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Journal articles on the topic 'PRAM'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

Kasai, Daisuke, Toshihiro Fujinami, Tomokuni Abe, Kohei Mase, Yoshihiro Katayama, Masao Fukuda, and Eiji Masai. "Uncovering the Protocatechuate 2,3-Cleavage Pathway Genes." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 21 (August 28, 2009): 6758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00840-09.

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ABSTRACT Paenibacillus sp. (formerly Bacillus macerans) strain JJ-1b is able to grow on 4-hydroxybenzoate (4HB) as a sole source of carbon and energy and is known to degrade 4HB via the protocatechuate (PCA) 2,3-cleavage pathway. However, none of the genes involved in this pathway have been identified. In this study, we identified and characterized the JJ-1b genes for the 4HB catabolic pathway via the PCA 2,3-cleavage pathway, which consisted of praR and praABEGFDCHI. Based on the enzyme activities of cell extracts of Escherichia coli carrying praI, praA, praH, praB, praC, and praD, these genes were found to code for 4HB 3-hydroxylase, PCA 2,3-dioxygenase, 5-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase, 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 4-oxalocrotonate (OCA) tautomerase, and OCA decarboxylase, respectively, which are involved in the conversion of 4HB into 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD). The praE, praF, and praG gene products exhibited 45 to 61% amino acid sequence identity to the corresponding enzymes responsible for the catabolism of HPD to pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A. The deduced amino acid sequence of praR showed similarity with those of IclR-type transcriptional regulators. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that praABEGFDCHI constitute an operon, and these genes were expressed during the growth of JJ-1b on 4HB and PCA. praR-praABEGFDCHI conferred the ability to grow on 4HB to E. coli, suggesting that praEGF were functional for the conversion of HPD to pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A. A promoter analysis suggested that praR encodes a repressor of the pra operon.

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2

Mansouri, Fatima Z., Cleveland A. Gibbon, and Colin A. Higgins. "PRAM." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 30, no. 3 (September 1998): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/290320.283108.

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3

TRAHAN, JERRY L., and SUNDARARAJAN VEDANTHAM. "ANALYSIS OF PRAM INSTRUCTION SETS FROM A LOG COST PERSPECTIVE." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 05, no. 03n04 (December 1994): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054194000128.

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The log cost measure has been viewed as a more reasonable method of measuring the time complexity of an algorithm than the unit cost measure. The more widely used unit cost measure becomes unrealistic if the algorithm handles extremely large integers. Parallel machines have not been examined under the log cost measure. In this paper, we investigate the Parallel Random Access Machine under the log cost measure. Let the instruction set of a basic PRAM include addition, subtraction, and Boolean operations. We relate resource-bounded complexity classes of log cost PRAMs to complexity classes of Turing machines and circuits. We also relate log cost PRAMs with different instruction sets by simulations that are much more efficient than possible in the unit cost case. Let LCRCWk(CRCWk) denote the class of languages accepted by a log cost (unit cost) basic CRCW PRAM in O( log k n) time with the polynomial in n number of processors. We position the log cost PRAM in the hierarchy of parallel complexity classes as: ACk=CRCWk⊆(NCk+1, LCRCWk+1)⊆ACk+1=CRCWk+1.

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4

Rorgemoen, Kjersti. "Stakkars pram." Samtiden 119, no. 01 (March 28, 2010): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1890-0690-2010-01-06.

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5

Czech, Zbigniew J., and Wojciech Mikanik. "Randomized PRAM Simulation." Fundamenta Informaticae 36, no. 4 (1998): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1998-3642.

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6

Bahig, Hazem M., and Hatem M. Bahig. "Merging on Pram." International Journal of Computers and Applications 30, no. 1 (January 2008): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1206212x.2008.11441877.

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7

Apolloni, Bruno, Diego de Falco, and John G. Taylor. "pRAM layout optimisation." Neural Networks 10, no. 9 (December 1997): 1709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(97)00030-0.

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8

GEORGIOU, CHRYSSIS, ALEXANDER RUSSELL, and ALEXANDER A. SHVARTSMAN. "FAILURE-SENSITIVE ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL ALGORITHMS WITH CONTROLLED MEMORY ACCESS CONCURRENCY." Parallel Processing Letters 17, no. 02 (June 2007): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626407002946.

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The abstract problem of using P failure-prone processors to cooperatively update all locations of an N-element shared array is called Write-All. Solutions to Write-All can be used iteratively to construct efficient simulations of PRAM algorithms on failure-prone PRAMS. Such use of Write-All in simulations is abstracted in terms of the iterative Write-All problem. The efficiency of the algorithmic solutions for Write-All and iterative Write-All is measured in terms of work complexity where all processing steps taken by the processors are counted. This paper considers determinitic solutions for the Write-All and iterative Write-All problems in the fail-stop synchronous CRCW PRAM model where memory access concurrency needs to be controlled. A deterministic algorithm of Kanellakis, Michailidis, and Shvartsman [16] efficiently solves the Write-All problem in this model, while controlling read and write memory access concurrency. However it was not shown how the number of processor failures f affects the work efficiency of the algorithm. The results herein give a new analysis of the algorithm [16] that obtain failure-sensitive work bounds, while retaining the known memory access concurrency bounds. Specifically, the new result expresses the work bound as a function of N, Pandf. Another contribution in this paper is the new failure-sensitive analysis for iterative Write-All with controlled memory access concurrency. This result yields tighter bounds on work (vs. [16]) for simulations of PRAM algorithms on fail-stop PRAMS.

