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Fayez, Omar, Anum Khalid, and Sean Peterson. "Exercise and Nutrition Pre- and Post-surgery." ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal 27, no. 6 (November 2023): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000000917.
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Apply It! From this article, the reader will be introduced to our current understanding of the role exercise and nutrition play in the pre-operative and post-operative periods of surgery. In the pages that follow, readers will learn about factors that influence recovery time and prognosis after major surgeries as well as recommended guidelines and protocols to most effectively incorporate nutrition and exercise regimens into patient management plans leading up to surgery.
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Letaifa, Wissal Ben. "Study of dividend policies in periods pre and post-merger." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 2 (2016): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i2c3p10.
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This study examines the policies of pre- and post- merger dividends. The emphasis here is on the timing of payment of dividends and its signal role when the merger is considered successful. Our analysis is purely descriptive and involves the merger of CVS and Caremark listed on the NY Stock Exchange and conducted in 2006. The findings indicate the relevance of dividend payment timing as the merger of success signal since acquiring company tries to improve its payment timing and the amount to be paid. This proves the existence of complementarities between the signaling hypothesis by the amount of dividend to be paid and payment timing and confirms the existence of a dynamic adjustment process to a target level.
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Lee, Myeong-Hui. "A study of Kawabata' Literature Pre-and-post War Periods." Korean Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 61 (June 30, 2014): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.18704/kjjll.2014.06.61.329.
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Biemi, Flinle Danielle, and Vijay Ganji. "Temporal Relation between Double Fortification of Wheat Flour with Iron and Folic Acid, and Markers and Prevalence of Anemia in Children." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13062013.
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Fortification of wheat flour with iron and folic acid became mandatory in Ivory Coast in 2007. The purpose of this study was to determine the time trend relation between mandatory double fortification of wheat flour with iron and folic acid and markers and prevalence of anemia by comparing the data between pre- and post-fortification periods in Ivory Coast children. Data were derived from the pediatric unit of the University Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Medical records of 467 children from 5 to 14 years old were analyzed from the years 2004 through 2010. Periods from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2006 and 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2010 were considered as pre- and post-fortification periods, respectively. Data on hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and anemia between pre- and post-fortification periods were compared. There were no significant differences in hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, and prevalence of anemia between pre- and post-fortification periods. However, MCV in post-fortification period was significantly higher compared to pre-fortification period in all subjects (77.6 fL vs. 76.8 fL; p = 0.02) and in young girls (79.1 fL vs. 75.2 fL; p = 0.01). Lack of significant differences in anemia and in markers of anemia between pre- and post-fortification periods need further investigation in children of Ivory Coast.
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Kherad, Omar, Ezra Bottequin, Dorsaf Steiner, Axelle Alibert, Rodolphe Eurin, and Hugo Bothorel. "Implementing a Multifaceted Intervention among Internal Medicine Residents with Audit and Educative Data Feedback Significantly Reduces Low-Value Care in Hospitalized Patients." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 2435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092435.
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Background: The dissemination of recommendations on low-value care alone may not lead to physicians’ behavioral changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a multifaceted behavioral intervention among internal medicine residents could reduce low-value care in hospitalized patients. Methods: A pre–post quality improvement intervention was conducted at the Internal Medicine Division of La Tour hospital (Geneva, Switzerland) from May 2020 to October 2021. The intervention period (3 months) consisted of a multifaceted informational intervention with audits and educative feedback about low-value care. The pre- and post-intervention periods including the same six calendar months were compared in terms of number of blood samples per patient day, prescription rates of benzodiazepines (BZDs) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), as well as safety indicators including potentially avoidable readmissions, premature deaths and complications. results: A total of 3400 patients were included in this study; 1095 (32.2%) and 1155 (34.0%) were, respectively, hospitalized during the pre- and post-intervention periods. Patient characteristics were comparable between the two periods. Only the number of blood tests per patient day and the BZD prescription rate at discharge were significantly reduced in the post-intervention phase (pre: 0.54 ± 0.43 vs. post: 0.49 ± 0.60, p ≤ 0.001; pre: 4.2% vs. post: 1.7%, p = 0.003, respectively). PPI prescription rates remained comparable. Safety indicators analyses revealed no significant differences between the two periods of interest. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a modest but statistically significant effect of a multifaceted educative intervention in reducing the number of blood tests and the BZD prescription rate at discharge in hospitalized patients. Limiting low-value services is very challenging and additional long-term interventions are necessary for wider implementation.
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Kherad, Omar, Ezra Bottequin, Dorsaf Steiner, Axelle Alibert, Rodolphe Eurin, and Hugo Bothorel. "Implementing a Multifaceted Intervention among Internal Medicine Residents with Audit and Educative Data Feedback Significantly Reduces Low-Value Care in Hospitalized Patients." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 2435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092435.
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Background: The dissemination of recommendations on low-value care alone may not lead to physicians’ behavioral changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a multifaceted behavioral intervention among internal medicine residents could reduce low-value care in hospitalized patients. Methods: A pre–post quality improvement intervention was conducted at the Internal Medicine Division of La Tour hospital (Geneva, Switzerland) from May 2020 to October 2021. The intervention period (3 months) consisted of a multifaceted informational intervention with audits and educative feedback about low-value care. The pre- and post-intervention periods including the same six calendar months were compared in terms of number of blood samples per patient day, prescription rates of benzodiazepines (BZDs) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), as well as safety indicators including potentially avoidable readmissions, premature deaths and complications. results: A total of 3400 patients were included in this study; 1095 (32.2%) and 1155 (34.0%) were, respectively, hospitalized during the pre- and post-intervention periods. Patient characteristics were comparable between the two periods. Only the number of blood tests per patient day and the BZD prescription rate at discharge were significantly reduced in the post-intervention phase (pre: 0.54 ± 0.43 vs. post: 0.49 ± 0.60, p ≤ 0.001; pre: 4.2% vs. post: 1.7%, p = 0.003, respectively). PPI prescription rates remained comparable. Safety indicators analyses revealed no significant differences between the two periods of interest. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a modest but statistically significant effect of a multifaceted educative intervention in reducing the number of blood tests and the BZD prescription rate at discharge in hospitalized patients. Limiting low-value services is very challenging and additional long-term interventions are necessary for wider implementation.
