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Journal articles on the topic 'Pradofloxacin'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Stephan, Bernd, Heinrich A. Greife, Andrew Pridmore, and Peter Silley. "Activity of Pradofloxacin against Porphyromonas and Prevotella spp. Implicated in Periodontal Disease in Dogs: Susceptibility Test Data from a European Multicenter Study." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 6 (April 14, 2008): 2149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00019-08.

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ABSTRACT Collaborating veterinarians from five European countries collected subgingival bacterial samples from dogs exhibiting clinical periodontal disease. Sterile endodontic paper points were used for collection of the samples, which were transported to a central laboratory for susceptibility testing. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated and Porphyromonas and Prevotella isolates identified to the species level; susceptibility to pradofloxacin and metronidazole was determined using the CLSI agar dilution methodology. A total of 630 isolates, 310 of Porphyromonas spp. and 320 of Prevotella spp., were isolated. Pradofloxacin MIC data for all isolates were in the range of ≤0.016 to 1 μg/ml, the overall MIC50 was 0.062, and the overall MIC90 was 0.25 μg/ml. There were no differences in activity against Porphyromonas and Prevotella isolates or in the pradofloxacin susceptibility distributions from the different European countries. All isolates were within the wild-type distribution and were fully susceptible to pradofloxacin. Metronidazole was also highly active against these strains: 316 of 320 Prevotella strains (98.8%) and 309 of 310 Porphyromonas strains (99.7%) were susceptible (MICs of ≤8 μg/ml). However, three Prevotella strains had intermediate metronidazole susceptibility (MICs of 16 μg/ml), while one Prevotella and one Porphyromonas strain were metronidazole resistant (MICs of 128 and 256 μg/ml, respectively). Pradofloxacin, a novel broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, demonstrates a high degree of antianaerobic activity against strains isolated from clinical cases of periodontal disease and shows activity against metronidazole-resistant isolates. The broad-spectrum activity of pradofloxacin makes it a suitable candidate for the treatment of periodontal disease in dogs.

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2

Spindel, Miranda E., Julia K. Veir, Steven V. Radecki, and Michael R. Lappin. "Evaluation of pradofloxacin for the treatment of feline rhinitis." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 10, no. 5 (October 2008): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.04.003.

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Forty humane society cats with suspected bacterial upper respiratory infections (URIs) were studied in order to compare amoxycillin and pradofloxacin for treatment of rhinitis and describe common pathogens. Nasal discharges were collected prior to random placement into one of three treatment groups. Cats failing to initially respond were crossed to the alternate drug. Drug toxicity was not noted. The organisms most frequently isolated or amplified pre-treatment were feline herpesvirus-1 (75%), Mycoplasma species (62.5%), Bordetella species (47.5%), Staphylococcus species (12.5%) and Streptococcus species (10.0%). No differences in clinical scores between groups over time were noted. Overall response rates for amoxycillin at 22 mg/kg, q12 h for seven doses (10/15 cats; 67%), pradofloxacin at 5 mg/kg, q24 h for seven doses (11/13 cats; 85%), and pradofloxacin at 10 mg/kg, q24 h for seven doses (11/12 cats; 92%) were not statistically significant. Results suggest that pradofloxacin can be a safe, efficacious therapy for some cats with suspected bacterial URI.

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3

Blondeau, J. M. "The mutant prevention concentration and pradofloxacin." Companion Animal 17, no. 8 (October 2012): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3862.2012.00240.x.

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4

Blondeau, Joseph M., and Shantelle D. Fitch. "In Vitro Killing of Canine Urinary Tract Infection Pathogens by Ampicillin, Cephalexin, Marbofloxacin, Pradofloxacin, and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole." Microorganisms 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112279.

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Urinary tract infections are common in dogs, necessitating antimicrobial therapy. We determined the speed and extent of in vitro killing of canine urinary tract infection pathogens by five antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, cephalexin, marbofloxacin, pradofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) following the first 3 h of drug exposure. Minimum inhibitory and mutant prevention drug concentrations were determined for each strain. In vitro killing was determined by exposing bacteria to clinically relevant drug concentrations and recording the log10 reduction and percent kill in viable cells at timed intervals. Marbofloxacin and pradofloxacin killed more bacterial cells, and faster than other agents, depending on the time of sampling and drug concentration. Significant differences were seen between drugs for killing Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains. At the maximum urine drug concentrations, significantly more E. coli cells were killed by marbofloxacin than by ampicillin (p < 0.0001), cephalexin (p < 0.0001), and TMP/SMX (p < 0.0001) and by pradofloxacin than by cephalexin (p < 0.0001) and TMP/SMX (p < 0.0001), following 5 min of drug exposure. Rapid killing of bacteria should inform thinking on drug selection for short course therapy for uncomplicated UTIs, without compromising patient care, and is consistent with appropriate antimicrobial use and stewardship principles.