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9

TRAHAN, JERRY L., and HOSANGADI BHANUKUMAR. "PARALLEL RANDOM ACCESS MACHINES WITHOUT BOOLEAN OPERATIONS." Parallel Processing Letters 04, no. 01n02 (June 1994): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626494000132.

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The class of problems solved within given time and processor bounds on a Parallel Random Access Machine (PRAM) varies with the instruction set. Previous research has classified the contributions of various instructions, such as multiplication, shifts, and string manipulation operations, to the PRAM. This paper examines the significant contribution of Boolean operations, which play essential roles in many PRAM algorithms and in simulations by the PRAM of other models of computation.

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10

Wibowo, Philipus Nugroho Hari. "NOVEL GADIS PANTAI KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER SEBAGAI DASAR PENCIPTAAN SKENARIO." REKAM: Jurnal Fotografi, Televisi, dan Animasi 11, no. 1 (March 16, 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/rekam.v11i1.1291.

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Penciptaan ini mengadaptasi novel Gadis Pantai karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer (Pram) menjadi skenario. Kepiawaian Pram dalam menulis novel tidak diragukan lagi. Banyak karya Pram yang menjadi best seller, dari tangannya lahir karya-karya yang hebat, berbagai penghargaan pernah ia dapatkan, hingga nominasi nobel. Karya Pram sampai saat ini belum ada yang berhasil difilmkan, mungkin masa lalu Pram yang dekat dengan Lekra yang membuat seperti ini. Ide menjadi hal yang paling penting dalam sebuah skenario (film), Ide mengadaptasi novel menjadi pilihan yang jitu. Mengingat banyak film yang memenangkan penghargaan merupakan film adaptasi dari novel-novel best seler.Gadis Pantai Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Novel as a Basic Scenario Creation. The creation is adapting the novel Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer into a scenario. There is no doubt about Pram expertise in writing novels, many works of Pram considered as best seller, many great works were born from his hands, he has received the various awards, moreover, he was nominated as a nobel nominee. To this moment, there is no such works of Pram which is successfully filmed,it is probably because in his past time, Pram has been considered as a person who is “near” to LEKRA. An idea becomes the most important thing in making a screenplay (movie), The idea of adapting the novel becomes a workable option. As there have been many films that are also adaptated from the best seller novels.

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11

Kim, Myoung Sub, Jin Hyung Jun, Jin Ho Oh, Hyeong Joon Kim, Jae Sung Roh, Suk Kyoung Hong, and Doo Jin Choi. "Electrical Switching Characteristics of Nitrogen Doped Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ Based Phase Change Random Access Memory Cell." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.21.

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Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) has been widely studied for PRAM as reversible phase change material. GST is expected to reduce RESET (crystalline → amorphous) operation power, which is one of important issues for PRAM technology. In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen doping on electrical switching characteristics, we fabricated two kinds of PRAM cells with nitrogen-doped (N-doped) and un-doped GST, which were different bottom electrode contact size (0.80~1.00 ). N-doped GST PRAM cells have higher dynamic resistance with small sized bottom electrode contact and lower RESET voltage (about 1.2 V, 50 ns) than un-doped GST PRAM cells (about 1.6 V, 50 ns). The resistance switching ratio (RRESET to RSET) was about 100. The results of this study indicate that nitrogen doping into GST film and smaller size of bottom electrode contact reduce RESET power for PRAM operation.

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12

HIGHAM, LISA, and ERIC SCHENK. "PRAM MEMORY ALLOCATION AND INITIALIZATION." Parallel Processing Letters 03, no. 03 (September 1993): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626493000332.

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Two techniques for managing memory on a parallel random access machine (PRAM) are presented. One is a scheme for an n/log n processor EREW PRAM that dynamically allocates and deallocates up to n records of the same size in O(log n) time. The other is a simulation of a PRAM with initialized memory by one with uninitialized memory. A CREW PRAM variant of the technique justifies the assumption that memory can be assumed to be appropriately initialized with no asymptotic increase in time but a factor of n increase in space. An EREW PRAM solution incurs a factor of O(log n) increase in time but only a constant factor increase in space.

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13

Chechuga, S. B. "Premature rupture of the amniotic membrane: what’s new in its management and delivery tactics?" Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.2 (December 15, 2020): 314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.2-314-316.

