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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Perco, Paolo. "Comparison between Powered Two-Wheeler and Passenger Car Free-Flow Speeds in Urban Areas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2074, no. 1 (January 2008): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2074-10.

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Accident data indicate that motorcyclists are a particularly vulnerable group of road users because they run a higher risk of being injured or killed in an accident than passenger car drivers. One of the countermeasures that can improve traffic safety for motorcyclists is an increase in awareness and knowledge about powered two-wheelers (PTWs) in the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of new and existing roads. Road design standards and policies that regulate design process and safety evaluations are usually based on passenger car characteristics only. In particular, the passenger car operating speed is used as the critical input for design choices of geometric elements connected with traffic safety and as a performance measure to evaluate road design and consistency. Because the passenger car operating speed might not be representative of the PTW operating speed, this study compared the PTW and passenger car speed distributions in urban areas to establish definitively whether they are similar. The results showed that PTW speeds are always considerably higher than passenger car speeds and that the corresponding operating speeds are correlated. Therefore, a prediction equation to estimate the PTW operating speed starting from passenger car operating speed was developed for urban streets. This equation can help highway engineers to estimate expected PTW speeds that can be effectively used in the safety evaluations of new and existing roads where the significant presence of PTWs in the traffic flow suggests that this vehicle type should be considered.

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2

Ramnath, B. Vijaya, K. Venkataraman, Selvaraj Venkatram, Sohil Thomas, Muthukumarasamy Maheshwaran, and N. Dinesh. "Powered Two-Wheeler with Integrated Safety Using Recurdyn Multi-Body Dynamics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.193.

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- Powered Two Wheelers (PTW) are very sensitive to environmental conditions and advancement in two-wheeler safety has not kept pace with the advancement in two-wheelers. The objective of our research is to bring about an improved design for powered two wheelers, analyzing the changes through simulation and thereby improving the safety considerations. According to the databases referred regarding accidents in depth study, it is observed that two-wheelers top the chart in number of accidents by a big margin and these accidents causes more fatal injuries. To save the rider, this paper proposes to constraint the rider along with pillion to the vehicle using “Leg holding device“ and seat belt. Side airbags are employed to absorb the impact of accident. The present safety system saves the rider in frontal collisions, while this research also focuses on side collisions. ISO 13232 standard accident scenarios were followed. For simulation of scenarios multi body dynamics software called RecurDyn is used. The improvement in employing safety measures is compared with its absence and results are plotted.

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3

G. Kumaresh, T. Lich, A. Skiera, and J. Moennich. "Benefit Mapping of Anti-Lock Braking System for Motorcycles from India to Indonesia." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 1, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i2.19.

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Around 1.3 million people die every year on the world's roads of which 285,200 are users of motorised two or three wheelers. In Indonesia, the number of traffic accidents has also increased by an average of 13% annually (2009-2013). This leads to socio-economic loss of approximately 255,864 million rupiah (Rp). The European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) analysis shows the risk of a motorcyclist (Powered Two Wheeler - PTW) being involved in a fatal accident is 20 times greater compared to a car driver travelling along the same route. This research reveals interesting facts about the Indonesian PTW accident situation through mapping the benefit of Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) for PTWs from India to Indonesia - although there is no in-depth data available to carry out thorough accident research study. One estimation is that every fourth accident with injuries involving a motorcyclist on Indonesian road can be avoided by a PTW with ABS (assuming a 100% installation rate of such device). This result is in line with other international studies claiming the avoidance potential of PTW with ABS.

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4

Diop, Mohamed, Abderrahmane Boubezoul, Latifa Oukhellou, and Stéphane Espié. "Powered Two-Wheeler Riding Profile Clustering for an In-Depth Study of Bend-Taking Practices." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 6696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226696.

