Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pratiques syndicales'
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Hamzaoui, Salah. "Pratiques syndicales et pouvoir politique : pour une sociologie des cadres syndicaux (cas de la Tunisie)." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA070028.
Full textThroughout this research we'll try to understand and explain the failure of the Tunisian Trade Union organization to free itself once for ail from the pressure of the political power this study intends to dig up the reasons why the state, that resorts to excessive forms of repression towards significant Trade Union contestations, violently repressing people' up raising, ends up paradoxically by recognizing the trade union representatives after having ruthlessly brutalized them. The notion of workers' representation and the social actors who are supposed to embody it, the trade union executives, are selected as relevant aspects for the study of the dialectic of domination and political dependency. These factors are examined at two levels: Social conditions of reproduction1)The milieu that the family constellation reveals shows significant structural and cultural evolutions of the society. 2)The modes of identity group composition, are studied with reference to age, regional belonging and schooling, 3)the signs of precarious ness of the workers condition are highlighted trough the study of labour work, activity sectors and professions. The world of representations The perception of social inequality and the judgements about richness and capitalism reveal a hopeful discourse and a pessimistic discourse witch put the blame on political power and bureaucracy. The study of social class and hierarchical perception unveil at the same time a huge scattering, and outline the existence of two groups, those who chose a Marxist vision and those who adopt an economic, moral and political conception
Dolidier, Arnaud. "Tout le pouvoir à l'assemblée ! : mobilisations ouvrières, pratiques assembléistes et stratégies syndicales en Espagne (1970-1979)." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30063.
Full textMy work analyses trade union and journalistic discourses on the role played bay worker's assemblies during the spanish transitional process with the aim of understanding how their mobilisation was subjugatd and subordinated by political organisations and trade unions who were in the opposition to demicratisation. The worker's assemblies were not anecdotal events, and the marginalisation on their meetings was party the consequences of public discourses that deligitimated them. Moreover, the discourses contributed to the construction of a specific political culture wich rejetcs worker radicalism. Thus, worker's were asked to rejetc own democratic structures and accept the monopoly of social representation by the trade unions
Contrepois, Sylvie. "Stratégies et pratiques syndicales au tournant du XXIe siècle : une contribution aux théories de l'action collective." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EVRY0009.
Full textAraujo, Vladimir. "Le journalisme d'information syndicale au Brésil : pratiques et enjeux." Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020033.
Full textPark, Dahn. "Les pratiques unitaires entre les syndicats, les fédérations et les unions départementales : C.G.T.-C.G.T.U. de 1929 à la réunification syndicale de 1936." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010610.
Full textFor a clear understanding of the procedures leading to the reunification of the C. G. T. (the general confederation of Labro) in 1936, this thesis focuses on the unitary activities of the local unions of four regions (the Paris area (région parisienne), le nord, le Pas-de-Calais and la Loire) and six branches of the C. G. T. (construction, railroad, printing paper, mining, metalworking and textiles). The primary conclusion is that the unions led communal actions with increasing frequency, especially from 1934 on. Although the economic causes were of relative importance, the rise of fascism and the decrees of the government of the union nationale (national union) played a much more dominating role for the reunification. As for the branches, it is notable that in mining and textiles the unitary practices had been relatively numerous until the general strike of 1934, after which the activities greatly diminished. On the other hand, for the sections of railroad, construction and mining, the activities accelerated. Besides, it was railroad which constituted the principal sector favoring the unity, especially after the appearance of Laval's decree. In this division, the role of the union network (l'union des syndicats) was decisive for the unity. In the regional comparisons, a clear opposition can be delineated between the province and the paris area, the latter having become the central point of the unity after the general strike. Finally, regarding the relationship between the unitary activities and the fusion, the conclusion is that while the national strategy of the two c. G. T. Was the most decisive, the role of the local unions was equally important, given their relative independence vis-a-vis the center in the activities for the reunification
Frajerman, Laurent. "L'interaction entre la Fédération de l'Education Nationale et sa principale minorité, le courant " unitaire ", 1944-1959." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00617368.