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Background. Premature rupture of the amniotic membranes (PRAM) is a spontaneous rupture before the onset of labor at 22-37 weeks. The main complications of PRAM for mother and fetus include infection, premature birth, asphyxia of the fetus during labor, and the increased frequency of cesarean sections. Deformations of extremities, face and lungs are observed in case of a long oligohydramnion (>3 weeks). Objective. To describe the features of the management of pregnant women with PRAM. Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources on this topic. Results and discussion. Gynecological and extragenital pathology of mother, genetic predisposition, adverse environmental factors and infections are risk factors for PRAM. Prevention of PRAM includes detection and treatment of urogenital infections, quitting of smoking and alcohol intake, screening for bacteriuria and bacteriological culture for β-hemolytic streptococcus (BHS) at 35-37 weeks of pregnancy. From 22 to 34 weeks of pregnancy, pregnant women with PRAM are hospitalized to the tertiary level hospitals, since 35 weeks care can be provided in secondary level hospitals. The management algorithm is the following: 1) history taking; 2) establishment of gestational age; 3) establishment of the approximate time of PRAM; 4) general physical examination; 5) external obstetric examination; 6) cardiotocogram (CTG), tests of fetal movements (TFM), ultrasonography (US); 7) blood test with leukocyte formula, determination of C-reactive protein; 8) bacterioscopic examination of vaginal discharge; 9) collection of amniotic fluid for microbiological examination, study of rectogenital smear for BHS; 10) sanitation of the vagina with a solution of antiseptic decamethoxine after collection of vaginal secretions and amniotic fluid. PRAM management involves active or waiting tactics. Waiting tactic includes monitoring of the fetus and mother (thermometry and pulsometry, the number of leukocytes and C-reactive protein, bacterioscopy of vaginal discharge, CTG, TFM, US). Antibiotic prophylaxis (semi-synthetic penicillins + macrolides, reserve – second-generation cephalosporins) in PRAM significantly prolongs the latent phase of delivery, reduces the incidence of infections in both mother and newborn, reduces the need for surfactant and oxygen therapy. In the presence of chorioamnionitis, delivery should be performed within <12 hours. In case of PRAM in the term of 24-34 weeks the course of corticosteroids is administered. Delivery delay for 48 h for steroid prophylaxis is the main indication for tocolysis in PRAM. In general, the tactics of pregnancy management in PRAM at 24-34 weeks include monitoring of the mother and fetus, steroid prophylaxis, tocolytic therapy and the use of magnesium sulfate. Waiting tactic should be followed until 34 weeks. In women with PRAM without contraindications to prolonging pregnancy, the waiting tactic is accompanied by better results for both mother and fetus. Signs of infection or other complications of pregnancy indicate the need for termination of the waiting tactic and delivery management according to the clinical situation. Within 34-37 weeks, the waiting tactic is followed for 24 hours. Antibiotic prophylaxis is prescribed after 18 hours of anhydrous interval, and in case of BHS – immediately after PRAM. In the absence of active labor process, an internal obstetric examination is performed to decide the tactics of delivery. Other procedures include cervix preparation, induction of labor and washing of the vagina with decamethoxine solution. Cesarean section is indicated for PRAM at 26-32 weeks and immaturity of the birth canal. Conclusions. 1. Hospitalization and delivery in women with PRAM is carried out in hospitals of secondary and tertiary level. 2. Routine use of antibiotics in PRAM prolongs the latent phase of delivery and reduces the incidence of neonatal sepsis. 3. Waiting tactic in pregnant women with PRAM in the period of 24-34 weeks is accompanied by good outcomes for both mother and child. 4. Pregnant women with PRAM in 24-34 weeks should be treated with corticosteroids to prevent acute respiratory distress syndrome in neonates.

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14

Clemens, Regina A., Sally A. Newbrough, Elaine Y. Chung, Shereen Gheith, Andrew L. Singer, Gary A. Koretzky, and Erik J. Peterson. "PRAM-1 Is Required for Optimal Integrin-Dependent Neutrophil Function." Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, no. 24 (December 15, 2004): 10923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.24.10923-10932.2004.

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ABSTRACT PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) regulated adaptor molecule 1 (PRAM-1) is an intracellular adaptor molecule that is upregulated during the induced granulocytic differentiation of promyelocytic leukemic cells and during normal human myelopoiesis. This report describes the generation of PRAM-1-deficient mice and an analysis of the function of this adaptor in neutrophil differentiation and mature neutrophil function. We demonstrate here that neutrophil differentiation is not impaired in PRAM-1-deficient mice and that PRAM-1-deficient neutrophils function normally following engagement of Fcγ receptors. In contrast, mature PRAM-1-null neutrophils exhibit significant defects in adhesion-dependent reactive oxygen intermediate production and degranulation. Surprisingly, other integrin-dependent responses, such as cell spreading and activation of several signaling pathways, are normal. Together, these findings demonstrate the uncoupling of key integrin-dependent responses in the absence of PRAM-1 and show this adaptor to be critical for select integrin functions in neutrophils.

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15

Jacobs, Arthur, and Nicholas Kenyon. "From Pram to Podium." Musical Times 129, no. 1744 (June 1988): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/964888.

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16

Choi, Gyu Sang, Byung-Won On, Kwonhue Choi, and Sungwon Yi. "PTL: PRAM translation layer." Microprocessors and Microsystems 37, no. 1 (February 2013): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2012.07.002.

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17

Sariban, Sariban, and Iib Marzuqi. "Menemukan Keindonesiaan dalam Novel-Novel Pramoedya Ananta Toer." ATAVISME 18, no. 2 (December 25, 2015): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v18i2.112.159-169.