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5

Cepiel, A., A. Noszczyk-Nowak, A. Cekiera, J. Popiel, and U. Pasławska. "Influence of long-term oral application of quinolones on the ECG curve in dogs." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 20, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2017-0069.

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AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyse the influence of enrofloxacin and pradofloxacin administered orally for 14 days on the ECG in dogs. The ECG was performed before and after a 14 day period of quinolone administration. There was an increase in the QTc and the TpTe interval in the group treated with quinolones. QTc was prolonged by 24 ms (p=0.001). The TpTe interval was shortened, on average, by 6.55 ms (p=0.048). In the group treated with enrofloxacin, QTc was prolonged by 16.27 ms (p=0.006) and the TpTe interval was shortened by 9.64 ms (p=0.050), the TpTe/QT index was reduced by 0.034 (p=0.050) on average. In dogs treated with pradofloxacin, QTc was prolonged by 21.55 ms (p=0.012) on average. The results suggest that a prolonged administration of quinolones can increase the risk of arrhythmias. Furthermore, different generations of these drugs increase this risk to various degrees. The study proved that second generation quinolones, such as enrofloxacin, significantly change the phase of depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles, at the same time increasing the risk of ventricular arrythmia. Pradofloxacin does not change the TpTe and TpTe/QT values, so it is safer in use.

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6

Silley, Peter, Bernd Stephan, Heinrich A. Greife, and Andrew Pridmore. "Bactericidal properties of pradofloxacin against veterinary pathogens." Veterinary Microbiology 157, no. 1-2 (May 2012): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.11.027.

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7

Restrepo, Christina, Peter J. Ihrke, Stephen D. White, Ian B. Spiegel, and Verena K. Affolter. "Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of Pradofloxacin Tablets for the Treatment of Canine Pyoderma." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 46, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0460301.

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A third-generation fluoroquinolone, pradofloxacin (PRA), is currently being developed to treat bacterial infections in dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy in 20 dogs affected with superficial and deep pyoderma. An initial aerobic skin culture was performed in dogs with superficial pyoderma; aerobic/anaerobic tissue culture was performed in dogs with deep pyoderma; and skin cytology and biopsies were obtained from all dogs. Pradofloxacin (approximately 3 mg/kg per os [PO]) was administered daily to all dogs. Clinical efficacy was recorded at 4 weeks for dogs with superficial pyoderma and at 3 and 6 weeks for dogs with deep pyoderma. At a mean dosage of 3.7 mg/kg PO once daily, PRA treatment resulted in an excellent to good clinical response within 3 to 6 weeks for all 20 dogs with superficial and deep pyoderma.

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8

Stephan, Bernd, Heinrich A. Greife, Andrew Pridmore, and Peter Silley. "Mutant prevention concentration of pradofloxacin against Porphyromonas gingivalis." Veterinary Microbiology 121, no. 1-2 (March 2007): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.003.

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9

Mans, Christoph. "Effects of pradofloxacin on food intake in healthy chinchillas." Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 37 (April 2021): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2021.02.001.

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10

Boothe, Dawn M., Kaleigh M. Bush, Harry W. Boothe, and Heather A. Davis. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral pradofloxacin administration in dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 79, no. 12 (December 2018): 1268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.79.12.1268.

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11

Dowers, Kristy L., Séverine Tasker, Steven V. Radecki, and Michael R. Lappin. "Use of pradofloxacin to treat experimentally inducedMycoplasma hemofelisinfection in cats." American Journal of Veterinary Research 70, no. 1 (January 2009): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.70.1.105.

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12

Kizerwetter-Świda, Magdalena, Dorota Chrobak-Chmiel, Magdalena Rzewuska, and Marian Binek. "Resistance of canine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains to pradofloxacin." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 28, no. 5 (July 28, 2016): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638716660131.

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13

Lees, P. "Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and therapeutics of pradofloxacin in the dog and cat." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36, no. 3 (February 14, 2013): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12036.