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Jaisinghani, Dinesh, Muskan Kaur, and Mohd Merajuddin Inamdar. "Analyzing seasonal anomalies for Israel: evidence from pre- and post-global financial crisis." Managerial Finance 46, no. 3 (December 17, 2019): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-06-2019-0316.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze different seasonal anomalies for the Israeli securities markets for the pre- and post-global financial crisis periods. Design/methodology/approach The closing values of six indices of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE) of Israel have been considered. The time frame ranges from 2000 to 2018. Further, the overall time frame has been segregated into pre- and post-financial crisis periods. The study employs dummy variable regression technique for assessing different calendar anomalies. Findings The results show evidence pertaining to different seasonal anomalies for the Israeli markets. The results specifically show that the anomalies change considerably across the pre- and post-financial crisis periods. The results are more apparent for three anomalies including the day of the week effect, the month of the year effect and the holiday effect. However, anomalies including the Halloween effect and the trading month effect are found to be insignificant across both pre- and post-financial crisis periods. Originality/value The study is first of its kind that analyzes different seasonal anomalies across pre- and post-financial crisis periods for the Israeli markets. The study provides newer insights about the overall return patterns observed in different indices of the TASE.
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Virginia, Victoria, and Tony Winata. "PENERAPAN HEALING ARCHITECTURE PADA MASA PRE - POST PARTUM." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2023): 1245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v5i2.24274.
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Birth is the most anticipated moment for a mother and her family. The numerous adjustments a mother goes through during pregnancy and even after childbirth can lead to anxiety and stress, which may result in psychological disorders such as baby blues and postpartum depression. The approach of healing architecture in maternity accommodations, both during the prepartum (before birth) and postpartum (after birth) periods, can have an impact on the psychological well-being of the mother and her family. How can the aspects of healing architecture be implemented in building design and programs designed to meet the needs of the mother and contribute to indirect recovery by providing a comfortable environment? Incorporating elements of nature in the building design creates a natural impression and contributes to the healing process for mothers during these crucial periods. Various activity programs will be provided in the maternity accommodations for mothers during the pre- and postpartum periods to maintain their physical and mental well-being through enjoyable activities. These activities include yoga, spa treatments, and workshops that enhance the mother's physical readiness for childbirth and postpartum recovery, as well as activities that promote mental well-being, such as therapy and hypnobirthing classes to prepare the mother mentally. Keywords: healing architecture; prepartum; postpartum Abstrak Kelahiran adalah momen yang paling ditunggu bagi seorang ibu dan keluarga. Banyaknya proses penyesuaian ibu saat kehamilan bahkan sesudah kelahiran menimbulkan kecemasan hingga stress yang dapat berakhir pada gangguan psikologis seperti baby blues dan postpartum depression. Pendekatan healing architecture pada fasilitas penginapan ibu yang sedang berada di masa prepartum (sebelum kelahiran) dan postpartum (setelah kelahiran) dapat berpengaruh terhadap psikologis ibu dan keluarga. Bagaimana aspek - aspek healing architecture dapat diterapkan pada desain bangunan dan program yang dirancang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan ibu dapat menjadi pemulihan secara tidak lansung karena ibu berada pada lingkungan yang nyaman. Pendekatan alam pada elemen - elemen bangunan menimbulkan kesan natural dan menjadi healing bagi ibu yang berada pada masa - masa krusial. Pada penginapan untuk ibu pada masa pre - post partum akan disediakan berbagai program aktivitas yang dapat menjaga kondisi ibu pada masa tersebut baik secara fisik dan mental karena program yang menyenangkan. Diantaranya adalah aktivitas yoga, spa, dan aktivitas workshop yang dapat meningkatkan kesiapan fisik ibu dalam menghadapi kelahiran maupun pemulihan fisik pasca melahirkan hingga aktivitas bagi mental ibu seperti terapi dan kelas hypnobirthing yang menyiapkan ibu secara mental.
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Lobato, José Fernando Piva, André Luís Menegaz, and Antonio Carlos Gonçalves Pereira. "Pre- and post-calving forage systems and reproductive performance of primiparous cows." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 9 (September 2010): 2081–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000900029.
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During pre and post calving periods, it was evaluated the influence of the following forage systems on reproductive performance of primiparous cows: natural pasture during pre and post-calving periods; natural pastures during pre-calving period and improved pastures during post-calving period; improved pastures during pre-calving and natural pasture during post-calving; improved pasture during pre- and post-calving periods. The lowest body weights and body condition scores were observed on cows kept on natural pastures pre-calving (384.3 kg and 3.31; 391.4 kg and 3.60), followed by those on improved pastures during pre-calving and on natural pasture during post-calving period (424.4 kg and 3.60), finally, cows on improved pasture during pre- and post-calving period (421.2 kg and 3.59). Cows on improved pastures pre and post-calving showed higher body weight and body condition score in the beginning of the breeding season (442.1 kg and 3.76), higher pregnancy rate (82.3%) and they conceived earlier. Natural system during pre-calving and improved on post-calving and that with improved pasture in pre-calving and natural in post-calving did not differ on weight at the beginning of breeding season (417.2 and 409.8 kg) and on pregnancy rate (65.8 and 62.8%), respectively. However, cows on natural pasture in pre-calving and on improved pasture in post-calving conceived earlier. Cows on natural pastures showed lower weight in the beginning of breeding season (391.2 kg), the lowest pregnancy rate (52.7%), and they conceived later. Cows maintained on improved pastures pre- and post-calving improved weight and body condition score at calving and beginning of the breeding season making high reproductive performance possible.
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SAITO, Akitoshi. "Problems of Buddhist Education in the Pre-and Post-War Periods." JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) 40, no. 1 (1991): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.40.292.
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Bertoni, Valentina, Caterina Spiezio, Barbara Regaiolli, Alessandro Cozzi, Paola Valsecchi, and Simona Normando. "Group Reunion in Zoo European Wildcats Using Cat Appeasing Pheromone (CAP) and Gradual Release of the Animals in the Exhibit—A Case Study." Animals 12, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12101302.