Full textClément, Marie-Thérèse. "Les syndicats pharmaceutiques de l'officine (syndicats d'exploitants ou de sociétés d'exploitation pharmaceutiques)." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA114819.
Full textCOURS, SALIES PIERRE. "Pratique syndicale et debats strategiques de la cftc-cfdt depuis 1946." Paris 8, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA080435.
Full textRoccati, Claude. "Un internationalisme entre discours et pratiques : la politique internationale de la CFDT (1964-1988)." Thesis, Le Havre, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEHA0021.
Full textThis thesis entends to analyse the evolution of the CFDT from its creation in 1964 until 1988, just before the fall of the Berlin's wall, though the choices made in term of international policy. Indeed positions taken in front of international events, manifestations of solidarity as relationships with foreigns trade unions and international confederations contribute to the identification of the CFDT. It reveals its development and sometimes allows a new lecture of its ideological path. This thesis is based on the archives of the confederation, in particurarly these of the international department and some interview of mens in charge of this policy. These archives had been faced to the archives of international confederations which the CFDT affiliate duringe this period, ICCTU and ETUC.The research reveals an original insertion of the confederation that wishes for opening its action across the world beyond the barriers of its original camp until to upset international syndicalism structures. The CFDT, feeling unconfortable in a ICCTU despite transformations inspired directly by its own evolution, demonstrates priorly its interest for organisations related with the Third World non-aligneted movement and powerful trade unions of industrialized countries. Therefore, the international policy of the CFDT develops its ambition and increases its legitimacy on the outdoor stage as the indoor one
Portilla, Hoffmann Nathalie. "Résister depuis l'école : une ethnographie des Ecoles intégrales d'éducation basique au Michoacán (Mexique)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7131.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the alternative pedagogical proposal of the dissident union of teachers of Michoacán (Mexico). Combining theory from education science and anthropology of education as well as ethnographic qualitative methods, this research aims to analyse acts of resistance in everyday pedagogical practices. Through their work as teachers and through their political power as members of a social movement, these teachers have thought, written, and implemented an alternative left-wing curriculum in so-called Integral Schools of Basic Education. These schools are raised by their teachers as a tool of struggle and resistance in the face of national educational reforms and international injunctions. By analysing this specific struggle, this thesis is part of more general questions concerning the forms of subversion of the new educational world order. By the very fact of taking place within school, the resistance finds itself subject to the same tensions and the same contradictions the school faces. Indeed, these teachers contribute to building the institution while resisting it at the same time. The teachers of this social movement use the revolutionary past. Nevertheless, the Mexican corporatist structure and dynamics are also part of this dissident movement. This thesis analyses the personal experiences and values of each teacher. At the same time, it considers the fact that those teachers went beyond their differences to put forward this alternative pedagogical proposal. The teachers use the alternative curriculum to think and build political, administrative, and pedagogical strategies for their struggle. This curriculum also legitimises the rhetoric within the union and public discourses. In the end, Integral Schools are a school like any other: playgrounds, classrooms, blackboards, desks, notebooks, and a teacher facing the students. Nevertheless, in these schools, teachers, students, and the community can reveal the arbitrariness of school content, can question the pedagogical structure of a course, can breed fish and sell them, and they even can reproduce the official school
