Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Powered Two Wheelers Safety'

Objective: Active safety systems, of which antilock braking is a prominent example, are going to play an important role to improve powered two-wheeler (PTW) safety. This paper presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on active safety for PTWs. The aim was to list all systems under development, identify knowledge gaps and recognize promising research areas that require further efforts. Methods: A broad search using “safety” as the main keyword was performed on Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, followed by manual screening to identify eligible papers that underwent a full-text review. Finally, the selected papers were grouped by general technology type and analyzed via structured form to identify the following: specific active safety system, study type, outcome type, population/sample where applicable, and overall findings. Results: Of the 8,000 papers identified with the initial search, 85 were selected for full-text review and 62 were finally included in the study, of which 34 were journal papers. The general technology types identified included antilock braking system, autonomous emergency braking, collision avoidance, intersection support, intelligent transportation systems, curve warning, human machine interface systems, stability control, traction control, and vision assistance. Approximately one third of the studies considered the design and early stage testing of safety systems (n. 22); almost one fourth (n.15) included evaluations of system effectiveness. Conclusions: Our systematic review shows that a multiplicity of active safety systems for PTWs were examined in the scientific literature, but the levels of development are diverse. A few systems are currently available in the series production, whereas other systems are still at the level of early-stage prototypes. Safety benefit assessments were conducted for single systems, however, organized comparisons between systems that may inform the prioritization of future research are lacking. Another area of future analysis is on the combined effects of different safety systems, that may be capitalized for better performance and to maximize the safety impact of new technologies.

Increased use of powered two-wheelers (PTWs) often underlies increases in the number of reported crashes, promoting research into PTW safety. PTW riders are overrepresented in crash and injury statistics relative to exposure and, as such, are considered vulnerable road users. PTW use has increased substantially over the last decade in many developed countries. One such country is Australia, where moped and scooter use has increased at a faster rate than motorcycle use in recent years. Increased moped use is particularly evident in the State of Queensland which is one of four Australian jurisdictions where moped riding is permitted for car licence holders and a motorcycle licence is not required. A moped is commonly a small motor scooter and is limited to a maximum design speed of 50 km/h and a maximum engine cylinder capacity of 50 cubic centimetres. Scooters exceeding either of these specifications are classed as motorcycles in all Australian jurisdictions. While an extensive body of knowledge exists on motorcycle safety, some of which is relevant to moped and scooter safety, the latter PTW types have received comparatively little focused research attention. Much of the research on moped safety to date has been conducted in Europe where they have been popular since the mid 20th century, while some studies have also been conducted in the United States. This research is of limited relevance to Australia due to socio-cultural, economic, regulatory and environmental differences. Moreover, while some studies have compared motorcycles to mopeds in terms of safety, no research to date has specifically examined the differences and similarities between mopeds and larger scooters, or between larger scooters and motorcycles. To address the need for a better understanding of moped and scooter use and safety, the current program of research involved three complementary studies designed to achieve the following aims: (1) develop better knowledge and understanding of moped and scooter usage trends and patterns; and (2) determine the factors leading to differences in moped, scooter and motorcycle safety. Study 1 involved six-monthly observations of PTW types in inner city parking areas of Queensland’s capital city, Brisbane, to monitor and quantify the types of PTW in use over a two year period. Study 2 involved an analysis of Queensland PTW crash and registration data, primarily comparing the police-reported crash involvement of mopeds, scooters and motorcycles over a five year period (N = 7,347). Study 3 employed both qualitative and quantitative methods to examine moped and scooter usage in two components: (a) four focus group discussions with Brisbane-based Queensland moped and scooter riders (N = 23); and (b) a state-wide survey of Queensland moped and scooter riders (N = 192). Study 1 found that of the PTW types parked in inner city Brisbane over the study period (N = 2,642), more than one third (36.1%) were mopeds or larger scooters. The number of PTWs observed increased at each six-monthly phase, but there were no significant changes in the proportions of PTW types observed across study phases. There were no significant differences in the proportions or numbers of PTW type observed by season. Study 2 revealed some important differences between mopeds, scooters and motorcycles in terms of safety and usage through analysis of crash and registration data. All Queensland PTW registrations doubled between 2001 and 2009, but there was an almost fifteen-fold increase in moped registrations. Mopeds subsequently increased as a proportion of Queensland registered PTWs from 1.2 percent to 8.8 percent over this nine year period. Moped and scooter crashes increased at a faster rate than motorcycle crashes over the five year study period from July 2003 to June 2008, reflecting their relatively greater increased usage. Crash rates per 10,000 registrations for the study period were only slightly higher for mopeds (133.4) than for motorcycles and scooters combined (124.8), but estimated crash rates per million vehicle kilometres travelled were higher for mopeds (6.3) than motorcycles and scooters (1.7). While the number of crashes increased for each PTW type over the study period, the rate of crashes per 10,000 registrations declined by 40 percent for mopeds compared with 22 percent for motorcycles and scooters combined. Moped and scooter crashes were generally less severe than motorcycle crashes and this was related to the particular crash characteristics of the PTW types rather than to the PTW types themselves. Compared to motorcycle and moped crashes, scooter crashes were less likely to be single vehicle crashes, to involve a speeding or impaired rider, to involve poor road conditions, or to be attributed to rider error. Scooter and moped crashes were more likely than motorcycle crashes to occur on weekdays, in lower speed zones and at intersections. Scooter riders were older on average (39) than moped (32) and motorcycle (35) riders, while moped riders were more likely to be female (36%) than scooter (22%) or motorcycle riders (7%). The licence characteristics of scooter and motorcycle riders were similar, with moped riders more likely to be licensed outside of Queensland and less likely to hold a full or open licence. The PTW type could not be identified in 15 percent of all cases, indicating a need for more complete recording of vehicle details in the registration data. The focus groups in Study 3a and the survey in Study 3b suggested that moped and scooter riders are a heterogeneous population in terms of demographic characteristics, riding experience, and knowledge and attitudes regarding safety and risk. The self-reported crash involvement of Study 3b respondents suggests that most moped and scooter crashes result in no injury or minor injury and are not reported to police. Study 3 provided some explanation for differences observed in Study 2 between mopeds and scooters in terms of crash involvement. On the whole, scooter riders were older, more experienced, more likely to have undertaken rider training and to value rider training programs. Scooter riders were also more likely to use protective clothing and to seek out safety-related information. This research has some important practical implications regarding moped and scooter use and safety. While mopeds and scooters are generally similar in terms of usage, and their usage has increased, scooter riders appear to be safer than moped riders due to some combination of superior skills and safer riding behaviour. It is reasonable to expect that mopeds and scooters will remain popular in Queensland in future and that their usage may further increase, along with that of motorcycles. Future policy and planning should consider potential options for encouraging moped riders to acquire better riding skills and greater safety awareness. While rider training and licensing appears an obvious potential countermeasure, the effectiveness of rider training has not been established and other options should also be strongly considered. Such options might include rider education and safety promotion, while interventions could also target other road users and urban infrastructure. Future research is warranted in regard to moped and scooter safety, particularly where the use of those PTWs has increased substantially from low levels. Research could address areas such as rider training and licensing (including program evaluations), the need for more detailed and reliable data (particularly crash and exposure data), protective clothing use, risks associated with lane splitting and filtering, and tourist use of mopeds. Some of this research would likely be relevant to motorcycle use and safety, as well as that of mopeds and scooters.