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The union or reunion of animals with social groups can be a challenging situation, and little has been published about it when solitary species are concerned. Therefore, the aim of the present study was two-fold: (1) to advocate the need for systematic publications about strategies and the outcomes of reunion episodes in zoos and other facilities; and (2) to describe the behaviour of European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) during one such episode, in which a female cat was reintroduced into her family social group using a gradual reunion procedure and cat appeasing pheromone (CAP) (spot-on). The study comprised three periods: the pre-reunion period (10 days, 20 sessions per wildcat), the post-reunion period (A, 5 days, 10 sessions per wildcat; B, 5 days, 10 sessions per wildcat) and the late-reunion period (5 days, 10 sessions per wildcat). In the post-reunion periods, all wildcats were together in the enclosure and were spotted with CAP pheromone. Per period, we collected data on individual and social behaviours. Individual behaviours, such as attention and self-grooming, were performed more in the pre-reunion than in the post-reunion period. Regarding social behaviours, we found that agonistic behaviours were performed more in the pre-reunion than in the post-reunion period. We observed behavioural changes over the course of the study, with behavioural patterns of the late-reunion periods resembling those of the pre-reunion period.
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Fiore, E., G. Piccione, M. Gianesella, V. Praticò, I. Vazzana, S. Dara, and M. Morgante. "Serum thyroid hormone evaluation during transition periods in dairy cows." Archives Animal Breeding 58, no. 2 (November 10, 2015): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-58-403-2015.
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Abstract. Thirty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows were selected from a high-producing dairy farm in northeastern Italy: 16 in second lactation (L2), 10 in third lactation (L3) and 9 in fourth lactation (L4). Blood sampling was carried out 7 ± 5 days before calving (Pre/C) and 7 ± 5 days after calving (Post/C). Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were assessed. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed statistically significant effects of class (L2, L3, L4) and of period (Pre/C, Post/C) on the parameters studied (T3, T4, TSH). In particular, Bonferroni's multiple comparison test showed lower values in post-calving than in the pre-calving in L2 and L3 for TSH; lower values in post-calving than in the pre-calving in L2 for T3; and lower values in post-calving than in the pre-calving in L2, L3 and L4 for T4. Our results improve the knowledge of endocrine and metabolic changes occurring in dairy cows during transition periods and may be useful to supply a new strategy for the improvement of dairy cow farm management and reproductive performance.
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Li, Sophia, Zhijie Ding, Jennifer H. Lin, Chris Pericone, Ajay S. Behl, and Neal D. Shore. "Assessment of health care resource utilization (HRU) in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 30_suppl (October 20, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.30_suppl.89.
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89 Background: Although patients with CRPC frequently develop metastasis within 3 years following castration resistance, the impact of metastasis on HRU in these patients is not well understood. Methods: The Optum de-identified electronic health record database (1/1/2007 – 4/30/2016) was used in this single cohort observational study comparing HRU after metastasis with HRU before metastasis. The cohort included only non-metastatic CRPC (nmCRPC) patients who later developed metastasis. The pre-metastasis period spanned from nmCRPC identification to development of metastasis; the post-metastasis period spanned from metastasis until death or end of data availability. Per-patient per-month (PPPM) HRU was estimated during both pre- and post-metastasis periods by a generalized linear mixed model adjusted for log-transformed baseline PSA, age, testosterone levels, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. Results: With a mean time of 11 and 17 months of pre- and post-metastasis periods, respectively, 540 CRPC men were included, with a mean age at nmCRPC identification of 75 years. Higher HRU was seen across all service types during the post-metastasis period. There was a 2.5-fold increase in inpatient admissions and a 6.4-fold increase in inpatient length-of-stay in the post-metastasis period compared to the pre-metastasis period (p < 0.01). For emergency department (ED) visits, there was a 2.0-fold increase from the pre- to post-metastasis periods (p < 0.01). For observation unit visits, a 2.7-fold increase was seen in the post-metastasis period (p < 0.01). Finally, patients were 40% more likely to have an office visit after developing metastasis (p < 0.01). The PPPM use of intensive care unit, hospice or skilled nursing facility were too low for meaningful comparison between the pre- and post-metastasis periods. Conclusions: Shorter time to metastasis was observed in this cohort vs. other nmCRPC studies, likely due to delayed disease identification. CRPC patients incurred substantially higher HRU after developing metastasis, attributable to inpatient, ED, observation unit as well as office visits, suggesting that delaying metastasis may reduce or delay the increased HRU in patients with nmCRPC.
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Cansiz, Erol, Derya Karabulut, Suzan Cansel Dogru, Nazif Ekin Akalan, Yener Temelli, and Yunus Ziya Arslan. "Gait Analysis of Patients Subjected to the Atrophic Mandible Augmentation with Iliac Bone Graft." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8203597.
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In this study, we aimed to quantitatively monitor and describe the gait functions of patients, who underwent iliac crest bone grafting in atrophic jaw augmentation operation, by taking into account the alterations of gait parameters and muscle forces in the early recovery course. To do so, temporospatial and kinematic gait parameters of ten patients during pre- and postoperative periods were recorded, and forces of the gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, and iliacus muscles were calculated. Three postoperative periods were specified as one week (post-op1), two weeks (post-op2), and three weeks (post-op3) after the surgery. Restoring process of the gait patterns was comparatively evaluated by analyzing the gait parameters and muscle forces for pre- and postoperative periods. Temporospatial and kinematic parameters of post-op3 were closer to those obtained in pre-op than those in post-op1 and post-op2 (p<0.05). Muscle forces calculated in post-op3 showed the best agreement with those in pre-op among the postoperative periods in terms of both magnitude and correlation (p<0.05). In conclusion, the patients began to regain their preoperative gait characteristics from the second week after surgery, but complete recovery in gait was observed three weeks after the surgery.
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Kanungo, Anil Kumar, and Puneet Dang. "Periodic Analysis of the Relationship between Gold, Crude Oil, Exchange Rate and India’s Stock Market." Journal of Business Strategy Finance and Management 2, no. 1-2 (December 25, 2020): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/jbsfm.02.01-02.05.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to find out the relationship between price of Gold, price of Crude Oil, Exchange Rate of India, and India’s stock market. The research has been done on Pre-COVID time periods to analyse the relationship in scenarios like pre-global financial crisis, during crisis and post crisis. The authors incorporate the data from pre-crisis phases i.e., 2005 to 2019, to find out the relationship between the variables using Granger causality test, Johansen’s Cointegration, and Vector Autoregression. To study the spill-over effect on India’s stock market, regression has been used. The empirical results indicate that for the Pre-Crisis and Post-Crisis periods, “Gold” does granger cause “USDINR”, for all three periods “Crude oil” does granger cause “Gold”, for the crisis and post crisis periods “Gold” does granger cause “Crude oil”, for the post crisis period “USDINR” does granger cause “Crude oil”. No other causality relationship was established with the help of this empirical analysis. Johansen’s cointegration test revealed that no cointegration exists amongst the three variables. The impact of exchange rate on India’s stock market has changed as compared to the previous time periods. Exchange rate was inversely related to the stock markets for the Pre-Crisis and Crisis periods and is directly related to the stock market for the Post-Crisis period. This study adds to the existing literature on the variables, by using phase wise data and performing empirical analysis to find out the relationship between the variables. Not many literature demonstrate together the relationship among these three variables in three different periods. This is a significant gap that the study aimed to address.