A partir del estudio de caso de la propuesta de un curriculum alternativo del magisterio disidente de Michoacán (México), esta tesis se propone analizar una resistencia educativa en acción, a ras del suelo, desde prácticas pedagógicas cotidianas y contextualizadas. El marco teórico se constituye desde las ciencias de la educación y la antropología de la educación, en complemento con una metodología cualitativa, la observación etnográfica. Desde su profesión de maestros·as, y desde el poder político que construyen como miembros de un movimiento social, el magisterio michoacano disidente concibió, escribió un currículo alternativo, políticamente de izquierda, que implementó en lo que llamaron Escuelas integrales de educación básica. Estas escuelas se manejan como herramienta de lucha y resistencia frente a las reformas educativas nacionales que, por su parte, responden a mandatos internacionales. El análisis de caso de esta tesis hace eco a debates que rebasan las discusiones estatales y nacionales, agregándose a otras formas de subversión frente al nuevo orden educativo mundial. Al llevarse a cabo dentro del espacio escolar, la resistencia estudiada está sujeta a las mismas tensiones y contradicciones que vive la escuela. Es decir, los y las maestras deben al mismo tiempo hacer escuela y resistir a la institución. En un primer momento, el trabajo de campo reveló la necesidad de revisar las raíces históricas que aún se hacen presentes en la vida del magisterio. Por un lado, el movimiento social construido por las y los maestros movilizados se ancla en el pasado revolucionario. Sin embargo, la estructura y la resistencia al cambio del corporativismo mexicano también forman parte del movimiento disidente. En seguida, además de los factores históricos, se planteó la paradoja de ofrecer una mirada desde abajo que le dé cabida tanto a la subjetividad de cada maestro·a, como al trabajo colectivo que gestó al propio plan de estudios alternativo. El análisis avanza para revelar un curriculum que es un objeto en torno al cual, o a partir del cual, se ponen en marcha estrategias administrativas, políticas o pedagógicas para sostener la lucha magisterial. Este curriculum legitima discursos, tanto internamente en el sindicato como externamente cuando se dirigen a la sociedad en su totalidad. El plan de estudios alternativo toma vida en las Escuelas integrales, que son, al fin y al cabo, escuelas como las demás: tienen un patio, aulas con pizarrones, pupitres, cuadernos y un·a maestro·a frente a los alumnos. Sin embargo, en los recintos de estas escuelas es posible hacer todo tipo de cosas, como revelar la arbitrariedad de los contenidos escolares, cuestionar la estructura pedagógica de un curso, criar peces para venderlos e incluso reproducir la escuela oficial
Chabot, Joceline. "Le syndicalisme feminin chretien en france de 1899 a 1944 : pratiques et discours d'une culture feminine." Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA081526.
Full textThis thesis examines the inception and development of the christian women's trade union movement in france from 1899 to its dissolution in 1944. With a membership composed entirely of women, these organizations included mostly employees of businesses, banks and industry as well as workers in the textile industry. Within the context of a changing catholic social movement, a number of factors contributed to making the christian women's trade unions markedly different from the women's catholic action groups and associations : their locations, recruiting methods, professionnal orientations as well as the militant agenda of their members. In light of this, this thesis attempts to resolve the question of how a femaledominated culture develops and evolves within a movement where traditions of struggles and organizational methods are inspired by a largely-male culture. The first part of the thesis examines the birth of the first organizations up to their affiliation with the cftc in 1919. It also examines the conditions underlying the birth of a number of union associations and how they made their mark. The second part focuses on the inter-war period and pays particular attention to the sociological factors of the unions' militant component. The third part of the study is concerned with the advocacy of women's unions in the 1920s and 1930s. The last part covers the period from 1936 to 1944. A number of major upheavals in which women's unions were involved during these critical years are also presented. This thesis also investigates the outcome of this type of organization in an era where events charted a new course for the trade union movement as a whole
Ouaknine, Jorgen. "Les crédits syndiqués : de la pratique au droit." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE0062.
Full textSyndicated loans can be defined as credits granted by several banks to a same borrower. The resort to this technique of financing quickly became indispensable, not only towards the ceaselessly increasing needs of the borrowers, but also towards the imperative risk division for the lenders. Being a pure creation of the practice, syndicated loans developed out of any regulatory context. After a meticulous study of the legal elaboration and the functioning of the various types of pools, revealed or occult, it was concluded for these last ones, the absence of corporate body and the rejection of any qualified form of corporation status. Finally, it seemed that the common qualification sui generis was the most appropriate, because it gives back to the concept of autonomy of the will, all its force, and qualifies the contract as the law for both sides
Leclerc, Typhaine. "Parler politique : potentiel et limites des pratiques encadrant le partage de la parole à l'Association pour une solidarité syndicale étudiante." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27950.
