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Journal articles on the topic 'Powered Two Wheelers Safety'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Tiwari, Geetam. "Safety challenges of powered two-wheelers." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 22, no. 4 (September 29, 2015): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2015.1088997.

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2

Ramnath, B. Vijaya, K. Venkataraman, Selvaraj Venkatram, Sohil Thomas, Muthukumarasamy Maheshwaran, and N. Dinesh. "Powered Two-Wheeler with Integrated Safety Using Recurdyn Multi-Body Dynamics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.193.

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- Powered Two Wheelers (PTW) are very sensitive to environmental conditions and advancement in two-wheeler safety has not kept pace with the advancement in two-wheelers. The objective of our research is to bring about an improved design for powered two wheelers, analyzing the changes through simulation and thereby improving the safety considerations. According to the databases referred regarding accidents in depth study, it is observed that two-wheelers top the chart in number of accidents by a big margin and these accidents causes more fatal injuries. To save the rider, this paper proposes to constraint the rider along with pillion to the vehicle using “Leg holding device“ and seat belt. Side airbags are employed to absorb the impact of accident. The present safety system saves the rider in frontal collisions, while this research also focuses on side collisions. ISO 13232 standard accident scenarios were followed. For simulation of scenarios multi body dynamics software called RecurDyn is used. The improvement in employing safety measures is compared with its absence and results are plotted.

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3

Savino, Giovanni, Roberto Lot, Matteo Massaro, Matteo Rizzi, Ioannis Symeonidis, Sebastian Will, and Julie Brown. "Active safety systems for powered two-wheelers: A systematic review." Traffic Injury Prevention 21, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2019.1700408.

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4

Šraml, Matjaž, Tomaž Tollazzi, and Marko Renčelj. "Traffic safety analysis of powered two-wheelers (PTWs) in Slovenia." Accident Analysis & Prevention 49 (November 2012): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.12.013.

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5

Van Elslande, P., J. Y. Fournier, and C. Parraud. "Powered two-wheelers in urban environment: A detailed accident analysis." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 322–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/safe-v5-n4-322-335.

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6

Rencelj, Marko, Tomaz Tollazzi, Saso Turnsek, and Matjaz Sraml. "Measures for Improving Powered Two-Wheelers Riders’ Traffic Safety on Slovenian Roads." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 53 (October 2012): 645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.914.

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7

Van Elslande, Pierre. "The ITF/OECD Working Group on Powered Two-Wheelers Safety: Developing Guidelines for an Integrated Safety Strategy." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012): 982–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1075.

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8

Brown, Laurie, Andrew Morris, Pete Thomas, Karthikeyan Ekambaram, Dimitris Margaritis, Ragnhild Davidse, Davide Shingo Usami, et al. "Investigation of accidents involving powered two wheelers and bicycles – A European in-depth study." Journal of Safety Research 76 (February 2021): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.12.015.

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9

Clabaux, Nicolas, Jean-Yves Fournier, Jean-Emmanuel Michel, and Christophe Perrin. "Does filtering by powered two-wheelers present a risk for pedestrians in city centers?" Journal of Transport & Health 13 (June 2019): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.02.001.

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10

Perco, Paolo. "Comparison between Powered Two-Wheeler and Passenger Car Free-Flow Speeds in Urban Areas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2074, no. 1 (January 2008): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2074-10.

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Accident data indicate that motorcyclists are a particularly vulnerable group of road users because they run a higher risk of being injured or killed in an accident than passenger car drivers. One of the countermeasures that can improve traffic safety for motorcyclists is an increase in awareness and knowledge about powered two-wheelers (PTWs) in the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of new and existing roads. Road design standards and policies that regulate design process and safety evaluations are usually based on passenger car characteristics only. In particular, the passenger car operating speed is used as the critical input for design choices of geometric elements connected with traffic safety and as a performance measure to evaluate road design and consistency. Because the passenger car operating speed might not be representative of the PTW operating speed, this study compared the PTW and passenger car speed distributions in urban areas to establish definitively whether they are similar. The results showed that PTW speeds are always considerably higher than passenger car speeds and that the corresponding operating speeds are correlated. Therefore, a prediction equation to estimate the PTW operating speed starting from passenger car operating speed was developed for urban streets. This equation can help highway engineers to estimate expected PTW speeds that can be effectively used in the safety evaluations of new and existing roads where the significant presence of PTWs in the traffic flow suggests that this vehicle type should be considered.

