Journal articles on the topic 'Pratt truss'

In this study, experimental tests were performed to evaluate the shear performance of encased steel truss (EST) composite girders that can resist loads at construction and composite stages. Four full-scale EST composite girders were fabricated, where the truss type (Pratt truss and Warren truss) and presence of stirrups were set as main test variables. The test results showed that in specimens applied with the Pratt truss, horizontal shear cracking occurring along the interface between concrete and steel was the dominant failure mode. Based on the crack pattern and failure plane observed from the test, the horizontal shear strengths of the Pratt truss specimens were calculated, which provided conservative results. On the other hand, in the specimens with the Warren truss inside, the strengths of the specimens were governed by the shear failure occurring in the screw rod connecting the truss elements prior to the yielding of the diagonal member. The shear strengths of the Warren truss specimens calculated based on the shear failure of the screw rod were similar to that obtained from the test.

In designing a truss cantilever structure with a predetermined long span, it will certainly look for a model of long-span structure with a profile that is able to withstand the given load. This can be done by planning a model of the pratt truss long-span structure. The main purpose of this final task is to produce a design of a long-span cantilever structure that is part of a unique building using a pratt truss model. The long-span pratt truss cantilever structure is analyzed using the MDSolids v.4.1.0 program to compute the inner forces working on each component of the designed frame structure, while the STAAD Pro Connect v.22 program analyzes the deformation of the design cantilever structure profile. The planning of this long-span cantilever structure is designed with reference to SNI 1727:2020 on minimum design load and related criteria for buildings and other structures, and SNI 1729:2020 on specifications for structural steel buildings. The result of the planning obtained is the dimensions of the beam bar profile needed. Pratt truss long-span structure is able for used as a cantilever long-span structure. This is seen from the results of calculations using computer programs where the pratt truss model has a deformation/deflection structure that occurs not exceeding the specified limit, and the results of the profile design used safely in receiving loads, although the results of calculation analysis there are the most critical rod elements in withstanding the load of the axial force of the press, namely the t1 and b2 rods. While the most critical rods in withstanding the load of axial force pull are the rods d1 and a1.English translation.

penulis menganalisis berbagai macam model struktur rangka baja jembatan yang sering digunakan, diantaranya Howe Truss,Pratt Truss, Warren Truss, K Truss dan Baltimore Truss. Dari kelima model yang ditinjau, penulis menganalisis dari berbagai aspek dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan gaya–gaya dalam dan deformasi serta mendapatkan perbandingan berat total dan mendapatkan model struktur rangka baja terbaik serta efisien.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kebutuhan material baja pada kuda-kuda bentuk Pratt truss, Howe Truss, danCompound Fan Truss sehingga dapat diketahui jumlah penggunaan kebutuhan material baja terkecil. Penelitian ini akan membandingkantiga tipe kuda-kuda pada panjang bentangan 24 m. Perhitungan gaya batang pada kuda-kuda menggunakanprogram SAP 2000 yang didasarkan oleh beban mati, beban hidup, dan beban angin yang bekerja pada struktur kuda-kuda sesuai denganSNI-03-1727-1989 tentang Tata Cara Pembebanan Untuk Rumah dan Gedung. Data perhitungan gaya batang didapat, selanjutnya ditentukanjenis profil baja yang sesuai dengan besarnya gaya dan jenis batang yang berkerja yaitu batang tarik dan tekan. Perhitungan dimensi profilpada batang kuda-kuda dilakukan sesuai dengan SNI 03-1729-2002 tentang Tata Cara Perencanaan Struktur Baja Untuk BangunanGedung.Berat parameter profil di setiap batang kemudian dikalikan dengan panjangnya sehingga diketahui volume material baja yang diperlukan dalam satuan kilogram(kg). Volume seluruh batang dijumlahkan dan kemudian dibandingkan dengan bentuk kuda-kudayang lainnya.Perbandingan dilakukan untuk mendapatkan bentuk kuda-kuda yang paling sedikit menggunakan bahan material baja.Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pada bentang 24 m bentuk kuda-kuda Compound Fan Truss memiliki jumlah kebutuhan materialbaja terkecil yaitu sebesar 1220,51 kg. Kuda-kuda Howe Truss memiliki jumlah kebutuhan pemakaian material baja dengan nilai sebesar1870,12 kg, sedangkan kuda-kuda Bentuk Pratt Truss memiliki jumlah kebutuhan material baja terbesar pada bentang ini yaitu 2112,37 kg.

The main aim of this paper was to propose a new reliability index for steel structure assessment and to check it using the example of a popular Pratt truss girder. Structural analysis was completed in the finite element method system Autodesk ROBOT, and probabilistic analysis was implemented in the computer algebra software MAPLE. The stochastic finite element method (SFEM) was contrasted here with the Monte Carlo simulation and the girder span was selected as the input structural uncertainty source. Both methods were based on the same structural polynomial response functions determined for extreme deformation, for extreme stresses and also for the structural joint exhibiting the largest effort. These polynomials were statistically optimized during the additional least squares method experiments. The first four basic probabilistic characteristics of the structural responses, the first-order reliability method (FORM) index, and as the new proposition for this index were computed and presented. This new index formula follows the relative probabilistic entropy model proposed by Bhattacharyya. The computer analysis results presented here show a very strong coincidence of both probabilistic numerical techniques and confirms the applicability of the new reliability index for the input coefficient of variation not larger than 0.15. These studies should be continued for other engineering systems’ reliability and, particularly, for large-scale and multiscale computer simulations. The results presented in this paper may serve in different applied sciences, from biology through to econometrics, experimental physics and, of course, various branches of engineering.

Steel truss bridge collapse often occurs, both in Indonesia and in other countries. As a result of the collapse of the bridge is in addition to the casualties also losses from the financial aspects. This collapse caused due to various factors, one of them because of a decrease in the strength of the bridge structure. To minimize required maintenance of the bridge's collapse and to facilitate the maintenance of one of them must be known failure mechanisms existing bridges. In the analysis of this collapse, will be modeled steel truss bridge pratt’s type with long spans is 60 meters. Analysis of the collapse of the steel truss bridge's, utilizing a pushover analysis to analyze the behavior of the bridge structure. Pushover analysis done with give vertical static load pattern at the structure, next gradually increase by a factor until one vertical displacement target of the reference point is reached. The study shows that at model singe span failure occurred on the chord on mid span. The performance level of structure shows all models of bridges in the state are IO, this case based on the target displacement FEMA 356 and the actual ductility occurs in all models of bridges is compliant with SNI 2833-2008.

With the industrial development in recent years, the need of huge industrial sheds has increased where structural optimization and cost are the two major aspects of design. Trusses are triangular formations of steel sections in which the members are generally, subjected to axial forces due to external load. For industrial sheds, the truss configurations commonly used are Pratt, Howe, Warren and Fink truss. All of these truss configurations have their own structural advantages depending upon shapes and member arrangements. The aim of this study is to compare these trusses to select the optimal truss configuration for a particular span of 30m. The length of the bottom chord members of trusses are varied keeping the overall truss height, inclination angle, span, structure length, spacing and external load same, for all configurations. The analysis has been conducted using Tekla software. It is observed that Howe truss configuration with 12 divisions of bottom chord provide best selection based on weight of truss and connections. This paper helps the designer to select an appropriate truss of span 30m, considering the safety, self-weight, truss configuration and economical point of view.

Truss structure which is often used for primary girder of bridge of highway is a Warren or Pratt type, what is its use combined with two horizontal truss attached below and above functioning as truss of wind bracing. Though have space dimension, but its structure is not pure of truss space, practically its analysis is done to each truss, vertical and horizontal which is considered as plane truss. Truss structure with a trianggular cross section type represent other alternative from structure truss which can is also used as a highway bridge structure, and this type truss represent purification truss space. Beside that, structurally entire element truss together have the contribution to arrest forced from all direction, and cause this type truss is more stable in arrest torsion and shear compared to a other structure truss bridge type. Method used to analyse structure of truss that is stiffness matrix method by means of assist calculation of Microsoft Excel 2007. Result to be reached from this analysis is to find relation of between span length, depth of truss and to the number of panel, to weight of structure and translation of a joint; utilize to get optimum weight and translation of joint. Pursuant to result analyse to three group of sample truss model, each group consisted of three sample, in each depth condition of certain truss, there's only one optimum weight value at one particular truss, and angle of inclination of diagonal and also the span-depth ratio and depth of economic truss still stay in gyration of economic values is such as those which applied for plane truss

Use of steel is steadily increasing all over the world in civil engineering related fields due to its superior material properties like high strength and durability, high ductility, light weight etc. Various types of steel structures become more popular because of their high aesthetic appearance. Among these steel structures, roof trusses are widely used to cover large column free open areas like shopping malls, auditoriums, car parking lots, stadiums as well as factory sheds etc. Design of steel truss members is an important aspect to the practicing civil engineers. Hence this paper aims to study the design and analysis of different types of truss geometries used in a factory shed using commercial well-established software package STAAD Pro V8i. Various types of truss geometries like Pratt truss, Howe truss, Fink truss are considered in the present investigations with different aspect ratios. Besides these truss geometries, portal frame geometry is also taken up here to examine the best suitable geometries which are to be used as roofing units in industrial purposes. The results obtained from the present numerical experimentations are studied meticulously to extract a set of meaningful conclusions regarding the design and optimum choice of steel truss geometry which is used as roofing units in industrial sheds. The practical design guidelines along with the best choice of roof trusses are highlighted in the results and discussions section of this paper.

It has been recently advocated that a practical static design of hollow structural section (HSS) Warren and Pratt trusses, having either gapped or overlapped connections, can be performed on the basis of a force distribution obtained from an elastic analysis of the truss with either all the members pin-jointed or the web members pin-jointed to continuous chord members. However, at the service load level, gap-connected truss deflections have been previously underestimated by around 12%–15%. Laboratory testing of HSS trusses has accordingly been undertaken to establish experimental axial force and bending moment distributions and truss deflection patterns. Tests have been conducted on two large-scale, 12.0 and 12.2 m span, simply supported, HSS Warren trusses, comprised of 60° gap or overlap K-connections. Based upon the experimental behaviour of the two trusses and the theoretical analyses, it is shown that simple pin-jointed analysis is sufficient to give good predictions for web and chord member forces. In the case of truss deflections, the contribution of connection flexibility on truss deflection has been taken into account using a simple virtual work method, and excellent agreement is then obtained between the predicted and actual truss deflections. Key words: steel structures, hollow structural sections, trusses, connections, deflections.

This study presents an investigation to quantify the aerodynamics of truss bridge-girders via wind tunnel test and kriging surrogate model. Currently, the conventional methods documented in design specifications only take into consideration the mean drag force at null attack angle. To gain an in-depth understanding on the aerodynamics of truss bridge-girders, experiments on simplified bridge-girder models with various geometric parameters were carried out in uniform flow. A total of 15 truss bridge-girder models with aspect ratio (the ratio of width to height) B/D = 1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 1.9, and 2.2, solidity ratio (the ratio of projected to envelope areas) Φ = 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, and 0.40, and two typical truss topologies (Warren and Pratt trusses) were examined in the most concerned range of wind angle of attack α = [–6°, 6°]. These truss bridge-girder models cover most of the high-speed railway bridges widely used in China. Experimental results show that the truss topology has limited effects on the aerodynamics of truss bridge-girders, whereas the effects of α, B/D, and Φ are significant. Based on these wind tunnel results, the ordinary kriging surrogate model was utilized to approximate the aerodynamics of truss bridge-girders. In using this model, aerodynamic force values for test cases can be interpolated with zero variance and uncertainties in unsampled design zones where geometric parameters can be quantified with Gaussian variance.

Modified Augmented Lagrangian Genetic Algorithm (ALGA) and Quadratic Penalty Function Genetic Algo­rithm (QPGA) optimization methods are proposed to obtain truss structures with minimum structural weight using both continuous and discrete design variables. To achieve robust solutions, Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) with reordering of Cholesky factorization and Moore Penrose Pseudoinverse are used in case of non-singular and singular stiffness matrix, respectively. The efficiency of the proposed nonlinear optimization methods is demonstrated on several practical exam­ples. The results obtained from the Pratt truss bridge show that the optimum design solution using discrete parameters is 21% lighter than the traditional design with uniform cross sections. Similarly, the results obtained from the 57-bar planar tower truss indicate that the proposed design method using continuous and discrete design parameters can be up to 29% and 9% lighter than traditional design solutions, respectively. Through sensitivity analysis, it is shown that the proposed methodology is robust and leads to significant improvements in convergence rates, which should prove useful in large-scale applications.

Abstract: Conventional steel frames are low rise steel frames with roofing systems of truss and roof coverings. Standard hot rolled sections are used for truss elements which are usually much heavier than what is actually required as per the design. Pre– Engineered steel frames are the steel frames in which excess steel is tapered as per the bending moment requirements. In present study, conventional (pratt type) steel roof truss and pre-engineered (portal type) steel roof frame with crane load is considered for an industrial warehouse construction located in Davangere city. 2D Modelling of both conventional and pre-engineered steel frame with crane load is done using STAAD Pro. software. Both the steel frames are subjected to different combinations of Dead load (DL), Live load(LL), Crane Load(CL) and Wind load(WL) as per IS 800 (2007) codal provisions. For the factored bending moments and shear force, referring IS 800 (2007) codal provisions, crane gantry girder is designed as a laterally unsupported member having a combination of I and channel sections. The members of both conventional and pre-engineered steel frames with crane load are designed for the worst load combination as per IS 800(2007) codal provisions. It is concluded that about 25% reduction in quantity of steel can be achieved by choosing pre-engineered steel frame than the conventional steel frame.