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14

Biswas, S., R. G. Maggi, M. G. Papich, and E. B. Breitschwerdt. "Molecular mechanisms of Bartonella henselae resistance to azithromycin, pradofloxacin and enrofloxacin." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 65, no. 3 (December 18, 2009): 581–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp459.

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15

Wu, Chi-Yen, Sandra Diaz, Angela Ellis, Rebekah Jones, and Cherie Pucheu-Haston. "Cutaneous Mycobacterium goodii infection in an immunocompetent cat in Louisiana: clinical presentation, molecular identification, antimicrobial susceptibility and management." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 8, no. 1 (January 2022): 205511692210904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20551169221090442.

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Case summary A 9-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was presented to a referral hospital for management of recurring non-healing ulcerations and a subcutaneous mass on the ventral abdomen. Prior treatment included antibiotics (cefovecin followed by clindamycin), wound cleaning and surgical debulking, but the ulcerations and mass recurred 1 month after surgical removal. At this point, the cat was started on doxycycline and pradofloxacin and referred for further work-up. The culture of skin biopsy specimens obtained at the time of referral revealed a population of bacterial colonies with two distinctly different phenotypes. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified both colonies as Mycobacterium goodii. A diagnosis of a cutaneous infection of rapidly growing mycobacteria was made, and treatment with oral pradofloxacin and doxycycline was initiated. The ulcerations resolved within 4 months, and the subcutaneous mass gradually decreased in size until it was no longer palpable, even 4 months after the cessation of antibiotics. Relevance and novel information This is the second reported feline cutaneous M goodii infection in North America. The organism was not visualized on histopathology but was successfully cultured from tissue obtained by skin punch biopsy. A phenotypic switching phenomenon affecting the susceptibility results was suspected, possibly explaining the presence of phenotypically different but genetically identical strains. This case highlights the importance of submitting aseptically obtained tissue, fluid or fine-needle aspirates for culture and species identification, as well as histopathology, when infection with higher bacteria, such as rapidly growing mycobacteria, is suspected.

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16

Silley, Peter, Bernd Stephan, Heinrich A. Greife, and Andrew Pridmore. "Comparative activity of pradofloxacin against anaerobic bacteria isolated from dogs and cats." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 60, no. 5 (September 14, 2007): 999–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkm346.

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17

Sykes, Jane E., and Joseph M. Blondeau. "Pradofloxacin: A novel veterinary fluoroquinolone for treatment of bacterial infections in cats." Veterinary Journal 201, no. 2 (August 2014): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.06.008.

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18

Messias, Andre, Florian Gekeler, Alfred Wegener, Klaus Dietz, Konrad Kohler, and Eberhart Zrenner. "Retinal safety of a new fluoroquinolone, pradofloxacin, in cats: assessment with electroretinography." Documenta Ophthalmologica 116, no. 3 (October 2, 2007): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10633-007-9081-x.

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19

Mueller, Ralf S., and Bernd Stephan. "Pradofloxacin in the treatment of canine deep pyoderma: a multicentred, blinded, randomized parallel trial." Veterinary Dermatology 18, no. 3 (June 2007): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00584.x.

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20

Hartmann, A. D., C. R. Helps, M. R. Lappin, C. Werckenthin, and K. Hartmann. "Efficacy of Pradofloxacin in Cats with Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Disease due toChlamydophila felisorMycoplasmaInfections." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, no. 1 (January 2008): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0012.x.

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21

Govendir, M., J. M. Norris, T. Hansen, D. I. Wigney, G. Muscatello, D. J. Trott, and R. Malik. "Susceptibility of rapidly growing mycobacteria and Nocardia isolates from cats and dogs to pradofloxacin." Veterinary Microbiology 153, no. 3-4 (December 2011): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.06.001.

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22

Liu, Xiaoqiang, Caterina Lazzaroni, Sherine A. Aly, Kamoltip Thungrat, and Dawn M. Boothe. "In vitro selection of resistance to pradofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in canine uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates." Veterinary Microbiology 174, no. 3-4 (December 2014): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.011.

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23

Emmerich, I. U. "Neue Arzneimittel für Kleintiere 2011." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 40, no. 05 (2012): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1623665.