The need to address on-road motorcycle safety in Australia is important due to the disproportionately high percentage of riders and pillions killed and injured each year. One approach to preventing motorcycle-related injury is through training and education. However, motorcycle rider training lacks empirical support as an effective road safety countermeasure to reduce crash involvement. Previous reviews have highlighted that risk-taking is a contributing factor in many motorcycle crashes, rather than merely a lack of vehicle-control skills (Haworth & Mulvihill, 2005; Jonah, Dawson & Bragg, 1982; Watson et al, 1996). Hence, though the basic vehicle-handling skills and knowledge of road rules that are taught in most traditional motorcycle licence training programs may be seen as an essential condition of safe riding, they do not appear to be sufficient in terms of crash reduction. With this in mind there is considerable scope for the improvement of program focus and content for rider training and education. This program of research examined an existing traditional pre-licence motorcycle rider training program and formatively evaluated the addition of a new classroom-based module to address risky riding; the Three Steps to Safer Riding program. The pilot program was delivered in the real world context of the Q-Ride motorcycle licensing system in the state of Queensland, Australia. Three studies were conducted as part of the program of research: Study 1, a qualitative investigation of delivery practices and student learning needs in an existing rider training course; Study 2, an investigation of the extent to which an existing motorcycle rider training course addressed risky riding attitudes and motives; and Study 3, a formative evaluation of the new program. A literature review as well as the investigation of learning needs for motorcyclists in Study 1 aimed to inform the initial planning and development of the Three Steps to Safer Riding program. Findings from Study 1 suggested that the training delivery protocols used by the industry partner training organisation were consistent with a learner-centred approach and largely met the learning needs of trainee riders. However, it also found that information from the course needs to be reinforced by on-road experiences for some riders once licensed and that personal meaning for training information was not fully gained until some riding experience had been obtained. While this research informed the planning and development of the new program, a project team of academics and industry experts were responsible for the formulation of the final program. Study 2 and Study 3 were conducted for the purpose of formative evaluation and program refinement. Study 2 served primarily as a trial to test research protocols and data collection methods with the industry partner organisation and, importantly, also served to gather comparison data for the pilot program which was implemented with the same rider training organisation. Findings from Study 2 suggested that the existing training program of the partner organisation generally had a positive (albeit small) effect on safety in terms of influencing attitudes to risk taking, the propensity for thrill seeking, and intentions to engage in future risky riding. However, maintenance of these effects over time and the effects on riding behaviour remain unclear due to a low response rate upon follow-up 24 months after licensing. Study 3 was a formative evaluation of the new pilot program to establish program effects and possible areas for improvement. Study 3a examined the short term effects of the intervention pilot on psychosocial factors underpinning risky riding compared to the effects of the standard traditional training program (examined in Study 2). It showed that the course which included the Three Steps to Safer Riding program elicited significantly greater positive attitude change towards road safety than the existing standard licensing course. This effect was found immediately following training, and mean scores for attitudes towards safety were also maintained at the 12 month follow-up. The pilot program also had an immediate effect on other key variables such as risky riding intentions and the propensity for thrill seeking, although not significantly greater than the traditional standard training. A low response rate at the 12 month follow-up unfortunately prevented any firm conclusions being drawn regarding the impact of the pilot program on self-reported risky riding once licensed. Study 3a further showed that the use of intermediate outcomes such as self-reported attitudes and intentions for evaluation purposes provides insights into the mechanisms underpinning risky riding that can be changed by education and training. A multifaceted process evaluation conducted in Study 3b confirmed that the intervention pilot was largely delivered as designed, with course participants also rating most aspects of training delivery highly. The complete program of research contributed to the overall body of knowledge relating to motorcycle rider training, with some potential implications for policy in the area of motorcycle rider licensing. A key finding of the research was that psychosocial influences on risky riding can be shaped by structured education that focuses on awareness raising at a personal level and provides strategies to manage future riding situations. However, the formative evaluation was mainly designed to identify areas of improvement for the Three Steps to Safer Riding program and found several areas of potential refinement to improve future efficacy of the program. This included aspects of program content, program delivery, resource development, and measurement tools. The planned future follow-up of program participants' official crash and traffic offence records over time may lend further support for the application of the program within licensing systems. The findings reported in this thesis offer an initial indication that the Three Steps to Safer Riding is a useful resource to accompany skills-based training programs.