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11

Corazza, Maria Vittoria, Antonio Musso, Kostas Finikopoulos, and Veronica Sgarra. "An Analysis on Health Care Costs Due to Accidents Involving Powered Two Wheelers to Increase Road Safety." Transportation Research Procedia 14 (2016): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.026.

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12

Theofilatos, Athanasios, and George Yannis. "A review of powered-two-wheeler behaviour and safety." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 22, no. 4 (June 2, 2014): 284–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2014.908224.

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13

Guo, Yanyong, Tarek Sayed, and Mohamed H. Zaki. "Evaluating the safety impacts of powered two wheelers on a shared roadway in China using automated video analysis." Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 11, no. 4 (March 28, 2018): 414–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2018.1447058.

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14

Grassi, A., D. Barbani, N. Baldanzini, R. Barbieri, and M. Pierini. "Belted Safety Jacket: a new concept in Powered Two-Wheeler passive safety." Procedia Structural Integrity 8 (2018): 573–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2017.12.057.

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15

Espié, Stéphane, Abderrahmane Boubezoul, Samuel Aupetit, and Samir Bouaziz. "Data collection and processing tools for naturalistic study of powered two-wheelers users’ behaviours." Accident Analysis & Prevention 58 (September 2013): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.03.012.

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16

G. Kumaresh, T. Lich, A. Skiera, and J. Moennich. "Benefit Mapping of Anti-Lock Braking System for Motorcycles from India to Indonesia." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 1, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i2.19.

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Around 1.3 million people die every year on the world's roads of which 285,200 are users of motorised two or three wheelers. In Indonesia, the number of traffic accidents has also increased by an average of 13% annually (2009-2013). This leads to socio-economic loss of approximately 255,864 million rupiah (Rp). The European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) analysis shows the risk of a motorcyclist (Powered Two Wheeler - PTW) being involved in a fatal accident is 20 times greater compared to a car driver travelling along the same route. This research reveals interesting facts about the Indonesian PTW accident situation through mapping the benefit of Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) for PTWs from India to Indonesia - although there is no in-depth data available to carry out thorough accident research study. One estimation is that every fourth accident with injuries involving a motorcyclist on Indonesian road can be avoided by a PTW with ABS (assuming a 100% installation rate of such device). This result is in line with other international studies claiming the avoidance potential of PTW with ABS.

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17

O’Hern, Steve, and Nora Estgfaeller. "A Scientometric Review of Powered Micromobility." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 15, 2020): 9505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229505.

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Micromobility is an emerging field of transportation, referring to trips undertaken by a range of microvehicles. Microvehicles encompass both traditional and emerging types of light vehicles from conventional bicycles and powered-two wheelers, through to e-bikes and e-scooters, e-skateboards and “hoverboards”. The recent uptake in powered microvehicles emphasizes the need to understand the knowledge domain of micromobility research. This paper summarises the research status by identifying main contributors to and evolutionary trends in the field. The study applied scientometric analysis techniques to review 474 articles published between 1991 and 2020. The search on Thomson Reuter’s Web of Science database was guided by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) common vocabulary for powered micromobility. Results show a proliferation of research in the field of powered micromobility since 2012, which demonstrates that the growth in research is occurring alongside the increased availability of microvehicles and trips being made using microvehicles. A broad range of research topics including user behaviour, vehicle technology, planning, policy, health and safety were identified with the latter two found to be the most studied areas. Findings suggest many potential benefits of using micromobility and that the field will continue to grow, spurred by the popularity of shared e-scooter schemes. Greater collaboration in the field is desirable to broaden the dissemination of knowledge.

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18

Atalar, Deniz, and Pete Thomas. "Powered two-wheeler crash scenario development." Accident Analysis & Prevention 125 (April 2019): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.02.001.

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19

Santos, Kenny, João P. Dias, Conceição Amado, Joana Sousa, and Paulo Francisco. "Risk factors associated with the increase of injury severity of powered two wheelers road accidents victims in Portugal." Traffic Injury Prevention 22, no. 8 (October 28, 2021): 646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2021.1987421.