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Zusammenfassung Im Jahr 2011 kamen für Kleintiere neun neue Wirkstoffe auf den deutschen Tierarzneimittelmarkt: der Cyclooxygenase-2-Hemmer Cimicoxib (Cimalgex ® ), das Analgetikum vom Morphintyp Methadon (Comfortan®), das Antiemetikum Metoclopramid (Emeprid®), das Kortikosteroid Mometasonfuroat in Kombination mit dem Antimykotikum Posaconazol (Posatex®), das Fluorchinolon-Antibiotikum Pradofloxacin (Veraflox®), das Insektizid Spinosad (Comfortis®), das Zytostatikum Toceranib (Palladia®) und das Vitamin Phytomenadion (Vitamin K1 Laboratoire TVM). Zwei Wirkstoffe erhielten eine Tierartenerweiterung. So wurde das Tetrazyklin-Antibiotikum Doxycyclin auch für Brieftauben und das Antikokzidium Toltrazuril in Kombination mit Emodepsid ebenfalls für Hunde zugelassen. Des Weiteren kamen für Kleintiere ein Präparat mit einer interessanten neuen Darreichungsform und zwei Präparate mit einer neuen Wirkstärke auf den Markt. Vorgestellt werden ferner vier im Jahr 2011 neu zugelassene Wirkstoffe für die Humanmedizin, die für die Tiermedizin interessant sein könnten: das Antiepileptikum Retigabin, das Ophthalmikum Bromfenac, das Psychopharmakon Dexamfetamin und das Zytostatikum Eribulin.

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24

Weisent, Jennifer, and Elizabeth May. "Mystery or Mycobacterium? Lessons learned from a challenging incision site infection." Veterinary Record Case Reports 7, no. 2 (June 2019): e000804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000804.

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An eight-month-old female domestic short hair cat underwent routine ovariohysterectomy and was adopted from a shelter nine days later. A refractory infection associated with the abdominal incision site proved unresponsive to surgical debridement and multiple courses of oral antibiotic treatment over 10 weeks, resulting in relinquishment of the cat. Initial diagnostic test samples submitted by the shelter veterinarian failed to identify a causative agent for a deep pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis. The lesions resolved following treatment with oral pradofloxacin, and the cat was adopted but subsequently lost to follow-up. This case highlights the importance of generating a differential diagnoses list and outlines difficulties obtaining appropriate and timely diagnostic testing and treatment, especially in cases involving multiple practitioners and financial constraints. The report also emphasises how a challenging and potentially zoonotic infection might be overlooked and under-reported, specifically in low-income and shelter settings.

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25

Ewringmann, Anja. "Keimspektrum und Antibiotikasensitivitäten bei eitrigen Zahnerkrankungen von Kaninchen." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 45, no. 06 (2017): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15654/tpk-170125.

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ZusammenfassungGegenstand und Ziel: Die an eitrigen Zahnerkrankungen des Kaninchens beteiligten Keime sollten bestimmt und die wirkungsvollsten Antibiotika ermittelt werden. Material und Methoden: Von 126 Kaninchen mit Kieferabszessen oder eitrigen periapikalen Entzündungen wurden während der chirurgischen Versorgung Tupferproben entnommen und einer bakteriologischen Untersuchung inklusive Antibiogramm zugeführt. Ergebnisse: Es ließ sich ein breites Keimspektrum aus dem aeroben und anaeroben Bereich nachweisen. Unter den Anaerobiern überwogen gramnegative Stäbchen (Prevotella sp., Fusobacterium sp., Bacteroides sp.) und grampositive nichtsporenbildende Kokken (vor allem Peptostreptococcus sp.). Bei den Aerobiern wurden 66,7% gramnegative (vor allem Pasteurella sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp.) und 33,3% grampositive Keime (vor allem Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp.) nachgewiesen. Bezogen auf die einzelnen Patienten waren Fluorchinolone in Kombination mit Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure, Tetrazykline, Pradofloxacin und Kombinationen aus Fluorchinolonen und Metronidazol am häufigsten wirksam. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Aufgrund der Variabilität der beteiligten Erreger und des damit verbundenen unterschiedlichen Ansprechens auf Antibiotika sollte eine medikamentöse Begleit- bzw. Nachbehandlung von Kieferabszessen bei Kaninchen stets anhand einer bakteriologischen Untersuchung mit Antibiogramm durchgeführt werden.

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26

HARTMANN, A., R. KREBBER, G. DAUBE, and K. HARTMANN. "Pharmacokinetics of pradofloxacin and doxycycline in serum, saliva, and tear fluid of cats after oral administration." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 31, no. 2 (April 2008): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00932.x.