The safety of Powered Two Wheelers (PTWs) is important for public authorities and roadadministrators around the world. Recent official figures show that PTWs are estimated to represent only 2% of the total traffic but represent 30% of total deaths on French roads. However, as these estimated figures are obtained by simply counting the number plates registered, they do not give a true picture of the PTWs on the road at any given moment. This dissertation comes under the project METRAMOTO and is a technical applied research work and deals with two problems: detection of PTWsand the use of a laser scanner to count PTWs in the traffic. Traffic generally contains random vehicles of unknown nature and behaviour such as speed,vehicle interaction with other users on the road etc. Even though there are several technologies that can measure traffic, for example radars, cameras, magnetometers etc, as the PTWs are small-sized vehicles, they often move in between lanes and at quite a high speed compared to the vehicles moving in the adjacent lanes. This makes them difficult to detect. the proposed solution in this research work is composed of the following parts: a configuration to install the laser scanner on the road is chosen and a data coherence method is introduced so that the system is able to detect the road verges and its own height above the road surface. This is validated by simulator. Then the rawd ata obtained is pre-processed and is transform into the spatial temporal domain. Following this, an extraction algorithm called the Last Line Check (LLC) method is proposed. Once extracted, the objectis classified using one of the two classifiers either the Support Vector Machine (SVM) or the k-Nearest Neighbour (KNN). At the end, the results given by each of the two classifiers are compared and presented in this research work. The proposed solution in this research work is a propototype that is intended to be integrated in a real time system that can be installed on a highway to detect, extract, classify and counts PTWs in real time under all traffic conditions (traffic at normal speeds, dense traffic and even traffic jams).

L’accidentalité des conducteurs de 2RM est au cœur des préoccupations de sécurité routière. Ce travail de thèse vise à apporter des connaissances sur les différences de sexe et de conformité aux stéréotypes de sexe au sein de cette communauté très masculine. Il a été montré que les femmes motocyclistes avaient des taux d’accidents corporels ou mortels bien inférieurs à ceux des hommes. Les résultats montrent que les comportements à risque accidentels des hommes et des femmes motocyclistes sont proches, hormis pour les comportements les plus risqués. Il a aussi été montré que le type de motocyclette avait un effet plus important que le sexe sur les comportements à risques accidentels. De plus, il a été montré que les motocyclistes se conforment aux stéréotypes de sexe qui leurs sont associés et que la masculinité renforce la prise de risque et la transgression des règles, cette relation étant expliquée par les motivations à conduire un 2RM. Enfin, ce travail a montré que les stéréotypes de sexe associés à la conduite d’une motocyclette existent déjà chez les adolescents dès 11 ans. Ce travail de thèse montre donc des différences significatives entre hommes et femmes conducteurs de 2RM, autant au niveau de leur accidentalité que de leurs prises de risque. De plus, des stéréotypes de sexe existent bien pour cette population spécifique d’usagers de la route. Ces travaux permettent d’avoir une connaissance plus fine des comportements des conducteurs de 2RM, et d’enrichir la réflexion sur des actions possibles en matière d’éducation routière, en ciblant les sous-populations les plus à risque chez les conducteurs de 2RM
The powered two-wheelers (PTW) riders’ accidentality is at the heart of road safety issues. This PhD thesis is part of a comprehensive approach to generate knowledge on sex differences and sex stereotypes conformity within this very masculine stereotyped community. It first showed that female motorcyclists have much lower injury crashes and fatalities rates than males. A first study showed that males declared more intentional risky behaviors and female more non-intentional risky behaviors. A second study showed that the PTW type chosen had a more important effect on the aberrant behaviors than sex. A third study showed that individuals who conformed to masculine stereotypes declared more violations than those who conformed to feminine stereotypes (declared more lapses), whatever their sex. Motivations to ride a PTW explaining this relation. Finally, this work showed that sex stereotypes associated with motorcycle riding already existed on the adolescent population, from the age of 11, even if they are themselves moped riders or if at least one of their parents is a rider. As a conclusion, significant differences between male and female PTW riders were revealed, in terms of accidentology and risk taking. These differences are linked to the riders’ conformity to their sex group and to the effects of this conformity on their motivations to ride a PTW. Moreover, it also showed that sex stereotypes exist for this specific road users’ population. This work led to a more detailed understanding of PTW riders’ aberrant behaviors, and to enrich the thinking for actions with regard to road safety education and prevention