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Kanungo, Dr Anil Kumar, and Puneet Dang. "Periodic Analysis of the Relationship between Gold, Crude Oil, Exchange Rate and India’s Stock Market." Journal of Business Strategy Finance and Management 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/jbsfm.02.01.05.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to find out the relationship between price of Gold, price of Crude Oil, Exchange Rate of India, and India’s stock market. The research has been done on Pre-COVID time periods to analyse the relationship in scenarios like pre-global financial crisis, during crisis and post crisis. The authors incorporate the data from pre-crisis phases i.e., 2005 to 2019, to find out the relationship between the variables using Granger causality test, Johansen’s Cointegration, and Vector Autoregression. To study the spill-over effect on India’s stock market, regression has been used. The empirical results indicate that for the Pre-Crisis and Post-Crisis periods, “Gold” does granger cause “USDINR”, for all three periods “Crude oil” does granger cause “Gold”, for the crisis and post crisis periods “Gold” does granger cause “Crude oil”, for the post crisis period “USDINR” does granger cause “Crude oil”. No other causality relationship was established with the help of this empirical analysis. Johansen’s cointegration test revealed that no cointegration exists amongst the three variables. The impact of exchange rate on India’s stock market has changed as compared to the previous time periods. Exchange rate was inversely related to the stock markets for the Pre-Crisis and Crisis periods and is directly related to the stock market for the Post-Crisis period. This study adds to the existing literature on the variables, by using phase wise data and performing empirical analysis to find out the relationship between the variables. Not many literature demonstrate together the relationship among these three variables in three different periods. This is a significant gap that the study aimed to address.
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Grafstein, E., S. Horak, J. Kung, J. Bonilla, and R. Stenstrom. "MP03: Strategies to minimize impact of electronic health record implementation on emergency department flow." CJEM 21, S1 (May 2019): S42—S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2019.138.
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Introduction: Electronic health record (EHR) implementation can be associated with a slowdown in performance and delayed return to pre go-live productivity. The objective of this study is to describe the impact of a go-live strategy including diversion, public advertising of the go-live, and extra physician staffing to mitigate productivity loss. Methods: Lions Gate Hospital (LGH), an urban community hospital and rural referral centre with 250 beds and 65,000 annual ED visits went live with Cerner HER (Cerner Corporation, Kansas, MO) on April 28, 2018. The implementation included complete electronic ordering and electronic physician documentation. We compared patients seen per hour, time to physician (TTMD), ED length of stay (EDLOS), patients per hour left without being seen (LWBS), and admission rate (AR) for the 6 weeks prior to implementation (Pre), 2 weeks during (Imp), and 6 weeks after (Post) for LGH and a control hospital (Richmond Hospital – comparable in size/acuity) for the same periods. Medians were compared using the Mann-Whitney test for patients/hour, EDLOS and TTMD, and chi-square for AR and LWBS. Results: Patients/hour seen went from 2.1/hour in the pre phase, but dropped to 1.7/hr in the 2 week period following implementation (P < 0.05). During weeks 2-8 post implementation, 2,3 patients per hour were seen (P = 0.38 compared to Pre phase). At the control hospital, patients per hour were comparable across all time periods (Ps > 0.3). Median time to physician was 54, 56, and 54 minutes at LGH for the Pre, Imp, and Post time periods (Ps > 0.3). Median EDLOS was 184, 196, and 184 minutes in the pre, Imp, and post phases (P Imp versus pre = 0.11; Pre versus post = 0.54). LWBS rate was 1.3%, 2.9, and 2.4% (Ps for Imp and Post versus pre <0.05) at LGH, but the pattern was similar for the control hospital (2.9%, 4.1% and 4.0%’ Ps <0.05). There was no significant change in ambulance arrivals or admission rate at either hospital (Ps > 0.2). Conclusion: A deliberate implementation strategy that focuses on ED physician upstaffing and visit diversion can smooth the impact of the implementation of an EHR so that patient care is not impacted significantly. Return to normal productivity occurred by 8 weeks post go-live. We demonstrate a strategy that may support easier implementation at other sites.
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Chan, King-Pui Florence, Ting-Fung Ma, Siddharth Sridhar, David Chi-Leung Lam, Mary Sau-Man Ip, and Pak-Leung Ho. "Changes in Etiology and Clinical Outcomes of Pleural empyema during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020303.
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Healthcare-seeking behavior changed during the COVID-19 pandemic and might alter the epidemiology of pleural empyema. In this study, the incidence, etiology and outcomes of patients admitted for pleural empyema in Hong Kong in the pre-COVID-19 (January 2015–December 2019) and post-COVID-19 (January 2020–June 2022) periods were compared. Overall, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the predominant organism in <18-year-old patients, while Streptococcus anginosus, anaerobes and polymicrobial infections were more frequent in adults. In the post-COVID-19 period, a marked decline in the incidence of pleural empyema in children was observed (pre-COVID-19, 18.4 ± 4.8 vs. post-COVID-19, 2.0 ± 2.9 cases per year, p = 0.036), while the incidence in adults remained similar (pre-COVID-19, 189.0 ± 17.2 vs. post-COVID-19, 198.4 ± 5.0 cases per year; p = 0.23). In the post-COVID-19 period, polymicrobial etiology increased (OR 11.37, p < 0.0001), while S. pneumoniae etiology decreased (OR 0.073, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, clinical outcomes (length of stay, ICU admission, use of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy, surgical intervention, death) were not significantly different in pre- and post-COVID-19 periods. In conclusion, an increase in polymicrobial pleural empyema was observed during the pandemic. We postulate that this is related to the delayed presentation of pneumonia to hospitals.