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The understanding of rider/vehicle interaction modalities remains an issue, specifically in the case of bend-taking. This difficulty results both from the lack of adequate instrumentation to conduct this type of study and from the variety of practices of this population of road users. Riders have numerous explanations of strategies for controlling their motorcycles when taking bends. The objective of this paper is to develop a data-driven methodology in order to identify typical riding behaviors in bends by using clustering methods. The real dataset used for the experiments is collected within the VIROLO++ collaborative project to improve the knowledge of actual PTW riding practices, especially during bend taking, by collecting real data on this riding situation, including data on PTW dynamics (velocity, normal acceleration, and jerk), position on the road (road curvature), and handlebar actions (handlebar steering angle). A detailed analysis of the results is provided for both the Anderson–Darling test and clustering steps. Moreover, the clustering results are compared with the subjective data of subjects to highlight and contextualize typical riding tendencies. Finally, we perform an in-depth analysis of the bend-taking practices of one subject to highlight the differences between different methods of controlling the motorcycle (steering handlebar vs. rider’s lean) using the rider action measurements made by pressure sensors.

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Lecoublet, Brieg, Yvan Petit, Eric Wagnac, Dominic Boisclair, and Pierre-Jean Arnoux. "Neck Braces and Driving Posture Affect Neck Mobility on Powered Two-Wheelers." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 33, no. 3 (May 31, 2021): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v33i3.3687.

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Cervical spine injuries are a major concern for motorcyclists in traffic accidents and racing competitions. Neck braces aim to prevent cervical spine injuries during accidents by reducing the neck range of motion, and keeping it under physiological limits. This work aims to evaluate the ability of neck braces to reduce neck mobility for two driving postures associated with PTW configurations. The neck mobility of twelve volunteer subjects testing four neck braces on two powered two-wheelers (scooter and racing motorbike) is measured using an optoelectronic motion capture system. With the tested neck braces worn, neck mobility is significantly reduced as compared to the physiological range of motion in all degrees of freedom. However, only flexion/extension is reduced by all neck braces tested. This suggests that these brace designs do not provide protection against all the cervical spine loading directions that may occur in a trauma. Furthermore, specific type of each powered two-wheeler considered significantly affects the neck mobility in axial rotation, as well as the postero-anterior and caudo-cranial translations, thus underscoring the need to consider the driving posture when evaluating neck brace devices.

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6

Jalti, Fakhreddine, Bekkay Hajji, Alberto Acri, and Michele Calì. "An Advanced Rider-Cornering-Assistance System for PTW Vehicles Developed Using ML KNN Method." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031540.

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The dynamic behavior of a Powered Two-Wheeler (PTW) is much more complicated than that of a car, which is due to the strong coupling between the longitudinal and lateral dynamics produced by the large roll angles. This makes the analysis of the dynamics, and therefore the design and synthesis of the controller, particularly complex and difficult. In relation to assistance in dangerous situations, several recent manuscripts have suggested devices with limitations of cornering velocity by proposing restrictive models. However, these models can lead to repulsion by the users of PTW vehicles, significantly limiting vehicle performance. In the present work, the authors developed an Advanced Rider-cornering Assistance System (ARAS) based on the skills learned by riders running across curvilinear trajectories using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Neural Network (NN) techniques. New algorithms that allow the value of velocity to be estimated by prediction accuracy of up to 99.06% were developed using the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Machine Learning (ML) technique.

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7

Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte, Petter Helmersen Bogfjellmo, and Jan Petter Wigum. "Competition and its potential negative effect on safety in powered two-wheeler (PTW) training seen from a system perspective." Research in Transportation Economics 82 (October 2020): 100881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100881.

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8

Terranova, Paolo, Morgan E. Dean, Cosimo Lucci, Simone Piantini, Trevor J. Allen, Giovanni Savino, and Hampton C. Gabler. "Applicability Assessment of Active Safety Systems for Motorcycles Using Population-Based Crash Data: Cross-Country Comparison among Australia, Italy, and USA." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 7563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137563.