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27

Morozenko, D. V., K. V. Gliebova, D. V. Kibkalo, O. A. Kibkalo, and T. V. Makarevich. "THERAPEUTIC EFFICIENCY TO PRADOFLOXACIN IN CAT WITH UROCYSTITIS AND UROLOGIC SYNDROME: CLINICAL CASE IN VETERINARY PRACTICE." VETERINARY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGIES OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND NATURE MANAGEMENT, no. 2 (2018): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31890/vttp.2018.02.03.

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28

Pijls, R. T., S. Lindemann, R. M. M. A. Nuijts, G. W. Daube, and L. H. Koole. "Pradofloxacin release from the OphthaCoil: a new device for sustained delivery of drugs to the eye." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (2007): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1773-2247(07)50012-2.

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29

Biswas, S., R. G. Maggi, M. G. Papich, D. Keil, and E. B. Breitschwerdt. "Comparative Activity of Pradofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, and Azithromycin against Bartonella henselae Isolates Collected from Cats and a Human." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48, no. 2 (December 9, 2009): 617–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01287-09.

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30

Marcusson, Linda L., Patricia Komp Lindgren, Sara K. Olofsson, Diarmaid Hughes, and Otto Cars. "Mutant prevention concentrations of pradofloxacin for susceptible and mutant strains of Escherichia coli with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 44, no. 4 (October 2014): 354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.010.

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31

Zampieri, Bianca, Molly E. Church, Koranda Walsh, and Elizabeth M. Lennon. "Feline eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia – a characteristic inflammatory response in sites beyond the gastrointestinal tract: case report and proposed nomenclature." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 8, no. 2 (July 2022): 205511692211175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20551169221117516.

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Case summary An adult male neutered Russian Blue cat presented for a right-sided nasal mass with bilateral retropharyngeal and right mandibular lymphadenomegaly. Medial retropharyngeal lymph node excision with nasal mass biopsy revealed eosinophilic sclerosing lymphadenitis and eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis, respectively. Bacterial culture of the lymph node grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and treatment with pradofloxacin was started. Despite initial improvement, clinical signs recurred after 9 months, and fine-needle aspirates of the right mandibular and left medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes showed eosinophilic and mastocytic infiltration. Bacterial culture of the left medial retropharyngeal lymph node grew P aeruginosa, and treatment with anti-inflammatory doses of prednisolone and, later, marbofloxacin was instituted. Relevance and novel information This report describes a case of feline eosinophilic sclerosing lymphadenitis diagnosed outside of the abdominal cavity and is the first case reported to be associated with P aeruginosa. Feline eosinophilic sclerosing lymphadenitis should be considered as a differential for lymphadenopathy occurring in areas other than the abdominal cavity. Feline eosinophilic sclerosing lymphadenitis may develop in cats due to a species-specific inflammatory response to chronic bacterial and fungal infections.

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32

Hauschild, Gregor, Karl Rohn, Eva Engelhardt, Martin Sager, Jendrik Hardes, and Georg Gosheger. "Pharmacokinetic study on pradofloxacin in the dog – Comparison of serum analysis, ultrafiltration and tissue sampling after oral administration." BMC Veterinary Research 9, no. 1 (2013): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-32.

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33

Wetzstein, H. G. "Comparative Mutant Prevention Concentrations of Pradofloxacin and Other Veterinary Fluoroquinolones Indicate Differing Potentials in Preventing Selection of Resistance." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 10 (October 2005): 4166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.10.4166-4173.2005.

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ABSTRACT Pradofloxacin (PRA) is an 8-cyano-fluoroquinolone (FQ) being developed to treat bacterial infections in dogs and cats. Its mutant prevention concentrations (MPC) were determined for Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 at 0.225 μg/ml, and for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 at 0.55 μg/ml. At drug concentrations equal to or above the MPC, growth (implying selective clonal expansion) of first-step FQ-resistant variants, naturally present in large bacterial populations, was inhibited. MPC90 derived from 10 clinical isolates each of E. coli and Staphylococcus intermedius, the latter species being of greater clinical relevance than S. aureus in companion-animal medicine, amounted to 0.2 to 0.225 and 0.30 to 0.35 μg/ml, respectively. MPCs of other veterinary FQs were assessed to determine relative in vitro potencies. The MPCs of marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, danofloxacin, sarafloxacin, orbifloxacin, and difloxacin were 1.2-, 1.4-, 2.3-, 2.4-, 5-, and 7-fold higher than the MPC of PRA for E. coli ATCC 8739, and 6-, 6-, 19-, 15-, 15-, and 31-fold higher than the MPC of PRA for S. aureus ATCC 6538, respectively. MPC curves revealed a pronounced heterogeneity in susceptibility within populations of ≥4 × 109 CFU employed, extending to 10-fold above the MICs. The duration of incubation and, for S. aureus, inoculum density profoundly affected the MPCs. With appropriate dosing, PRA may combine high therapeutic efficacy with a high potential for restricting the selection for FQ resistance under field conditions in the species analyzed.