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20

Schick, Sylvia, Simone Piantini, Marcus Wisch, and Julie Brown. "Comparing consequences of using two different definitions for body regions for the improvement of personal protective equipment for powered two-wheelers." Traffic Injury Prevention 20, sup2 (October 30, 2019): S182—S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2019.1659602.

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21

Maestracci, Marion, François Prochasson, Aurélie Geffroy, and Florian Peccoud. "Powered two-wheelers road accidents and their risk perception in dense urban areas: Case of Paris." Accident Analysis & Prevention 49 (November 2012): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.05.006.

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22

Kar, Pranab, Suvin P. Venthuruthiyil, and Mallikarjuna Chunchu. "Non-stationary crash risk modelling of powered two-wheelers using extreme value analysis of surrogate crash events." Accident Analysis & Prevention 183 (April 2023): 106973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2023.106973.

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23

Regmi, Madan. "What does it Take to Improve Road Safety in Asia?" Journal of Road Safety 32, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-21-00040.

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Despite global, regional, and national efforts in reducing the number of road crashes, the number of fatalities from these crashes is increasing globally as well as in Asia. The Asia-Pacific region currently accounts for 60% of global road fatalities. There are wide variations in the number of road fatalities among the regions, subregions, and countries. Within Asia, the South and South-West Asia subregion has the highest fatality rate of 20.3 fatalities per 100,000 population followed by South-East Asia with a fatality rate of 17.8 per 100,000 population. This paper reviews and analyses the road safety situation and implementation of road safety policies and practices in Asian countries. Identified are distinct risk factors that demand priority consideration. Some of the actions suggested for improving road safety in Asia are: Ensuring the availability of accurate road safety data, addressing the challenges of Vulnerable Road Users and powered two-wheelers, changing behaviors of road users and long haul drivers, ensuring safety features in trunk routes, improving infrastructure and facilities for non-motorised and public transport in cities, prioritising safety in rural and remote areas, empowering road safety institutions with accountability, focusing on low-cost solutions, and advocacy and education.

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24

Khan, Shahbaz Shamshad, Mr Harivansh Kumar Chaudhary, and Deepak Kumar Soni. "Making Roads Safer and Congestion-free in Aligarh city for Pedestrians and Two-wheeler users." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46988.

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Abstract: We Indians live in a developing country due to this reason we face lots of issues related to road congestion and safety on road for pedestrians as well as for 2-wheelers and motor vehicles due to which accidents happened for this, we need to make our infrastructure and planning in a good manner. In this paper, I will suggest ideas that can change the existing road infrastructure with a few changes and additions that will result in a reduction in trip time, congestion and road accidents. These changes will increase the LOS (Level of Service). Civil engineering branches deal with safe and efficient movements of people and goods along roadways in a multimodal system. This study will help us to make our existing roads safer for two-wheelers as well as for pedestrians.

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25

Mujbaile, Vedanand N., Akash G. Kalamkar, Akshay K. Alagatu, Ashish N. Sonewane, Kapil S. Mahajan, Sumit D. Nagpure, Vedprakash S. Thakre, and Vinit D. Sayankar. "Review on Designing and Development of Loading and Unloading Platform for Two Wheelers." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40877.

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Abstract: Lift is a simple device use to raise the object from ground level to a certain height to perform a specific work with aiming of possible maximum load and minimum efforts. Lifts are generally operated either hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical type. In many vehicle manufacturing industries, there are using lifting mechanism for loading and unloading operations which have to invest a huge capital for installing a exsisting bulkey and large platform which generally based on hydraulic means. This type of machine uses while export and import business. The main purpose of our study is to design and develop loading and unloading platform for two wheelers. Material selection plays important role in designing a machine and also influence on several factor such as strength, reliability, durability and resistance which leads to increase the life of lift. The aim of the project is to design and development of wire rope operated platform which lifts maximum 877.5 kg load including factor of safety with minimum time and labour for per cycle operation. Platform movement is achieved safely by using wire rope with the help of motor and drum assembly mechanism is of 2.8 m from the ground level. The design is performed by considering a mechanical lift as a portable, suitable for all type of load application and without any hydraulic or pneumatic means. The design is developed keeping in mind that consideration of all safety parameters. Lubrication required in few moving parts only. The aim of this paper is design, analysis and fabrication of a prototype mechanical lift which operate efficiently, consistently, sholud be easy to handle, multifunctional, cost effective, compact in size. Drafting and drawing of loading and unloading mechanical lift carried out in AUTOCAD with suitable modeling. The analysis of mechanical lift includes total deformation load, reaction forces, buckling and bending failures, equivalent stresses were done in ANSYS Software. Finally this analysis of strength, toughness, elasticity and temperature distribution is carried out in order to check the coherance of the design value. Keywords: Lifting Mechanism, Platform, Machine, Design and Development, Analysis, AUTOCAD, ANSYS Software.