Jembatan Merah Patikraja Kabupaten Banyumas merupakan jembatan rangka dengan tipe pratt dengan panjang 127 m dan lebar 5 m diperuntukan untuk jalur kereta api pada kolonial Belanda dan kini dialih fungsikan sebagai jalur umum untuk kendaraan . Perencanaan ulang jembatan dengan rangka baja tipe K truss digunakan sebagai alternatif perencanaan. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk merencanakan dimensi profil baja yang dibutuhkan. Data yang diperlukan adalah gambar jembatan dan data penyelidikan tanah jembatan Merah Patikraja kabupaten Banyumas. LRFD (Load Resistance Factor Design) diaplikasikan dengan pembebanan berdasarkan SNI 1726:2016 (Standar Nasional Indonesia). Dari hasil perhitungan untuk profil Batang Ikatan Angin menggunakan profil 500x200x10x16 dan 500x500x25x40. Batang samping Atas, Batang samping Diagonal, dan Batang samping Bawah menggunakan profil H 500x500x25x40. Untuk gelagar pada jembatan menggunakan profil baja H 450x200x9x14 untuk memanjang dan H 700x300x13x24 untuk melintang. Sambungan baut menggunakan baut dengan Ø 1½ inch. Lendutan yang terjadi pada jembatan sebesar 36 mm.Untuk dimensi pelat diperoleh 7x45x0,25m. Pipa sandaran pada jembatan menggunakan pipa Ø3 inch. Bantalan elastomer dengan dimensi 725x740 mm. Plat injak memiliki lebar 7 m dan panjang 6 m. Tubuh Abutmen memiliki tebal 2 m dan panjang 8 m. Pilecap abutmen memiliki lebar 8 m dan panjang 9 m. Wing wall memiliki lebar 5,5m dan tinggi 6,75m. Untuk pondasi pada abutmen memiliki diameter 0,5 m dengan panjang 10 m sebanyak 18 pondasi.

Abstrak: Pertumbuhan atau kenaikan penduduk Indonesia yang sangat pesat mengakibatkan bertambahnya jumlah kebutuhan rumah tinggal yang juga semakin meningkat. Saat ini pembangunan seperti apartemen, dan perumahan sangat banyak didaerah perkotaan yang diakibatkan karena bertambahnya penduduk, atau migrasi dari desa ke perkotaan untuk mengimbangi dari pertumbuhan penduduknya. Rumah - rumah yang dibangun di perumahan pada umumnya banyak yang menggunakan rangka baja ringan sebagai atapnya. Material rangka atap biasanya dari kayu, beton, baja dan baja ringan, masing-masing memilik kelebihan dan kekurangannya. Dalam hal ini material kuda-kuda baja ringan mempunyai banyak kelebihan dibandingkan dengan material yang lainnya dalam penelitian-penelitian yang dilakukan sebelumya. Beberapa tipe rangka untuk baja canai dingin antara lain tipe Howe, Pratt, Fan, Fink, Scissors dll. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan optimasi dari bentuk-bentuk rangka kuda-kuda baja ringan, untuk mencari bentuk rangka yang optimum, aman, ekonomis dan efisien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bentuk optimum maksimal dari rangka kuda-kuda baja ringan, megetahui beban maksimal, lendutan maksimal pada konfigurasi rangka, angka keamanan dan pola keruntuhan dari rangka kuda-kuda baja ringan akibat beban statis, sehingga bisa dijadikan sebagai rujukan untuk diterapkan pada jenis-jenis rangka kuda-kuda baja ringan yang lain. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil berdasarkan pemodelan secara analitis dari beberapa tahap bentuk dari rangka kuda-kuda baja canai yang ditemukan, yakni bentuk rangka Fink yang dimodifikasi dengan batang horizontal dengan tipe F1 pada proses modifikasi. Pada tahap selanjutnya yakni proses kombinasi rangka tidak mencapai bentuk yang optimum. Lendutan maksimum pada pemodelan secara analitis yakni sebesar 11.17 mm pada beban 2250 kg. Sedangkan pada pemodelan prototipe lendutan maksimum yang terjadi sebesar 11.33 mm pada beban 1270.99 kg dan didapatkan hasil angka keamanan yang direkomendasikan sebesar 1,4. Untuk pola keruntuhan keruntuhan yang terjadi, pada ½, ¼ bentang terjadi tekuk torsi, dan pada bagian tumpuan terjadi tekuk lentur torsional.Kata-kata kunci: Baja Canai dingin, Rangka Atap, Kuda-Kuda, Bentuk Rangka Optimum.Abstract:The growth or increase in Indonesia’s population is very rapid resulting in the increasing number of residential needs which are also increasing. At present development such as apartments and housing is very much in the urban areas due to increasing population, or migration from rural to urban areas to compensate for population growth. Many houses built in housing use light steel frames as roofs. Roof truss material is usually made of wood, concrete, steel and mild steel, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. In this case the material mild steel easel has many advantages compared to other materials in previous studies. Several types of frames for cold rolled steel include Howe, Pratt, Fan, Fink, Scissors etc. For this reason, it is necessary to optimize the forms of lightweight steel truss, to find the optimum, safe, economical and efficient frame form. This study aims to obtain the maximum optimum form of light steel frame trestle, to know the maximum load, maximum deflection in frame configuration, safety figures and the collapse pattern of light steel frame truss due to static load, so that it can be used as a reference to be applied to other types of light steel frame truss. From this study the results obtained are based on analytical modeling of several stages of the shape of the form of rolled steel horses which are found, namely the shape of the Fink frame modified with horizontal rods with type F1 in the modification process. In the next step, the process of combining skeletons does not reach optimum shape. The maximum deflection in analytical modeling is 11.17 mm at a load of 2250 kg. Whereas the maximum deflection modeling that occurred was 11.33 mm at a load of 1270.99 kg and the recommended safety figure was 1.4. For the pattern of collapse that occurs, at ½, ¼ the span of the torsion bend occurs, and in the pedestal the bending torsional bending occurs.Keywords: Cold Rolled Steel, Roof Truss, Easel, Optimum Frame Shape

The optimization of structures is a wished goal, but it is not always achieved in engineering practice, due to either the large additional effort that it demands or the lack of necessary resources to carry it out. Structural engineers usually use batch procedures, consisting of utilizing the software, in which data are input, running the analysis and evaluating the results, along which it is decided whether the design is accepted or modifications must be made, in which case the process is repeated again. The consequence of this is that the final result, normally, will always be improvable. For that reason, the field of optimization has usually been reserved to the academia. The new currents of structural engineering seek optimization by means of parametric design and evolutionary computing. As an additional contribution to the use of these resources, the objective of this work is to present an algorithm developed through visual programming for sizing, shape and topology optimization of plane trusses of the classic Howe, Pratt or Warren typologies, and to highlight the advantages that the use of this resource provides for the professional work of structural engineers, since it allows them to develop their own algorithms without the need of previous knowledge of programming, and to achieve economic and environmental benefits from saving materials. All this configures a clear transfer of the advances of computer technology to professional practice, extending the frontiers of the academic sphere. As an example of application, a truss analyzed by traditional methods, without optimizing, and the same truss optimized with the aforementioned algorithm, are compared.

The study presented in this paper is part of a project aiming at evaluating the potential use of aluminum in structures. The types of intervention could range from a simple repair or a reinforcement involving structural aluminum, the replacement of a used bridge deck by an aluminum deck, to the construction of a new bridge made in full or in part of aluminum. It is this latter type of intervention that justified a research project, the results of which are presented in this article. The first step involves identifying the most advantageous type of aluminum structural system from a structural standpoint as well as an economic standpoint. This step includes the analysis and partial design of 40 girder- or truss-type road bridges, spanning 15 and 35 m, supporting either an active concrete slab or an aluminum deck. These studies have shown that bridges built using a Pratt-type truss and an active concrete slab provided the best results. It is also shown that some calculation criteria, such as vibration, deflection, and fatigue criteria limited the extensive use of aluminum in bridges. In the second step, nine bridges are more comprehensively analysed and designed, based on the standards used in North America, and three are fully designed, including the connexions, in order to realize a cost analysis study that is as accurate as possible. Special attention is given to vibration and fatigue problems as well as to the details related to connexions calculation. The study concludes that the development of an aluminum-only medium span road bridge system is a non-viable project in the short to mid term from a structural standpoint as well as an economic standpoint, and it makes recommendations on the use of aluminum decks and on the continuation of the work.Key words: aluminum, analysis, bridges, connexions, design, fatigue, standards, vibration.[Journal translation]

Massima Trib. Civitavecchia, 10 giugno 2022, n. 695 Il trustee è legittimato passivo nel giudizio per la revocatoria del conferimento in trust. In siffatto giudizio i beneficiari sono litisconsorti necessari solo laddove il trust configuri un atto a titolo oneroso, così che il litisconsorzio necessario non coinvolge i beneficiari - figli della disponente - di un trust familiare istituito per far fronte alle esigenze di vita di costoro. Non è revocabile ex art. 2901 cod. civ. il conferimento in un trust familiare posto in essere dalla disponente, fideiussore di una S.r.l. nei confronti della banca creditrice agente in revocatoria, successivamente al rilascio della fideiussione: è insussistente la scientia damni in capo alla disponente, requisito soggettivo richiesto in considerazione della natura gratuita del trust, in quanto all’epoca del conferimento in trust la S.r.l. debitrice principale utilizzava il credito concessole dalla banca attrice sul conto corrente senza mai scostarsi dal saldo negativo massimo consentitole e soltanto più di un anno dopo essa maturava un’esposizione debitoria relativa a un mutuo chirografario, né all’epoca del conferimento in trust risultava l’invio da parte della banca attrice di atti di costituzione in mora o la revoca dell’affidamento concesso sul conto corrente. App. Venezia, 14 giugno 2022, n. 1388 Nel giudizio per la revocatoria del conferimento in trust la finalità del trust è irrilevante ai fini della sussistenza o meno dell’eventus damni. L’istituzione di un trust familiare a beneficio della madre della disponente non integra adempimento di un dovere giuridico e configura un atto a titolo gratuito. La scientia damni in capo alla disponente si desume dalla circostanza che, pochi mesi prima del conferimento in trust, ella era stata sollecitata dall’istituto di credito agente in revocatoria a prendere immediati contatti per la definizione dell’esposizione debitoria (derivante da saldo passivo di conto corrente). Trib. Prato, 24 marzo 2022, n. 170 È revocabile ex art. 2901 cod. civ. il vincolo ex art. 2645-ter cod. civ. costituito dai nonni, fideiussori di una S.r.l. nei confronti della banca creditrice agente in revocatoria, per far fronte ai bisogni delle loro nipoti minori: la scientia damni in capo ai costituenti, requisito soggettivo richiesto in considerazione della natura gratuita del vincolo, si desume dalla qualità di costoro (entrambi soci della debitrice principale, nonché l’uno presidente del Consiglio di Amministrazione e l’altro liquidatore), mentre l’eventus damni sussiste in re ipsa. La vendita di uno degli immobili gravati dal vincolo, conclusa dai costituenti con il loro genero, è assolutamente simulata considerato che nessuna prova è stata offerta in merito all’avvenuto pagamento del prezzo concordato, considerati il vincolo di affinità fra le parti e la circostanza che il genero è rimasto residente presso la casa coniugale, nonostante si sia separato dalla moglie (figlia dei costituenti).

Acquiring a healthcare associated infection (HCAI) in hospital remains a significant threat to patient safety, and catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) account for the majority of these infections. This review focuses on the complementary and continuing influence of central policy, evidence for practice, and educational support on strategies to reduce the incidence of CAUTI in the National Health Service (NHS). The development of the Department of Health's (DH) national guidelines for preventing HCAI (the `epic' guidelines) (Pratt et al, 2001, 2007) became the evidence base for the development of the DH Saving Lives strategy (DH, 2007). This initiative provides the tools and resources for NHS trusts to embed clinically effective HCAI prevention and control measures into everyday practice that are applied consistently to everyone. The national guidelines are also providing the evidence base for various educational initiatives designed to support guideline implementation, including the NHS Core Learning Unit's (CLU) Infection Control Programme.

Imposter phenomenon is defined as a self-perception of intellectual fraudulence despite achieving objective success and accomplishments. Imposter phenomenon has been rigorously explored among high-achieving career professionals. The present qualitative study is an attempt to explore imposter phenomenon experiences among female software engineers in the Indian Information and Technology sector. The data, derived through in-depth and semi-structured interviews, has been analysed through a hybrid of an inductive and a theoretical thematic analysis method. Clance and Imes’ (1978, Psychother: Theory Res Pract, 15(3):241) article, “The Imposter Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention,” has been used for screening the sample and also, as a theoretical lens. The study reveals that external attribution of success, fear of failure, anxiety, and devaluing accomplishments are core psychological processes associated with the imposter phenomenon experience. The current work further found that parenting patterns characterized by lack of praises, comparison among siblings, lack of trust in children’s potential, and strict gender values are significant antecedents of Imposter Phenomenon.