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34

Schink, Anne-Kathrin, Kristina Kadlec, Tomasz Hauschild, Geovana Brenner Michael, Julia C. Dörner, Carolin Ludwig, Christiane Werckenthin, Hans-Robert Hehnen, Bernd Stephan, and Stefan Schwarz. "Susceptibility of canine and feline bacterial pathogens to pradofloxacin and comparison with other fluoroquinolones approved for companion animals." Veterinary Microbiology 162, no. 1 (February 2013): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.001.

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35

KÖRBER-IRRGANG, B., H. G. WETZSTEIN, S. BAGEL-TRAH, D. HAFNER, and M. KRESKEN. "Comparative activity of pradofloxacin and marbofloxacin against coagulase-positive staphylococci in a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model based on canine pharmacokinetics." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 35, no. 6 (January 25, 2012): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01361.x.

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36

Blondeau, Joseph M., and Shantelle D. Shebelski. "Comparative in vitro killing of canine strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Escherichia coli by cefovecin, cefazolin, doxycycline and pradofloxacin." Veterinary Dermatology 27, no. 4 (June 15, 2016): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vde.12334.

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Černá, Petra, Jordan Mitchell, Joanna Lodzinska, Paola Cazzini, Katarina Varjonen, and Danièlle Gunn-Moore. "Systemic Mycobacterium kansasii Infection in Two Related Cats." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110959.

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Mycobacterial infections are a major concern in veterinary medicine because of the difficulty achieving an etiological diagnosis, the challenges and concerns of treatment, and the potential zoonotic risk. Mycobacterium kansasii, a slow-growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria, causes disease in both humans and animals. While infections have been well described in humans, where it may be misdiagnosed as tuberculosis, there are fewer reports in animals. Only four cases have been reported in the domestic cat. This case report describes systemic M. kansasii infection in two sibling indoor-only cats that presented two and half years apart with cutaneous disease that was found to be associated with osteolytic and pulmonary pathology. Infection with M. kansasii was confirmed in both cats by polymerase chain reaction on fine-needle aspirate of a lumbosacral soft tissue mass in one cat and on a tissue punch biopsy of a skin lesion in the other; interferon-gamma release assay inferred M. avium-complex and M. tuberculosis-complex infection in the two cats, respectively. Both patients made a full recovery following antimicrobial therapy with rifampicin, azithromycin, and pradofloxacin (plus N-acetyl cysteine in cat 2). This report highlights successful treatment of systemic M. kansasii mycobacteriosis in the cat and the challenge of accurately diagnosing this infection.

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Azzariti, Stefano, Ross Bond, Anette Loeffler, Flavia Zendri, Dorina Timofte, Yu-Mei Chang, and Ludovic Pelligand. "Investigation of In Vitro Susceptibility and Resistance Mechanisms in Skin Pathogens: Perspectives for Fluoroquinolone Therapy in Canine Pyoderma." Antibiotics 11, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091204.

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Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are commonly used in dogs with bacterial skin infections. Their use as first choice, along with the increased incidence of FQ-resistance, represents a risk to animal and public health. Our study determined minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of five FQs in Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, and Escherichia coli, together with FQ-resistance mechanisms. MICs, efflux pump (EP) overexpression and MBCs were measured in 249 skin infection isolates following CLSI guidelines (CLSI VET01-A4, CLSI M26-A). Chromosomal and plasmid-mediated resistance genes were investigated after DNA extraction and sequencing. FQ-resistance was detected in 10% of methicillin-susceptible (MS), 90% of methicillin-resistant (MR) staphylococci and in 36% of E. coli. Bactericidal effect was observed except in 50% of MRSA/P for ciprofloxacin and in 20% of MRSPs for enrofloxacin. Highest MICs were associated with double mutation in gyrA (Ser83Leu + Asp87Asn), efflux pumps and three PMQR genes in E. coli, and grlA (Ser80Phe + Glu84Lys) in S. aureus. EP overexpression was high among E. coli (96%), low in S. aureus (1%) and absent in S. pseudintermedius. Pradofloxacin and moxifloxacin showed low MICs with bactericidal effect. Since in vitro FQ resistance was associated with MR, FQ use should be prudently guided by susceptibility testing.