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26

Puthan, Pradeep, Nils Lubbe, Junaid Shaikh, Bo Sui, and Johan Davidsson. "Defining crash configurations for Powered Two-Wheelers: Comparing ISO 13232 to recent in-depth crash data from Germany, India and China." Accident Analysis & Prevention 151 (March 2021): 105957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105957.

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27

Fornells, Alba, Núria Parera, José A. Azpeitia, Sergi Ferris, and Juan José Alba. "Kid-shell: Safety System Protection for Child Passengers Travelling on Powered Two-wheeled Vehicles." Transportation Research Procedia 14 (2016): 3886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.476.

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28

Vinayaraj, V. S., and Vedagiri Perumal. "Safety evaluation of urban roundabouts in India: a safety performance function-based approach." Traffic Safety Research 3 (October 22, 2022): 000015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55329/bylj4120.

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There is a lack of comprehensive research in roundabout safety under non-lane-based traffic conditions, mainly due to the absence of relevant crash data and effective tools for safety evaluation. Safety Performance Function (SPF) is a suitable tool for providing valuable information related to factors which can potentially contribute to the likelihood of increasing traffic crashes. Currently, very limited studies are available to explain the usefulness of SPF in the vicinity of roundabouts, especially at non-lane-based traffic conditions. This study aims to develop an SPF model for assessing the safety evaluation at roundabouts as a whole (intersection level) and the approach level. Data corresponding to crashes in nineteen roundabouts with different geometric and traffic characteristics was used for model formulation. Crash data for five years (2015–2019) was obtained from the State Crime Records Bureau. An SPF model was developed using a negative binomial model with a log-link function based on the number of crashes, traffic characteristics, and geometry characteristics of the roundabouts. The proportion of powered two-wheelers, percentage of heavy vehicles, entry-angle, and weaving-length were all significantly related with higher crash occurrences at roundabouts, according to the findings. In contrast, the number of circulatory lanes, inscribed circle diameter, and presence of road lane marking were negatively associated with the increased crash occurrences at the roundabout vicinity. In addition to this, the overall crash rate significantly varies across roundabout sections due to the asymmetric effects of geometric and traffic characteristics. The developed SPF would best explain the relationship between geometric and traffic characteristics and the crash occurrence rate in non-lane traffic conditions. The findings of this study support the need to relook at design parameters for better movement at the roundabouts, thereby improving the existing facilities to enhance road users' safety, especially in developing countries. The proposed SPF tool would help engineers examine the safety of roundabouts in terms of design adequacy, quantifying the risk factors, and future crash predictions.

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29

Gkemou, Maria, Francesco Biral, Ioannis Gkragkopoulos, Giammarco Valenti, Ioannis Tsetsinas, Evangelos Bekiaris, and Andrea Steccanella. "Cooperation between Roads and Vehicles: Field Validation of a Novel Infrastructure-Based Solution for All Road Users’ Safety." Safety 7, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety7020039.

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Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) are expected to considerably influence road safety, traffic efficiency and comfort. Nevertheless, their market penetration is still limited, on the one hand due to the high costs of installation and maintenance of the infrastructures and, on the other hand, due to the price of support automated driving functions. A breakthrough C-ITS technological solution was studied, designed, built and tested that is based on the implementation of custom low-cost on-road platforms (named “strips”) that embed micro/nano sensors, communication technologies and energy harvesting to shift intelligence from the vehicle to the road infrastructure. The strips, through a V2X and LTE communication gateway, transmit real-time, reliable and accurate information at lane level about the environmental and road condition, the traffic and the other road users’ position and speed. The exchanged information supports a series of C-ITS functions and services extending equipped vehicles capabilities and providing similar functions to non-equipped ones (including powered two wheelers). The general framework and the technological solution proposed is presented and the results of the field trials, conducted in three pilot sites around Europe, quantify the promising system performance as well as the positive effects of the C-ITS applications developed and tested on driver/rider’s behavior.