FACTS - Founded in July 2008 - Meanwhile about to 250 employees. The team structure is characterized by a big number of very experienced engineers - AVL Software and Functions GmbH creates prototyping and serial solutions (software and hardware) for different applications in the fields of for example passenger cars, racing, two wheelers, light and heavy duty vehicles - AVL Software and Functions is the globally responsible competence center for software development inside theAVL group. - 100% integrated into the worldwide AVL network

Cette dissertation modélise et analyse les flux de trafic hétérogènes, avec une attention particulière portée à la circulation de voitures et de deux-roues. L'augmentation du nombre de congestions de trafic a forcé les personnes désirant se déplacer à se diriger vers les le deux-roues (appelé ici PTWs = powered two wheelers), comme les motos, les mopeds et les scooters, du fait de leur facilité de manoeuvre et leur efficacité dans l'espace. L'augmentation du nombre de PTWs combinée au caractère unique de certaines de leurs fonctionnalités a résulté en un trafic complexe, donc les particularités sont difficiles à recréer avec les approches de modélisation existantes. Nous développerons ici un modele analytique permettant de reproduire de manière pertinente les particularités d'un flux de véhicules mêlant à la fois les voitures et les deux-roues. Le trafic se décompose en deux classes de véhicules : les PTWs et les voitures. Les propriétés fondamentales sont déduites en employant une approche "porous flow". On suppose que la vitesse d'un véhicule d’une certaine classe est dictée par les propriétés physiques et motrices du véhicule, ainsi que la distribution d'espace vide sur la route. Nous proposons une méthode d'approximation pour dériver la distribution d'espace vide. Dans le but d'explorer plus largement les caractéristiques du flux de trafic notamment requis par les applications de système de transport intelligent (ITS), nous formulons le modèle dans les cadres lagrangien et eulérien. Puis, nous feront appel à une méthode numérique pour la discrétisation du modèle mathématique. Se basant sur le modèle développé nous analyserons les caractéristiques du flux de trafic pour en identifier les propriétés les plus importantes qui nous permettrons de prédire de futures ITS applications et d'organisations du trafic. La possibilité d'appliquer le modèle pour les différentes ITS applications est illustrée par des exemples. Finalement, le modèle développé est validé à l'aide de l'outil de microsimulation
This dissertation models and analyzes heterogeneous traffic flow, with a particular focus on mixed traffic flow consisting of cars and two-wheelers. The increase in traffic congestion induces commuters to switch to powered two wheelers (PTWs), i.e. motorcycle, mopeds and scooters, because of their high maneuverability and space efficiency. The growth in number of PTWs, combined with their unique mobility features, results in complex traffic characteristics which are difficult to recreate with the existing modeling approaches. We develop an analytical model that can accurately reproduce the traffic features in a mixed flow of cars and PTWs. The traffic stream is decomposed into two vehicle classes, PTWs and cars. The fundamental properties are derived by employing a porous flow approach. It is assumed that the speed of a vehicle class is dictated by the physical and motion properties of the vehicle class, and the distribution of free spaces on the road. We propose an approximation method to derive the free-space distribution. In order to explore broader aspects of the traffic flow characteristics, notably required by intelligent transport system (ITS) applications, we formulate the model in the Lagrangian and the Eulerian frameworks. Further, we provide a numerical method for the discretization of the mathematical model. We analyze the flow characteristics of mixed PTWs and cars traffic and identify important properties, which give insights for future ITS solutions and traffic policy makers. The applicability of the model for different ITS applications is illustrated. Finally, the developed model is validated using a microsimulation tool

Les usagers des deux-roues motorisés (2RM) représentent 28% de la mortalité routière dans le monde et 18% dans l'Union Européenne. Fournir des équipements de protection efficaces aux motocyclistes apparaît essentiel pour réduire leur mortalité et morbidité. Les gilets airbag visent à protéger le tronc du motocycliste, mais évaluer l’efficacité de ces dispositifs reste complexe en raison de sa dépendance à de nombreux facteurs liés à l’accident et à l’airbag lui-même. L’objectif de ce projet est de mieux comprendre la traumatologie en 2RM afin de proposer une méthode d’évaluation pertinente des dispositifs airbag permettant de quantifier sa capacité de protection et d’améliorer sa conception et son développement. Ce travail est divisé en trois grands volets:1. Les études épidemiologique et accidentologique ont permis d’identifier le thorax comme la région du tronc la plus vulnérable et les accidents contre voiture comme les plus fréquents. 2. La simulation multicorps a montré que lors d’un accident les chocs du tronc contre la voiture sont plus fréquents et sévères que les impacts contre le sol. La région frontale du thorax est la zone du tronc la plus touchée et dont les impacts sont les plus sévères.3. La simulation en éléments finis focalisée sur le motocycliste a permis de développer une nouvelle méthode pour évaluer les capacités de protection des gilets airbag dans des conditions d'impact représentatives des accidents en 2RM. Basée sur les critères de blessure de la littérature, notre méthode a montré l’efficacité du dispositif airbag à atténuer les lésions de la cage thoracique et des organes internes ainsi que les bénéfices lorsqu’il est porté sous une veste
Powered two-wheelers (PTW) users represent 28% of world traffic fatalities and 18% of traffic deaths in the European Union. Provide effective protective equipment for motorcyclists seems critical to reduce their mortality and morbidity. Wearable airbag protectors aim to protect the trunk of the motorcyclist, but evaluating the effectiveness of these safety devices remains complex due to its dependence on many factors related to the accident and to the airbag itself.The objective of this research project is to better understand motorcyclist trunk trauma in order to propose a relevant evaluation method for the improvement of wearable airbag protectors’ design and development. This work is divided into three main parts:1. Epidemiological and accidentological studies allowed identifying the thorax as the most vulnerable region of the trunk and collisions with cars as the most frequent accident scenarios.2. Multibody simulations showed that during the accident, trunk impacts with the car are more frequent and more severe than impacts against the ground. The frontal region of the thorax is the most impacted zone of the trunk and sustains the most severe impacts.3. Finite element simulations focused on the motorcyclist allowed developing a new method to evaluate the protection capacities of wearable airbag protectors against realistic impact conditions.Based on injury criteria from the literature, our method showed the effectiveness of the airbag device in mitigating ribcage and internal organ injuries as well as the benefits of wearing the protector under a motorcycle jacket