Background. To develop an individual’s physical subhealth risk perception scale and evaluate its reliability and validity, so as to provide a measurement tool for individual physical health risk. Methods. A questionnaire on the perception risk of physical subhealth was developed. Using a random sampling method, 785 people in the Anhui provincial physical examination centre were selected as the research participants. Of the questionnaires returned, 770 were valid, giving an effective rate of 98%. Firstly, the Pearson correlation coefficient method was used to study the correlation of 35 items in the initial scale, and then, polychoric factor structure analysis was carried out by using the Pratt D matrix to optimize the item structure. The Cronbach’α coefficient method was used to test the internal consistency reliability, and a structural equation model was used to explore the construct validity of the scale. The discriminant validity of the scale was obtained by factor analysis. A general linear model was used to analyse the relationship between the clinical manifestations of physical subhealth and the level of risk perception, and the convergent validity of the scale was evaluated. Results. All the data of 35 items were significantly correlated at the 0.01 level. The correlation coefficients between a1 and a2, a3 and a4, b1 and b2, b2 and b3, c4 and c5, c5 and c6, c6 and c7, c8 and c9, d1 and d2, d2 and d3, e5 and e6, g1 and g2, g2 and g3, and g2 and g4 were greater than 0.6. The items with correlation coefficients greater than 0.6 were reduced by a Pratt D matrix. The resulting physical subhealth risk perception scale covers five factors with a total of 18 items. The Cronbach’α coefficient of the scale was 0.889, and the Cronbach’α coefficients of the five factors F1-F5 were 0.780, 0.825, 0.801, 0.736, and 0.704, respectively. Structural equation model analysis showed that χ 2 / df = 3.43 , p < 0.001 , RMSEA = 0.08 , GFI = 0.88 , NFI = 0.84 , AGFI = 0.84 , and CFI = 0.88 . Factor analysis showed that factors F1–F5 had significant correlations ( p < 0.01 ), and the correlation coefficients were less than the corresponding square root value of AVE. Based on the subhealth clinical manifestations of the participants, the general linear model was used to explore the convergent validity of the scale, and the results indicated that the scale passed the convergent validity test. Conclusions. We propose a physical subhealth risk perception scale amounting to 18 items, which includes five dimensions: health knowledge (2 items), risk perception (5 items), trust selection (4 items), information channel (4 items), and social groups (3 items). The reliability and validity of the physical subhealth risk perception scale are acceptable. Applying the scale into practice has potential to improve the overall public health level.

Abstract Aim The purpose of this article is to describe three strategies to build a thriving, patient-centered practice and promote oral health throughout a patient's lifetime. Background Compared to previous decades, more dental patients are “shopping around” for dental care and changing dental practices. This trend is due to factors such as acceptance of dental insurance, more comprehensive service offerings by other dentists, and effective marketing campaigns by other dental offices. Findings Delivering customer service exceeding patient expectations (“WOW” service), advocating patient education, and developing customized home care regimens will help lead to long-term patient retention and promote optimal patient care. Discussion A dental team making relationship-building a priority conveys respect for their patients’ time and well-being. Once trust has been established patients are more likely to be receptive to oral health education and become more compliant with home care regimens. Since a patient's oral health status will likely change over time, it's important to make education and customized treatment planning an integral part of each visit. Conclusions By demonstrating a strong commitment to customer service, education, and home care, patients recognize the care providers in a dental practice are interested in their well-being rather than simply treating problems. Clinical Significance If patients recognize a dental practice is focused on prevention and at-home oral health care, they are more likely to partner with that practice for a lifetime of excellent oral health care. Keywords Patient-centered practice, comprehensive service, patient education Citation Levin RP. Developing Lifetime Relationships with Patients: Strategies to Improve Patient Care and Build Your Practice. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008 January; (9)1:105-112.

BackgroundAn interferon gene signature (IGS) is present in approximately 50% of early, treatment naive rheumatoid arthritis (eRA) patients. We previously demonstrated it negatively impacts on initial disease outcomes.ObjectivesTo 1) reproduce previous findings demonstrating the harmful effects of the IGS on early RA clinical outcomes, 2) identify which IFN class is responsible for the IGS and 3) seek evidence that IFN-α exposure contributes to harmful epigenetic footprint at disease onset.MethodsIn a large multicentre inception cohort (n=190) of eRA patients (RA-MAP TACERA) whole blood transcriptome, IGS (MxA, IFI44L, OAS1, ISG15, IFI6) and circulating interferons (IFN)-α, -β, -γ and -λ was examined at baseline and 6 months in conjunction with disease activity and clinical characteristics. A separate eRA cohort of paired methylome and transcriptome from CD4 T and CD19 B cells (n=41 for each) was used to explore any epigenetic influence of the IGS.ResultsThe baseline IGS reproducibly and significantly negatively impacts on 6-month clinical outcomes. In the high IGS cohort there was increased DAS-28 (p=0.025) and reduced probability of achieving a good EULAR response (p=0.034) at 6-months. In addition, the IGS in eRA is shown for the first time to predominantly reflect raised circulating IFN-α protein, not other classes of IFN and examination of whole blood upstream nucleic acid sensors expression suggest a RNA trigger. Both the IGS and IFN-α significantly fell in parallel at 6 months (p<0.0001), whereas other classes of IFN remained statistically static. There was a significant association with IFN-α and RF titre but not ACPA. Comparison of CD4 T and CD19 B cells between IGS high and low eRA patients demonstrated differentially methylated CPG sites and altered transcript expression of disease relevant genes e.g. PARP9, STAT1, EPTSI1 which was similarly, and persistently, altered 6 months in the separate TACERA cohort. Differentially methylated CPGs implicated altered transcription factor binding in B cells (GATA3, ETSI, NFATC2, EZH2) and T cells (p300, HIF1α) which cumulatively suggested IFN-α induced epigenetic changes promoting increased, and sustained, lymphocyte activation, proliferation and loss of anergy in the IGS high cohort.ConclusionWe validate that the IGS is a robust prognostic biomarker in eRA predicting poor therapeutic response. Its persistent harmful effects may be driven via epigenetic modifications. These data have relevance for other IFN-α states, such as COVID-19, but also provide a rationale for the initial therapeutic targeting of IFN-α signalling, such as with JAKi, at disease onset in stratified eRA subsets.ReferencesnilAcknowledgementsJDI is a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator. The authors acknowledge the support of TACERA Principal Investigators from all contributing NHS sites and the members of the TACERA Study Steering and Data Monitoring Committee. Additional acknowledgements include patient volunteers and administrative support from Ben Hargreaves. Newcastle researchers received infrastructural support via the Versus Arthritis Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre (Ref 22072), funding from The Medical Research Council; Academy of Medical Sciences; British Society of Rheumatology; The Wellcome Trust; JGW Patterson Foundation; Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease Biobank in the UK (IMID-Bio-UK), ANR and RTCure. This work was supported by the NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre at Newcastle Hospitals Foundation Trust and Newcastle University; views expressed are the authors’ and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the National Institute of Health Research or the Department of Health.Disclosure of InterestsFaye Cooles Speakers bureau: Astrazeneca: December 2021, Jessica Tarn: None declared, Dennis Lendrem: None declared, Najib Naamane: None declared, Alice Lin: None declared, Ben Millar: None declared, Nicola Maney: None declared, Nishanthi Thalayasingam: None declared, Vincent Bondet: None declared, Darragh Duffy: None declared, Michael Barnes: None declared, Graham Smith: None declared, Sandra Ng: None declared, David Watson: None declared, Rafael Henkin: None declared, Andrew Cope: None declared, Louise Reynard: None declared, Arthur Pratt: None declared, RA-MAP Consortium: None declared, John Isaacs Speakers bureau: speaker/consulting fees from AbbVie, Gilead, Roche and UCB., Grant/research support from: JDI discloses research grants from Pfizer, Janssen and GSK.

Abstract Introduction Antimicrobial intravenous-to-oral switch (IVOS) is an antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) strategy with patient safety and cost-effectiveness benefits. Studies show that IVOS decisions had no negative impact on patient outcomes,1 and pharmacist involvement brought about more appropriate antibiotic prescribing and 34% reduction in medication costs.2 Healthcare settings have developed individualised local IVOS checklists. Aim To collate IVOS criteria from local checklists, complete a rapid literature review to evaluate IVOS criteria and undertake a 3-step Delphi consensus-gathering process to agree evidence-based, UK-wide IVOS criteria for hospitalised adults. Methods Local IVOS checklists from the UK nations were sought through stratified sampling. The rapid review followed PRISMA guidance and is registered on PROSPERO [CRD42022320343]. Criteria with highest, or over 50%, appearance in checklists and literature were combined for Step 1 of the 3-step Delphi process. Step 1: Pilot/1st round questionnaire: An expert panel appraised each criterion via a 5-point Likert scale for relevance to safe and effective IVOS and ease of assessment in the clinical setting. Step 2: Virtual meeting: Step 1 respondents discussed questionnaire results and attained criteria consensus for Step 3. Step 3: 2nd round questionnaire: Healthcare professionals UK-wide stated level of agreement via a 5-point Likert scale regarding the need of each criterion for safe and effective IVOS. Results Forty-five local IVOS checklists were selected: 42 from English Acute Trusts, two from Scottish Health Boards and the All-Wales checklist. Sixteen of 477 papers were included in the rapid review. Criteria were synthesised into a 5-section framework: 1-Timing of IV antimicrobial review; 2-Clinical signs and symptoms; 3-Infection markers; 4-Enteral route; 5-Infection exclusions. Combination of IVOS criteria resulted in 41 criteria for Step 1. Step 1 had 24 respondents, 15 of those participated in Step 2. Thirty-five criteria went into Step 3, which had 242 respondents (England n=195, Northern Ireland n=18, Scotland n=18, Wales n=11). The majority were female (n=154; n=7 preferred not to say) and based in NHS Acute Teaching Trusts (n=121). Antimicrobial or infection specialist pharmacists were the highest respondents (n=65) followed by general physicians (n=55). Sixty-seven per cent of respondents (n=161) considered IVOS to have a positive impact on outcomes of clinically stable patients. Consensus was achieved for 27 IVOS criteria (66% of initial criteria). Examples of agreed criteria were: ‘IVOS should be considered within 48 hours of first dose of IV antimicrobial being administered’ and ‘Temperature between 36-38°C for past 24 hours’. Discussion/Conclusion Evidence-based consensus was achieved for IVOS criteria from a UK-wide multidisciplinary group and will be used to develop an IVOS tool for hospitalised adults. A study strength was use of the Delphi process to capture consensus; a limitation was no checklist from Northern Ireland was identified at time of the study, however Steps 1-3 had participation from Northern Ireland. Early IVOS initiatives led by ward pharmacists have previously been shown to reduce use of hospital intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics: co-amoxiclav (-27.9%) and cefuroxime (-46.5%).3 Further research is needed to operationalise the nationally agreed criteria in UK hospitals, expand AMS roles of pharmacy and nursing teams and assess impact. References 1. Wongkamhla T, Khan-Asa B, Tongsai S, Angkasekwinai N. Infectious Disease Team Review Using Antibiotic Switch and Discharge Criteria Shortens the Duration of Intravenous Antibiotic: A Single-Center Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Thailand. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(12):ofaa539. 2. Polidori P, Leonardi Vinci D, Adami S, Bianchi S, Faggiano ME, Provenzani A. Role of the hospital pharmacist in an Italian antimicrobial stewardship programme. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2021;29:95-100. 3. Sze WT, Kong MC. Impact of printed antimicrobial stewardship recommendations on early intravenous to oral antibiotics switch practice in district hospitals. Pharm Pract. 2018;16(2):855.