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Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi usaha penemuan nilai-nilai keindonesiaan dalam novel-novel Pramoedya Ananta Toer (Pram). Masalah penelitian meliputi nilai multikulturalisme, modernisme, dan nasionalisme keindonesiaan dalam novel-novel Pram. Tujuan penelitian ini menemukan nilai multikulturalisme, modernisme, dan nasionalisme keindonesiaan dalam karya Pram. Teori yang digunakan adalah konsep keindonesiaan sebagai bangsa bekas jajahan yang bermasyarakat plural. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa novel-novel Pram memberikan kontribusi besar dalam membangun keindonesiaan. Terdapat tiga nilai keindonesiaan dalam novel-novel Pram. Ketiga nilai keindonesiaan tersebut adalah nilai multikulturalisme, modernisme, dan nasionalisme. Multikulturalisme keindonesiaan dalam novel-novel menggambarkan penghargaan perbedaan, kesukuan, toleransi, dan keragaman warga bangsa. Modernisme keindonesiaan dalam novel Pram tergambar melalui filosofi belajar sepanjang hayat. Modernitas Indonesia dibangun melalui tradisi terus belajar pada semua jenjang usia, pada semua suasana, yang tidak mengenal batas tempat dan waktu. Dengan belajar selamanya, tokoh-tokoh novel Pram berupaya mewujudkan Indonesia yang lebih baik dan berkontribusi di tengah-tengah bangsa lain yang lebih dahulu memiliki peradaban maju. Nasionalisme keindonesiaan dalam karya Pram terlihat melalui sikap mandiri dan berani tokoh-tokohnya untuk tidak bergantung bangsa lain untuk menjadi bangsa beridentitas. Abstract: This research attempts to find out the value of Indonesia in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s (Pram) novels. Research problems including multiculturalism value, modernism value, and Indonesia nationalism in Pram’s novels. The aim of this research is to find out the values of multiculturalism, modernism, and Indonesia nationalism in Pram’s masterpiece. The theory that is used in this research is Indonesia concept as excolony. This research uses the descriptive method. The result of the research shows that novels by Pram made a major contribution in building the Indonesianness. There are three grades the Indonesianness in the novels by Pram. The tree of the Indonesianness values are the values of multiculturalism, modernism, and nationalism. The respect of multiculturalism of the Indonesianness in novels by Pram is implied in the differences, ethnicity, tolerance, and diversity of the citizens of the nation. The Modernism of the Indonesianness in Pram’s novel illustrated by the philosophy of lifelong learning. Indonesian modernity was built through the tradition endure learning at all age levels, in all the atmosphere, that knows no boundaries of place and time. By learning forever, the characters of Pram’s novels seeks to realize a better Indonesia and contribute in the midst of other nations that previously had an advanced civilization. The Indonesianness nationalism of Pram‘s work in is grasped through independent attitude and the heroism of characters not to rely on others to get the nation's identity. Key Words: the Indonesianness; multiculturalism; modernism; nationalism

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18

Douros, Konstantinos, Dafni Moriki, Olympia Sardeli, Barbara Boutopoulou, Vasiliki Papaevangelou, Angeliki Galani, and Kostas Priftis. "Assessment and management of asthma exacerbations in an emergency department unit." Allergologia et Immunopathologia 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/aei.v51i1.720.

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Background: The Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure (PRAM) score is a useful tool for the assessment of asthma exacerbations in children. This study aimed to estimate the risk of hospitalization in children, assessed with the PRAM score and having mild–moderate asthma exacerbation, who were treated with salbutamol delivered via a metered-dose inhaler and spacer (MDI/S). Methods: The study population consisted of children aged 3–16 years with mild–moderate asthma exacerbations. All children received 1mg/kg prednisolone p.o. (max 40 mg) and 4–6 puffs of salbutamol via MDI/S. Results: Fifty patients participated in the study. Admission was associated positively with the initial PRAM score (OR: 18.91, CI: 2.42–123.12, P = 0.005) and negatively with the improvement in PRAM score (OR: 0.52, CI: 0.01–0.78, P = 0.032). Conclusion: PRAM is a reliable tool that can be used effectively to estimate the asthma exac-erbation severity.

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Prasanna, R., Fayrouz Moidu, and Sekar Pasupathy. "Pediatric respiratory assessment measure score in assessing the severity of acute asthma in children." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20192014.

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Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung airways resulting in episodic airflow obstruction. Management of acute pediatric asthma depends on assessment of asthma severity which is difficult in children due to poor coordination. This study is to evaluate the usefulness of a simple yet effective alternative like Pediatric respiratory assessment measure (PRAM) score in assessing the severity and outcome of an acute exacerbation of wheeze in children and to identify the PRAM score predicting the need for hospitalization.Methods: A prospective cohort study was done on 127 children for a period of 2 months in 2018, admitted with acute exacerbation of wheeze using PRAM scores at admission and following each treatment modalities. Usefulness of score in assessing severity was evaluated.Results: Increasing severity was associated with increasing initial PRAM score. Initial mean PRAM score of 11 in severe persistent forms, 7 in moderate persistent, 6.73 in mild persistent and 5.37 in mild intermittent was found. 59.1% of patients had a positive family history. The most common trigger factor according to our study was viral upper respiratory tract infection (50.4%) followed by exposure to dust (13.4%). Patients who were admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) had the maximum number of interventions.Conclusions: In our study, statistically it was proved that PRAM Score is a tool that can be used across different ages and PRAM Score is a tool that can be used to assess severity of asthma.