Les conducteurs des véhicules deux roues motorisés sont considérés parmi les usagers de la route les plus vulnérables, comme en témoigne le nombre d'accidents, en augmentation chaque année. Le nombre important des décès relatifs aux véhicules seuls « sans tiers identifié » est lié à la perte de contrôle dans les virages. Ces travaux de thèse reposent sur une plate-forme moto instrumentée avec un système multi-capteurs. Nous avons proposé des algorithmiques pour reconstruire avec précision les trajectoires des motos lors de la négociation des virages. Ce système est destiné à évaluer et examiner de manière objective le comportement des conducteurs lors de prise de virages afin de mieux les former. L’objectif est de les amener à adopter une trajectoire de sécurité pour améliorer la sécurité routière. Les données nécessaires à la reconstruction de trajectoire sont acquises à l’aide d’une moto instrumentée embarquant plusieurs capteurs redondants (capteurs de référence et capteurs à faible coût) qui mesurent les actions du conducteur (roulis, direction) et le comportement de la moto (position, vitesse, accélération, odométrie, cap et attitude). Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un projet ANR VIROLO ++. La solution que nous avons proposé a permis de reconstruire les trajectoires des motos dans les virages avec une précision acceptable. L'algorithme développé sera utilisé afin d'évaluer et examiner de manière objective la manière dont les conducteurs négocient les virages. Le système embarqué portant cet algorithme peut être utilisé pour la formation initiale et l’entraînement afin de mieux former les conducteurs de motos à estimer une trajectoire sûre et à assurer ainsi une sécurité lors de la prise de virages
The drivers of Powered Two Wheels vehicles are considered among the most vulnerable road users, as attested by the number of crashes increasing every year. The significant part of mortalities related to single vehicle “without identifying a third party” is related to the loss of control in bends. These thesis work is based on an instrumented motorcycle platform with a multi-sensor system. We have proposed algorithms to accurately reconstruct motorcycle trajectories achieved when negotiating bends. This system is intended to objectively evaluate and examine the behavior of drivers when negotiating bends in order to better train them. The goal is to lead them to adopt a safe trajectory in order to improve the road safety. Data required for the trajectory reconstruction are acquired using an instrumented motorcycle embedding several redundant sensors (reference sensors and low-cost sensors) that measure the rider’s actions (roll, steering) and the motorcycle behavior (position, velocity, acceleration, odometry, heading and attitude). This work is a part of the ARN project VIROLO++. The solution we have proposed allows to reconstruct bikes trajectories in bends with acceptable accuracy. The developed algorithm will be used to objectively evaluate and examine how riders negotiate bends. The embedded system carrying this algorithm can be used for the initial training and retraining in order to better train motorcycle drivers to estimate a safe trajectory and thus ensure safety when taking bends

L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer des outils d'analyse de données recueillies sur les deux roues motorisés (2RMs). Dans ce cadre, des expérimentations sont menées sur des motos instrumentés dans un contexte de conduite réelle incluant à la fois des conduites normales dites naturelles et des conduites à risques (presque chute et chute). Dans la première partie de la thèse, des méthodes d'apprentissage supervisé ont été utilisées pour la classification de situations de conduite d'un 2RM. Les approches développées dans ce contexte ont montré l'intérêt de prendre en compte l'aspect temporel des données dans la conduite d'un 2RM. A cet effet, nous avons montré l'efficacité des modèles de Markov cachés. La seconde partie de cette thèse porte sur le développement d'outils de détection et de classification hors ligne des évènements critiques de conduite, ainsi que, la détection en ligne des situations de chute d'un 2RM. L'approche proposée pour la détection hors ligne des évènements critiques de conduite repose sur l'utilisation d'un modèle de mélange de densités gaussiennes à proportions logistiques. Ce modèle sert à la segmentation non supervisée des séquences de conduite. Des caractéristiques extraites du paramètre du modèle de mélange sont utilisées comme entrées d'un classifieur pour classifier les évènements critiques. Pour la détection en ligne de chute, une méthode simple de détection séquentielle d'anomalies basée sur la carte de contrôle MCUSUM a été proposée. Les résultats obtenus sur une base de données réelle ont permis de montrer l'efficacité des méthodologies proposées à la fois pour la classification de situations de conduite et à la détection des évènements critiques de conduite
This thesis aims to develop framework tools for analyzing and understanding the riding of Powered Two Wheelers (PTW). Experiments are conducted using instrumented PTW in real context including both normal (naturalistic) riding behaviors and critical riding behaviors (near fall and fall). The two objectives of this thesis are the riding patterns classification and critical riding events detection. In the first part of this thesis, a machine-learning framework is used for riding pattern recognition problem. Therefore, this problem is formulated as a classification task to identify the class of riding patterns. The approaches developed in this context have shown the interest to take into account the temporal aspect of the data in PTW riding. Moreover, we have shown the effectiveness of hidden Markov models for such problem. The second part of this thesis focuses on the development of the off-line detection and classification of critical riding events tools and the on-line fall detection. The problem of detection and classification of critical riding events has been performed towards two steps: (1) the segmentation step, where the multidimensional time of data were modeled and segmented by using a mixture model with quadratic logistic proportions; (2) the classification step, which consists in using a pattern recognition algorithm in order to assign each event by its extracted features to one of the three classes namely Fall, near Fall and Naturalistic riding. Regarding the fall detection problem, it is formulated as a sequential anomaly detection problem. The Multivariate CUmulative SUM (MCUSUM) control chart was applied on the data collected from sensors mounted on the motorcycle. The obtained results on a real database have shown the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for both riding pattern recognition and critical riding events detection problems