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The role of powered two-wheeler (PTW) transport from the perspective of a more sustainable mobility system is undermined by the associated high injury risk due to crashes. Motorcycle-based active safety systems promise to avoid or mitigate many of these crashes suffered by PTW riders. Despite this, most systems are still only in the prototype phase and understanding which systems have the greatest chance of reducing crashes is an important step in prioritizing their development. Earlier studies have examined the applicability of these systems to individual crash configurations, e.g., rear-end vs. intersection crashes. However, there may be large regional differences in the distribution of PTW crash configurations, motorcycle types, and road systems, and hence in the priority for the development of systems. The study objective is to compare the applicability of five active safety systems for PTWs in Australia, Italy, and the US using real-world crash data from each region. The analysis found stark differences in the expected applicability of the systems across the three regions. ABS generally resulted in the most applicable system, with estimated applicability in 45–60% of all crashes. In contrast, in 20–30% of the crashes in each country, none of the safety systems analyzed were found to be applicable. This has important implications for manufacturers and researchers, but also for regulators, which may demand country-specific minimum performance requirements for PTW active safety countermeasures.

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9

Will, Sebastian, Claudia Luger-Bazinger, Marcus Schmitt, and Cornelia Zankl. "Towards the Future of Sustainable Mobility: Results from a European Survey on (Electric) Powered-Two Wheelers." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 7151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137151.

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Personal transport is of high importance in our society and the 2020 pandemic situation has reinforced this situation. At the same time, transport contributes to local emissions, which need to be reduced in the face of climate change. Changing from vehicles with internal combustion engines to light electric vehicles could be one promising approach. Therefore, we need to understand mobility patterns and attitudes towards E-mobility to create sustainable transport solutions that will be broadly accepted. An online survey with N = 432 participants across Europe was conducted. The majority of respondents came from Germany, followed by Italy, Austria and Sweden. Generally, cars are the main vehicle for personal transport. PTWs are used for commuting as well as leisure activity. Driving experience, easier parking and lower maintenance compared to cars are major reasons to choose a PTW. No differences between younger and elderly participants were observed. E-PTWs are primarily avoided due to high costs, range anxiety and expected problems with the charging infrastructure. To support sustainable mobility, these obstacles need to be overcome. One aspect is definitely the provision of better charging infrastructure or electric vehicles with increased range. Hence, given typical trip lengths and purposes, it might seem equally important to tackle prejudices and increase the knowledge about E-mobility with all its potential benefits in the population.

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10

Bracali, Andrea, and Niccolò Baldanzini. "Estimation of Head Accelerations in Crashes Using Neural Networks and Sensors Embedded in the Protective Helmet." Sensors 22, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 5592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155592.

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Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) are one of the most frequent and severe outcomes of a Powered Two-Wheeler (PTW) crash. Early diagnosis and treatment can greatly reduce permanent consequences. Despite the fact that devices to track head kinematics have been developed for sports applications, they all have limitations, which hamper their use in everyday road applications. In this study, a new technical solution based on accelerometers integrated in a motorcycle helmet is presented, and the related methodology to estimate linear and rotational acceleration of the head with deep Artificial Neural Networks (dANNs) is developed. A finite element model of helmet coupled with a Hybrid III head model was used to generate data needed for the neural network training. Input data to the dANN model were time signals of (virtual) accelerometers placed on the inner surface of the helmet shell, while the output data were the components of linear and rotational head accelerations. The network was capable of estimating, with good accuracy, time patterns of the acceleration components in all impact conditions that require medical treatment. The correlation between the reference and estimated values was high for all parameters and for both linear and rotational acceleration, with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.91 to 0.97.

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11

Piantini, Simone, Alessandro Giorgetti, Niccolò Baldanzini, Cosimo Monti, and Marco Pierini. "Design of a Motorcycle Steering Damper for a Safer Ride." Machines 8, no. 2 (May 10, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines8020024.