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by relapsing joint and systemic inflammation, yet the immunopathological basis of these disease flares and their clinical prediction remain uncertain.ObjectivesUsing mass cytometry and single cell RNA sequencing, we aimed to identify circulating lymphocyte subsets associated with RA flare, and identify potential cellular biomarkers to predict flare versus drug-free remission (DFR).MethodsWe analysed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients recruited to the BioRRA study (Figure 1), a prospective clinical trial of conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (csDMARD) cessation.[1] Patients with RA in clinical (DAS28-CRP < 2.4) and ultrasound (absence of power Doppler signal in 7 joints) remission stopped csDMARDs, with flare defined as DAS28-CRP ≥ 2.4 during 6 month follow-up. A 44-marker mass cytometry panel was used to profile PBMCs from 36 patients (20 flare, 16 DFR) at two time points each (baseline, and flare onset / month 6 DFR). In a subset of patients (n = 12: 8 flare, 4 DFR), fluorescence-activated cell sorting of T and B cells was followed by single cell sequencing (n = 81,923 cells) incorporating 320 immune genes, 34 oligo-tagged surface protein antibodies, and TCR/BCR CDR3 sequence. Clones were defined as ≥2 cells with identical CDR3 nucleotide sequence, and clonal expansion as a significant increase in proportion from baseline to final study visit. Statistical significance was assessed after Benjamini-Hochberg multiple test correction (adj p < 0.05).Figure 1.ResultsMass cytometry revealed 31 distinct cell clusters: notably, greater proportions of memory (CD45RO+/PD1hi) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and memory (CD27+/CD21-) B cells, were observed at onset of flare versus baseline (Table 1).Table 1.Mass cytometry (n = 20 flare + 16 DFR)ContrastClusterMedian %Adj. p (GLMM)Flare onset vs baseline: Flare patientsCD4+/CD45RO+/PD1+ memory T cells2.14 vs 0.24<0.001CD8+/CD45RO+/PD1+ memory T cells6.64 vs 0.07<0.001CD19+/CD27+/CD21- memory B cells2.39 vs 0.03<0.001Single cell RNAseq (n = 8 flare + 4 DFR)ContrastClusterMedian %Adj. p (Wilcoxon)Flare onset vs baseline: Flare patientsIgA+ plasma cells0.37 vs 0.210.020Flare vs DFR patients: BaselineCD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ Treg cells0.55 vs 1.270.022To better characterise these flare-associated subsets, single cell sequencing of CD45RO+/PD1hi CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells, was performed and identified 21 distinct clusters. CDR3 sequencing revealed significant clonal expansion (Fisher exact, adj. p < 0.05) at flare onset within five unique CD8+ clones (4 patients), one CD4+ clone (1 patent), and no B clones. Overall, there was a significantly greater proportion of IgA+ plasma cells at flare onset versus baseline. In contrast, a significantly lower proportion of CD25+/FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were present at csDMARD cessation (baseline) in subsequent flare versus DFR patients (Table 1), suggesting biomarker potential.To further assess the predictive performance of CD4+ Tregs as a biomarker for flare versus DFR, we analysed PBMCs from an independent cohort of 50 patients (25 flare, 25 DFR) stopping csDMARDs in the ongoing BIO-FLARE study.[2] By flow cytometry, we confirmed a lower proportion of CD4+/CD25hi Tregs at baseline in flare vs DFR (median 4.74 versus 6.37%, Wilcoxon p = 0.037; AUC: 0.67). In this cohort, stopping csDMARDs only in patients with elevated (> 6.11% total CD4) baseline Tregs would have prevented drug cessation in 18/25 (72%) of flare patients; 9/25 (36%) of DFR patients would have continued csDMARDs unnecessarily.ConclusionWe present a detailed longitudinal characterisation of circulating lymphocyte surface phenotype, gene expression, and clonal expansion in RA flare vs DFR. Furthermore our data, across two independent cohorts, suggests a role for CD4+ Tregs in promoting drug-free remission meriting further investigation, with potential for future clinical biomarker development.References[1]Baker et al; J Autoimmunity; 105:102298[2]Rayner et al; BMC Rheumatology; 5:22AcknowledgementsThis work was funded by research grants from Wellcome Trust [102595/Z/13/A to KFB], Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre [BH136167/PD0045 to KFB], British Society for Rheumatology [KFB], Academy of Medical Sciences [SGL022\1074 to KFB], Newcastle University Wellcome Trust Translational Partnership [KFB], Newcastle Hospitals Charity [8033 to KFB], and a National Institute for Health Research Clinical Lectureship [CL-2017-01-004 to KFB]. Our work is supported by the Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis (RACE) (grant number 20298), and Rheuma Tolerance for Cure (European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative 2, grant number 777357). AGP and JDI are named as inventors on a patent application by Newcastle University (“Prediction of Drug-Free Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis”; International Patent Application Number PCT/GB2019/050902). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care.Disclosure of InterestsKenneth F Baker Consultant of: Modern Biosciences Ltd, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Genentech, Fiona Rayner: None declared, Henrique Lemos: None declared, David McDonald: None declared, Gillian Hulme: None declared, Rafiqul Hussain: None declared, Jonathan Coxhead Speakers bureau: Tesaro, Arthur Pratt Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Gilead, Amy E. Anderson: None declared, Andrew Filby Grant/research support from: Becton Dickinson, John Isaacs Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Gilead, Roche, UCB, Grant/research support from: GSK, Janssen, Pfizer.

Abstract Introduction Dispensing is a complex multi-step process where mistakes can arise at any stage leading to a potential to cause patient harm. Published literature identifies near miss dispensing error rates up to 2.7% in UK hospitals.1 Near misses are ‘a dispensing error detected by the checker before it reaches the patient’. Near miss audits are routinely undertaken across two main dispensaries at this teaching hospital where one dispensary (site 1) is automated and the other (site 2) is not. Aim To determine the frequency of near miss dispensing errors, by site, and review the potential clinical significance of near misses observed. Methods Locally adapted data collection tool based on Royal Pharmaceutical Society near miss error codes2 was developed and piloted. Details on prescription type, drug, dose, strength, route, formulation and near misses were included. Details of all medication orders dispensed were also recorded. Prospective observational audit of near misses identified at the checking bench was undertaken, on three separate days, across three consecutive months. Dean and Barber method3 was used for assessing potential clinical significance of near misses. Four independent assessors: two pharmacists; one nurse and one doctor; reviewed near misses for the likelihood to cause harm. The mean severity score attained across assessors was calculated. Approval was obtained by the Trust Pharmacy Research and Audit Committee. The need for ethical submission was waived. Results Overall 3027 items were dispensed; 1539 and 1488 at sites 1 and 2 respectively. There were 177 (5.8%) erroneous dispensed items involving 193 near misses in total (15 items had two near misses and one item had three near misses). Ninety one (5.9%) erroneous dispensed items were captured at site 1 and 86 (5.8%) at site 2 (χ 2, p=0.94). Overall 161 near miss descriptions were assessed for clinical significance: 97 (60.2%) minor, 63 (39.1%) moderate and one (0.6%) severe. Statistically significant difference in severity rating of near misses between prescription type (χ 2(2) = 32.268, p &lt;0.001); mean ranks 80, 57, 125 for discharge, inpatient and outpatient prescriptions respectively. No statistical difference in severity rating of near misses between error type (χ 2(2) = 2.402, p =0.3). Discussion/Conclusion Local prevalence of near misses is higher than in published literature.1 However, the majority of errors were considered to have minor clinical impact on patients. Difficult to make direct comparisons between studies due to differences in research methods, definitions, operating systems and hospital settings. There was no statistical difference noted in prevalence between sites despite presence of automation at one and manual dispensing at the other. Two factors may explain this: Firstly, part-pack robotic dispensing, where generation of medication barcodes is a manual process and one subject to human input error itself; although not explored explicitly as part of this study. Secondly, lack of knowledge and complex prescriptions are known to be key contributory factors associated with dispensing errors, but the categories of drugs dispensed at a specialist tertiary dispensary (site 1) were broader and more complex. Further study is needed on the impact of part-pack robotic dispensing on dispensing errors. References 1. James KL et al. Incidence, type and causes of dispensing errors. A review of literature. Int J Pharm Pract 2009; 17:9-30. 2. Royal Pharmaceutical Society [Internet]. Near Miss Error Log. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society; 2015. Available from: RPS-NearMissError-LOG.pdf (rpharms.com) 3. Dean BS, Barber ND. A validated, reliable method for scoring the severity of medication errors. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999;56:57-62.

BackgroundCurrently, there is no cure for osteoarthritis (OA). Therapeutic exercise is recommended in all international guidelines to improve pain and function (1). However, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating therapeutic exercise showed that, on average, effect sizes are small to moderate compared to non-exercise controls (2-3). Better knowledge about how therapeutic exercise works to improve pain and function could help improve the design and delivery of future therapeutic exercise interventions and potentially improve patient outcomes.ObjectivesTo evaluate the mediating effects of 1) muscle strength, proprioception, and range of motion (ROM) among patients with knee OA, and 2) muscle strength among patients with hip OA, using the procedures established for Individual Participant Data (IPD) analyses by the OA Trial Bank.MethodsRelevant IPD were sought from all published RCTs comparing therapeutic exercise to a non-exercise control group among people with knee and/or hip OA, using previously published methods (4). For each potential mediator separately, the effect of exercise on the absolute change in pain/function directly after the intervention was determined, controlling for the relative change in mediator under investigation and potential mediator-outcome confounders, using the ‘counterfactual framework’ (5). Next, the effect of exercise on the relative change in the mediator was determined. The percentage mediated was calculated by dividing the natural indirect effect by the total effect.ResultsWe obtained IPD from 12 RCTs and 1407 participants (knee OA = 1113; hip OA n=294) that were eligible for inclusion in one or more mediation analyses. Therapeutic exercise showed a significant effect on the relative change in muscle strength in knee OA, but not for proprioception or ROM in knee OA, nor for muscle strength in hip OA. Of all mediators, only the change in muscle strength had a significant effect on the change in pain in knee OA, and on function in knee OA and in hip OA. The percentage mediated for each mediator and each outcome was small (5.3% or less, see Table 1).Table 1.Percentage mediated for all potential mediators, by outcome and joint.Knee OAPainKnee OAFunctionHip OAPainHip OAFunctionMuscle strength2.4%2.3%absentabsentProprioceptionabsent0.2%--Range of motion1.8%5.3%--‘absent’: no percentage mediated calculated, since direct and indirect effect had opposite directions.‘-‘: factors not considered a potential mediator for therapeutic exercise in hip OA.ConclusionIn the first IPD mediation analysis to our knowledge of this scale, muscle strength, proprioception and ROM did mediate the effect of therapeutic exercise for pain and function in knee OA, but only to a very small degree. We observed no such mediating effect of muscle strength for therapeutic exercise in patients with hip OA. The challenge remains to better understand the key mechanisms of action of therapeutic exercise for knee and hip OA, so that exercise interventions can be designed and delivered to target these and therewith optimise the effects for patients.References[1]Bierma-Zeinstra S, et al. Nonpharmacological and nonsurgical approaches in OA. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Apr;34(2):101564.[2]Fransen M, et al. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 9;1:CD004376.[3]Fransen M, et al. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the hip. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 22(4):CD007912.[4]Holden MA, et al. Subgrouping and TargetEd Exercise pRogrammes for knee and hip OsteoArthritis (STEER OA): a systematic review update and individual participant data meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open. 2017 Dec 22;7(12):e018971.[5]VanderWeele TJ, Vansteelandt S. Mediation Analysis with Multiple Mediators. Epidemiol Methods. 2014 Jan;2(1):95-115.AcknowledgementsWe thank all members of the OA Trial Bank Exercise Collaborative, who shared IPD with the OA Trial Bank/STEER OA for making this study possible.Disclosure of InterestsJos Runhaar Grant/research support from: Fellowship from the Foundation for Research in Rheumatology (FOREUM), Melanie Holden Grant/research support from: Grant from the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Charitable Trust (grant no PRF/16/A07), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School of Primary Care Research (grant no 531), Miriam Hattle: None declared, Johny Quicke Grant/research support from: JQ is part-funded by an NIHR CRN West Midlands Research Scholarship and part funded by the Haywood Foundation, Richard Riley: None declared, Emma Healey Grant/research support from: part funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) West Midlands., Danielle van der Windt: None declared, Krysia Dziedzic: None declared, Marienke Van Middelkoop: None declared, S.M.A. Bierma-Zeinstra Grant/research support from: OA Trial Bank received long-term funding by the Dutch Arthritis Association, Nadine Foster: None declared