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30

Dižo, Ján, Miroslav Blatnický, Rafał Melnik, and Michal Karľa. "Improvement of Steerability and Driving Safety of an Electric Three-Wheeled Vehicle by a Design Modification of its Steering Mechanism." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2022-0005.

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Abstract Three-wheeled vehicles are transport means which generally combine properties of two-wheeled vehicles (principal motorcycles) and four-wheeled vehicles (standards cars). Three-wheeled vehicles have been designed and manufactured as units which are made up of one front wheel and two rear wheels, powered by an electric drive-train, and referred to in some countries under a non-English term as E-3kolka. These vehicles also comprise a special steering mechanism which improves their overturning stability when driving around curves. However, several tests have revealed certain deficiencies of the steering mechanism, where the main issue included unreliable self-restraining effect of steering wheel straightening after driving around a curve. This may even lead to unacceptable properties of the vehicle. Therefore, the authors of this paper suggest particular technical solutions to eliminate or completely avoid the described negative effects during driving. Proposed designs are mutually compared and a final decision is presented.

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31

Wu, Kun-Feng (Ken), and Tong Lin. "Investigating the effects of travel lane configuration and lane width on traffic safety where powered-two-wheelers (PTWs) share with larger vehicles: A micro perspective." Accident Analysis & Prevention 172 (July 2022): 106682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106682.

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32

Clabaux, Nicolas, Jean-Yves Fournier, and Jean-Emmanuel Michel. "Powered two-wheeler riders' risk of crashes associated with filtering on urban roads." Traffic Injury Prevention 18, no. 2 (December 18, 2016): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2016.1225298.

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33

Talbot, Rachel, Laurie Brown, and Andrew Morris. "Why are powered two wheeler riders still fatally injured in road junction crashes? – A causation analysis." Journal of Safety Research 75 (December 2020): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.09.009.

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34

Lemonakis, Panagiotis, George Kaliabetsos, Nikolaos Moisiadis, and Nikolaos Eliou. "A Methodology to Investigate Powered Two-Wheeler Rider’s Comfort over Road Sections with Skew Superelevation." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 16 (November 22, 2021): 592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2021.16.55.

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The proper surface water drainage not only affects vehicle movement dynamics but also increases the likelihood of an accident since inadequate drainage is associated with potential hydroplaning and splash and spray driving conditions. Nine solutions have been proposed to address hydroplaning in sections with inadequate drainage e.g. augmented superelevation and longitudinal slope, reduction of runoff length, and skew superelevation. The latter has been extensively implemented in highways recently, enhancing the safety level in the applied road segments regarding the effective drainage of the rainwater. However, the concept of the skew superelevation has raised concerns regarding the level of driver’s comfort when traveling over skew superelevation sections particularly with high speeds. These concerns were alleviated through the concept of the round-up skew superelevation which reduces both the lateral and the vertical acceleration imposed on the drivers and hence, improves comfort and traffic safety. The present study investigates the behaviour of power two-wheeler riders since they are susceptible to any changes on the pavement surface and therefore a comparison between the traditional superelevation practice and the skew superelevation concept is of paramount importance. The methodology is based on the utilization of sophisticated software to design the model of the road for several values of longitudinal slopes. Based on the values of the slopes and the use of mathematical equations, the accelerations imposed on the wheel of the motorcycle were calculated. Since the final aim of the study is the influence of the skew superelevation to the rider, it was deemed necessary to convey the calculated accelerations from the wheel to the rider. That was accomplished by implementing the quarter car suspension model adjusted to the features of two-wheeler vehicles. Finally, the accelerations derived from this process evaluated according to specific thresholds based on the literature which correspond to certain levels of comfort. The most important conclusion drawn is that the comfort of the riders is not dependent to a great extent on the form of the road gradient because the vertical acceleration imposed on the riders took similar values regardless of the value of the longitudinal slope.

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35

Theofilatos, Athanasios, George Yannis, Constantinos Antoniou, Antonis Chaziris, and Dimitris Sermpis. "Time series and support vector machines to predict powered-two-wheeler accident risk and accident type propensity: A combined approach." Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 10, no. 5 (April 24, 2017): 471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2017.1301611.

