Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Praetor'

La presente ricerca, articolata in due parti, è volta ad analizzare la funzione che la tutela interdittale ricoprì nell'esperienza giuridica romana, sia sotto il profilo contenutistico, attraverso l’analisi delle singole fattispecie da essa considerate, sia in una prospettiva dinamica, cercando di dare una collocazione temporale, per quanto approssimativa, alla loro origine ed esaminandone la regolamentazione all'interno delle diverse fasi della storia processuale romana. I primi tre capitoli esaminano la portata complessiva di questa forma di tutela, la quale si estendeva ad un gruppo di situazioni giuridiche eterogeneo e, in base a quello che tramandano i più recenti ritrovamenti epigrafici e papiracei, non rimase espressione del tribunale del pretore a Roma, ma trovò applicazione in diversi luoghi dell'Impero. Nella seconda parte del lavoro ci si sofferma sul procedimento che, a seguito dalla postulatio del soggetto interessato, poteva condurre alla concessione degli interdetti, nella persuasione che esso costituisse non una mera contingenza preliminare ai noti giudizi ex causa interdicti ma un procedimento autonomo ed essenziale all'interno del sistema interdittale nel suo complesso.
The present research, divided into two parts, is aimed analysing the function of the interdictal protection in the Roman legal experience, both in terms of content, through the analysis of the individual cases under its cover, and in a dynamic perspective, trying to give a temporal location, however approximate, to its origin and studying the regulation within the different phases of Roman procedural history. The first three chapters examine the overall scope of this remedy, which was accorded to protect a heterogeneous group of legal situations and, according to the most recent epigraphic and papyrus findings, did not remain an expression of the praetor's court in Rome, but was applied in different places of the Empire. In the second part of this work we focus on the procedure that, following the postulatio of the interested party, could lead to the granting of an interdictum. This procedure was not a mere preliminary contingency to the well known iudicia ex causa interdicti but that an autonomous and essential procedure within the interdictal system as a whole.

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The dissertation aims at assessing the possibility of a praeter legem decision, thus understanding the decision that does not apply the normative consequent even acknowledging the effective fulfillment of the factual support (normative antecedent). The investigation begins from an evolutionary and conceptual analysis of the legal positivism, standing out their divergence to the antagonistic thesis of the natural law. In the sequence, already under the contemporary framework of legal positivism, the importance of the coherent conception of the law stands out, whose objective is the analysis of the articulation between the elements that make up the legal system. Thus, the theme of coherence is exposed from different perspectives, especially the readings of unity (Canotilho), system (Canaris) and integrity (Dworkin). Such information gives an account of the need to understand the legal order as a unit of meaning in order to avoid interpretations of the rules out of their context, a true presupposition of our central argument. This development leads to the study of the possibility of a praeter legem decision according to the notion of epieikeia (equity) in the Aristotelian tradition, proceeding to the analysis of the institute and a critical attempt of conceptualization, highlighting the problem of the generality of the law and the singularity of the cases. Still, the epieikeia is briefly seen in the work of Thomas Aquinas. On the basis of these elements, it is hoped to justify the possibility of a praeter legem decision in the current conjuncture of the philosophy of law, working with the idea of exception of the rules and based on the search for a coherence of the legal-normative order that may justify a punctual disobedience to the law. Finally, a small analysis is made on judicial discretion and its necessary limitation due to the normative framework. Furthermore, the use of deductivism as legal reasoning is discussed.