Depuis plusieurs années les chiffres de l'insécurité routière montrent la nécessité de développer un outil technologique qui vise à connaitre le comportement de véhicules deux roues motorisés (2RM) afin d'améliorer leursécurité. De cette problématique découle nos travaux de recherche qui s'inscrivent dans le cadre de projet METRAMOTO (MEsure du TRAfic des deux-roues MOTOrisés pour la sécurité routière et l'évaluation des risques)L’objectif principal visé concerne la modélisation, le dimensionnement et l'optimisation d'un capteur hybride constitué d'une part de boucles électromagnétiques et d'autre part de capteurs de chocs piézo-électriques. L’idée consiste à utiliser les boucles électromagnétiques pour discriminer la présence des 2RM de celle des autresvéhicules, associées à des segments piézo-électriques pour détecter le choc produit par le passage des roues desdifférents véhicules, le tout associé à un algorithme de gestion et de traitement de données. Aujourd'hui redimensionnement des systèmes de détection à base de boucles électromagnétiques ou de câble piézo-électriquese fait de manière expérimentale sur des sites contrôlés en utilisant plusieurs types de véhicules. Cette technique gourmande en temps nécessite une série importante d'essais couteux et dangereux. La présente étude a pour butde modéliser les différentes interactions entre le capteur hybride étudié et les véhicules en vue de son dimensionnement. Des modèles électromagnétiques et électromécaniques sont développés pour décrire les différentes interactions se produisant entre les boucles électromagnétiques d'une part, les boucles électromagnétiques et les véhicules d'autre part ainsi que celles des roues de véhicules et le câble piézoélectrique.Sur la base de ces modèles établis, une démarche générale est élaborée conduisant au dimensionnement du capteur hybride pour une route donnée. Nous nous sommes également intéressés au traitement des données issues du capteur hybride pour lesquelles nous proposons une approche d'identification des différentes catégories de véhicules dont les 2RM. Deux configurations de capteurs pour deux routes différentes sont alors proposées.Elles sont associées à des algorithmes de traitement de données permettant l'acquisition des signaux de boucles et de câbles, la distinction des différents types de véhicules, l'estimation de la position des véhicules sur la chaussée ainsi que la mesure de la vitesse de véhicules
For several years the road safety numbers show the need to develop a technological tool that aims to know thepowered two wheelers vehicles behavior (2PW) to improve their security. From this problematic arise our researchworks that come under the project METRAMOTO (Powered two wheelers traffic measurement for road safety andrisks assessment). The main objective is modeling, sizing and optimization of an hybrid sensor consisted ofelectromagnetic loops and piezoelectric shock sensors. The idea is to use electromagnetic loops to discriminate the2PW presence from the other vehicles, combined with piezoelectric segments to detect the shocks produced by thevehicles wheels passage, all associated with a management algorithm and data processing. Today the sizing of thedetection systems based on electromagnetic loops or piezoelectric cables is done experimentally on controlled sitesusing several vehicles types. This technique requires significant test series which are costly and dangerous. Thisstudy aims to modeling the different interactions between the studied sensor and vehicles in order to its sizing.Electromagnetic and electromechanical models are developed to describe the different interactions that take placebetween electromagnetic loops on the one hand, between electromagnetic loops and vehicles on the other handand those between vehicle wheels and piezoelectric cable. On the basis of established models, a general approachis elaborated driving to sizing the hybrid sensor for any given road. We are also interested to the data processingcoming from the hybrid sensor for which we propose an approach to identifying the different vehicle categoriesincluding the 2PW. Two sensor configurations for two different roads are then proposed. They are associated atdata processing algorithms allowing the acquisition of loops and cables signals, the distinction between the differentvehicles classes, the estimation of the vehicles positions on the road and the measuring of their speed