Full textDespite their best intentions, progressive groups contribute to the reproduction of social inequalities within their internal structure. Even in groups using pro-feminist practices intended to manage how speech is shared among participants, there sometimes are blatant inequalities in the voices being heard – or not – depending on gender and other socioeconomic factors. ASSÉ (Association for Solidarity among Student Unions) implements a number of measures to rebalance how speech and power are being shared, including alternating speaking rights between men and women, using a “moodwatcher” during meetings, allowing for non-mixed caucuses, and holding Women’s congresses. I have conducted twelve semi-structured interviews with people who are or have been involved in ASSÉ to better understand how they judge the relevance and effectiveness of these practices. While all of them believe that these measures help amplify women’s voices on an individual level, men and women have different opinions about the transformative and emancipatory potential of these practices. Men tend to highlight these measures’ re-socialization or counter-socialization effects, while women are more likely to point out their limitations. They argue that these measures fail question the gendered division of activist labor that prevails in ASSÉ. Furthermore, the interview data suggest that the costs and benefits associated with these practices are gender differentiated. Although they are designed to promote women's voices, they tend to symbolically and materially benefit to men. Meanwhile, women are responsible for the labor involved in justifying and applying these practices, and, more broadly, for providing feminist analyses within the organization. Women participants lament the fact that this invisible and undervalued work prevents them from concentrating on "political" tasks. I sketch the potential of (pro)feminist speech-sharing practices to demonstrate how conversation is indeed "political" and to hightlight the political nature of the gendered labor of listening, caring and organizing.
Poirmeur, Yves. "Contribution à l'étude du phénomène des tendances dans les partis et les syndicats : le cas français." Amiens, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AMIE0006.
Full textThe factions that form mainly in mass organizations allowing a certain internal pluralism and intervening in the political field are organized groups which, in the bosom of a party or a trade-union, defend positions and wish these would adopt them. Included in a wider organization, they have a double identity ; inserted within a wider group, they have a common identity. In competition with other undertakings of the same kind, they try to take control of the organization by taking parts in various struggles to gain positions, arbitrated by the members of the group to whom they strive to offer political or trade-union products to meet their expectations. These struggles can degenerate into a crisis and due to a volontary split or exclusion, oblige a faction to transform itself into an autonomus organization. Appearing in the meeting as a specific social combination of various interest groups and the people who express their interests by contributing to their definition, they disappear symmetrically with the dispersion of their strengths and the dissolution of both the individual and collective interest they took over : incapable of self-renovation, they are left to die
Le, Quentrec Yannick. "Les employés de bureau et le syndicalisme : héritage culturel, identités socio-professionnelles et pratiques d'action collective." Toulouse 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20017.
Full textThe object of our research is to study the workings of white-collar workers trades union activity as pertains to their cultural heritage and biographical development on the one hand and, on the other hand, the identity patterns characterising professional categories and the different types of trades union activity encoutered. Statistical figures were obtained by interviews conducted from a series of open questions to forty six white-collar workers in Cahors : the Banque populaire du Quercy et de l'Agenais, and the Centre départemental des impôts, and in Toulouse, the Caisse primaire d'assurance maladie. Workers trades union activity develops from a reappropriation process of political and union family traditions. However opinions are frequently modifies as a result of grouped and often contradictory first and professional experience. Motivations behind the union action of white-collar workers are characterised by their evolution and their complexity even if certain individuals tend towards one specific type of union action. Work perception as seen by white-collar workers is strongly affected by the important feminization of this professional group but is marked by a common desire for both sexes to personally invest more into their work
Corcuff, Philippe. "Constructions du mouvement ouvrier : activités cognitives, pratiques unificatrices et conflits dans un syndicat de cheminots." Paris, EHESS, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991EHES0062.
Full textThis work is based on a long range socio-ethnographic survey within a cfdt local railway workers' union. It follows a constructivist problematics line, considering social reality as a daily and historical construction by social actors. In the first part is proposed a re-evaluation of the relations between scientific and ordinary knowledge, in the trade union universe. It is different both from the tradition of epistemological break and from the ethnomethodological works and leads to the concept of an ordinary epistemology of trade unionism. In the second part, the cognitive-discursive aspect is re-integrated in some daily uses (professional elections, union meetings, collective mobilizations, conflicts between militants, etc. ) and more general sociohistorical processes (links between the categories, the professions and the class, etc. ) which contribute to the construction and the de-construction of trade-unionism and, beyond, of the working class
Bianquis, Haakenstad Arielle. "Pratiques de survie et survie de pratiques dans l'enseignement supérieur pendant la période Eltsine : itinéraires socioprofessionnels d'universitaires russes." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0004.