A disserta??o tem como objeto de estudo a aferi??o da possibilidade de exist?ncia de uma atua??o judicial praeter legem, assim entendida a decis?o que n?o aplica o consequente normativo mesmo reconhecendo o efetivo preenchimento do suporte f?tico (antecedente normativo). Inicia-se a investiga??o a partir de uma an?lise evolutiva e conceitual do positivismo jur?dico, destacando-se sua diverg?ncia ? tese antag?nica do jusnaturalismo. Na sequ?ncia, j? sob o marco contempor?neo do positivismo jur?dico, destaca-se a import?ncia da concep??o coerentista do direito, a qual tem por objetivo a an?lise da articula??o entre os elementos que comp?em o sistema jur?dico. Assim, exp?e-se o tema da coer?ncia a partir de diferentes perspectivas, sobretudo das leituras de unidade (Canotilho), sistema (Canaris) e integridade (Dworkin). Tais informa??es d?o conta da necessidade da compreens?o do ordenamento jur?dico enquanto unidade de sentido, a fim de se evitar as interpreta??es segmentadas das regras em dissintonia do seu contexto, constituindo verdadeiro pressuposto de nosso argumento central. Esse desenvolvimento conduz ao estudo da possibilidade de uma atua??o judicial praeter legem segundo a no??o de epieikeia (equidade) na tradi??o aristot?lica, procedendo-se ? an?lise do instituto e a uma tentativa cr?tica de conceitua??o, destacando-se o problema da generalidade da lei e da singularidade dos casos. Ainda, v?-se brevemente a epieikeia na obra de Tom?s de Aquino. Com base nesses elementos, almeja-se justificar a possibilidade de uma decis?o praeter legem na atual conjuntura da filosofia do direito, trabalhando-se com a ideia de exce??o das regras e com amparo na busca de uma coer?ncia do ordenamento jur?dico-normativo que possa justificar uma pontual desobedi?ncia ? lei. Por fim, realiza-se uma pequena an?lise sobre a discricionariedade judicial e sua necess?ria limita??o frente ao contexto normativo. Ainda, discute-se sobre o uso do dedutivismo enquanto racioc?nio jur?dico.

Studies of breeding relationships are integrated with the nomenclature of Agrocybe praecox. Type studies of potential synonyms are presented. Nomenclatorial and type studies indicate that Agrocybe molesta has been confused with A. praecox sensu lato. New field and microscopic characteristics are introduced which differentiate between A. molesta and the A. praecox group. A. molesta is redescribed to reduce confusion and a neotype is designated for this taxon. Four sibling species of Agrocybe praecox are identified and neotypes designated for A. praecox and A. gibberosa. A new species, Agrocybe montanus is described.
M.S.

As one of only two surviving outgroups to all jawed vertebrates, lampreys (Petromyzontiformes) can provide important information in our understanding of early vertebrate evolution. However, with many phylogenetic aspects of lamprey evolution still uncertain, the ability to use contemporary lampreys in this role depends on robust phylogenetic hypotheses regarding the interrelationship of the three lamprey families, as well as the relationship between lampreys and hagfishes. To achieve this, complete mitogenome data of Southern Hemisphere lampreys is required. Another contentious issue in lamprey taxonomy is the status of paired species. Whilst many studies have focused on Northern Hemisphere species pairs, this study is the first to compare Mordacia mordax and Mordacia praecox, two lamprey species endemic to Australia and the only species pair in the Southern Hemisphere. The complete mitochondrial genome of Mordacia mordax and Mordacia praecox was determined twice independently, in a single shotgun sequencing run on an Ion Torrent PGM, and using a combination of Sanger sequencing of short range PCR products and Roche 454 GS Junior pyrosequencing of long range PCR products. Both of the mitogenomes contain the 37 typical vertebrate genes. Their gene order and contents are identical to those of previously described lamprey mitogenomes, with the exception of a novel tandem repeat array located between Cyt b and tRNA proline. The tandem repeat array, referred to as NCIII, contains pseudogenes of tRNA proline and phenylalanine, indicating that it has arisen by tandem duplication of the tRNA proline – phenylalanine region. Characterisation of NCIII revealed that the number of repeat copies was polymorphic between individuals of both species, and was a source of both intra-individual and inter-individual variation. Consistent with other studies of lamprey species pairs, the mitogenome of M. mordax and M. praecox are nearly identical. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using the newly determined mitogenomes, together with five additional lamprey species and two hagfishes. Most tree topologies obtained strongly support the hypothesis that Petromyzontidae plus Geotriidae are a clade whose sister group is Mordaciidae. Additionally, lamprey divergence times were estimated by a temporally-calibrated phylogenetic analysis that included 20 vertebrate mitogenomes and was done using nine well-established fossil calibration points. The recovered topology strongly supported the hypothesis that lampreys separated from hagfishes about 409 MYA, and that lamprey divergence involved the early radiation of Mordaciidae (about 132 MYA), followed by the monophyletic divergence of Geotriidae plus Petromyzontidae about 85 MYA. Taken together, the results in this study provide robust hypotheses regarding the interrelationship of lamprey families and the relationship between hagfish and lampreys, whilst providing an estimation of their divergence times.