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Powered-two-wheelers (PTWs) are increasingly popular because of their lower cost compared to cars, and therefore the riders’ exposure risk is increasing. Due to their complex dynamics characterized by high non-linearity and inherent instability, PTWs are more difficult to control compared to four-wheeled vehicles. Wobble is a high-frequency instability mode affecting the steering assembly of the PTW, and which often causes the rider to lose control and crash when it occurs. In this paper, we present the design of a new motorcycle semi-active steering damper integrated into the steering column and utilizing a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) for variable damping torque. An analytical model of the concept was first used to perform the preliminary sizing, followed by concept validation using a 3D FE multiphysics magnetic-fluid analysis. The final innovative design offers several advantages compared to traditional steering dampers: (i) a wide range of adjustable damping torque values, with a multiplication factor up to 10 with a maximum electrical current of 2 A; (ii) total integration into the motorcycle steering column enabled by its axial design and limited radius; (iii) a simple chamber geometry that allows for easy manufacture; (iv) longer seal life due to the absence of direct contact between seals and the MRF.

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12

Tollazzi, Tomaž, Matej Moharić, and Chiara Gruden. "A Preliminary Assessment of Rider/Driver Gaze Behaviour in Slovenian Urban Areas." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042056.

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Motorcycle riders are an increasing group of road users. The intrinsic characteristics of powered two wheelers (PTW) allow them to be particularly flexible, both in urban and extra-urban environments. Nevertheless, crash statistics indicate that riders involved in road accidents are highly likely to suffer severe injuries, underlining the vulnerability of this group of road users. An element that can greatly affect the safety of PTW users is road design, as roads are usually designed for two-track vehicles (cars, buses, and lorries) and do not consider the needs of PTWs. Additionally, handling a motorcycle is quite different from driving a car; thus, the behaviour of riders is different to that of drivers. The aim of this paper is to compare how different road designs are perceived by riders and drivers and to preliminarily assess if riders’ behaviour and attention allocation are related. For the purpose of this research, an eye-tracking experiment was developed outdoors. Both drivers and riders travelled along a route comprising four different road designs and various road layouts, and the output was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Although it was not possible to carry out a statistical analysis due to the limited number of participants, the results demonstrate that there is a difference in the gaze behaviour of drivers and riders, with the latter being far more focused on the left-hand side of the road and concentrating on defined elements of road design. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrated that a higher number of fixations is related to lower speeds. Finally, it was noted that both kinds of road users focus fairly well on the carriageway, leading to the conclusion that the indications given through road markings may be much more effective than vertical signalisation, which has rarely been observed.

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13

Atalar, Deniz, and Pete Thomas. "Powered two-wheeler crash scenario development." Accident Analysis & Prevention 125 (April 2019): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.02.001.

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14

Dimoulas, Stergios, Basil Psarianos, Constantinos Antoniou, and Sophia Vardaki. "Powered two-wheeler rider eye-height determination." Transportation Letters 6, no. 2 (February 16, 2014): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1942787514y.0000000012.

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15

Raghava, P. Madhu, T. Lokesh, M. Ravichandra, and O. Jayaramudu. "Design and Fabrication of Pneumatic Powered Two Wheeler." International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 07, no. 04 (May 2017): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/9622-0704062331.

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16

Vivet, D., Y. Prabhakar, P. Subirats, C. Lecomte, E. Violette, and A. Bensrhair. "Laser‐scanner‐based powered two‐wheeler traffic monitoring." Electronics Letters 49, no. 25 (December 2013): 1620–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2013.2860.

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17

Barmpounakis, Emmanouil, and Eleni I. Vlahogianni. "Powered Two-Wheeler Detection Using Crowdsourced Smartphone Data." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles 5, no. 4 (December 2020): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2020.2980674.

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18

Theofilatos, Athanasios, and George Yannis. "A review of powered-two-wheeler behaviour and safety." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 22, no. 4 (June 2, 2014): 284–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2014.908224.

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19

Vlahogianni, Eleni I., George Yannis, and John C. Golias. "Detecting Powered-Two-Wheeler incidents from high resolution naturalistic data." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 22 (January 2014): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2013.11.002.