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KAWAMATA, Mikito, Shinzoh SUMITA, Keiichi OMOTE, Osamu SATOH, and Akiyoshi NAMIKI. "Analysis of Perioperative Blood Transfusion During Pre-, Intra- and Post-operative Periods." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA 14, no. 9 (1994): 708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2199/jjsca.14.708.
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Mavrakis, Emmanouil. "Abnormal Returns on CEFs and in Pre-and-Post-Credit-Crunch Periods." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XIV, Issue 4 (November 1, 2011): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/335.
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Choi, Sunhwa, Youn-Sik Choi, and Bum-Joon Kim. "Auditors' Strategic Audit Pricing: Evidence from the Pre- and Post-IFRS Periods." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 37, no. 4 (November 1, 2017): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51964.
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SUMMARY This study examines the audit pricing by the auditor of a parent company (i.e., principal auditor) when other independent auditors that are not affiliated with the principal auditor (i.e., other auditors) are involved in the audit of the group financial statements. Using Korean data, we find that audit fees charged to the parent company by the principal auditor are negatively associated with the proportion of total assets or sales of subsidiaries audited by other auditors in the pre-IFRS period. This finding is consistent with the argument that the principal auditor views subsidiaries audited by other auditors as a business opportunity to attract new clients, and thus offers fee discounts to its client. However, in the post-IFRS period, this negative relation between audit fees and the involvement of other auditors becomes insignificant or positive, suggesting that IFRS adoption restricts auditors' strategic behavior in audit pricing because IFRS adoption increases the audit complexity and risk associated with the involvement of other auditors.
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Holdren, Don P., Helen M. Bowers, and W. Joe Mason. "Bank Holding Company Acquisition Activity: Evidence From Pre- and Post-Deregulation Periods." Financial Review 29, no. 2 (May 1994): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.1994.tb00821.x.
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Elewa, Y. H. A., O. Ichii, S. Otsuka, Y. Hashimoto, and Y. Kon. "Structural Changes of Goat Parotid Salivary Gland: Pre- and Post-Weaning Periods." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 43, no. 4 (July 5, 2013): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ahe.12071.
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Arıkan, Cüneyt, Ejder Saylav Bora, Efe Kanter, and Fatma Nur Karaarslan. "Have Chest Imaging Habits Changed in the Emergency Department after the Pandemic?" Tomography 9, no. 6 (November 7, 2023): 2079–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tomography9060163.
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The rate of patients undergoing tomography in the emergency department has increased in the last two decades. In the last few years, there has been a more significant increase due to the effects of the pandemic. This study aimed to determine the rate of patients who underwent chest imaging in the emergency department, the preferred imaging method, and the demographic characteristics of the patients undergoing imaging during the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods. This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients admitted to the emergency department between January 2019 and March 2023. The number of female, male, and total emergency admissions, the rate of patients who underwent chest X-ray (CXR) and chest computed tomography (CCT), and the age and gender distribution of the cases who underwent chest imaging were compared according to the pre-pandemic (January 2019–February 2020), pandemic (March 2020–March 2022), and post-pandemic (April 2022–March 2023) periods. Total emergency admissions were similar in the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods (pre-pandemic period: 21,984 ± 2087; post-pandemic period: 22,732 ± 1701). Compared to the pre-pandemic period, the CCT rate increased (pre-pandemic period: 4.9 ± 0.9, post-pandemic period: 7.46 ± 1.2), and the CXR rate decreased (pre-pandemic period: 16.6 ± 1.7%, post-pandemic period: 13.3 ± 1.9%) in the post-pandemic period (p < 0.001). The mean age of patients who underwent chest imaging (CXR; Pre-pandemic period: 56.6 ± 1.1 years; post-pandemic period: 53.3 ± 5.6 years. CCT; Pre-pandemic period: 68.5 ± 1.7 years; post-pandemic period: 61 ± 4.0 years) in the post-pandemic period was lower than in the pre-pandemic period (p < 0.001). Chest imaging preferences in the emergency department have changed during the post-pandemic period. In the post-pandemic period, while younger patients underwent chest imaging in the emergency department, CCT was preferred, and the rate of CXR decreased. It is alarming for public health that patients are exposed to higher doses of radiation at a younger age.
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AKINFEMIDE, Hannah Mayowa, Murtala Oladimeji Abioye MUSTAFA, Tirimisitu Kunle LASISI, and Monsurat Olaide AKANO. "Effect of Internet Corporate Reporting on Financial Performance of Listed Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. I (2024): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.801023.
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The growth in the number of internet users and disclosed information has had a major impact on the performance of different legal and economic frameworks globally. This study aims to examine the relationship between online corporate reporting and financial performance of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria during pre- and post-IFRS implementation. The population of research was comprised of all one hundred and two (102) publicly traded manufacturing companies in Nigeria as of December 2018. Secondary data were collected from the sample of thirty-one (31) publicly traded manufacturing companies for a period of 10 years, divided into 2009 to 2013 (pre-IFRS) and 2014 to 2018 (post-IFRS. The data collected were analysed using multiple regression analysis. The findings from the study show that online corporate reporting, and firm size positively affects firm value (FV), whereas firm age negatively affects firm value during pre-IFRS periods. The results also show that online corporate reporting and firm age inversely related to firm value, while firm size positively affects firm value (FV) after-IFRS adoption. The research outcome further reveal that negative relationship exists between internet corporate reporting, company size and earnings per share (EPS), meanwhile, firm age has positive influence with earnings per share (EPS) of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria during pre-IFRS periods. It was discovered that for post-IFRS period, internet corporate reporting and leverage are positively significant with earnings per share (EPS), whereas company size and age do not. Furthermore, the study found that a negative relationship exists between internet corporate reporting and return on equity (ROE) for both pre-IFRS and post-IFRS period, while firm size has a positive relationship with return on equity (ROE) of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria during pre-IFRS periods only. The regression results also reveal that return on equity (ROE) is negatively affected by leverage during post-IFRS periods. The study recommends that management of Nigerian quoted manufacturing companies should continue using internet as a platform in disseminating company financial information to the stakeholders since the internet corporate reporting positively improve the value of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. It is also recommended that the management of Nigerian quoted manufacturing companies should embrace the internet as a tool for communicating with stakeholders in order to improve value of their earnings per share and shares prospects in the market.