Full textDuring the 1990s, Russian university professors experienced profound changes in their working conditions, social status and the hierarchical structure of their profession. The change of political regime led to a new liberal-inspired legislative environment characterized by a reduction in the State’s financial support and the creation of a private sector which allowed institutions and their members to develop new pedagogical and strategic practices. Accreditation procedures and the standardization of courses enabled the State authorities to maintain a kind of control over the institutions. The transformation of the institutional environment, however, did not erase the heritage of the Soviet era. Individual career paths were marked by the particular path taken to gain access to higher education and a university career as well as the nature of participation in the Party and the Komsomol. The diversity in life styles and political preferences apparent during the Yeltsin era is due to the coexistence of this enduring legacy with emerging opportunities and constraints, such as the generalization of pluri-activity. The difficulty in positioning trade unions within the institutions is indicative of this movement between the inherited practices of the past with the necessity to invent new ones in the face of new social realities of the present
Machu, Laure. "Les conventions collectives du Front populaire : construction et pratiques du système français de relations professionnelles." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100158.
Full textTo help understand the origins of the French system of industrial relations, this thesis focuses on one major phase of its building, namely the negotiation of collective agreements under the Popular Front. Covering a span of moderate length this study pays special attention not only to the content of collective agreements but also to the practices of parties in the industrial relations system. Last, it takes a comparative approach, cross-checking studies on several sectors in three major industrial areas: the Nord and Seine departments and the Lyon region. Inasmuch as it extends collective agreements to all sectors, the Popular Front must indeed be seen as a founding period. But structural shifts implemented in 1936 are also the result of a developing practice which testifies both that the Government and unions were involved quite early and ever more so, and that thorough consideration was given to ways of reforming industrial relations right after the Laroque report came out in 1934. Three aspects stand out: a collective agreement should permit to exercise control over the business management of a factory, to organize the profession, to pacify and stabilize labour relations. Far from achieving these aims, collective agreements brought into effect by the Popular Front were first and foremost devised to protect the workers and establish a hierarchy among them. Yet, depending on the sector, the meaning granted to these collective agreements and their content may vary, which suggests the important part sector dynamics play when it comes to building a French model of industrial relations
Pelchat, Caroline. "Les pratiques des représentants des travailleurs en santé en sécurité du travail : leviers et obstacles, effets perçus et rôle de la formation syndicale : portrait et étapes préparatoires à la construction d'un questionnaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32464.
Full textMétais, Julie. "Maestros de Oaxaca : ethnographie post-exotique des pratiques et espaces politiques locaux au Mexique." Thèse, Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13594.
Full textRoullaud, Élise. "La Confédération paysanne à l’épreuve de la Politique agricole commune (1987-2007) : Transformations des pratiques de représentation et du travail militant." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20077.
Full textFocusing on the Confédération paysanne, this research studies the changes in forms and modes of farmers’ interests representation under the effect of European integration. Drawing upon an extensive, multi-method fieldwork (archives, interviews, observations and questionnaire), the thesis intertwines a study of the Europeanization process, sociology of interest groups in the European Union and sociology of farmers’ unions as well as social movements. Not only emphasizing on organizational and configurational logics but also on social dispositions, this work reports two dimensions. The first throws light on the reconfiguration of farmers’ unions actions by analyzing the field of European farmers’ representation and the way unionists integrate the European political space. The second stresses on how the Common Agricultural Policy influences and affects both the internal and external balance of power, the union’s guidelines production and the repertoire of collective actions. Thereby, this study accurately reveals that the Europeanization dynamics rest on the socialization and politicization processes
Louis, Marieke. "La représentativité : une valeur pratique pour les organisations internationales : le cas de l'Organisation internationale du travail de 1919 à nos jours." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0044.