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20

Philibert, Marc, Steve Bush, Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz, and I. H. (Mel) Suffet. "Advances in the characterization of the polarity of DOM under ambient water quality conditions using the polarity rapid assessment method." Water Supply 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.144.

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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a mixture of compounds that are found ubiquitously in natural waters. The characterization of DOM is important in order to understand its effect on environmental processes and during treatment systems. Of all the properties usually measured with relation to DOM, the polarity is of critical importance since it will directly influence different processes. Recently, a new method has been developed for the characterization of DOM under ambient conditions, called the Polar Rapid Assessment Method (PRAM). The PRAM allows characterization and temporal and spatial comparisons under environmentally relevant conditions of pH and ionic strength. This study first modifies the PRAM method to 3 probes for high sample throughput by using a subset of the SPE sorbents to interpret DOM polarity by DOC and UV detection. Then the modified PRAM is compared to the XAD resin polarity method and finds a similarity in hydrophobic assessment but different results for the hydrophilic DOM. This study then evaluates the use of PRAM as a tool to evaluate water treatment processes and the character of size fractions of DOM. The PRAM is shown to be a very useful tool to evaluate and thus optimize treatment efficiency and removal of DOM.

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KhurramPasha, Madiha, Maryam Feroze, and Khurram Ahmad Pasha. "A Parallel Random Access Machine (PRAM) Model for English Language Recognizer (PRAM-ELR)." International Journal of Computer Applications 118, no. 6 (May 20, 2015): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/20749-3139.

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22

LOOGES, PETER J., and STEPHAN OLARIU. "A PRACTICAL PLATFORM FOR CREW EMULATION." Parallel Processing Letters 03, no. 02 (June 1993): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626493000174.

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The Parallel Random Access Machine or PRAM model, has been a much employed parallel algorithm development tool for a number of years. As such, many important problems have been solved on this model. Accordingly, considerable attention has been given to the process of simulating PRAM models on more realistic architectures. The purpose of this paper is to present an efficient simulation of the Concurrent Read Exclusive Write PRAM model by the crossbar connected machine (CCM). In addition to simulation, it is proven that all lower bounds for the CREW PRAM directly apply to the CCM. This is the first presentation of algorithmic lower bounds for a crossbar based model. The buses of the network are assumed to have a broadcast delay of δ(n). Recent implementations of the crossbar network in CMOS VLSI technology support the viability of the CCM model. It is the communication flexibility of the crossbar network which supports the PRAM simulations in a very straightforward manner without the complex interconnection systems or high overhead algorithms of many prior simulations.

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23

Scolletta, Sabino, Igor D. Gregoric, Luigi Muzzi, Branislav Radovancevic, and O. Howard Frazier. "Pulse wave analysis to assess systemic blood flow during mechanical biventricular support." Perfusion 22, no. 1 (January 2007): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659106074784.

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Measurement of systemic blood flow is of crucial importance in patients on mechanical circulatory support (MCS). We reported the case of a 65-year-old female patient in severe cardiogenic shock undergoing left (Jarvik 2000 axial flow pump) and right (Levitronix-Centrimag centrifugal pump) ventricular assist device implant. Evaluation of blood flow was obtained by ultrasonic flowmetry, continuous thermodilution technique, and pressure recording analytical method (PRAM). This pulse contour system allows beat-by-beat systemic blood flow assessment from the analysis of radial artery pressure waveform. At a Jarvik pump speed ≤ 10 000 rotations per minutes (rpm), thermodilution and PRAM showed similar blood flow values. At a Jarvik pump speed ≥11 000 rpm, the aortic valve did not open and PRAM did not provide blood flow values due to nonpulsatile blood flow. The present paper describes the first experience with PRAM in a single patient on MCS. Further studies are required to assess the validity of PRAM as an additional monitoring system in the setting of ventricular assist device support. Perfusion (2007) 22, 63-66.

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Xavier, Carlton, Anton Rusanen, Putian Zhou, Chen Dean, Lukas Pichelstorfer, Pontus Roldin, and Michael Boy. "Aerosol mass yields of selected biogenic volatile organic compounds – a theoretical study with nearly explicit gas-phase chemistry." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 13741–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13741-2019.

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Abstract. In this study we modeled secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass loadings from the oxidation (by O3, OH and NO3) of five representative biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs): isoprene, endocyclic bond-containing monoterpenes (α-pinene and limonene), exocyclic double-bond compound (β-pinene) and a sesquiterpene (β-caryophyllene). The simulations were designed to replicate an idealized smog chamber and oxidative flow reactors (OFRs). The Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) together with the peroxy radical autoxidation mechanism (PRAM) were used to simulate the gas-phase chemistry. The aim of this study was to compare the potency of MCM and MCM + PRAM in predicting SOA formation. SOA yields were in good agreement with experimental values for chamber simulations when MCM + PRAM was applied, while a stand-alone MCM underpredicted the SOA yields. Compared to experimental yields, the OFR simulations using MCM + PRAM yields were in good agreement for BVOCs oxidized by both O3 and OH. On the other hand, a stand-alone MCM underpredicted the SOA mass yields. SOA yields increased with decreasing temperatures and NO concentrations and vice versa. This highlights the limitations posed when using fixed SOA yields in a majority of global and regional models. Few compounds that play a crucial role (>95 % of mass load) in contributing to SOA mass increase (using MCM + PRAM) are identified. The results further emphasized that incorporating PRAM in conjunction with MCM does improve SOA mass yield estimation.