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The study of the interaction between pairs of species is the basis for understanding the coexistence in biological communities. The ability to select habitats may be important in the coexistence of competing species and in the interactions between predators and prey. This selection is often associated with the capacity of perception of chemical cues of prey and structural components of the habitat. The perception and response to chemical cues have been demonstrated for wandering spiders, but only for the family Lycosidae in temperate regions. The soil is among the structural factors that affect habitat selections in spiders, but this has been demonstrated only for burrowing spiders. In tropical forests, high biological diversity and the rapid degradation may hinder the recognition of cues from multiple species of predators and prey. Habitat selection based on different soil types may be important in this ecosystem where drastic soil alternations are common between nearby sites, especially if the soil type is related to some important resource. We assessed the response of two species of wandering spiders in a forest in central Amazonia, Ctenus amphora Melo-Leitão 1930 and Ctenus crulsi Melo-Leitão 1930 (Araneae, Ctenidae) (1) to chemical cues from potential prey, crickets Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius, 1775) (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) and termites Syntermes Holmgren, 1910 (Isoptera, Termitidae), (2) to chemical cues from predators, spiders Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Ctenidae) and army ants Labidus praedator (Fr. Smith, 1858 ) (Formicidae, Ecitonini), (3) and two soil types, sandy and clay soils on which the distribution and abundance of these species diverge. For the first two evaluations we compared the proportion of time on filter paper with and without the chemical cues, to the third evaluation we compared the proportion of time on the two types of soil. These observations were performed over 09 hours with 54 observations per spider at intervals of 10 minutes. A total of 65 spiders were observed in the experiment with prey (termites cues, crickets cues and control), 36 in the experiment with predators Phoneutria (Phoneutria cues and control), 15 in the experiment with army ants (army ants cues and control) and 67 spiders in the soil experiment. The two species spent significantly longer time on the filter paper with chemical cues from the 9 prey, which indicates that the perception of cues can be important for the foraging of the two species. Although C. crulsi consumes far more Syntermes termites in natural conditions, the two species did not differ in the proportion of time on the cues from termites in comparison to the time on cues from crickets, sugesting that they do not differ in the ability to detect the chemical from these prey. No antipredator response was detected for the two species of Ctenus. Therefore, there is no evidence that the coexistence of these species is facilitated by differences in the perception of chemical cues. Only C. crulsi presented preference to a type of soil, the clay soil, which coincides with the type of soil where it is found in abundance in nature. This response of C. crulsi can influence the distribution of C. amphora, due to interactions of these species. Therefore, the perception of soil type is probably an important proximal factor in determining the distribution patterns and dynamics of coexistence of these species.
O estudo da interação entre pares de espécies é uma das bases para a compreensão da coexistência em comunidades biológicas. A capacidade de selecionar habitats pode ser importante tanto na coexistência de espécies que competem entre si como nas interações entre predadores e presas. Esta seleção está muitas vezes associada à capacidade de percepção de pistas químicas de presas e de componentes estruturais do habitat. A percepção e resposta a pistas químicas já foram demonstradas para aranhas errantes, mas somente para a família Lycosidae em regiões temperadas. O solo está entre os fatores estruturais que influem na seleção de habitat em aranhas, mas isto apenas foi demonstrado para aranhas construtoras de toca. Em florestas tropicais, a alta diversidade biológica e a rápida degradação podem dificultar o reconhecimento de pistas das múltiplas espécies de predadores e de presas. A seleção de habitat com base nos diferentes tipos de solo pode ser importante neste ecossistema em que são comuns alternâncias drásticas de solos entre locais