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36

Clabaux, Nicolas, Jean-Yves Fournier, and Jean-Emmanuel Michel. "Powered two-wheeler drivers’ crash risk associated with the use of bus lanes." Accident Analysis & Prevention 71 (October 2014): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.05.021.

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37

Shahare, Bhavesh, Shivani Chawde, Rakesh Gudafwar, Harshada Pal, Purvi Bobade, and Shyam Bawankar. "IoT based Smart Motor Cycle Helmet." March 2021 3, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2021.1.002.

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The main purpose of this paper is to urge the two wheeler motor cycle riders to wear a helmet. In India, most of the death cases occur due to the two wheeler accidents. In most of the cases, rider suffers head injuries, which leads to death. In order to reduce the number of accidents, this research work proposes a smart helmet, which will be very useful for the two-wheeler riders. In general, two-wheeler accidents occur due to the high consumption of alcohol by the rider. The proposed smart helmet ensures the safety of the rider, while driving on the road. The proposed model comprises of an alcohol detection, accident identification, location tracking, hands-free device, solar powered module and fall detection. The proposed smart helmet will be connected to the ignition. Henceforth, if the rider does not wear a helmet, the ignition will not be triggered to start the two-wheeler. For handling an emergency situation, GSM module is used to send an alert message to the registered mobile number.

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38

Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte, Petter Helmersen Bogfjellmo, and Jan Petter Wigum. "Competition and its potential negative effect on safety in powered two-wheeler (PTW) training seen from a system perspective." Research in Transportation Economics 82 (October 2020): 100881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100881.

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39

Montella, Alfonso, Rocìo de Oña, Filomena Mauriello, Maria Rella Riccardi, and Giuseppe Silvestro. "A data mining approach to investigate patterns of powered two-wheeler crashes in Spain." Accident Analysis & Prevention 134 (January 2020): 105251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.07.027.

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40

Labbé, Delphine, W. Ben Mortenson, Paula W. Rushton, Louise Demers, and William C. Miller. "Mobility and participation among ageing powered wheelchair users: using a lifecourse approach." Ageing and Society 40, no. 3 (September 24, 2018): 626–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18001228.

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AbstractAbout 65 million people use wheelchairs worldwide. Powered wheelchairs offer independent mobility for those who find it difficult to propel a manual wheelchair. Previous studies have described powered wheelchairs as a mixed blessing for the users in terms of usability, accessibility, safety, cost and stigma; however, few studies have explored their impact on mobility and participation over time. Therefore, as part of a larger longitudinal study, we used a combined retrospective and prospective lifecourse perspective to explore the experiences of older adult powered wheelchair users. Based on the interpretive description approach, 19 participants took part in a series of semi-structured interviews over a two-year period about their mobility, social participation and ageing process. The participants were powered wheelchair users, at least 50 years of age, recruited in Vancouver, Montreal and Quebec City (Canada). We identified three themes that highlighted how the powered wheelchair experience was integrated into the life continuum of the users. ‘It's my legs’ emphasised how powered wheelchairs are a form of mobility that not only enables users to take part in activities, but also impacts their identities, past and present. ‘Wheels of change’ explored the dynamic nature of powered wheelchair use and changes related to ageing. ‘Getting around’ illustrated how users’ mobility was affected by the interaction with their physical and social environments. Developing public policies to advance social and environmental changes could help countries to ensure equity of access and social inclusion of those ageing with disabilities.

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Opala, Michał. "Study of the derailment safety index Y/Q of the low-floor tram bogies with different types of guidance of independently rotating wheels." Archives of Transport 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1218792.

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Modern tram designs use different conceptions of how to implement the low-floor functionality. The key construction part is the bogie running gear which has to accommodate the lower part of the tram body. To adjust the low-floor level, many low-floor tram bogies have different types of guidance of independently rotating wheels with no central axle between the two wheels. Lack of self-steering mechanism in the form of central axle coupling or an external guiding device creates several inherent problems, such as insufficient guiding and excessive wear. Another important context is the safety against derailment when the vehicle negotiates a curved track. In this study the dynamic behaviour of non-powered bogies with different types of guidance of independently rotating wheels are presented using computer simulation models. The simulation results of the Y/Q index are compared for the two track configurations (curved and tangent sections) and four different kinds of bogie running gear.