e5034052The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus affected different sectors of society, among them, the school, with this, the school community had to reevaluate its forms of interaction and one of the strategies implemented was the development of emergency remote education, with the use of Digital Information and Communication Technologies (DICT). That said, this article aims to analyze the challenges and contributions of a training, carried out through emergency remote teaching, on the teaching of Spatial Geometry from the use of different technological tools. The training was carried out with twenty mathematics teachers from different regions of Brazil. The meetings and the execution of the activities were held between the months of May and June 2020, completely at a distance, organized in five synchronous meetings (Google Meet) and asynchronous (Google Classroom and Whatsapp). The research, with a qualitative approach, used as instruments for data collection: video recordings, activities developed with the GeoGebra software, as well as protocols of asynchronous activities. The results obtained through content analysis indicate contributions related to appropriation and technological deepening; professional development and collaborative networking. For future studies, it is intended to expand the workshop to new classes, including teachers from the early years of elementary school or in initial training and with students of different school levels.ResumoA pandemia provocada pelo novo coronavírus afetou diferentes setores da sociedade, dentre eles, a escola, com isso, a comunidade escolar precisou reavaliar suas formas de interação e uma das estratégias implementadas foi o desenvolvimento do ensino remoto emergencial, com a utilização de Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação (TDIC). Isso posto, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os desafios e as contribuições de uma formação, realizada por meio do ensino remoto emergencial, sobre o ensino de Geometria Espacial, a partir da utilização de diferentes ferramentas tecnológicas. A formação foi realizada com vinte professores de Matemática de regiões distintas do Brasil. Os encontros e a execução das atividades foram realizados entre os meses de maio e junho de 2020, completamente a distância, organizados em cinco encontros síncronos (Google Meet) e assíncronos (Google Classroom e Whatsapp). A pesquisa, com abordagem qualitativa, utilizou como instrumentos para a coleta de dados: videogravações, atividades desenvolvidas com o software GeoGebra, além de protocolos de atividades assíncronas. Os resultados, obtidos por meio da análise de conteúdo, indicam contribuições relacionadas com a apropriação e aprofundamento tecnológico, o desenvolvimento profissional e a formação de rede colaborativa. Para estudos futuros, pretende-se expandir a oficina para novas turmas, incluindo professores dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental ou em formação inicial e com estudantes de diferentes níveis escolares.Palavras-chave: Ensino remoto, TDIC, Geometria Espacial, Formação docente.Keywords: Remote teaching, DICT, Spatial Geometry, Teacher Education.ReferencesALVES, Lynn. Educação remota: entre a ilusão e a realidade: Remote education: between illusion and reality / Educación remota: entre ilusión y realidad. Interfaces Científicas, Aracaju, v. 8, n. 3, p. 348-365, 2020.ARRUDA, Eucidio Pimenta. Educação remota emergencial: elementos para políticas públicas na educação brasileira em tempos de Covid-19. EmRede: Revista de Educação a Distância, Porto Alegre, v. 7, n. 1, p. 257-275, 2020.BENK, Polyana; SILVA, Sérgio Marconi da; FIGUEIREDO, Elisandra Bar de; SIPLE, Ivanete Zuchi. O Princípio de Cavalieri: numa abordagem apoiada pelas tecnologias atuais. Colóquio Luso-Brasileiro de Educação – COLBEDUCA. V. 1. 2016BARBOSA, Cirléia Pereira. Desenvolvimento do Pensamento Geométrico nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental: uma proposta de ensino par/a professores e formadores de professores. 2011. 65p. Dissertação (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Educação Matemática da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto) – Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Belo Horizonte, 2011.BARDIN, Laurence. Análise de conteúdo. São Paulo: Edições 70. 2011.BRASIL. Decreto nº 9057, de 25 de maio de 2017. Regulamenta o art. 80 da Lei nº 9.394, de 20 de dezembro de 1996, que estabelece as diretrizes e bases da educação nacional. 2017. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2015- 2018/2017/ Decreto/D9057.htm. Acesso em: 19 de agosto de 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Base Nacional Comum Curricular - BNCC. Brasília, 2018.CASTRO, Juscileide Braga de. Construção do conceito de covariação por estudantes do ensino fundamental em ambientes de múltiplas representações com suporte das tecnologias digitais. 275f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2016.COSTA, Adriano Ribeiro da. A Educação a Distância no Brasil: Concepções, histórico e bases legais. Rios Eletrônica - Revista Científica da Faculdade Sete de Setembro. Paulo Afonso, BA, a. 11, n. 12, p. 59-74, 2017.GARRIDO, Yolanda Proenza; LEYVA, Luis Manuel Leyva. Pensamiento geométrico en los escolares primarios: un modelo didáctico para estimularlo. In: Congresso Internacional de Matemática e computação, 2005, Holguín. Anais eletrônicos... Holguín., 2005.GOMES, Luiz Fernando. EaD no Brasil: perspectivas e desafios. Avaliação (Campinas), Sorocaba, v. 18, n. 1, pág. 13-22. 2013. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S141440772013000100002script=sci_arttexttlng=pt. Acesso: 19 de agosto de 2020.GUEDES, Fátima de Fátima dos Santos; CARVALHO, Carlos Vitor de Alencar. CONSTRUFIG3D e VISUALFIG3D: softwares potencialmente significativos para o ensino da geometria espacial. Revista de Educação, Ciências e Matemática v.2 n.3 set/dez 2012.HECK, Miriam Ferrazza. Considerações sobre a base nacional comum curricular (BNCC) e as unidades de conhecimento matemático. Revista Eletrônica Científica Ensino Interdisciplinar. Mossoró, v. 5, n. 13, 2019.HODGES, Charles; MOORE, Stephanie; LOCKEE, Barb; TRUST, Torrey; BOND, Aaron. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. EDUCAUSE Review. 27 março 2020. Disponível em: https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning. Acesso em: 20 agosto 2020.IMBERNÓN, Francisco. Formação docente e profissional: formar-se para a mudança e a incerteza. São Paulo: Cortez, 2004.KALEFF, Ana Maria Martensen Roland. Da Rigidez do Olhar Euclidiano às (Im)Possibilidades de (Trans)Formação dos Conhecimentos Geométricos do Professor de Matemática. 2004. Tese de Doutorado. Faculdade de Educação-UFF. Niterói. 450 p., 2004.KALEFF, Ana Maria Martensen Roland. Vendo e entendendo poliedros: do desenho ao cálculo do volume através de quebra-cabeças e outros materiais concretos. Niterói: EdUFF, 2003.LIRA, Arianny de Sousa; LEITÃO, Darlene Alves; CASTRO, Juscileide Braga de. Como o Processo de Produção de Mídias pode contribuir para a Formação Docente? Renote. Revista Novas Tecnologias na Educação, v. 17, p. 425-434, 2019.LORENZATO, Sergio. Para Aprender Matemática. Campinas: Autores Associados. 2006.NÓVOA, António. Professores: imagens do futuro presente. Campo Grande: OMEP/BR/MS, 2016.PAPERT, Seymour. Logo: Computadores e Educação. 3ª ed. São Paulo: Editora brasiliense s.a. 1985.PAPERT, Seymour. A máquina das crianças: repensando a escola na era da informática. Trad. Sandra Costa. Ed. revisada. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2008.PALLOFF, Rena M.; PRATT, Keith. O Aluno Virtual: um guia para trabalhar com estudantes on-line. São Paulo: Artmed, 216 p., 2004.PONTE, João Pedro da. O desenvolvimento profissional do professor de Matemática. Educação e Matemática, n.31, p. 9-12 e 20, 1994.PONTE, João Pedro da; OLIVEIRA, Hélia; VARANDAS, José Manuel. O contributo das tecnologias de informação e comunicação para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento e da identidade profissional. In: FIORENTINI, D. (org.). Formação de Professores de Matemática: explorando novos caminhos com outros olhares. Campinas: Mercado de Letras, 2003. p. 159-192.PRIMO, Márcio Eduardo. O princípio de Cavalieri para o cálculo de volumes no ensino médio: algumas possibilidades. 2013. Dissertação (Mestrado Profissional em Matemática em Rede Nacional) Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 2013.RODRIGUES, Danielle dos Santos; KAIBER, Carmen Teresa. A Geometria Espacial no Ensino Médio: contribuições da utilização de uma Unidade de Ensino e Aprendizagem (UEA). Perspectivas da Educação Matemática, v. 12, n. 28, p. 149-167, dez. 2019.SOUZA, Danilo do Carmo de; LIRA, Arianny de Sousa; BARBOSA, Francisco Ellivelton; CASTRO, Juscileide Braga de. Tecnologias Digitais e Geometria Espacial: contribuições de uma formação de professores na perspectiva do ensino remoto. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE INFORMÁTICA NA EDUCAÇÃO, 31., 2020, Online. Anais [...]. Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2020. p. 272-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5753/cbie.sbie.2020.272.SOUZA JÚNIOR, José Carlos de; CARDOSO, Andrea; CALIXTO, Rejiane Aparecida. GeoGebra 3D uma ferramenta para estudo de volumes no ensino médio. Revista da Universidade Vale do Rio Verde, ISSN-e 2236-5362, ISSN 1517-0276, Vol. 12, Nº. 1, 2014, págs. 755-764. 2014.

ABSTRACT Timber application is viable in constructive systems because of its mechanical properties, suitable for structural applications in engineering. Timber is even more interesting to use since it is a renewable source. Among its several applications, timber is widely used in roofing structures, with several typologies of trusses. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the behavior of plane truss in different loading conditions, including dead load, service load, and wind suction load. The mechanical performance of two trusses (Pratt and Scissor) was analyzed and compared, according to the Brazilian standard of timber structures ABNT NBR 7190 (1997) (methods and calculus premises), with the finite element method, an algorithm of swarm intelligence optimization (structure weight minimization), and a parametric study. Based on minimum weight and maximum displacement as a function of span variation, Pratt typology presented lower weight (3–19%) when compared with Scissor, under the same span and loading conditions. Regarding maximum displacements, Pratt typology presented lower displacement values than the Scissor typology. The difference between these values ranged from two to seven times, indicating that Scissor typology can better distribute normal loads (maximum displacement closer to the normative limit displacement). Variance analysis (5% of significance) confirmed these results.

The significance of this study initiates from the need to produce a selection guidance on the span range, span-to-depth ratio and scheme of the composite floor truss system to provide optimum performance and cost effectiveness for a particular application area. With this objective a parametric study was designed, based on three parallel chord trusses (Pratt, Howe, and Warren) using Rectangular Hollow Structural Shapes, a constant panel size of 2.5 m, four composite floor European-profiles and a range of load intensities. Hence, the span-to-depth ratios, RS/D, and dead-to-live load ratios, RDL/LL, were ranged from 3 to 27 and 0.84 to 3.22, respectively, for each truss type. The optimization was performed by using the design results of RFEM (2018) software for approximately 675 composite floor trusses with the objective of selecting optimal depth for each truss model. In addition, this paper attempts to introduce a cost function by considering the material, fabrication and painting costs and comparative figures allowing the design to be tailored with a focus on cost reduction. Accordingly, for all truss types, span-to-depth ratio of 9 to 12 with a span range of 7 to 23 m provides the most cost effective solution. Structural steel and the welding process are the two parameters that are found to have the highest impact on total cost.

The calculation of the forces of truss construction can be determined by graphical method, known as Cremona method and analytical method, known as Ritter method. Calculations in both ways can take much time and is dependent on the number of connecting points and considerable loading simulations. This paper describes an alternative analytical calculation method, which combines the two methods, namely the connection balance method and the optimization calculation method. And the last method is available in Microsoft Excel Solver (MES). The connection balance method is the fulfillment of the balance equation of SFx = 0 and SFy = 0 at each joint of the truss. The way of the balance fulfillment in this paper is different from the way of Ritter. In the way of Ritter, the balance fulfillment is applied to each connection point, one by one point. The connection point can be calculated if at the point there are maximum two unknown rod force and minimum one known rod force. While by using the MES program, the balance of connecting point is simultaneously computed for the entire construction. MES program works by simulating/finding the value of variables, and at the same time fulfilling the defined objective function and constraint functions. In this case, the variables are all the rod forces, while the constraint functions are the balance equation at all connecting point. An objective function can be taken from one of the SFx = 0 or SFy = 0 from one connecting point only. This paper has recorded 10 different types of geometric shapes of certain truss construction (statically determined) which can be considered to represent the ones in the field (including the form of Howe, Pratt, and Warren for the roof truss and bridge truss). Then the mathematical models that were adjusted to the MES program were created for each of the ten truss constructions. Based on the created mathematical models, the forces of the rods were then calculated using the MES program. For validation purposes, the calculation results are compared with the calculations result using the analytical Ritter method. It can be concluded that the presented calculation method is highly satisfactory, especially for the analysis of statically determined truss construction.

A simple approach is employed here to determine an equivalent continuum representation of a lattice type structure with flexible joints. Kinetic and strain energy expressions are written in terms of the nodal velocities and strain components of the beam members, as well as the joints stiffness values. Necessary assumptions are made to reduce the order of the strain variables while retaining the effects of the microrotations that are coupled to the primary strain terms. As a result, an equivalent one-dimensional model has been found, which takes the assumptions of a micropolar continuum into account rather than an ordinary continuum. The frequency response function of the presented model has been validated experimentally and is shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results for a planar truss with Pratt girder configuration.

A finite element (FE) model was developed for a Pratt truss railroad bridge located at Ft. Leonard Wood, MO. This model was used to investigate the vibration responses of a bridge under vehicle loading. Modeling results were obtained for a single axle with two wheels traversing the bridge at different speeds. The current model does not include the effects of vehicle suspension. Superposition of multiple axles was used to represent a locomotive transiting the bridge. The output of the vibration response was used as an input to an acoustic FE model to determine which vibrational modes radiate infrasound. The vibration and acoustic models of the railroad bridge will be reviewed, and results from the analysis will be presented. Measurements from an accelerometer mounted on the bridge agree reasonably well with model results. Infrasound could potentially be used to remotely provide information on the capacity and number of vehicles traversing the bridge and to monitor the bridge for significant structural damage.

The reuse of structural components in new buildings has great potential to reduce the environmental impacts of the construction sector but remains uncommon practice. An obstacle to its wider implementation is the lack of robust assessment methods and decision-making tools that consider the full spectrum of benefits and drawbacks. This paper proposes a multi-criteria decision framework that builds on a simulated set of design alternatives with varying ratios of reused and new structural components. A set of performance criteria is presented, addressing procurement risks, construction technique complexity, environmental impacts, and project costs. As the independent criterion evaluations often deliver conflicting results, a multi-criteria decision analysis helps identify the most appropriate solution. The design of a steel Pratt truss is used as a case study to demonstrate the applicability of the framework. Different alternatives with reuse rates above 65% are recommended for each preference scenario, reducing between 35 and 45% of adverse environmental impacts in comparison to an equivalent design made of new elements only. The study underpins the principle that there is no trivial and unique best option when designing with reused components. Multi-criteria decision analyses applied to structures with varying reuse rates constitute a promising tool to support decision-makers.

A method to determine the influencing parameters of a structural and damage detection system is proposed based on the value of information analysis. The value of information analysis utilizes the Bayesian pre-posterior decision theory to quantify the value of damage detection system for the structural integrity management during service life. First, the influencing parameters of the structural system, such as deterioration type and rate are introduced for the performance of the prior probabilistic system model. Then the influencing parameters on the damage detection system performance, including number of sensors, sensor locations, measurement noise, and the Type-I error are investigated. The pre-posterior probabilistic model is computed utilizing the Bayes’ theorem to update the prior system model with the damage indication information. Finally, the value of damage detection system is quantified as the difference between the maximum utility obtained in pre-posterior and prior analysis based on the decision tree analysis, comprising structural probabilistic models, consequences, as well as benefit and costs analysis associated with and without monitoring. With the developed approach, a case study on a statically determinate Pratt truss bridge girder is carried out to validate the method. The analysis shows that the deterioration rate is the most sensitive parameter on the effect of relative value of information over the whole service life. Furthermore, it shows that more sensors do not necessarily lead to a higher relative value of information; only specific sensor locations near the highest utilized components lead to a high relative value of information; measurement noise and the Type-I error should be controlled and be as small as possible. An optimal sensor employment with highest relative value of information is found. Moreover, it is found that the proposed method can be a powerful tool to develop optimal service life maintenance strategies—before implementation—for similar bridges and to optimize the damage detection system settings and sensor configuration for minimum expected costs and risks.