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Hui, Jamie, Kirk A. Ryan, Nathalie Rademacher, Pradeep Neupane, and Edward B. Breitschwerdt. "Osteomyelitis associated with Bartonella henselae infection in a young cat." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 8, no. 2 (July 2022): 205511692211249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20551169221124910.

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Case summary A 1-year-old male intact domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for acute onset non-weightbearing left forelimb lameness and generalized peripheral lymphadenopathy. CT identified a monostotic aggressive bone lesion with an incomplete fracture of the left radial metaphysis. Bone aspirates yielded osteoblasts with minimal nuclear atypia. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a nodular spleen and lymphadenopathy; cytologically, both contained lymphoid hyperplasia. A urine histoplasma antigen test was negative. Bartonella henselae and Mycoplasma haemominutum DNA was amplified by PCR from peripheral blood. Indirect immunofluorescence documented strong B henselae immunoreactivity, with lower Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii and Bartonella koehlerae antibody titers. After the administration of doxycycline and pradofloxacin for suspected Bartonella-induced osteomyelitis, lameness resolved rapidly. Six-week post-treatment radiographs identified healing of the affected bone, and Bartonella species enrichment blood culture was negative. B henselae antibody titers decreased four-fold over a year, supporting seroreversion. Relevance and novel information B henselae is a flea-transmitted, host-adapted species, not previously implicated as a cause of osteomyelitis in cats. B henselae subclinical bacteremia is highly prevalent among cats; however, bacteremia has been associated with lymphadenopathy and febrile illness in cats. This report describes a unique clinical presentation in association with B henselae infection in a cat.

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Litster, Annette, Susan Moss, Mary Honnery, Bob Rees, Markus Edingloh, and Darren Trott. "Clinical Efficacy and Palatability of Pradofloxacin 2.5% Oral Suspension for the Treatment of Bacterial Lower Urinary Tract Infections in Cats." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 21, no. 5 (September 2007): 990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03054.x.

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41

Xie, Shangzhe, Darren J. Trott, Sugiyono Saputra, Esmaeil Ebrahimie, Manijeh Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh, Caitlyn Page, Nicola Woodward, Neil Griffiths, Benjamin Kimble, and Merran Govendir. "Pharmacokinetic profile and effect on the faecal microbiome of a single dose of pradofloxacin oral suspension in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 45, no. 2 (December 13, 2021): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.13038.

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42

Blondeau, Joseph M., and Shantelle D. Fitch. "In vitro killing of canine strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Escherichia coli by cefazolin, cefovecin, doxycycline and pradofloxacin over a range of bacterial densities." Veterinary Dermatology 31, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vde.12835.

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Plowgian, Curtis, Joseph M. Blondeau, Matthew Levinson, and Wayne Rosenkrantz. "A pilot study on the comparative minimum inhibitory and mutant prevention concentration values for moxifloxacin and pradofloxacin against canine and human isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and S. schleiferi." Veterinary Dermatology 30, no. 6 (September 5, 2019): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vde.12781.

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Salgado, Brianna, Katherine KuKanich, and Brian Lubbers. "PSI-25 development of local Kansas E. coli UTI antibiograms to improve antimicrobial stewardship in companion animal medicine." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.424.

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Abstract Urinary tract infections are common in dogs, but rare in cats. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of urine isolates is required to determine optimal antimicrobial therapy, but empirical antimicrobial guidelines are needed while culture is pending or if testing is declined. Antibiograms are summaries of local susceptibility trends that assist clinicians in selecting empirical antimicrobial therapy. Antibiograms were developed from E. coli feline (N = 138) and canine (N = 640) urinary isolates submitted by the KSU Veterinary Health Center and private veterinary practices from 2013–2017. Results showed a high prevalence of resistance among feline isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanate (99.3%, S ≤ 0.25) and ampicillin (99.3%, S ≤ 0.25), but lower prevalence among canine isolates (amoxicillin/clavulanate 7.7% S ≤ 8), ampicillin 46.7%, S ≤ 8). Resistance to other antimicrobials was uncommon, with no antimicrobial agents demonstrating resistance above 6% in feline isolates, or above 14% in canine isolates. Canine isolates from private veterinary practices had increased resistance as compared with KSU isolates to orbifloxacin (9.5% vs 0.1%) and pradofloxaxin (9.4% vs 0.1%). Application of different breakpoints and differences in antibiotic exposures may explain the disparity of Beta-Lactam resistance between cats and dogs. Different use patterns between hospitals may explain the disparity between fluoroquinolone resistance. These findings emphasize the need for definitive urine culture and susceptibility testing in pets with UTIs, so that appropriate and effective antimicrobial therapy can be prescribed. Veterinary clinicians in Kansas can use these antibiogram results in addition to following stewardship guidelines to maximize successful UTI therapy for veterinary patients and minimize development of antimicrobial resistance for the One Health community.