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Pittarello, Demetrio, Vladimiro Vida, Guido Di Gregorio, Gianclaudio Falasco, Giovanni Stellin, and Carlo Ori. "Comparison between Pressure Recording Analytical Method and Fick Method to Measure Cardiac Output in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery." Open Anesthesia Journal 12, no. 1 (May 23, 2018): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2589645801812010008.

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Background: There is an increased interest in methods of objective cardiac output measurement in pediatric cardiac surgery. Several techniques are available, but have limitations, among the new technologies pressure recording analytical method with MostCare (MostCare-PRAM), a minimally invasive hemodynamic monitoring system, represents a novel arterial pulse contour method that does not require calibration. For this reason, we compared the MostCare-PRAM vs the Fick method for estimation of cardiac output. Methods: We studied prospectively 13 pediatric patients who underwent cardiac surgery and compared intraoperatively Cardiac Index (CI) measured with the MostCare-PRAM with the CI measured with the Fick method. We also measured Cardiac Cycle Efficiency (CCE) and maximal arterial pressure/time ratio (dp/dt max) and compared with Fick method. Results: The data showed good agreement between CI Fick and CI MostCare-PRAM (r = 0.93 and R2= 0.86; p < 0.0001) and also between CCE (r = 0.82 and R2 = 0.67; p < 0.001) and dp/dt (r = 0.84; R2 = 0.81; p < 0.001) with CI measured with Fick method. Conclusion: In pediatric patients submitted to cardiac surgery, the MostCare-PRAM seems to estimate CI with a good level of agreement with the Fick method measurements.

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Hirschberg, Daniel S., and Lynn M. Stauffer. "Dictionary Compression on the Pram." Parallel Processing Letters 07, no. 03 (September 1997): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626497000310.

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Parallel algorithms for lossless data compression via dictionary compression using optimal, longest fragment first (LFF), and greedy parsing strategies are described. Dictionary compression removes redundancy by replacing substrings of the input by references to strings stored in a dictionary. Given a static dictionary stored as a suffix tree, we present a CREW PRAM algorithm for optimal compression which runs in O(M + log M log n) time with O(nM2) processors, where it is assumed that M is the maximum length of any dictionary entry. Under the same model, we give an algorithm for LFF compression which runs in O( log 2 n) time with O(n/ log n) processors where it is assumed that the maximum dictionary entry is of length O( log n). We also describe an O(M + log n) time and O(n) processor algorithm for greedy parsing given a static or sliding-window dictionary. For sliding-window compression, a different approach finds the greedy parsing in O( log n) time using (O(nM log M/ log n) processors. Our algorithms are practical in the sense that their analysis elicits small constants.

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Brenner, Jurgen, Jorg Keller, and Christoph Kessler. "Executing PRAM Programs on GPUs." Procedia Computer Science 9 (2012): 1799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2012.04.198.

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Chin, Andrew. "Permutations on the Block PRAM." Information Processing Letters 45, no. 2 (February 1993): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(93)90218-x.

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León, C., C. Rodríguez, F. García, and F. De Sande. "A PRAM oriented programming system." Concurrency: Practice and Experience 9, no. 3 (March 1997): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9128(199703)9:3<163::aid-cpe244>3.0.co;2-5.

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Bahig, Hazem M. "Integer merging on EREW PRAM." Computing 91, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00607-010-0124-x.

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Keller, Jörg. "Fast rehashing in PRAM emulations." Theoretical Computer Science 155, no. 2 (March 1996): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(95)00292-8.

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JÁJÁ, JOSEPH, and KWAN WOO RYU. "AN OPTIMAL RANDOMIZED PARALLEL ALGORITHM FOR THE SINGLE FUNCTION COARSEST PARTITION PROBLEM." Parallel Processing Letters 06, no. 02 (June 1996): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626496000182.

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We describe a randomized parallel algorithm to solve the single function coarsest partition problem. The algorithm runs in O( log n) time using O(n) operations with high probability on the Priority CRCW PRAM. The previous best known algorithms run in O( log 2 n) time using O(n log 2 n) operations on the CREW PRAM and O( log n) time using O(n log log n) operations on the Arbitrary CRCW PRAM. The technique presented can be used to generate the Euler tour of a rooted tree optimally from the parent representation.

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Kim, Sung Soon, Jun Hyun Bae, Woo Hyuck Do, Kyun Ho Lee, Young Tae Kim, Young Kwan Park, Jeong Taek Kong, and Hong Lim Lee. "Thermal Stress Model for Phase Change Random Access Memory." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.37.