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Tollazzi, Tomaž, Matej Moharić, and Chiara Gruden. "A Preliminary Assessment of Rider/Driver Gaze Behaviour in Slovenian Urban Areas." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042056.

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Motorcycle riders are an increasing group of road users. The intrinsic characteristics of powered two wheelers (PTW) allow them to be particularly flexible, both in urban and extra-urban environments. Nevertheless, crash statistics indicate that riders involved in road accidents are highly likely to suffer severe injuries, underlining the vulnerability of this group of road users. An element that can greatly affect the safety of PTW users is road design, as roads are usually designed for two-track vehicles (cars, buses, and lorries) and do not consider the needs of PTWs. Additionally, handling a motorcycle is quite different from driving a car; thus, the behaviour of riders is different to that of drivers. The aim of this paper is to compare how different road designs are perceived by riders and drivers and to preliminarily assess if riders’ behaviour and attention allocation are related. For the purpose of this research, an eye-tracking experiment was developed outdoors. Both drivers and riders travelled along a route comprising four different road designs and various road layouts, and the output was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Although it was not possible to carry out a statistical analysis due to the limited number of participants, the results demonstrate that there is a difference in the gaze behaviour of drivers and riders, with the latter being far more focused on the left-hand side of the road and concentrating on defined elements of road design. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrated that a higher number of fixations is related to lower speeds. Finally, it was noted that both kinds of road users focus fairly well on the carriageway, leading to the conclusion that the indications given through road markings may be much more effective than vertical signalisation, which has rarely been observed.

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Cassese, Giovanni, Cosimo Lucci, Giovanni Savino, and Niccolò Baldanzini. "Analysis of the rider’s body movement during the intervention of the Autonomous Emergency Braking system for Motorcycles (MAEB)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1214, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1214/1/012047.

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Abstract Among the rider assistance systems for powered-two-wheelers (PTWs) that are currently in the developing stage, autonomous emergency braking (identified by the acronym MAEB - Motorcycle Autonomous Emergency Braking) was shown to be promising to significantly improve the safety of such vehicles. This system, which is already available on passenger cars and trucks (known as AEB), reduces the vehicle speed in the event of a forthcoming collision. The lack of implementation of AEB on standard motorcycles is due to the characteristic capsize instability of PTWs and their complex dynamics, which is, strongly influenced by the motion of the rider. In a recent field-test campaign within the EU funded project “PIONEERS”, tests were conducted with common riders as participants to evaluate the intervention of MAEB in urban riding scenarios. A combined analysis of the data recorded from the vehicle, data related to the movement of the rider’s body measured through an inertial measurement unit and videos recorded during the test, allowed characterizing the different behaviours of the rider’s body in response to the activation of the automatic braking system in straight riding conditions. The results showed that body movement can be used as an indicator of the riders’ ability to control the vehicle under automatic braking conditions. In addition, in tests conducted with 0.5 g automatic decelerations, riders showed to be able to recover to natural riding position within the timeframe of the automatic braking activation event. This study defined an innovative method for evaluating the response of motorcyclists to the braking intervention and provides insights into the applicability of MAEB on standard vehicles.

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Wang, Xinghua, Yong Peng, Tuo Xu, Qian Xu, Xianhui Wu, Guoliang Xiang, Shengen Yi, and Honggang Wang. "Autonomous driving testing scenario generation based on in-depth vehicle-to-powered two-wheeler crash data in China." Accident Analysis & Prevention 176 (October 2022): 106812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106812.

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Hvorost, М., and R. Voronov. "RESEARCH OF SCALAR CONTROL SYSTEM OF TWO TRACTION INDUCTION MOTORS FROM BY ONE INVERTER." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-33-40.