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20

Attal, Ferhat, Abderrahmane Boubezoul, Latifa Oukhellou, and Stephane Espie. "Powered Two-Wheeler Riding Pattern Recognition Using a Machine-Learning Framework." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 16, no. 1 (February 2015): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2014.2346243.

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21

Clabaux, Nicolas, Jean-Yves Fournier, and Jean-Emmanuel Michel. "Powered two-wheeler drivers' risk of hitting a pedestrian in towns." Journal of Safety Research 51 (December 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2014.07.002.

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22

Shahare, Bhavesh, Shivani Chawde, Rakesh Gudafwar, Harshada Pal, Purvi Bobade, and Shyam Bawankar. "IoT based Smart Motor Cycle Helmet." March 2021 3, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2021.1.002.

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The main purpose of this paper is to urge the two wheeler motor cycle riders to wear a helmet. In India, most of the death cases occur due to the two wheeler accidents. In most of the cases, rider suffers head injuries, which leads to death. In order to reduce the number of accidents, this research work proposes a smart helmet, which will be very useful for the two-wheeler riders. In general, two-wheeler accidents occur due to the high consumption of alcohol by the rider. The proposed smart helmet ensures the safety of the rider, while driving on the road. The proposed model comprises of an alcohol detection, accident identification, location tracking, hands-free device, solar powered module and fall detection. The proposed smart helmet will be connected to the ignition. Henceforth, if the rider does not wear a helmet, the ignition will not be triggered to start the two-wheeler. For handling an emergency situation, GSM module is used to send an alert message to the registered mobile number.

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23

Manzoni, Vincenzo, Fabio Codecà, Sergio M. Savaresi, and Paolo Cravini. "The implementation of the Safespot architecture on a Powered Two-Wheeler vehicle." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no. 15 (2009): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090902-3-us-2007.0033.

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24

Grassi, A., D. Barbani, N. Baldanzini, R. Barbieri, and M. Pierini. "Belted Safety Jacket: a new concept in Powered Two-Wheeler passive safety." Procedia Structural Integrity 8 (2018): 573–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2017.12.057.

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25

SICIŃSKA, Katarzyna, and Agnieszka KRUPIŃSKA. "SAFERWHEELS PROJECT: STUDY ON SCENE OF ACCIDENT WITH POWERED TWO-WHEELER AND BICYCLE." Transport Problems 14, no. 4 (2019): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/tp.2019.14.4.7.

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26

Clabaux, Nicolas, Jean-Yves Fournier, and Jean-Emmanuel Michel. "Powered two-wheeler riders' risk of crashes associated with filtering on urban roads." Traffic Injury Prevention 18, no. 2 (December 18, 2016): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2016.1225298.

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Clabaux, Nicolas, Jean-Yves Fournier, and Jean-Emmanuel Michel. "Powered two-wheeler drivers’ crash risk associated with the use of bus lanes." Accident Analysis & Prevention 71 (October 2014): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.05.021.

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28

Sekine, Taro. "Utilization of probe powered two-wheeler vehicles to realize a safe mobile society." IATSS Research 38, no. 1 (July 2014): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2014.08.002.

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29

Van Elslande, P., and J. Y. Fournier. "Failures of interaction between powered two-wheeler riders and car drivers in urban accidents." International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 1, no. 2 (January 15, 2017): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/tdi-v1-n2-235-244.

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30

Montella, Alfonso, Rocìo de Oña, Filomena Mauriello, Maria Rella Riccardi, and Giuseppe Silvestro. "A data mining approach to investigate patterns of powered two-wheeler crashes in Spain." Accident Analysis & Prevention 134 (January 2020): 105251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.07.027.

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31

Montella, Alfonso, Massimo Aria, Antonio D’Ambrosio, and Filomena Mauriello. "Analysis of powered two-wheeler crashes in Italy by classification trees and rules discovery." Accident Analysis & Prevention 49 (November 2012): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.025.