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Thermal stress model considering the effect of phase transformation is proposed for Phase-Change Random Access Memory (PRAM). The results of simulation show that the high level of stress is generated on the junction where Ge2Sb2Te5(GST), TiN and SiO2 meet together. The high level of stress can also be observed in the interface between TiN and SiO2. From simulation results, it can be predictable that delamination between GST and TiN can occur during operation of PRAM. It is expected that the simulation model, which has been developed in this research, is very useful tool for PRAM device design.

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PANDA, B. S., VIJAY NATARAJAN, and SAJAL K. DAS. "PARALLEL ALGORITHMS FOR HAMILTONIAN 2-SEPARATOR CHORDAL GRAPHS." Parallel Processing Letters 12, no. 01 (March 2002): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626402000823.

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In this paper we propose a parallel algorithm to construct a one-sided monotone polygon from a Hamiltonian 2-separator chordal graph. The algorithm requires O( log n) time and O(n) processors on the CREW PRAM model, where n is the number of vertices and m is the number of edges in the graph. We also propose parallel algorithms to recognize Hamiltonian 2-separator chordal graphs and to construct a Hamiltonian cycle in such a graph. They run in O( log 2 n) time using O(mn) processors on the CRCW PRAM model and O( log 2 n) time using O(m) processors on the CREW PRAM model, respectively.

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Keller, Jörg, Thomas Rauber, and Bernd Rederlechner. "Scalability Analysis for Conservative Simulation of Logical Circuits." VLSI Design 9, no. 3 (January 1, 1999): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/14802.

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We investigate conservative parallel discrete event simulations for logical circuits on shared-memory multiprocessors. For a first estimation of the possible speedup, we extend the critical path analysis technique by partitioning strategies. To incorporate overhead due to the management of data structures, we use a simulation on an ideal parallel machine (PRAM). This simulation can be directly executed on the SB-PRAM prototype, yielding both an implementation and a basis for data structure optimizations. One of the major tools to achieve these optimizations is the SB-PRAM's hardware support for parallel prefix operations. Our reimplementation of the PTHOR program on the SB-PRAM yields substantially higher speedups than before.

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Greenberg, Ronald I., Shih-Chuan Hung, and Jau-Der Shih. "Parallel Algorithms for Single-Layer Channel Routing." Parallel Processing Letters 07, no. 03 (September 1997): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626497000280.

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We provide efficient parallel algorithms for the minimum separation, offset range, and optimal offset problems for single-layer channel routing. We consider all the variations of these problems that are known to have linear-time sequential solutions rather than limiting attention to the "river-routing" context, where single-sided connections are disallowed. For the minimum separation problem, we obtain O( lg N) time on a CREW PRAM or [Formula: see text] time on a (common) CRCW PRAM, both with optimal work (processor-time product) of O(N), where $N$ is the number of terminals. For the offset range problem, we obtain the same time and processor bounds as long as only one side of the channel contains single-sided nets. For the optimal offset problem with single-sided nets on one side of the channel, we obtain time O( lg N lg lg N) on a CREW PRAM or [Formula: see text] time on a CRCW PRAM with O(N lg lg N) work. Not only does this improve on previous results for river routing, but we can obtain an even better time of O(( lg lg N)2) on the CRCW PRAM in the river routing context. In addition, wherever our results allow a channel boundary to contain single-sided nets, the results also apply when that boundary is ragged and N incorporates the number of bendpoints.

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Joo, Yongsoo, and Sangsoo Park. "A Hybrid PRAM and STT-RAM Cache Architecture for Extending the Lifetime of PRAM Caches." IEEE Computer Architecture Letters 12, no. 2 (July 2013): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/l-ca.2012.24.

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Woerle, H. J., M. Albrecht, R. Linke, S. Zschau, C. Neumann, M. Nicolaus, J. Gerich, B. Göke, and J. Schirra. "Importance of changes in gastric emptying for postprandial plasma glucose fluxes in healthy humans." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 294, no. 1 (January 2008): E103—E109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00514.2007.

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Objective: Regulation of postprandial (pp) plasma glucose excursions is complex. Insulin and glucagon are thought to play the predominant role. Nevertheless, only 50% of the variation in pp plasma glucose excursions is explained by variations by the latter. Theoretically, gastric emptying (GE) should be another important factor. However, its impact on pp glucose homeostasis is unknown. Research Design and Methods: We examined the consequences of pramlintide-induced delay in GE on pp glycemia and glucose fluxes, determined isotopically. GE was recorded by scintigraphy. Fourteen healthy subjects (8 men, 6 women; age 40 ± 3 yr, body mass index 27.8 ± 1.1 kg/m2) ate a mixed meal, and 30 μg of pramlintide (PRAM) or placebo (PBO) were injected subcutaneously. Results: At 60 min, greater proportions of the initial gastric contents remained in the stomach (PBO vs. PRAM). Thereafter, GE slopes paralleled until 240 min. Fifty percent retention times were lower when PBO was given ( P < 0.001). GE was greater from 240 min to the end of the PRAM experiments, so that only slightly greater proportions of the meal remained in the stomach at 330 min. Reductions of GE lowered pp glucose (7.5 ± 0.3 vs. 6.0 ± 0.2 mmol/l, P < 0.001), even though plasma insulin was lower with PRAM (164 ± 13 vs. 138 ± 13 pmol/ml, both P < 0.01). Reduction in total glucose appearance ( P < 0.001) was due to reduced meal-derived glucose appearance (10.2 ± 0.5 vs. 7.0 ± 0.4 μmol·kg−1·min−1, P < 0.001). Endogenous glucose appearance was greater with PRAM ( P < 0.001). Splanchnic glucose uptake was greater with PRAM (26.5 ± 1.6 vs. 32.5 ± 2.1%, P = 0.014). Conclusions: These data support the concept that GE is an important physiological regulator of pp glucose homeostasis in humans.