La pollution sonore est un problème majeur pour les résidents des zones urbaines. La directive Européenne 2002/49/CE impose aux états membres l’établissement de cartes de bruit. Ces dernières sont construites sur la base de l’indice énergétique Lden, également utilisé dans les relations dose-effet établies pour prédire la gêne. Toutefois, pour l’évaluation de la gêne due au bruit dans les zones urbaines, la pertinence de cet indice est souvent remise en question. En effet, de nombreuses études ont montré que les caractéristiques temporelles et spectrales des bruits environnementaux influencent aussi les réponses de gêne et ne sont pas prises en compte dans cet indice. Cette thèse vise à contribuer à l’amélioration de la caractérisation de la gêne due au bruit des véhicules routiers en ville. Elle est basée sur des expériences réalisées en laboratoire. Elle comprend deux parties principales. La première partie a comme objectif de progresser sur la caractérisation physique et perceptive du bruit des passages de divers véhicules routiers en milieu urbain tels que les bus, les deux-roues motorisés, les poids lourds et les véhicules légers. Une attention particulière a été portée sur la caractérisation de la gêne due aux deuxroues motorisés qui sont cités parmi les véhicules routiers les plus gênants et sont peu étudiés dans la littérature. Dans cette perspective, un indicateur acoustique caractéristique de la gêne due au bruit routier urbain a été déterminé : il rend compte de différents attributs auditifs gênants en associant la sonie, un indice spectral et deux indices de modulation proposés dans le cadre de ces travaux. Dans les zones urbaines, les riverains sont souvent exposés à la circulation routière en présence d’autres sources de bruit de l’environnement. L’objectif principal de la deuxième partie est la prédiction de la gêne totale due au bruit du trafic routier urbain combiné avec le bruit de tramway. Dans le but de caractériser la gêne totale, les phénomènes perceptifs liés à la combinaison de ces bruits sont tout d’abord étudiés. Ensuite, l’indicateur proposé précédemment pour caractériser la gêne due au bruit des passages de différents véhicules routiers est testé lorsque différents trafics routiers urbains sont considérés. Sur la base de ces résultats, des modèles permettant de caractériser la gêne due au bruit de trafic routier urbain combiné au bruit de tramway ont été proposés
Noise pollution is a major concern for residents of urban areas. To date, the European directive 2002/49/CE requires member states to represent community noise through noise maps. These are produced using the Lden (day-evening-night level) index which is also employed for dose-effect relationships in noise annoyance prediction. However, for the assessment of noise annoyance in urban areas, its relevance is often questioned. Numerous studies have shown that noise annoyance due to community noise is not solely based on the sound pressure level and other acoustical signal characteristics such as temporal and spectral features influence noise annoyance ratings. This thesis aims to improve the assessment of noise annoyance due to various road vehicle noises in cities. It is based on experiments carried out in laboratory conditions and comprises two main parts. The first addresses the enhancement of the physical and perceptual characterization of annoyance due to various urban road vehicle pass-by noises, such as buses, poweredtwo- wheelers, heavy vehicles and light vehicles. A specific focus is put on the characterization of annoyance due to powered-two-wheelers which are among the most annoying road vehicles and studied little in the existing literature. An indicator accounting for annoyance-relevant auditory attributes of urban road vehicle pass-by noises is determined: it comprises loudness, a spectral index and two modulation indices proposed in this work. In urban agglomerations, people are often exposed to road traffic in presence of a variety of other environmental noise sources. The focal point of the second part is on the prediction of total annoyance due to urban road traffic noise combined with tramway noise. In the aim of adequately characterizing total annoyance, first the perceptual phenomena involved in annoyance due to the combination of the sources are studied. Furthermore, the analysis allows for the testing of the proposed noise annoyance indicator for the characterization of urban road traffic noise. To characterize annoyance due to tramway noise, an indicator determined in a recent study is employed. Based on these indicators and the findings regarding perceptual phenomena, models for the prediction of total annoyance due to combined urban road traffic and tramway noise are proposed

This study aims to deepen previous knowledge in Powered Two-Wheeler passive safety with an innovative approach in this field, capable to systematically explore all possible design solutions, in order to find new devices/systems able to increase rider's safety. This research results of fundamental importance because in the last years, in Italy, in Europe and in the rest of the world, the Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) circulating park has constantly increased. This phenomenon was strictly linked to the user's unremitting demand for mobility. Motorcycles, scooters and mopeds specifically play a significant role in cities around the world, where traffic congestion and parking spaces represent a relevant daily problem. However, PTWs inherent instability and the absence of passive safety protective devices or structures represent a challenge for road safety. Riders are at far more risk than car drivers per kilometer covered in terms of fatalities and severe injuries compared with car occupants. Moreover, although the holistic approach to safety includes different factors (e.g. safe road, improved user training, safe vehicle, etc.), protective systems are still a cornerstone to ensure more tolerance in case of riders' or other road users' errors. For this reason, ensuring safer vehicles equipped with more protective devices could help to improve the motorcyclist’s safety. • Chapter 1 presents, in the first part, a little review of the new approach to the transport safety system carried out, in the last years, by the main social institutions operating in this sector, and in the second part a statistical overview of the accident trends in the world and in specific in Europe. • Chapter 2 describes the most important parts of the reference standard (ISO 13232), used to test and assess a new protective device fitted to motorcycles and it introduces the injury mechanisms and the most common injury indexes. • Chapter 3 represents the backbone of this work and it comprises several activities: the first one is the analysis of the state of the art, carried out to understand previous research works in this sector, what is missing and where research is heading; the second one aims to understand the rider's needs, in order to translate them in device features and selection/decision criteria; the third one is the implementation of a map of possible problem solutions (NoP) using TRIZ and OTSM tools; the last one is the selection of the best solution among those found. • Chapter 4 presents the solution chosen and the F.E model of the device derived from it. This is integrated within PTW, car, dummy and helmet models into a specific crash test configuration to evaluate its rider's injury reduction capability. It also reports the implementation of a full factorial design to understand: possible device geometrical features interactions and the possibility to install the device on other PTWs. The last activity is the device geometrical optimization setup, carried out to find the best device configuration. • Chapter 5 shows how to apply the ISO 13232 methodology to an European Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) accidentological database, to verify if the set of the seven most relevant configurations, proposed by the ISO standard, does correspond to the most representative European accident scenarios. After this analysis, they are described the new indexes for the configurations and their speeds assessment, and finally, it is presented the impact configurations set emerged from the accidentological databases analysis. • Chapter 6, the final chapter, reports and analyzes the numerical simulation of the device into the new impact configurations set. A bio-mechanical indexes comparison for each configuration, with and without the device fitted on PTW-rider, is presented to understand the protection offered by the designed device.