The study examined the relationship between prejudice, social media addiction, empathy and trust among teenage boys and girls. The study also investigated if there were any differences in prejudice, social media addiction, empathy and trust between teenage boys and girls. The sample consisted of 200 students out of which 100 were male students and 100 were female students. The data was collected through online forms as well as physical copies of the questionnaires distributed in schools. The students were administered Social Dominance Orientation Scale by Pratto et al (1994), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale by Andreassen (2012), Toronto Empathy Questionnaire by Spreng et al (2009) and General Trust Scale by Yamagishi, T. & Yamagishi, M. (1994). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationships between prejudice and social media addiction, prejudice and empathy, prejudice and trust, social media addiction and trust, social media addiction and empathy and empathy and trust. Independent samples t-test was used to examine the gender differences in prejudice, social media addiction, empathy and trust. The analysis revealed that there were significant gender differences in prejudice and empathy among teenage boys and girls, with boys having higher prejudice and girls having higher empathy. There were no significant gender differences in social media addiction and trust among teenage boys and girls. There was a significant negative correlation between prejudice and empathy in teenagers, both boys and girls. There were no significant relationships between prejudice and social media addiction, prejudice and trust, social media addiction and trust, social media addiction and empathy and empathy and trust among teenagers, both boys and girls.

Simulation-based education is well established as a teaching strategy but is often taught in dedicated simulation centres. In-situ simulation had previously been less prominent as a teaching tool within the Trust due to lack of awareness of its benefits and versatility. The aim of this project was to utilise in-situ simulations to increase knowledge and implementation of Trust processes, encourage self-reflection, collaboration, and communication within the clinical teams [1]. As part of a year-long collaborative project between our nursing education and simulation teams, an in-situ simulation programme was designed for delivery to established teams. Simulation topics came from various sources including local patient safety agenda, patient safety incidents, curricular requirements, and educational priorities. The simulations were undertaken in their native clinical setting and sessions were supported by subject-matter experts to ensure accuracy and appropriate complexity. These sessions were aimed to reach all members of the multidisciplinary team with the focus on nursing workforce and allied healthcare professionals. Over a period of four months, thirty sessions were delivered, at approximately thirty minutes per session, in five clinical areas. These sessions encompassed key priorities including care of the deteriorating patient, falls, end of life care, and tissue viability. This included a pre-simulation discussion and a debriefing immediately after. Feedback was gathered from the 113 participants using a post-course survey, featuring both quantitative and qualitative questions to analyse pre- and post-simulation experience, confidence, and knowledge of how to care for patients with a focus on the identified key priorities. The results collected showed a 25% increase in confidence partaking in simulation again, 10% increase of confidence working and communicating within a multidisciplinary team, 14% increase in confidence assessing patients, and 6% increased awareness of personal/professional limitations. The main themes reported by participants were increased awareness of Trust protocols and incident reporting, improved value of self-reflection through the debriefings, and increased awareness of effective team communication to support patient safety. Additionally, the delivery of more regular sessions would aid with exploring different topics in greater detail and further solidify their knowledge. Participants valued the provision of live actors and authentic learning experiences in the workplace. In-situ simulation is an effective method of delivering multidimensional, realistic scenarios allowing participants the opportunity to continuously explore various clinical priorities and human factors. Regular, reoccurring simulation sessions in the clinical setting would prove more effective in improving patient safety along with staff’s confidence and competence. 1. Martin A, Cross S, Attoe C. The Use of in-situ Simulation in Healthcare Education: Current Perspectives. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2020;11:893–903.

Deuteronomium getuig van God se besondere liefde soos Hy dit in verband met die Beloofde Land aan Israel betoon het. Sy bevoorregting van Israel asook sy betrokkenheid by geweld roep egter baie vrae en bespreking op. Twee aspekte wat nie in die besprekings daarvan werklik aandag kry nie, word in hierdie artikel ondersoek: enersyds die verantwoordelikheid en/of skuld van die menslike partye en andersyds dié van God. Die bevindinge is: (1) Nie die nasies of Israel kan God verwyt nie, want die nasies tree self gewelddadig en eksploiterend teenoor mekaar op. Mense bewoon die aarde ten koste van ander mense en ook ten koste van die aardeself. Hulle tree hardnekkig en opstandig op teen die Wet en die wil van God wat die beste vir hulle bedoel. Tog is God in beheer van alles wat gebeur, Hy is onbegryplik en sonder blaam, selfs wanneer Hy in en deur die sondige werklikheid optree. (2) Deuteronomium praat van God se krasse geweld én oorweldigende liefde en verkondig dat Hy die verantwoordelikheid en skuld van die sondige, opstandige mensdom op Hom neem. Hierop gee die Dienaarliedere van Jesaja nog duideliker lig. God moet veral teen hierdie positiewe getuienis waardeer word. Dit is Hy wat aan die werk is en daarom moet die situasie vanuit die oogpunt soos Hy Homself bekend maak, beoordeel word.God, violence, and land in Deuteronomy. Deuteronomy attests of God’s exceptional love as proven to Israel in connection with the Promised Land. However, his preferential treatment of Israel and his involvement in violence invokes many questions and much debate. This article investigates two aspects, which do not really receive attention in the debate: on the one hand, human responsibility and guilt, and on the other hand that of God. The findings are: (1) Neither the nations nor Israel can reproach God, for they themselves act violently and exploitingly. They inhabit the earth at the expense of others and of the earth itself. They act obstinately toward the Law and the will of God, who has the best in mind for them. Even so,God is without blame, incomprehensibly in control of all that happens, even when he acts in and through the use of the sinful reality. (2) Deuteronomy testifies about God’s severe violence ánd overpowering love. It is implicitly stated that God takes the responsibility and blame of sinful and rebellious humanity upon himself. The servant songs of Isaiah shed even more light on this issue. God must especially be appreciated by these positive testimonies and with complete trust in his unfathomable power and grace.