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Zaroliagis, Christos D. "Simple and Work-Efficient Parallel Algorithms for the Minimum Spanning Tree Problem." Parallel Processing Letters 07, no. 01 (March 1997): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012962649700005x.

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Two Simple and work-efficient parallel algorithms for the minimum spanning tree problem are presented. Both algorithms perform O(m log n) work. The first algorithm runs in O( log 2 n) time on an EREW PRAM, while the second algorithm runs in O( log n) time on a COMMON CRCW PRAM.

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DE AGOSTINO, SERGIO. "ALMOST WORK-OPTIMAL PRAM EREW DECODERS OF LZ COMPRESSED TEXT." Parallel Processing Letters 14, no. 03n04 (September 2004): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626404001933.

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We show nearly work-optimal parallel decoding algorithms which run on the PRAM EREW in O ( log n) time with O (n/( log n)1/2) processors for text compressed with LZ1 and LZ2 methods, where n is the length of the output string. We also present pseudo work-optimal PRAM EREW decoders for finite window compression and LZ2 compression requiring logarithmic time with O (dn) work, where d is the window size and the alphabet size respectively. Finally, we observe that PRAM EREW decoders requiring O ( log n) time and O (n/ log n) processors are possible with the non-conservative assumption that the computer word length is O ( log 2 n) bits.

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41

Han, Yijie, Hemasree Koganti, and Nikita Goyal. "Sort Integers into a Linked List." Computer and Information Science 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/cis.v13n1p51.

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We show that n integers in {0, 1, …, m-1} can be sorted into a linked list in constant time using nlogm processors on the Priority CRCW PRAM model, and they can be sorted into a linked list in O(loglogm/logt) time using nt processors on the Priority CRCW PRAM model.

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42

OLARIU, STEPHAN, WENHUI SHEN, and LARRY WILSON. "SUB-LOGARITHMIC ALGORITHMS FOR THE LARGEST EMPTY RECTANGLE PROBLEM." Parallel Processing Letters 03, no. 01 (March 1993): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626493000113.

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We show that the Largest Empty Rectangle problem can be solved by reducing it, in a natural way, to the All Nearest Smaller Values problem. We provide two classes of algorithms: the first one assumes that the input points are available sorted by x (resp. y) coordinate. Our algorithm corresponding to this case runs in O(log log n) time using [Formula: see text] processors in the Common-CRCW-PRAM model. For unsorted input, we present algorithms that run in [Formula: see text] time using [Formula: see text] processors in the Common-CRCW-PRAM, or in O( log n) time using [Formula: see text] processors in the EREW-PRAM model. No sub-logarithmic time parallel algorithms have been previously reported for this problem.

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43

Hamdi, M., C. Qiao, and Y. Pan. "On the Computing Power of Arrays of Processors with Optical Pipelined Buses." Parallel Processing Letters 08, no. 04 (December 1998): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626498000493.

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This paper examines the computing power of optical parallel computer systems. We consider the proposed Array of Processors with optical Pipelined Buses (APPB) in particular, where processors communicate with each other via a spanning optical bus. APPB allow simultaneous access by multiple processors to the optical bus through message pipelining, thus overcoming the bottlenecks caused by exclusive access when employing electronic buses. We give an overview of this model of parallel computation, and then examine the computing power of APPB by demonstrating its capability to efficiently emulate the CRCW PRAM model. We show that an APPB is almost as powerful as a CRCW PRAM. That is, an APPB can emulate a CRCW PRAM with only a small degradation in time performance.

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Clarkson, T. G., C. K. Ng, and Y. Guan. "The pRAM: an adaptive VLSI chip." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 4, no. 3 (May 1993): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/72.217182.

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Wilmott, Robert W. "The pediatric respiratory assessment measure (PRAM)." Journal of Pediatrics 152, no. 4 (April 2008): A3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.02.018.

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46

Shen, Hong. "Optimal parallel multiselection on EREW PRAM." Parallel Computing 23, no. 13 (December 1997): 1987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8191(97)00100-2.

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47

Zhang, Weixiong, and Nageswara S. V. Rao. "Optimal parallel quicksort on EREW PRAM." BIT 31, no. 1 (March 1991): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01952784.

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48

Guan, Y., T. G. Clarkson, J. G. Taylor, and D. Gorse. "Noisy reinforcement training for pRAM nets." Neural Networks 7, no. 3 (January 1994): 523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(94)90110-4.

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49

Ragde, Prabhakar. "Analysis of an asynchronous PRAM algorithm." Information Processing Letters 39, no. 5 (September 1991): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(91)90024-c.

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Shvartsman, Alex A. "Achieving optimal CRCW PRAM fault-tolerance." Information Processing Letters 39, no. 2 (July 1991): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(91)90156-c.

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