碩士
國立交通大學
運輸與物流管理學系
103
The mixed traffic flow on urban arterials in Taiwan is composed of motorcycles, cars and buses. The number of motorcycles per inhabitant in Taiwan is overwhelmingly higher than that of the rest of the world. However, current microscopic simulation software made for foreign countries may fail to reflect the driving characteristics and behaviors of motorcycles in the mixed traffic flow for Taiwan. This research aims to analyze the driving characteristics of motorcycles during passing, overtaking and filtering. For the past decades, the research progress on traffic flow studies for mixed traffic has been largely limited by the difficulties of collection for microscopic traffic data. Nevertheless, apparatuses for aerial photography along with digital-image processing software have improved greatly in recent years. In this study, the video database of mixed traffic flow for Zhongxiao E. road in Taipei city has been established and then applied to computer-programmed analysis. The actions of motorcycles about passing other vehicles are defined and categorized into three types, namely, passing, overtaking and filtering. The behaviors and frequencies are then analyzed. Out results show that among three behaviors, passing happens the most, then overtaking and filtering. Regarding to the average speed of the powered-two-wheelers (abbreviated ptw), passing has the highest speed mainly due to the simple pathway in the flow, and is less influenced by vehicles on both sides. Therefore, passing has the highest average ptw speed and lower traffic risk and thus happens most frequently on roads. On the other hand, the overtaking of motorcycle to the other vehicle on their left side is more frequently happened than that on the right side. Due to the higher speed on the fast lane and the inconvenience that may encounter when buses stop at the curb lane, motorcycles tend to overtake the other by their left side. In the case of filtering, straight filtering happens the most and has the highest speed in all filtering behaviors. During filtering, the speed difference between filtering ptws and the vehicles on their right side is greater than the other, due to the common illegal parking on the curbside. Furthermore, the average filtering gap on the right side is smaller than the other two pathways. In this study, we focused on the analysis of the characteristics of passing, overtaking and filtering behaviors, and established a judging system accordingly. On the basis of the initial results, the average speed, speed difference to the surrounding vehicles, distance between vehicles, filtering gap were further determined. Results of the analysis of variances (ANOVA) show that the driving speed, speed differences and distance between vehicles during passing and overtaking behaviors varied with significant differences. Although in the past researches, passing is often confused with overtaking, the analysis result in this study may suggest that these two acts are actually entirely different.

碩士
國立成功大學
都市計劃學系
103
Local streets traffic speed control in residential areas or commercial areas require attention in the planning and design stages. With the increase of various kinds of automobile transportation modes, mixed traffic context which contains motorized and non-motorized vehicles has not been uncommon to be seen nowadays. As the street users such as pedestrians, bicycles and powered two-wheelers have total different kinematic characteristics, they might cause huge disturbance to each other in the traffic. The aim of this study is to investigate the speed profile under different density group in heterogeneous traffic in local streets. To conduct this study, the trajectories of the street users in local streets were observed in a two-dimensional and microscopic manner. Data were collected at a food street near a university in Tainan. Different dimensions of virtual lane by various types of street users were found to establish the speed-density models. Models were able to depict the speed profile properly. The models to describe the relationship between the speed and the density were established to reflect the speed profiles of the street users in mixed traffic. The results show that the local street surrounding with food shops provided a luxurious atmosphere where people moved at their own speeds and directions. Low speeds occur frequently under low density. Also, bicycles are the most competitive traffic mode in this environment with their flexibility easily weaving in and out in the traffic flow. The results provide basic knowledge for local street design in traffic control.

碩士
國立成功大學
都市計劃學系
104
The number of powered two-wheelers (PTW) and passenger cars is still increasing in many developed and developing countries. Due to the huge amount of PTWs and cars in modern cities, they have become one of the most important issues in city planning and transportation. This study is aimed toward gaining a more comprehensive understanding of why people choose motor vehicles as their daily travel mode and illustrates the use of the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) technique to estimate the strength of the relationships between accessibility, urban form characteristics, and social economic characteristics for each administrative neighborhood in Tainan Metropolitan Areas in Taiwan. The study area includes 412 administrative neighborhoods and fifteen districts. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and GWR were conducted to examine the effect of potential covariates and to compare their outputs. The results show that PTWs dominate the road traffic in the Tainan metropolitan areas. On the other hand, results of the GWR models in both transportation modes were found to be better than in the OLS method. In general, the results indicated accessibility, entropy of land use, and average income have significant influences on vehicle usage. Accessibility was found to have a negative relationship with the usage of cars, while intersection distance and average income were found to be proportionate to the usage rate of cars. Entropy parameters, which reflect the degree of land use mix, varied across the study areas. The coefficients of all of the variables satisfied statistical significance tests in the usage of the PTW model, the results for which also varied from place to place. These results indicate that compared to cars, the use of PTWs is much more local and more easily influenced by local geographic characteristics. The findings may provide informative insights for planners and policy makers to shape vehicle use in urban areas and surrounding exurbs.