próximos, especialmente se o tipo de solo estiver relacionado com algum recurso importante. Avaliamos a resposta de duas espécies de aranhas errantes de uma floresta na Amazônia central, Ctenus amphora Melo-Leitão 1930 e Ctenus crulsi Melo-Leitão 1930 (Araneae, Ctenidae) (1) às pistas químicas de potenciais presas, grilos Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius, 1775) (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) e cupins Syntermes Holmgren, 1910 (Isoptera, Termitidae); (2) às pistas químicas de predadores, aranhas Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Ctenidae) e formigas de correição Labidus praedator (Fr. Smith, 1858) (Formicidae, Ecitonini); (3) e dois tipos de solo, solo arenoso e argiloso, sobre os quais a distribuição e abundância destas espécies diverge. Para as duas primeiras avaliações, comparamos a proporção de tempo sobre recortes de papel filtro com e sem as pistas químicas, para a terceira avaliação comparamos a proporção de tempo sobre os dois tipos de solo. Estas observações foram realizadas ao longo de 09 horas com 54 observações por aranha realizadas em intervalos de 10 minutos. Foram observadas 65 aranhas no experimento com as presas (pistas de cupins, grilos e controle), 36 aranhas no experimento com Phoneutria (pistas de Phoneutria e controle), 15 no experimento com formigas de correição (pistas de 7 formiga e controle), e 67 aranhas no experimento de solos. As duas espécies permaneceram significativamente mais tempo sobre as pistas de presas, indicando que a percepção de pistas pode ser importante para o forrageio das duas espécies. Apesar de C. crulsi consumir muito mais cupins Syntermes em condições naturais, as duas espécies não diferiram na proporção do tempo sobre as pistas de cupins em comparação ao tempo sobre pistas de grilos, indicando que não diferem na capacidade de detectar quimicamente estas presas. Não foi detectada resposta antipredatória pelas duas espécies de Ctenus. Portanto, não encontramos evidências que a coexistência destas duas espécies seja facilitada por diferenças na percepção de pistas químicas. Apenas para C. crulsi foi encontrada resposta de preferência a um dos tipos de solo, o argiloso, que coincide com o tipo de solo onde ela é encontrada em maior abundância na natureza. A resposta de C. crulsi pode influir na distribuição de C. amphora, em função das interações destas duas espécies. Portanto, a percepção do tipo de solo provavelmente é um fator proximal importante a determinar os padrões de distribuição e a dinâmica da coexistência destas espécies.

Dans la Rome républicaine et impériale, le hasard occupait une place importante tant dans la vie quotidienne que dans le fonctionnement des institutions. Le tirage au sort (sors ou sortitio en latin) était ainsi utilisé dans des contextes familiaux et privés (jeux de hasard ou pratiques magiques), dans les sanctuaires oraculaires, mais également dans la sphère civique afin de sélectionner des citoyens ou attribuer des tâches. Cette enquête étudie le tirage au sort utilisé pour répartir les provinces consulaires et prétoriennes entre les consuls et les préteurs en charge et, après 52 av. J.-C., sortis de charge (sortitio prouinciarum). Ce tirage au sort jouait un rôle stratégique dans la mesure où il permettait chaque année de répartir le commandement des armées et les principales tâches juridiques, judiciaires et administratives à Rome et dans l’Empire entre les magistrats curules tout en limitant les effets délétères de la compétition aristocratique. L’enquête débute à l’époque républicaine, plus précisément au IIIe siècle av. J.-C., siècle marqué par l’expansion territoriale de l’Empire et le développement des magistratures, et s’achève à la fin du règne d’Auguste, fondateur du Principat. Deux parties la structurent. La première restitue la législation qui encadrait alors le tirage au sort des provinces et étudie son évolution entre l’époque républicaine et impériale. La seconde analyse la manière dont était effectué, dans la pratique, le rituel du tirage au sort et les significations que lui donnaient les Romains