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Most adjustable-speed AC drive systems are constructed in such a way that one motor receives power from one inverter and uses vector control as the basic control principle. However, in some cases there is a need to power several motors in parallel from a single inverter, that minimizes the size, weight and cost of such a system. The most common examples of such systems are rail and urban electric vehicles, where two to four induction motors are connected to drive in parallel. Control of such a system is a difficult task, especially in conditions of unbalanced loads on the motors, that can occur in conditions of different adhesion of wheels with rails. The inability to provide individual control of the motor when powered by a single inverter can lead to a decrease in the safety level of such a vehicle due to the loss of stability when changing the current value of the adhesion coefficient of individual wheel pairs. Mechanical processes in the traction system are analyzed, in which each wheel pair is driven by a separate motor powered by a common inverter. It is shown that the identity of the values of the adhesion coefficients is an important condition for the stability of such a system, that cannot be guaranteed in the actual practice of the operation of the vehicle. Therefore, the development and research of control systems that are capable of operating the system in a variety of rail / road conditions is an important direction for the further development of such systems. The structure of mathematical model of traction electromechanical system consisting of two induction motors powered by one inverter is proposed. The adjustable-speed control is based on the scalar control system, that is the easiest to implement because it does not require the estimation of the state variables of the system components. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation is selected as the switch control signal method. Operation of traction electromechanical system with scalar frequency control law is investigated by mathematical modeling. It has been proven that changing the characteristics of a single wheel pair's adhesion can lead to a loss of stability by a system that is unacceptable in terms of providing a comfortable and safe operation of the vehicle. Keywords: traction electric drive, scalar control, adhesion, mathematical model, frequency control

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Wang, Xinghua, Yong Peng, Shengen Yi, Honggang Wang, and Weifeng Yu. "Risky behaviors, psychological failures and kinematics in vehicle-to-powered two-wheeler accidents: Results from in-depth Chinese crash data." Accident Analysis & Prevention 156 (June 2021): 106150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106150.

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Terranova, Paolo, Morgan E. Dean, Cosimo Lucci, Simone Piantini, Trevor J. Allen, Giovanni Savino, and Hampton C. Gabler. "Applicability Assessment of Active Safety Systems for Motorcycles Using Population-Based Crash Data: Cross-Country Comparison among Australia, Italy, and USA." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 7563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137563.

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The role of powered two-wheeler (PTW) transport from the perspective of a more sustainable mobility system is undermined by the associated high injury risk due to crashes. Motorcycle-based active safety systems promise to avoid or mitigate many of these crashes suffered by PTW riders. Despite this, most systems are still only in the prototype phase and understanding which systems have the greatest chance of reducing crashes is an important step in prioritizing their development. Earlier studies have examined the applicability of these systems to individual crash configurations, e.g., rear-end vs. intersection crashes. However, there may be large regional differences in the distribution of PTW crash configurations, motorcycle types, and road systems, and hence in the priority for the development of systems. The study objective is to compare the applicability of five active safety systems for PTWs in Australia, Italy, and the US using real-world crash data from each region. The analysis found stark differences in the expected applicability of the systems across the three regions. ABS generally resulted in the most applicable system, with estimated applicability in 45–60% of all crashes. In contrast, in 20–30% of the crashes in each country, none of the safety systems analyzed were found to be applicable. This has important implications for manufacturers and researchers, but also for regulators, which may demand country-specific minimum performance requirements for PTW active safety countermeasures.

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Ntziachristos, L., P. Pistikopoulos, and Z. Samaras. "Particle characterization from two-stroke powered two-wheelers." International Journal of Engine Research 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x7455.

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This paper presents the physical characterization of particle emissions from small two-stroke gasoline two-wheelers. Particle samples were drawn with a dedicated partial dilution system. They were analysed with various aerosol measurement instruments, including a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI), and a diffusion charger. Solid particles were discriminated by using a thermodenuder. Results suggest that small two-wheeled vehicles are significant emitters of both solid and volatile particles with the volatile fraction being the dominant one. The particle size distribution appears bimodal at high load and log-normal at lower load. The high concentration of condensable species in the exhaust also leads to the formation of volatile particles in the accumulation mode, which is typically not observed in diesel exhaust. Further comparison with a typical diesel passenger car revealed that some older technology two-wheelers emit even higher mass and solid particle counts than the car. However, the paper concludes that technology improvements such as oxidation catalysts and direct injection systems are expected significantly to reduce particulate matter emission rates.

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Van Elslande, Pierre, and Rune Elvik. "Powered two-wheelers within the traffic system." Accident Analysis & Prevention 49 (November 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.09.007.

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De Filippi, Pierpaolo, Mara Tanelli, Matteo Corno, Sergio M. Savaresi, and Mario D. Santucci. "Electronic Stability Control for Powered Two-Wheelers." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 22, no. 1 (January 2014): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2013.2238541.

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