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Dr. Avijit Sikdar. "Sector Wise Stock Market Performance during Pre and Post Covid Era." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 11, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.2.28.
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The spread of the Covid-19 pandemic has an unprecedented and immense impact on the world economy as well as the Indian economy. The stock market, treated as a barometer of the economic activity of any country is adversely affected. Not even in India, countries like Germany, France, the USA, and Spain have been strongly affected. Nationwide lockdown, restriction on the transportation system, demand-supply disequilibrium lead to slow down in the economy and create a fear factor among the participants of the capital market. Rapid fall in the share price and increased volatility are identified during this period. The present study tries to compare the stock price return volatility, no of the transaction, and delivery percentage of various listed companies listed on BSE during the pre and post COVID 19 periods to examine the effect of this pandemic on the economy as a whole.
Period of Study: In this paper, we have consideredthe pre-covid period from 1st September 2019 to 15th March 2020 and post covid period from 16th March 2020 to August 2020.
Sample: for this study, we have selected 50 BSE listed Companies covering 5 sectors, viz. Pharma, Automobile, Industrial Products, Banking and Finance, and Consumer Goods.
Statistical Method: We have used paired sample t-test for comparing the arithmetical mean of different capital market parameters for these two sub-periods for each sector separately and standard deviation of daily return as a measure of volatility.
Conclusion: From the study, we have observed that average daily share price; average daily return; daily no. of transactions and volatility is significantly different from pre and post covid period for most of the sectors. However, we have not perceived any significant difference in the delivery percentage of traded shares of these sectors between two study periods.
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Ulina, Sri, and M. Shabri Abd Majid. "A Comparative Analysis of Resilience of Islamic and Conventional Banks in Indonesia." Muqtasid: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/muqtasid.v11i2.88-103.
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The presence of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) has adversely impacted both conventional and Islamic banking performances. This study aims to empirically compare the financial performances between Islamic banks and conventional banks during the pre- and post-2008 GFC periods. It also attempts to compare the financial performance of each Islamic and conventional bank between the pre- and post-2008 GFC periods. Three state-owned banks from each conventional and Islamic banking category were selected as the study sample using the purposive sampling technique. Based on the independent sample t-test, the study found a significant difference between the Islamic and conventional banking performances during the pre- and post-2008 GFC periods. Meanwhile, based on the paired t-test, the decline in Islamic banking performance from the pre-2008 GFC to the post-2008 GFC periods was significantly smaller than their conventional banking counterparts. These findings show the Islamic banks' superiority over their conventional banking counterparts due to fair and just practices based on Islamic tenets. Due to theirreliance in facing the episodes of crises, the Islamic banks deserve a strong support by government by enhancing prudent Islamic banking regulation. The Islamic banks should strive to operate fully based on the shari'ah principles and prudent banking management.
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I. Otoakhia, Eric. "Pass-Through of Crude-oil Price Shocks to Consumer Prices in Nigeria: Pre and Post 2008 Global Financial Crisis." Central Bank of Nigeria Journal of Applied Statistics, Vol. 11 No. 2 (April 8, 2021): 115–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33429/cjas.11220.5/8.
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This study investigates the responses of consumer price index (CPI) to crude oil price shocks in the pre- and post-2008 global financial crisis. The study used the Structural Vector Autoregressive model to analyse monthly data from 2000M01 to 2019M12. The impulse response analysis showed that for pre and post-crisis periods, oil price shocks have a positive impact on CPI. This impact was an insignificant direct momentary increase in pre-crisis CPI before dissipating. Conversely, the impact on post crisis CPI response tends to be stable and long-lasting starting from the third month. The confidence bands for the post crisis CPI are large, indicating the long-lasting positive response in the CPI pose no significant threat to price stability in the long run horizon. In conclusion, CPI response varies in terms of intensity for pre and post crisis periods. In terms of level of significance, the effect of the shocks on CPI is transient and insignificant in both periods. The post crisis oil price shock is not a significant channel that created price instability in Nigeria after the crisis and this study recommend partial deregulation of energy price should be maintained. Establishing oil price –inflation pass-through, external shocks like financial crisis should be accounted for.
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A.A.Al-Sa'aidi, Jabbar, Adnan W.M. Al-Bedari, and Widad A.G. Al-Tameemi. "Quantification of Inha, Inhba, and Inhbb genes expression levels in Wister rat testis during Pre- and Post-Pubertal Stages." AL-QADISIYAH MEDICAL JOURNAL 12, no. 22 (November 26, 2017): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.28922/qmj.2016.12.22.177-187.
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The present study has been designed to quantitate the mRNA expression level of testicular Inha, Inhba, and Inhbb genes at pre- and post-pubertal stages of male Wister rats. Fifty male Wister rats (25 immature and 25 mature) were used in the present study. At pre-pubertal stage, 5 male rats of 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 days old, and at post-pubertal stage, 5 male rats of 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75 days old were anasthetized and testis were obtained for molecular study to investigate the expression levels of Inha, Inhba, and Inhbb genes using qRT- PCR. The expression level of Inha gene in testis decreased as the age progress until 40 day period, and then slightly increased at 45 day period. At 55 day period, the expression significantly increased. At 60 and 65 periods, the levels recorded no increase, but 70 and 75 day periods recorded significant increase. The expression level of Inhba gene increased significantly as the age progress at the pre-pubertal stage, where the highest level was recorded at 45 day. At 55, 60, and 65 day periods, the highest expression level has been recorded, thenafter, the levels decreased at 70 and 75 day periods. The expression level of Inhbb gene increased significantly at 30, 35, 40, and 45 day periods of the pre-pubertal stage. At 55 and 60 day periods, no significant difference was recorded compared with 45 day period. At 65 day period, the highest level was recorded, thenafter, the levels decreased at 70 and 75 day periods. It can be concluded that fold changes of Inha, Inhba, and Inhbb genes in testis, correlated with the alterations of inhibins and activins concentrations at different periods of pre- and post-pubertal stages of male Wister rats life.
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Puah, Chin-Hong, Rayenda Khresna Brahmana, and Kai-Hung Wong. "Revisiting Stock Market Integration Pre-Post Subprime Mortgage Crisis: Insight From BRIC Countries." Economics and Finance in Indonesia 61, no. 2 (August 1, 2015): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/efi.v61i2.507.