Full textIn the past two decades, the representativeness of international organisations has been at the heart of political debates on the reform of world governance institutions. Representativeness is key to the legitimacy of international organizations. It entails the fact of "representing well" but also constitutes a tool which the institutions use in order to make certain actors represent others. Building on empirical research on the International Labour Organisation (ILO) from 1919 to 2014, this work develops the concept of "practical value" to address the polysemous and ambivalent notion of representativeness. The case of the ILO is both particular and emblematic of the problems that representativeness poses today. Indeed, unlike the United Nations or Bretton Woods systems, the ILO, created in 1919, is the sole international organisation composed of government representatives and representatives from workers’ and employers’ unions (tripartite representation). Hence, the ILO is a particularly interesting case to study representativeness over the long term at the level of states and non-state actors. Methodologically, this work defends a socio-historical approach that gives a central place to actors’ conceptions about representativeness, while also analysing the way representational practices are objectivised through time
Granaux, Sonia. "Les comités d'hygiène, de sécurité et des conditions de travail (CHSCT) dans les établissements de fabrication de produits chimiques : étude comparative des pratiques d'une institution de santé au travail méconnue." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0045.
Full textThe health security-work conditions-committee is an independent employee representative bodie which is compulsory in establishments with more than 50 employees. His mission is to make participate workers, by the intermediary of employee representatives elected in second degree, at the protection of their health, their security and at the improvement of their working conditions. This institution symbol in the health working area is borned in 1947, nevertheless, the analyse of its real role and inscription in the game of social reports is a dead angle of sociological knowledge on the organization of prevention in high risks industries. This report tries to reveal the mechanismes of the real functioning of committees. Centred on the chemical industry, this research show that the realisation by the employee representatives of the tree more important missions of the committee (work accidents, occupational ilInesses, inspections of establishment) vary according two types of factories, which are : the social capital of employee representatives and the power struggle between workers and employer. The crossing of this two factories determines four types of committees: the employer committee, the preventive committee, the defensive committee and the leaving committee. The application of this roast analysis at tree case: lnéos Lavéra (13), plateforme chimique de Roussillon (38) et Adisséo Conunentry (03), show that the committees can pass by different types. Are also approached, in a fourth transversal case, subcontracting situations where the application of the typology and the legislation about committees find its limits
Mouyivou, Bongo Pélagie. "Le métier d’instituteur au Gabon." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20058/document.
Full textThis thesis has for objective to examine the mechanisms governing the corporatist dynamics and logics of action of the collective of teachers in Gabon. This reflection has been directed at the outset by two observations: the teacher collective action and statutory changes marking the evolution of this occupational group. The methodological approach relies on the contribution of several disciplines of social sciences and various theoretical approaches. The theoretical assumption rests on the idea of the creation of a corps of business. This thesis attempts to apprehend the profession of schoolmaster from a triptych linking three areas of analysis: social relations, organization and social context.The field survey conducted among different educational actors, mainly teachers, is centered on the life and work of these conditions. The analysis focuses both on the statutory aspects, relations between teachers and other actors of the educational action - mainly students, families, public authorities - and the daily practice of the class. It highlights, the plurality of professional identities and professional practice variability following relational configurations, organizational rules, and, the social and cultural context of work. For example, the significant teacher in a village becomes an employee being poorly paid in the city. Similarly, when the management of discipline in the classroom, the multiplicity of varied activities, looking for teaching tools, maintenance of the class, punctuate a morning's work of public school teacher and of his students, the maximum exploitation of the many educational resources available characterized a morning's work of the partner school teacher.The analysis can also identify the mechanisms underlying the agreements and disagreements within the school system in its entirety. Training devices not adapted to the actual conditions of work, the marginalization of the teacher in the province, the expectations of the families against the teacher in his home village, leakage of exam classes or oversized classes by some teachers, the constitution and the management of budgets in institutions, radicalization or non of Union action... are all factors sources of opposition characterizing the relationships of teachers between them teachers with parents of students or the public authorities