The academic journal is obsolete. In a world where there are more titles than ever, this is a comment on their form – especially the print journal – rather than their quantity. Now that you can get everything online, it doesn’t really matter what journal a paper appears in; certainly it doesn’t matter what’s in the same issue. The experience of a journal is rapidly obsolescing, for both editors and readers. I’m obviously not the first person to notice this (see, for instance, "Scholarly Communication"; "Transforming Scholarly Communication"; Houghton; Policy Perspectives; Teute), but I do have a personal stake in the process. For if the journal is obsolete then it follows that the editor is obsolete, and I am the editor of the International Journal of Cultural Studies. I founded the IJCS and have been sole editor ever since. Next year will see the fiftieth issue. So far, I have been responsible for over 280 published articles – over 2.25 million words of other people’s scholarship … and counting. We won’t say anything about the words that did not get published, except that the IJCS rejection rate is currently 87 per cent. Perhaps the first point that needs to be made, then, is that obsolescence does not imply lack of success. By any standard the IJCS is a successful journal, and getting more so. It has recently been assessed as a top-rating A* journal in the Australian Research Council’s journal rankings for ERA (Excellence in Research for Australia), the newly activated research assessment exercise. (In case you’re wondering, M/C Journal is rated B.) The ARC says of the ranking exercise: ‘The lists are a result of consultations with the sector and rigorous review by leading researchers and the ARC.’ The ARC definition of an A* journal is given as: Typically an A* journal would be one of the best in its field or subfield in which to publish and would typically cover the entire field/ subfield. Virtually all papers they publish will be of very high quality. These are journals where most of the work is important (it will really shape the field) and where researchers boast about getting accepted.Acceptance rates would typically be low and the editorial board would be dominated by field leaders, including many from top institutions. (Appendix I, p. 21; and see p. 4.)Talking of boasting, I love to prate about the excellent people we’ve published in the IJCS. We have introduced new talent to the field, and we have published new work by some of its pioneers – including Richard Hoggart and Stuart Hall. We’ve also published – among many others – Sara Ahmed, Mohammad Amouzadeh, Tony Bennett, Goran Bolin, Charlotte Brunsdon, William Boddy, Nico Carpentier, Stephen Coleman, Nick Couldry, Sean Cubitt, Michael Curtin, Daniel Dayan, Ben Dibley, Stephanie Hemelryk Donald, John Frow, Elfriede Fursich, Christine Geraghty, Mark Gibson, Paul Gilroy, Faye Ginsberg, Jonathan Gray, Lawrence Grossberg, Judith Halberstam, Hanno Hardt, Gay Hawkins, Joke Hermes, Su Holmes, Desmond Hui, Fred Inglis, Henry Jenkins, Deborah Jermyn, Ariel Heryanto, Elihu Katz, Senator Rod Kemp (Australian government minister), Youna Kim, Agnes Ku, Richard E. Lee, Jeff Lewis, David Lodge (the novelist), Knut Lundby, Eric Ma, Anna McCarthy, Divya McMillin, Antonio Menendez-Alarcon, Toby Miller, Joe Moran, Chris Norris, John Quiggin, Chris Rojek, Jane Roscoe, Jeffrey Sconce, Lynn Spigel, John Storey, Su Tong, the late Sako Takeshi, Sue Turnbull, Graeme Turner, William Uricchio, José van Dijck, Georgette Wang, Jing Wang, Elizabeth Wilson, Janice Winship, Handel Wright, Wu Jing, Wu Qidi (Chinese Vice-Minister of Education), Emilie Yueh-Yu Yeh, Robert Young and Zhao Bin. As this partial list makes clear, as well as publishing the top ‘hegemons’ we also publish work pointing in new directions, including papers from neighbouring disciplines such as anthropology, area studies, economics, education, feminism, history, literary studies, philosophy, political science, and sociology. We have sought to represent neglected regions, especially Chinese cultural studies, which has grown strongly during the past decade. And for quite a few up-and-coming scholars we’ve been the proud host of their first international publication. The IJCS was first published in 1998, already well into the internet era, but it was print-only at that time. Since then, all content, from volume 1:1 onwards, has been digitised and is available online (although vol 1:2 is unaccountably missing). The publishers, Sage Publications Ltd, London, have steadily added online functionality, so that now libraries can get the journal in various packages, including offering this title among many others in online-only bundles, and individuals can purchase single articles online. Thus, in addition to institutional and individual subscriptions, which remain the core business of the journal, income is derived by the publisher from multi-site licensing, incremental consortial sales income, single- and back-issue sales (print), pay-per-view, and deep back file sales (electronic). So what’s obsolete about it? In that boasting paragraph of mine (above), about what wonderful authors we’ve published, lies one of the seeds of obsolescence. For now that it is available online, ‘users’ (no longer ‘readers’!) can search for what they want and ignore the journal as such altogether. This is presumably how most active researchers experience any journal – they are looking for articles (or less: quotations; data; references) relevant to a given topic, literature review, thesis etc. They encounter a journal online through its ‘content’ rather than its ‘form.’ The latter is irrelevant to them, and may as well not exist. The Cover Some losses are associated with this change. First is the loss of the front cover. Now you, dear reader, scrolling through this article online, might well complain, why all the fuss about covers? Internet-generation journals don’t have covers, so all of the work that goes into them to establish the brand, the identity and even the ‘affect’ of a journal is now, well, obsolete. So let me just remind you of what’s at stake. Editors, designers and publishers all take a good deal of trouble over covers, since they are the point of intersection of editorial, design and marketing priorities. Thus, the IJCS cover contains the only ‘content’ of the journal for which we pay a fee to designers and photographers (usually the publisher pays, but in one case I did). Like any other cover, ours has three main elements: title, colour and image. Thought goes into every detail. Title I won’t say anything about the journal’s title as such, except that it was the result of protracted discussions (I suggested Terra Nullius at one point, but Sage weren’t having any of that). The present concern is with how a title looks on a cover. Our title-typeface is Frutiger. Originally designed by Adrian Frutiger for Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, it is suitably international, being used for the corporate identity of the UK National Health Service, Telefónica O2, the Royal Navy, the London School of Economics , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the Conservative Party of Canada, Banco Bradesco of Brazil, the Finnish Defence Forces and on road signs in Switzerland (Wikipedia, "Frutiger"). Frutiger is legible, informal, and reads well in small copy. Sage’s designer and I corresponded on which of the words in our cumbersome name were most important, agreeing that ‘international’ combined with ‘cultural’ is the USP (Unique Selling Point) of the journal, so they should be picked out (in bold small-caps) from the rest of the title, which the designer presented in a variety of Frutiger fonts (regular, italic, and reversed – white on black), presumably to signify the dynamism and diversity of our content. The word ‘studies’ appears on a lozenge-shaped cartouche that is also used as a design element throughout the journal, for bullet points, titles and keywords. Colour We used to change this every two years, but since volume 7 it has stabilised with the distinctive Pantone 247, ‘new fuchsia.’ This colour arose from my own environment at QUT, where it was chosen (by me) for the new Creative Industries Faculty’s academic gowns and hoods, and thence as a detailing colour for the otherwise monochrome Creative Industries Precinct buildings. There’s a lot of it around my office, including on the wall and the furniture. New Fuchsia is – we are frequently told – a somewhat ‘girly’ colour, especially when contrasted with the Business Faculty’s blue or Law’s silver; its similarity to the Girlfriend/Dolly palette does introduce a mild ‘politics of prestige’ element, since it is determinedly pop culture, feminised, and non-canonical. Image Right at the start, the IJCS set out to signal its difference from other journals. At that time, all Sage journals had calligraphic colours – but I was insistent that we needed a photograph (I have ‘form’ in this respect: in 1985 I changed the cover of the Australian Journal of Cultural Studies from a line drawing (albeit by Sydney Nolan) to a photograph; and I co-designed the photo-cover of Cultural Studies in 1987). For IJCS I knew which photo I wanted, and Sage went along with the choice. I explained it in the launch issue’s editorial (Hartley, "Editorial"). That original picture, a goanna on a cattle grid in the outback, by Australian photographer Grant Hobson, lasted ten years. Since volume 11 – in time for our second decade – the goanna has been replaced with a picture by Italian-based photographer Patrick Nicholas, called ‘Reality’ (Hartley, "Cover Narrative"). We have also used two other photos as cover images, once each. They are: Daniel Meadows’s 1974 ‘Karen & Barbara’ (Hartley, "Who"); and a 1962 portrait of Richard Hoggart from the National Portrait Gallery in London (Owen & Hartley 2007). The choice of picture has involved intense – sometimes very tense – negotiations with Sage. Most recently, they were adamant the Daniel Meadows picture, which I wanted to use as the long-term replacement of the goanna, was too ‘English’ and they would not accept it. We exchanged rather sharp words before compromising. There’s no need to rehearse the dispute here; the point is that both sides, publisher and editor, felt that vital interests were at stake in the choice of a cover-image. Was it too obscure; too Australian; too English; too provocative (the current cover features, albeit in the deep background, a TV screen-shot of a topless Italian game-show contestant)? Running Order Beyond the cover, the next obsolete feature of a journal is the running order of articles. Obviously what goes in the journal is contingent upon what has been submitted and what is ready at a given time, so this is a creative role within a very limited context, which is what makes it pleasurable. Out of a limited number of available papers, a choice must be made about which one goes first, what order the other papers should follow, and which ones must be held over to the next issue. The first priority is to choose the lead article: like the ‘first face’ in a fashion show (if you don’t know what I mean by that, see FTV.com. It sets the look, the tone, and the standard for the issue. I always choose articles I like for this slot. It sends a message to the field – look at this! Next comes the running order. We have about six articles per issue. It is important to maintain the IJCS’s international mix, so I check for the country of origin, or failing that (since so many articles come from Anglosphere countries like the USA, UK and Australia), the location of the analysis. Attention also has to be paid to the gender balance among authors, and to the mix of senior and emergent scholars. Sometimes a weak article needs to be ‘hammocked’ between two good ones (these are relative terms – everything published in the IJCS is of a high scholarly standard). And we need to think about disciplinary mix, so as not to let the journal stray too far towards one particular methodological domain. Running order is thus a statement about the field – the disciplinary domain – rather than about an individual paper. It is a proposition about how different voices connect together in some sort of disciplinary syntax. One might even claim that the combination of cover and running order is a last vestige of collegiate collectivism in an era of competitive academic individualism. Now all that matters is the individual paper and author; the ‘currency’ is tenure, promotion and research metrics, not relations among peers. The running order is obsolete. Special Issues An extreme version of running order is the special issue. The IJCS has regularly published these; they are devoted to field-shaping initiatives, as follows: Title Editor(s) Issue Date Radiocracy: Radio, Development and Democracy Amanda Hopkinson, Jo Tacchi 3.2 2000 Television and Cultural Studies Graeme Turner 4.4 2001 Cultural Studies and Education Karl Maton, Handel Wright 5.4 2002 Re-Imagining Communities Sara Ahmed, Anne-Marie Fortier 6.3 2003 The New Economy, Creativity and Consumption John Hartley 7.1 2004 Creative Industries and Innovation in China Michael Keane, John Hartley 9.3 2006 The Uses of Richard Hoggart Sue Owen, John Hartley 10.1 2007 A Cultural History of Celebrity Liz Barry 11.3 2008 Caribbean Media Worlds Anna Pertierra, Heather Horst 12.2 2009 Co-Creative Labour Mark Deuze, John Banks 12.5 2009 It’s obvious that special issues have a place in disciplinary innovation – they can draw attention in a timely manner to new problems, neglected regions, or innovative approaches, and thus they advance the field. They are indispensible. But because of online publication, readers are not held to the ‘project’ of a special issue and can pick and choose whatever they want. And because of the peculiarities of research assessment exercises, editing special issues doesn’t count as research output. The incentive to do them is to that extent reduced, and some universities are quite heavy-handed about letting academics ‘waste’ time on activities that don’t produce ‘metrics.’ The special issue is therefore threatened with obsolescence too. Refereeing In many top-rating journals, the human side of refereeing is becoming obsolete. Increasingly this labour-intensive chore is automated and the labour is technologically outsourced from editors and publishers to authors and referees. You have to log on to some website and follow prompts in order to contribute both papers and the assessment of papers; interactions with editors are minimal. At the IJCS the process is still handled by humans – namely, journal administrator Tina Horton and me. We spend a lot of time checking how papers are faring, from trying to find the right referees through to getting the comments and then the author’s revisions completed in time for a paper to be scheduled into an issue. The volume of email correspondence is considerable. We get to know authors and referees. So we maintain a sense of an interactive and conversational community, albeit by correspondence rather than face to face. Doubtless, sooner or later, there will be a depersonalised Text Management System. But in the meantime we cling to the romantic notion that we are involved in refereeing for the sake of the field, for raising the standard of scholarship, for building a globally dispersed virtual college of cultural studies, and for giving everyone – from unfavoured countries and neglected regions to famous professors in old-money universities – the same chance to get their research published. In fact, these are largely delusional ideals, for as everyone knows, refereeing is part of the political economy of publicly-funded research. It’s about academic credentials, tenure and promotion for the individual, and about measurable research metrics for the academic organisation or funding agency (Hartley, "Death"). The IJCS has no choice but to participate: we do what is required to qualify as a ‘double-blind refereed journal’ because that is the only way to maintain repute, and thence the flow of submissions, not to mention subscriptions, without which there would be no journal. As with journals themselves, which proliferate even as the print form becomes obsolete, so refereeing is burgeoning as a practice. It’s almost an industry, even though the currency is not money but time: part gift-economy; part attention-economy; partly the payment of dues to the suzerain funding agencies. But refereeing is becoming obsolete in the sense of gathering an ‘imagined community’ of people one might expect to know personally around a particular enterprise. The process of dispersal and anonymisation of the field is exacerbated by blind refereeing, which we do because we must. This is suited to a scientific domain of objective knowledge, but everyone knows it’s not quite like that in the ‘new humanities’. The agency and identity of the researcher is often a salient fact in the research. The embedded positionality of the author, their reflexiveness about their own context and room-for-manoeuvre, and the radical contextuality of knowledge itself – these are all more or less axiomatic in cultural studies, but they’re not easily served by ‘double-blind’ refereeing. When refereeing is depersonalised to the extent that is now rife (especially in journals owned by international commercial publishers), it is hard to maintain a sense of contextualised productivity in the knowledge domain, much less a ‘common cause’ to which both author and referee wish to contribute. Even though refereeing can still be seen as altruistic, it is in the service of something much more general (‘scholarship’) and much more particular (‘my career’) than the kind of reviewing that wants to share and improve a particular intellectual enterprise. It is this mid-range altruism – something that might once have been identified as a politics of knowledge – that’s becoming obsolete, along with the printed journals that were the banner and rallying point for the cause. If I were to start a new journal (such as cultural-science.org), I would prefer ‘open refereeing’: uploading papers on an open site, subjecting them to peer-review and criticism, and archiving revised versions once they have received enough votes and comments. In other words I’d like to see refereeing shifted from the ‘supply’ or production side of a journal to the ‘demand’ or readership side. But of course, ‘demand’ for ‘blind’ refereeing doesn’t come from readers; it comes from the funding agencies. The Reading Experience Finally, the experience of reading a journal is obsolete. Two aspects of this seem worthy of note. First, reading is ‘out of time’ – it no longer needs to conform to the rhythms of scholarly publication, which are in any case speeding up. Scholarship is no longer seasonal, as it has been since the Middle Ages (with university terms organised around agricultural and ecclesiastical rhythms). Once you have a paper’s DOI number, you can read it any time, 24/7. It is no longer necessary even to wait for publication. With some journals in our field (e.g. Journalism Studies), assuming your Library subscribes, you can access papers as soon as they’re uploaded on the journal’s website, before the published edition is printed. Soon this will be the norm, just as it is for the top science journals, where timely publication, and thereby the ability to claim first discovery, is the basis of intellectual property rights. The IJCS doesn’t (yet) offer this service, but its frequency is speeding up. It was launched in 1998 with three issues a year. It went quarterly in 2001 and remained a quarterly for eight years. It has recently increased to six issues a year. That too causes changes in the reading experience. The excited ripping open of the package is less of a thrill the more often it arrives. Indeed, how many subscribers will admit that sometimes they don’t even open the envelope? Second, reading is ‘out of place’ – you never have to see the journal in which a paper appears, so you can avoid contact with anything that you haven’t already decided to read. This is more significant than might first appear, because it is affecting journalism in general, not just academic journals. As we move from the broadcast to the broadband era, communicative usage is shifting too, from ‘mass’ communication to customisation. This is a mixed blessing. One of the pleasures of old-style newspapers and the TV news was that you’d come across stories you did not expect to find. Indeed, an important attribute of the industrial form of journalism is its success in getting whole populations to read or watch stories about things they aren’t interested in, or things like wars and crises that they’d rather not know about at all. That historic textual achievement is in jeopardy in the broadband era, because ‘the public’ no longer needs to gather around any particular masthead or bulletin to get their news. With Web 2.0 affordances, you can exercise much more choice over what you attend to. This is great from the point of view of maximising individual choice, but sub-optimal in relation to what I’ve called ‘population-gathering’, especially the gathering of communities of interest around ‘tales of the unexpected’ – novelty or anomalies. Obsolete: Collegiality, Trust and Innovation? The individuation of reading choices may stimulate prejudice, because prejudice (literally, ‘pre-judging’) is built in when you decide only to access news feeds about familiar topics, stories or people in which you’re already interested. That sort of thing may encourage narrow-mindedness. It is certainly an impediment to chance discovery, unplanned juxtaposition, unstructured curiosity and thence, perhaps, to innovation itself. This is a worry for citizenship in general, but it is also an issue for academic ‘knowledge professionals,’ in our ever-narrower disciplinary silos. An in-close specialist focus on one’s own area of expertise need no longer be troubled by the concerns of the person in the next office, never mind the next department. Now, we don’t even have to meet on the page. One of the advantages of whole journals, then, is that each issue encourages ‘macro’ as well as ‘micro’ perspectives, and opens reading up to surprises. This willingness to ‘take things on trust’ describes a ‘we’ community – a community of trust. Trust too is obsolete in these days of performance evaluation. We’re assessed by an anonymous system that’s managed by people we’ll never meet. If the ‘population-gathering’ aspects of print journals are indeed obsolete, this may reduce collegiate trust and fellow-feeling, increase individualist competitiveness, and inhibit innovation. In the face of that prospect, I’m going to keep on thinking about covers, running orders, referees and reading until the role of editor is obsolete too. ReferencesHartley, John. "'Cover Narrative': From Nightmare to Reality." International Journal of Cultural Studies 11.2 (2005): 131-137. ———. "Death of the Book?" Symposium of the National Scholarly Communication Forum & Australian Academy of the Humanities, Sydney Maritime Museum, 2005. 26 Apr. 2009 ‹http://www.humanities.org.au/Resources/Downloads/NSCF/RoundTables1-17/PDF/Hartley.pdf›. ———. "Editorial: With Goanna." International Journal of Cultural Studies 1.1 (1998): 5-10. ———. "'Who Are You Going to Believe – Me or Your Own Eyes?' New Decade; New Directions." International Journal of Cultural Studies 11.1 (2008): 5-14. Houghton, John. "Economics of Scholarly Communication: A Discussion Paper." Center for Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, 2000. 26 Apr. 2009 ‹http://www.caul.edu.au/cisc/EconomicsScholarlyCommunication.pdf›. Owen, Sue, and John Hartley, eds. The Uses of Richard Hoggart. International Journal of Cultural Studies (special issue), 10.1 (2007). Policy Perspectives: To Publish and Perish. (Special issue cosponsored by the Association of Research Libraries, Association of American Universities and the Pew Higher Education Roundtable) 7.4 (1998). 26 Apr. 2009 ‹http://www.arl.org/scomm/pew/pewrept.html›. "Scholarly Communication: Crisis and Revolution." University of California Berkeley Library. N.d. 26 Apr. 2009 ‹http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/Collections/crisis.html›. Teute, F. J. "To Publish or Perish: Who Are the Dinosaurs in Scholarly Publishing?" Journal of Scholarly Publishing 32.2 (2001). 26 Apr. 2009 ‹http://www.utpjournals.com/product/jsp/322/perish5.html›."Transforming Scholarly Communication." University of Houston Library. 2005. 26 Apr. 2009 ‹http://info.lib.uh.edu/scomm/transforming.htm›.