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AbstractThis study revisits the long-run relationships and short-run dynamic causal linkages among BRIC stock market, with the particular attention to the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis. Extending related empirical studies, comparative analyses of pre-crisis, and post-crisis periods were conducted to comprehensively evaluate how stock market integration was affected by financial crises. In general, after employing cointegration test and VAR test, the results reveal the increase of stock market integration in BRICs after the subprime crisis. The evidence also found that China stock market is the most influential among the BRICs, in which China stock market has the ability to Granger cause the other three BRICs member countries. An important implication of our findings is that the degree of integration among countries tends to change over time, especially around periods marked by financial crises. AbstrakPenelitian ini mengkaji ulang hubungan jangka panjang dan hubungan kausal dinamis jangka pendek antara pasar modal negara-negara BRIC, terutama pada saat krisis subprime mortgage 2008. Pengayaan studi empiris yang terkait dan analisa perbandingan sebelum-sesudah krisis dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi secara komprehensif tentang bagaimana krisis keuangan memengaruhi integrasi pasar modal. Secara umum, setelah menggunakan uji kointegrasi dan uji VAR, hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan peningkatan integrasi pasar modal di negara-negara BRIC setelah terjadinya krisis subprime. Penelitian ini juga membuktikan bahwa pasar modal Cina adalah pasar yang paling berpengaruh di antara negara BRIC, di mana pasar modal Cina memiliki kemampuan untuk memengaruhi secara Granger Causality tiga negara anggota BRIC lainnya. Implikasi penting dari temuan kami adalah bahwa tingkat integrasi antara negara-negara cenderung berubah dari waktu ke waktu, terutama sekitar periode yang ditandai oleh krisis keuangan.Kata kunci: Integrasi Pasar; Subprime Mortgage; Krisis Keuangan; BRICJEL classifications: F15; G15; G21; C32
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Hassani, M., M. Gorgulu, and S. Goncu. "Effect of Choice Feeding in the Pre-weaning Period on the Growth Performance of Calves during the Pre- and Post-weaning Periods." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 5, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2017/33664.
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Loganathan, V. "Trends of India’s Agricultural Import During the Pre-reform and Post-reform Periods." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v11i2.6067.
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Agriculture has been the largest sector of the Indian economy. It plays a vital role in providing food for the nation, raw materials to the industry providing employment. Past two and a half decades, India has implemented comprehensive trade policy reforms in the agriculture sector due to internal and external factors. This study has investigated patterns of India’s foreign trade in agriculture during pre-reform and reform periods. The effect of liberalization of India’s foreign trade has greatly influenced the structure of trade in goods and services. For this study, the agriculture communities have been classified into Food Crops and food items, Pulses, Oil and oilseeds, Commercial crops, Plantation crops, Animal products, and Oilseed cake meals. Data for this study have been collected from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) official website (www.faostat.fao.org), from 1970 to 2013. In 1970, the highest value of percentage share is observed for the food and food crops import at 55.56 per cent followed by commercial crops at 29.15 per cent, animal products at 6.83 per cent, pulses at 5.73 per cent, and oilseeds and oil at 1.29 per cent. In 2017, the highest value of percentage share is observed for oilseeds and oil import at 40.45 per cent followed by commercial crops at 27.87 per cent, pulses at 14.03 and food crops and food items at 10.59 per cent. Overall, there is a significant increase is noted for the percentage share of oilseeds and oil in total agricultural imports in the study period. In the case of pulses, the percentage share of imports in total agricultural export has been increasing during the study period among the other major group of products. There is downward movement is observed for the import of food crops and food items during the study period.
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Kubasari, Cletus, Wisdom Adeapena, Robinah Najjemba, George Kwesi Hedidor, Raymond Lovelace Adjei, Grace Manu, Collins Timire, Samuel Afari-Asiedu, and Kwaku Poku Asante. "Quality of Data Recording and Antimicrobial Use in a Municipal Veterinary Clinic in Ghana." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2023): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8110485.
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The recording of antimicrobial use data is critical for the development of interventions for the containment of antimicrobial resistance. This cross-sectional study assessed whether dissemination activities and recommendations made after an operational research (OR) study in 2021 resulted in better data recording and improved the use of antimicrobials in a rural veterinary clinic. Routinely collected data from treatment record books were compared between 2013 and 2019 (pre-OR) and from July 2021 to April 2023 (post-OR). The most common animals presenting for care in the the pre – and post OR periods were dogs (369 and 206, respectively). Overall, antimicrobial use in animals increased from 53% to 77% between the two periods. Tetracycline was the most commonly used antimicrobial (99%) during the pre-OR period, while Penicillin-Streptomycin was the most commonly used antimicrobial (65%) during the post-OR period. All animals that received care at the clinic were documented in the register during both periods. Whereas the diagnosis was documented in 269 (90%) animals in the post-OR period compared to 242 (47%) in the pre-OR period, the routes and dosages were not adequately recorded during the both periods. Therefore, the quality of data recording was still deficient despite the dissemination and the recommendations made to some key stakeholders. Recommendations are made for a standardized antimicrobial reporting tool, refresher training, and continuous supervisory visits to the clinic.
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Liao, Qunfeng, Seyed Mehdian, and John Stephens. "The Impact of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis on the Structure of the Transmission of Price Innovations Across Financial Markets: The Case of Southwest Asian Equity Markets." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 63, no. 2 (2016): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/saeb-2016-0116.
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This study examines the reaction of Southeast Asian equity markets to the transmission of price innovations from major equity markets during the pre and post periods of the 2008 global financial crisis. In particular, we examine the reaction of returns indices in Malaysia, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand as endogenous variables, and compare them to the returns indices of the U.S., the Eurozone, Japan, and China as exogenous variables. The results of VAR models indicate the combined and individual impact of the price innovations from the major equity markets on the volatility of returns of selected countries is relatively trivial during either the pre- or post-financial crisis periods. However, the individual impact of the U.S. innovations is generally higher during the post-financial crisis. The ARCH and GARCH models indicate the stock markets of Southeast Asian countries are more responsive to their own price innovations during both the pre- and the post-crisis periods, although some response to U.S. and Eurozone shocks is also observed.
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Dai, Jian, Bo Ji, Guozhen Zhao, Yawen Lu, Yitian Liu, Qiujie Mou, Reiko Sakurai, et al. "Developmental Timing Determines the Protective Effect of Maternal Electroacupuncture on Perinatal Nicotine Exposure-Induced Offspring Lung Phenotype." BioMed Research International 2020 (February 28, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8030972.