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"Pradofloxacin Treatment of Canine Deep Pyoderma." Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery 21, no. 3 (March 2008): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asams.2008.02.013.

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"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral pradofloxacin administration in dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 80, no. 5 (May 2019): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.80.5.504.

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Apostolopoulos, Neoklis, Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff, Brett Wildermuth, Irmgard Moser, Doris Hillemann, Daniel Nobach, Christiane Herden, Christa Ewers, and Nina Thom. "Mycobacterium setense isolated from a cat with atypical mycobacterial panniculitis." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere, June 24, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1528-1763.

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ZusammenfassungBei einer Katze wurde eine atypische mykobakterielle Pannikulitis diagnostiziert. Mittels 16S-rRNA-Gen-Sequenzanalyse ließ sich Mycobacterium setense, ein grampositives stäbchenförmiges säurefestes Bakterium der Mycobacterium fortuitum-Gruppe nachweisen, das zuvor nie bei einem erkrankten Tier isoliert werden konnte. Initial wurden Resistenzen gegen Doxycyclin und Clarithromycin festgestellt und während der Behandlung mit Pradofloxacin entwickelte sich zudem eine Resistenz gegen Fluorchinolone, bedingt durch eine Mutation im Gyrasegen gyrA (S90W-Austausch). Trotz einer langfristigen antimikrobiellen Behandlung über 33 Monate wurde keine vollständige Heilung erzielt. Bei einer atypischen mykobakteriellen Pannikulitis ist die Speziesbestimmung mit Resistenztest die Grundlage für eine adäquate Antibiose.

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Taylor, Emily, Darren J. Trott, Benjamin Kimble, Shangzhe Xie, Merran Govendir, and David J. McLelland. "Pharmacokinetic profile of a single dose of an oral pradofloxacin suspension administered to eastern long‐necked turtles ( Chelodina longicollis )." Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, November 30, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12933.

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Stavri, Alba, Isabelle Masseau, and Carol R. Reinero. "Reversibility of clinical and computed tomographic lesions mimicking pulmonary fibrosis in a young cat." BMC Veterinary Research 17, no. 1 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03081-8.

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Abstract Background In humans with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), specific thoracic computed tomographic (CT) features in the correct clinical context may be used in lieu of histologic examination. Cats develop an IPF-like condition with similar features to humans. As few cats have invasive lung biopsies, CT has appeal as a surrogate diagnostic, showing features consistent with architectural remodeling supporting “end-stage lung”. Case presentation A 1-year-old female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat presenting with progressive respiratory clinical signs and thoracic CT changes (reticular pattern, parenchymal bands, subpleural interstitial thickening, pleural fissure thickening, subpleural lines and regions of increased attenuation with traction bronchiectasis and architectural distortion) consistent with reports of IPF was given a grave prognosis for long-term survival. The cat was treated with prednisolone, fenbendazole, pradofloxacin and clindamycin. Five months later, while still receiving an anti-inflammatory dose of prednisolone, the cat was re-evaluated with owner-reported absent respiratory clinical signs. Thoracic CT demonstrated resolution of lung patterns consistent with fibrosis. Conclusions Fibrotic lung disease is irreversible. Despite this cat having compatible progressive respiratory signs and associated lung patterns on thoracic CT scan, these abnormalities resolved with non-specific therapy and time, negating the possibility of IPF. While the cause of the distinct CT lesions that ultimately resolved was not determined, infection was suspected. Experimental Toxocara cati infection shows overlapping CT features as this cat and is considered a treatable disease. Improvement of CT lesions months after experimental heartworm-associated respiratory disease in cats has been documented. Reversibility of lesions suggests inflammation rather than fibrosis was the cause of the thoracic CT lesions. This cat serves as a lesson that although thoracic CT has been advocated as a surrogate for histopathology in people with IPF, additional studies in cats are needed to integrate CT findings with signalment, other clinicopathologic features and therapeutic response before providing a diagnosis or prognosis of fibrotic lung disease.

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