IntroductionDespite claims that the importance of distance has been reduced due to technological and communications improvements (Cairncross; Friedman; O’Brien), the ‘power of place’ still resonates, often intensifying the role of geography (Christopherson et al.; Morgan; Pratt; Scott and Storper). Within the film industry, there has been a decentralisation of production from Hollywood, but there remains a spatial logic which has preferenced particular centres, such as Toronto, Vancouver, Sydney and Prague often led by a combination of incentives (Christopherson and Storper; Goldsmith and O’Regan; Goldsmith et al.; Miller et al.; Mould). The emergence of high end television, television programming for which the production budget is more than £1 million per television hour, has presented new opportunities for screen hubs sharing a very similar value chain to the film industry (OlsbergSPI with Nordicity).In recent years, interventions have proliferated with the aim of capitalising on the decentralisation of certain activities in order to attract international screen industries production and embed it within local hubs. Tools for building capacity and expertise have proliferated, including support for studio complex facilities, infrastructural investments, tax breaks and other economic incentives (Cucco; Goldsmith and O’Regan; Jensen; Goldsmith et al.; McDonald; Miller et al.; Mould). Yet experience tells us that these will not succeed everywhere. There is a need for a better understanding of both the capacity for places to build a distinctive and competitive advantage within a highly globalised landscape and the relative merits of alternative interventions designed to generate a sustainable production base.This article first sets out the rationale for the appetite identified in the screen industries for co-location, or clustering and concentration in a tightly drawn physical area, in global hubs of production. It goes on to explore the latest trends of decentralisation and examines the upturn in interventions aimed at attracting mobile screen industries capital and labour. Finally it introduces the Scottish screen industries and explores some of the ways in which Scotland has sought to position itself as a recipient of screen industries activity. The paper identifies some key gaps in infrastructure, most notably a studio, and calls for closer examination of the essential ingredients of, and possible interventions needed for, a vibrant and sustainable industry.A Compulsion for ProximityIt has been argued that particular spatial and place-based factors are central to the development and organisation of the screen industries. The film and television sector, the particular focus of this article, exhibit an extraordinarily high degree of spatial agglomeration, especially favouring centres with global status. It is worth noting that the computer games sector, not explored in this article, slightly diverges from this trend displaying more spatial patterns of decentralisation (Vallance), although key physical hubs of activity have been identified (Champion). Creative products often possess a cachet that is directly associated with their point of origin, for example fashion from Paris, films from Hollywood and country music from Nashville – although it can also be acknowledged that these are often strategic commercial constructions (Pecknold). The place of production represents a unique component of the final product as well as an authentication of substantive and symbolic quality (Scott, “Creative cities”). Place can act as part of a brand or image for creative industries, often reinforcing the advantage of being based in particular centres of production.Very localised historical, cultural, social and physical factors may also influence the success of creative production in particular places. Place-based factors relating to the built environment, including cheap space, public-sector support framework, connectivity, local identity, institutional environment and availability of amenities, are seen as possible influences in the locational choices of creative industry firms (see, for example, Drake; Helbrecht; Hutton; Leadbeater and Oakley; Markusen).Employment trends are notoriously difficult to measure in the screen industries (Christopherson, “Hollywood in decline?”), but the sector does contain large numbers of very small firms and freelancers. This allows them to be flexible but poses certain problems that can be somewhat offset by co-location. The findings of Antcliff et al.’s study of workers in the audiovisual industry in the UK suggested that individuals sought to reconstruct stable employment relations through their involvement in and use of networks. The trust and reciprocity engendered by stable networks, built up over time, were used to offset the risk associated with the erosion of stable employment. These findings are echoed by a study of TV content production in two media regions in Germany by Sydow and Staber who found that, although firms come together to work on particular projects, typically their business relations extend for a much longer period than this. Commonly, firms and individuals who have worked together previously will reassemble for further project work aided by their past experiences and expectations.Co-location allows the development of shared structures: language, technical attitudes, interpretative schemes and ‘communities of practice’ (Bathelt, et al.). Grabher describes this process as ‘hanging out’. Deep local pools of creative and skilled labour are advantageous both to firms and employees (Reimer et al.) by allowing flexibility, developing networks and offsetting risk (Banks et al.; Scott, “Global City Regions”). For example in Cook and Pandit’s study comparing the broadcasting industry in three city-regions, London was found to be hugely advantaged by its unrivalled talent pool, high financial rewards and prestigious projects. As Barnes and Hutton assert in relation to the wider creative industries, “if place matters, it matters most to them” (1251). This is certainly true for the screen industries and their spatial logic points towards a compulsion for proximity in large global hubs.Decentralisation and ‘Sticky’ PlacesDespite the attraction of global production hubs, there has been a decentralisation of screen industries from key centres, starting with the film industry and the vertical disintegration of Hollywood studios (Christopherson and Storper). There are instances of ‘runaway production’ from the 1920s onwards with around 40 per cent of all features being accounted for by offshore production in 1960 (Miller et al., 133). This trend has been increasing significantly in the last 20 years, leading to the genesis of new hubs of screen activity such as Toronto, Vancouver, Sydney and Prague (Christopherson, “Project work in context”; Goldsmith et al.; Mould; Miller et al.; Szczepanik). This development has been prompted by a multiplicity of reasons including favourable currency value differentials and economic incentives. Subsidies and tax breaks have been offered to secure international productions with most countries demanding that, in order to qualify for tax relief, productions have to spend a certain amount of their budget within the local economy, employ local crew and use domestic creative talent (Hill). Extensive infrastructure has been developed including studio complexes to attempt to lure productions with the advantage of a full service offering (Goldsmith and O’Regan).Internationally, Canada has been the greatest beneficiary of ‘runaway production’ with a state-led enactment of generous film incentives since the late 1990s (McDonald). Vancouver and Toronto are the busiest locations for North American Screen production after Los Angeles and New York, due to exchange rates and tax rebates on labour costs (Miller et al., 141). 80% of Vancouver’s production is attributable to runaway production (Jensen, 27) and the city is considered by some to have crossed a threshold as:It now possesses sufficient depth and breadth of talent to undertake the full array of pre-production, production and post-production services for the delivery of major motion pictures and TV programmes. (Barnes and Coe, 19)Similarly, Toronto is considered to have established a “comprehensive set of horizontal and vertical media capabilities” to ensure its status as a “full function media centre” (Davis, 98). These cities have successfully engaged in entrepreneurial activity to attract production (Christopherson, “Project Work in Context”) and in Vancouver the proactive role of provincial government and labour unions are, in part, credited with its success (Barnes and Coe). Studio-complex infrastructure has also been used to lure global productions, with Toronto, Melbourne and Sydney all being seen as key examples of where such developments have been used as a strategic priority to take local production capacity to the next level (Goldsmith and O’Regan).Studies which provide a historiography of the development of screen-industry hubs emphasise a complex interplay of social, cultural and physical conditions. In the complex and global flows of the screen industries, ‘sticky’ hubs have emerged with the ability to attract and retain capital and skilled labour. Despite being principally organised to attract international production, most studio complexes, especially those outside of global centres need to have a strong relationship to local or national film and television production to ensure the sustainability and depth of the labour pool (Goldsmith and O’Regan, 2003). Many have a broadcaster on site as well as a range of companies with a media orientation and training facilities (Goldsmith and O’Regan, 2003; Picard, 2008). The emergence of film studio complexes in the Australian Gold Coast and Vancouver was accompanied by an increasing role for television production and this multi-purpose nature was important for the continuity of production.Fostering a strong community of below the line workers, such as set designers, locations managers, make-up artists and props manufacturers, can also be a clear advantage in attracting international productions. For example at Cinecitta in Italy, the expertise of set designers and experienced crews in the Barrandov Studios of Prague are regarded as major selling points of the studio complexes there (Goldsmith and O’Regan; Miller et al.; Szczepanik). Natural and built environments are also considered very important for film and television firms and it is a useful advantage for capturing international production when cities can double for other locations as in the cases of Toronto, Vancouver, Prague for example (Evans; Goldsmith and O’Regan; Szczepanik). Toronto, for instance, has doubled for New York in over 100 films and with regard to television Due South’s (1994-1998) use of Toronto as Chicago was estimated to have saved 40 per cent in costs (Miller et al., 141).The Scottish Screen Industries Within mobile flows of capital and labour, Scotland has sought to position itself as a recipient of screen industries activity through multiple interventions, including investment in institutional frameworks, direct and indirect economic subsidies and the development of physical infrastructure. Traditionally creative industry activity in the UK has been concentrated in London and the South East which together account for 43% of the creative economy workforce (Bakhshi et al.). In order, in part to redress this imbalance and more generally to encourage the attraction and retention of international production a range of policies have been introduced focused on the screen industries. A revised Film Tax Relief was introduced in 2007 to encourage inward investment and prevent offshoring of indigenous production, and this has since been extended to high-end television, animation and children’s programming. Broadcasting has also experienced a push for decentralisation led by public funding with a responsibility to be regionally representative. The BBC (“BBC Annual Report and Accounts 2014/15”) is currently exceeding its target of 50% network spend outside London by 2016, with 17% spent in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Channel 4 has similarly committed to commission at least 9% of its original spend from the nations by 2020. Studios have been also developed across the UK including at Roath Lock (Cardiff), Titanic Studios (Belfast), MedicaCity (Salford) and The Sharp Project (Manchester).The creative industries have been identified as one of seven growth sectors for Scotland by the government (Scottish Government). In 2010, the film and video sector employed 3,500 people and contributed £120 million GVA and £120 million adjusted GVA to the economy and the radio and TV sector employed 3,500 people and contributed £50 million GVA and £400 million adjusted GVA (The Scottish Parliament). Beyond the direct economic benefits of sectors, the on-screen representation of Scotland has been claimed to boost visitor numbers to the country (EKOS) and high profile international film productions have been attracted including Skyfall (2012) and WWZ (2013).Scotland has historically attracted international film and TV productions due to its natural locations (VisitScotland) and on average, between 2009-2014, six big budget films a year used Scottish locations both urban and rural (BOP Consulting, 2014). In all, a total of £20 million was generated by film-making in Glasgow during 2011 (Balkind) with WWZ (2013) and Cloud Atlas (2013), representing Philadelphia and San Francisco respectively, as well as doubling for Edinburgh for the recent acclaimed Scottish films Filth (2013) and Sunshine on Leith (2013). Sanson (80) asserts that the use of the city as a site for international productions not only brings in direct revenue from production money but also promotes the city as a “fashionable place to live, work and visit. Creativity makes the city both profitable and ‘cool’”.Nonetheless, issues persist and it has been suggested that Scotland lacks a stable and sustainable film industry, with low indigenous production levels and variable success from year to year in attracting inward investment (BOP Consulting). With regard to crew, problems with an insufficient production base have been identified as an issue in maintaining a pipeline of skills (BOP Consulting). Developing ‘talent’ is a central aspect of the Scottish Government’s Strategy for the Creative Industries, yet there remains the core challenge of retaining skills and encouraging new talent into the industry (BOP Consulting).With regard to film, a lack of substantial funding incentives and the absence of a studio have been identified as a key concern for the sector. For example, within the film industry the majority of inward investment filming in Scotland is location work as it lacks the studio facilities that would enable it to sustain a big-budget production in its entirety (BOP Consulting). The absence of such infrastructure has been seen as contributing to a drain of Scottish talent from these industries to other areas and countries where there is a more vibrant sector (BOP Consulting). The loss of Scottish talent to Northern Ireland was attributed to the longevity of the work being provided by Games of Thrones (2011-) now having completed its six series at the Titanic Studios in Belfast (EKOS) although this may have been stemmed somewhat recently with the attraction of US high-end TV series Outlander (2014-) which has been based at Wardpark in Cumbernauld since 2013.Television, both high-end production and local broadcasting, appears crucial to the sustainability of screen production in Scotland. Outlander has been estimated to contribute to Scotland’s production spend figures reaching a historic high of £45.8 million in 2014 (Creative Scotland ”Creative Scotland Screen Strategy Update”). The arrival of the program has almost doubled production spend in Scotland, offering the chance for increased stability for screen industries workers. Qualifying for UK High-End Television Tax Relief, Outlander has engaged a crew of approximately 300 across props, filming and set build, and cast over 2,000 supporting artist roles from within Scotland and the UK.Long running drama, in particular, offers key opportunities for both those cutting their teeth in the screen industries and also by providing more consistent and longer-term employment to existing workers. BBC television soap River City (2002-) has been identified as a key example of such an opportunity and the programme has been credited with providing a springboard for developing the skills of local actors, writers and production crew (Hibberd). This kind of pipeline of production is critical given the work patterns of the sector. According to Creative Skillset, of the 4,000 people in Scotland are employed in the film and television industries, 40% of television workers are freelance and 90% of film production work in freelance (EKOS).In an attempt to address skills gaps, the Outlander Trainee Placement Scheme has been devised in collaboration with Creative Scotland and Creative Skillset. During filming of Season One, thirty-eight trainees were supported across a range of production and craft roles, followed by a further twenty-five in Season Two. Encouragingly Outlander, and the books it is based on, is set in Scotland so the authenticity of place has played a strong component in the decision to locate production there. Producer David Brown began his career on Bill Forsyth films Gregory’s Girl (1981), Local Hero (1983) and Comfort and Joy (1984) and has a strong existing relationship to Scotland. He has been very vocal in his support for the trainee program, contending that “training is the future of our industry and we at Outlander see the growth of talent and opportunities as part of our mission here in Scotland” (“Outlander fast tracks next generation of skilled screen talent”).ConclusionsThis article has aimed to explore the relationship between place and the screen industries and, taking Scotland as its focus, has outlined a need to more closely examine the ways in which the sector can be supported. Despite the possible gains in terms of building a sustainable industry, the state-led funding of the global screen industries is contested. The use of tax breaks and incentives has been problematised and critiques range from use of public funding to attract footloose media industries to the increasingly zero sum game of competition between competing places (Morawetz; McDonald). In relation to broadcasting, there have been critiques of a ‘lift and shift’ approach to policy in the UK, with TV production companies moving to the nations and regions temporarily to meet the quota and leaving once a production has finished (House of Commons). Further to this, issues have been raised regarding how far such interventions can seed and develop a rich production ecology that offers opportunities for indigenous talent (Christopherson and Rightor).Nonetheless recent success for the screen industries in Scotland can, at least in part, be attributed to interventions including increased decentralisation of broadcasting and the high-end television tax incentives. This article has identified gaps in infrastructure which continue to stymie growth and have led to production drain to other centres. 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