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Introduction. Environmental exposure of the developing offspring to cigarette smoke or nicotine is an important predisposing factor for many chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, and so forth, in the exposed offspring. Studies showed that electroacupuncture (EA) applied to maternal “Zusanli” (ST36) acupoints during pregnancy and lactation protects against perinatal nicotine exposure- (PNE-) induced lung damage. However, the most effective time period, that is, prenatal vs. postnatal, to attain this effect has not been determined. Objective. To determine the most effective developmental timing of EA’s protective effect against PNE-induced lung phenotype in the exposed offspring. Methods. Pregnant rats were given (1) saline (“S” group); (2) nicotine (“N” group); (3) nicotine + EA, exclusively prenatally (“Pre-EA” group); (4) nicotine + EA, exclusively postnatally (“Post-EA,” group); and (5) nicotine + EA, administered both prenatally and postnatally (“Pre- and Post-EA” group). Nicotine was injected once daily (1 mg/kg, 100 μl) and EA was administered to bilateral ST36 acupoints once daily during the specified time-periods. At the end of the experimental periods, key hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis markers in pups and dams, and lung function, morphometry, and the central molecular markers of lung development in the offspring were determined. Results. After nicotine exposure, alveolar mean linear intercept (MLI) increased, but mean alveolar number (MAN) decreased and lung PPARγ level decreased, but glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and serum corticosterone (Cort) levels increased, in line with the known PNE-induced lung phenotype. In the nicotine exposed group, maternal hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) level decreased, but pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and serum Cort levels increased. In the “Pre- and Post-EA” groups, PNE-induced alterations in lung morphometry, lung development markers, and HPA axis were blocked. In the “Pre-EA” group, PNE-induced changes in lung morphometry, GR, and maternal HPA axis improved; lung PPARγ and serum Cort levels were slightly but not significantly improved. In contrast, the exclusive “Post-EA” group showed none of these benefits. Conclusions. Maternal EA applied to ST36 acupoints during both pre- and postnatal periods preserves offspring lung structure and function despite perinatal exposure to nicotine. EA applied during the “prenatal period” affords only limited benefits, whereas EA applied during the “postnatal period” is ineffective, suggesting that the EA’s effects in modulating PNE-induced lung phenotype are limited to specific time-periods during lung development.
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Jaggar, Jessica, Kerry O. Cleveland, Jennifer D. Twilla, Shanise Patterson, and Athena L. V. Hobbs. "Leveling Up: Evaluation of IV v. PO Linezolid Utilization and Cost after an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Revision of IV to PO Conversion Criteria within a Healthcare System." Pharmacy 11, no. 2 (April 5, 2023): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11020070.
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The CDC’s Core Elements of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) lists intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) conversion as an important pharmacy-based intervention. However, despite the existence of a pharmacist-driven IV to PO conversion protocol, conversion rates within our healthcare system remained low. We aimed to evaluate the impact of a revision to the current conversion protocol on conversion rates, using linezolid as a marker due to its high PO bioavailability and high IV cost. This retrospective, observational study was conducted within a healthcare system composed of five adult acute care facilities. The conversion eligibility criteria were evaluated and revised on 30 November 2021. The pre-intervention period started February 2021 and ended November 2021. The post-intervention period was December 2021 to March 2022. The primary objective of this study was to establish if there was a difference in PO linezolid utilization reported as days of therapy per 1000 days present (DOT/1000 DP) between the pre- and post-intervention periods. IV linezolid utilization and cost savings were investigated as secondary objectives. The average DOT/1000 DP for IV linezolid decreased from 52.1 to 35.4 in the pre- and post-intervention periods, respectively (p < 0.01). Inversely, the average DOT/1000 DP for PO linezolid increased from 38.9 in the pre-intervention to 58.8 for the post-intervention period, p < 0.01. This mirrored an increase in the average percentage of PO use from 42.9 to 62.4% for the pre- and post-intervention periods, respectively (p < 0.01). A system-wide cost savings analysis showed projected total annual cost savings of USD 85,096.09 for the system, with monthly post-intervention savings of USD 7091.34. The pre-intervention average monthly spend on IV linezolid at the academic flagship hospital was USD 17,008.10, which decreased to USD 11,623.57 post-intervention; a 32% reduction. PO linezolid spend pre-intervention was USD 664.97 and increased to USD 965.20 post-intervention. The average monthly spend on IV linezolid for the four non-academic hospitals was USD 946.36 pre-intervention, which decreased to USD 348.99 post-intervention; a 63.1% reduction (p < 0.01). Simultaneously, the average monthly spend for PO linezolid was USD 45.66 pre-intervention and increased to USD 71.19 post-intervention (p = 0.03) This study shows the significant impact that an ASP intervention had on IV to PO conversion rates and subsequent spend. By revising criteria for IV to PO conversion, tracking and reporting results, and educating pharmacists, this led to significantly more PO linezolid use and reduced the overall cost in a large healthcare system.
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Jacquet, C., D. Apgar, V. Chauchan, R. Storey, S. Kern, and S. Davoust. "Farm blockage model validation using pre and post construction LiDAR measurements." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2265, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 022009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/2/022009.
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Abstract This study discusses the characterization of farm blockage for an Onshore site. A test campaign was designed to measure the effects of farm induction upstream of a row of turbines. 5 LiDARs were dispersed on a site in North America. Measurement periods took place before and after erection of the turbines. A thorough characterization of the wind conditions is performed using the measurement from the pre-construction period. During nighttime, vertical profiles reveal the occurrence of low-level jet (LLJ) structure, and LiDAR-to-LiDAR horizontal variations in the measured wind speed are strong. Therefore, the analysis focuses on the daytime data only. Impact of farm blockage is quantified by analyzing variations of measured wind speed, relative to a LiDAR of reference, between the pre- and post-construction periods. These wind speed variations measured by the LiDARs, therefore, give insights on how the flow is distorted upstream of the row of turbines, but also within the inter-turbine space in the row. Additionally, the wind farm is simulated using a new CFD-based engineering model for blockage. Simulation results show very good agreement with the measurements, demonstrating the ability of the model to capture the underlying physics. The last part of the paper discusses the range of applicability of the test campaign results and proposes ways to further improve farm blockage characterization.