In Republican and Imperial Rome, chance played an important role, both in the private and the public sphere. While drawing of lots — called sors or sortitio in Latin — was commonly called upon for everyday purposes (in games of chance or magic rituals, for instance), and played an important role in oracular prophesies, the procedure was also used in an official context to assign public offices. We examine here a specific kind of sortition : the random drawing of provinces among consuls and praetors and, after 52 BCE, among former consuls and praetors. This sortition played a strategic role. It allowed indeed the Senate to assign military commands, juridical and judicial missions as well as administrative tasks in Rome and in the Empire among the high-ranking magistrates, while reducing the harmful effects of aristocratic competition. This research aims to restore the legal framework for the drawing by lot of provinces and to show how it evolved from the end of the 3rd century BCE until the reign of Augustus during the 1st century CE. It will then describe how the sortition worked out in practice and the meanings that Roman people attached to this ritual

O presente trabalho teve por finalidade trazer luzes aos costumes constitucionais, fenômeno jurídico natural e espontâneo, que não pode ser coberto pelo véu da escuridão idealista Estatal. Realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória acerca dos costumes como fonte de direito interno, mais propriamente dentro do âmbito normativo constitucional praeter e contra constitutionem. Examinou-se a admissão costume na esfera constitucional e quais os modos relacionais que são admitidos em relação ao pretenso costume constitucional. Em conclusão, constatou-se que os costumes constitucionais praeter e contra constitutionem podem adquirir uma extensa flexibilidade, podendo atuar dentro do sistema normativo-jurídico (a) limitando as futuras condutas dos sujeitos aos seus ditames, (b) enunciando uma conduta a ser observada e esperada pelos afetados pela regra costumeira e (c) comprometendo argumentativamente o tecido sistemático do Direito, passando a integrar a pretensão de unicidade que o permeia. Essa flexibilidade normativa imprime no sistema constitucional uma maleabilidade natural, não intencionada pela Constituição formal. Significa afirmar, portanto, que as normas constitucionais informais, querendo ou não, encontram-se constantemente em erupção, expandido suas estruturas inadvertidamente.
This dissertation aims to bring lights over constitutional customs, natural and spontaneous legal phenomenon, which cannot be covered by the veil of idealistic State theory. An exploratory research was conducted about customs as a source of domestic law, more properly within the legal framework of constitutional praeter and contra constitutionem. Was examined the constitutional admission and what relational modes that are accepted in relation to alleged constitutional custom. In conclusion, it was found that the constitutional custom praeter and contra constitutionem can acquire extensive flexibility and may act within the normative legal system (a) limiting the future conduct of the subject to its dictates, (b) setting out a procedure to be observed and expected by those affected by the customary rule, and (c) committing arguably the systematic fabric of law, and became part of the claim of uniqueness that permeates. This regulatory flexibility in the constitutional system prints a natural suppleness, not intended by the formal constitution. Mean to say, therefore, that the informal constitutional law, willingly or not, are constantly erupting, inadvertently expanded their structures.

The diploma program summarized in this paper was to evaluate the habitats of Gentianella Praecox, subsp. Bohemica, in the Chvalšiny and Český Krumlov areas where the taxon can be encountered on eight sites. The narrative section, summarizing the biological and ecological aspects of the species, provides also information on why the taxon is endangered and how it can be protected. A special chapter is dedicated to the program of its recovery. The methodological section, characterizing the area of interest and its different sites, describes also the procedure applied to create and evaluate phytocoenological relevés. The chapter is complemented with information on the numbers of plants in bloom, a figure representing the communities of Gentianella praecox, subsp. bohemica, as found at the individual habitats. Statistical evaluations of the phytocoenological relevés revealed, inter alia, a certain change in the species composition and coverage, primarily on all sites at Svatý Kříž (Chvalšiny). The change observed in these habitats manifested itself also through the increase in coverage of the more mesic species of Plantago lanceolata, Achillea millefolium, and Lotus corniculatus. The numbers of individual plants of Gentianella praecox, subsp. bohemica, encountered in bloom showed substantial year-on-year fluctuation.

Praca została udostępniona 10 dni przed obroną, włącznie z dniem obrony.
W dysertacji doktorskiej został podjęty temat kształtowania się administracji bizantyńskiej po rekonkwiście prowincji afrykańskich w latach 30. VI w., aż do podboju arabskiego tego obszaru w końcowych latach VII w. Dla zobrazowania funkcjonowania tej jednostki terytorialnej konieczne było stworzenie ogólnych ram formalno-prawnych, którymi objęte były zarówno urzędy cywilne: prefektura praetorio i namiestnictwa prowincji, oraz wojskowe: magister militum i duces prowincjonalni, a także próba określenia kompetencji poszczególnych urzędników poprzez stworzenie biogramów zarządców cywilnych i dowódców armii w oparciu przede wszystkim o źródła narracyjne. Zasadniczym celem rozprawy było ukazanie ciągłości rozdziału obu rodzajów administracji, w warstwie formalnej dająca pierwszeństwo prefektom praetorio, co nie koresponduje z powszechnym w dyskursie naukowym poglądem o militaryzacji prefektury, która rzeczywiście nastąpiła, ale dopiero w momencie utworzenia w latach 80-90. VI w. egzarchatu. Kolejną postawioną w pracy tezą jest stopniowa dekompozycja cywilnego aparatu administracyjnego w ciągu VII w. i przejmowanie jego kompetencji przez prowincjonalnych dowódców wojskowych, a po najeździe arabskim, objęcie bezpośredniego zarządu nad Afryką przez Konstantynopol. Ponadto powstały po 590 r. egzarchat miał jedynie czasowy charakter, a okresy tzw. interregnum były stosunkowo długie.
The doctoral dissertation picks up on the subject of the formation of Byzantine administration after reconquest of African provinces in the 530s, up until Arabian conquest of that land in late 7th c. To depict the functioning of this territorial unit, it was necessary to create a general formal and legal framework, that included civil institutions: praetorio prefecture and governance of the province, as well as military: magister militum and provincial duces. It also tried to define competences of individual officials by establishing biographical notes of civil administrators and military commanders, primarily based on narrative sources. The principal goal of the dissertation was to demonstrate consistency of both types of administration, in the formal aspect it gave precedence to praetorio prefect. It does not correspond to the belief of militarization of prefecture, which is a common view in scientific discourse. The militarization took place, but only when exarchate was formed in 580s and 590s. Another thesis put forward in the work is the gradual decomposition of the civilian administration during the 7th c. and the taking over of its competences by provincial military commanders, and after the Arab invasion, taking direct control over Africa by Constantinople. In addition, the exarchate created after 590 had only a temporary character, and periods of so-called interregnum were relatively long.
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydział Historii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych

A elaboração desta Dissertação tem como fator relevante a presença de duas espécies exóticas, com caráter invasor, dentro do limite do Parque Natural da Madeira, área protegida que inclui o Património da Humanidade (UNESCO), a Floresta Laurissilva. Foram efetuados levantamentos de campo para o estudo da distribuição de Agapanthus praecox e Hydrangea macrophylla, espécies exóticas invasoras, ao longo de diferentes percursos e determinação dos parâmetros do meio propiciadores à sua dispersão e expansão. Estes levantamentos foram efetuados nos três concelhos em que a presença da Floresta Laurissilva é mais significativa (Porto Moniz, São Vicente e Santana), estando todos eles localizados no Norte da ilha da Madeira. A presença destas espécies em zonas protegidas pode ter impactes extremamente negativos, podendo colocar em risco a sobrevivência das espécies nativas, algumas delas extremamente raras. Desta forma, os levantamentos foram efetuados em estradas, veredas e levadas, de modo a determinar a localização dos núcleos destas invasoras e posteriormente elaborar mapas que permitam, num Sistema de Informação Geográfica, explicar a distribuição, em conjunto com parâmetros ambientais. Estas espécies deverão ter sido introduzidas intencionalmente, dada a localização dos núcleos estar frequentemente próxima de habitações ou de locais com forte influência humana, com atividades como a agricultura e o pastoreio. Este estudo revela uma presença mais significativa da espécie Agapanthus praecox, em relação à espécie Hydrangea macrohylla, notando-se que as zonas consideradas como reservas naturais ou áreas protegidas não se encontram tão afetadas. Foi estudada a relação entre a radiação, altitude, declive, precipitação média anual e temperatura e a distribuição das espécies invasoras em estudo, mas não foi detetado nenhum padrão, pelo que os resultados se revelaram inconclusivos. No entanto, estes dados ambientais não possuíam uma resolução tão fina com a dos dados de campo, pelo que no futuro será de explorar estas relações mas com dados ambientais a uma maior escala. O plano de gestão apresentado para o controlo das espécies invasoras poderá servir de guia para que as ações a desenvolver sejam atempadas, de modo a evitar atuar apenas quando a situação já se encontra descontrolada.