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32

Huu, D. N., and V. N. Ngoc. "A Two-Level Desired Load Profile Tracking Algorithm for Electric Two-Wheeler Charging Stations." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 6 (December 11, 2021): 7814–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4552.

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In Vietnam and in other developing countries, two-wheeled electric vehicles are potential alternatives to gasoline-powered motorbikes. The growth in the number of Electric Two-Wheelers (E2Ws) requires a large power demand of charging load. In addition, the increasing spread in the appearance and penetration of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) power systems, with their intermittence and uncertain nature, poses technical challenges that need to be addressed. The coordination of PV rooftop operation and EV charging may be an effective solution to meet the emerging load demand from EVs, increasing solar power penetration while minimizing the cost of grid reinforcement or possible upgrades. In this paper, a two-level desired load profile tracking algorithm for PV integrated electric bicycles/electric motorcycle charging stations is proposed with the purposes of load leveling, valley filling, and peak shaving. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is an effective solution, significantly improving the load profile, especially when compared with uncontrolled charging and constant charging power scheme.

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33

Arulious, Jora A., D. Earlina, D. Harish, P. Sakthi Priya, A. Inba Rexy, and J. S. Nancy Mary. "Design of solar powered electric vehicle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012105.

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Abstract With the increased trends of industrialization and global economic growth leading to the everchanging petrol prices and other price hikes, private transport system has become a costly affair. All these problems can be addressed with innovation. One of the most feasible solutions is turning towards renewable energies to solve the issues i.e., increasing the use of renewable energies like solar power in the place of fossil fuels. Everyone’s dream of owning a commercially viable solar vehicle is slowly becoming a reality. Electric vehicles are now available at an affordable price. This opportunity is taken towards the design of a Solar powered two-wheeler. Designing a solar vehicle is a multidisciplinary subject that covers the broad and complex aspects from various subjects. In the designed vehicle, solar panel is used as the power source and developed voltage, stored in the battery, is used to the drive the permanent magnet DC motor which drives the rear wheel of the vehicle.

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Lemonakis, Panagiotis, George Kaliabetsos, Nikolaos Moisiadis, and Nikolaos Eliou. "A Methodology to Investigate Powered Two-Wheeler Rider’s Comfort over Road Sections with Skew Superelevation." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 16 (November 22, 2021): 592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2021.16.55.

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The proper surface water drainage not only affects vehicle movement dynamics but also increases the likelihood of an accident since inadequate drainage is associated with potential hydroplaning and splash and spray driving conditions. Nine solutions have been proposed to address hydroplaning in sections with inadequate drainage e.g. augmented superelevation and longitudinal slope, reduction of runoff length, and skew superelevation. The latter has been extensively implemented in highways recently, enhancing the safety level in the applied road segments regarding the effective drainage of the rainwater. However, the concept of the skew superelevation has raised concerns regarding the level of driver’s comfort when traveling over skew superelevation sections particularly with high speeds. These concerns were alleviated through the concept of the round-up skew superelevation which reduces both the lateral and the vertical acceleration imposed on the drivers and hence, improves comfort and traffic safety. The present study investigates the behaviour of power two-wheeler riders since they are susceptible to any changes on the pavement surface and therefore a comparison between the traditional superelevation practice and the skew superelevation concept is of paramount importance. The methodology is based on the utilization of sophisticated software to design the model of the road for several values of longitudinal slopes. Based on the values of the slopes and the use of mathematical equations, the accelerations imposed on the wheel of the motorcycle were calculated. Since the final aim of the study is the influence of the skew superelevation to the rider, it was deemed necessary to convey the calculated accelerations from the wheel to the rider. That was accomplished by implementing the quarter car suspension model adjusted to the features of two-wheeler vehicles. Finally, the accelerations derived from this process evaluated according to specific thresholds based on the literature which correspond to certain levels of comfort. The most important conclusion drawn is that the comfort of the riders is not dependent to a great extent on the form of the road gradient because the vertical acceleration imposed on the riders took similar values regardless of the value of the longitudinal slope.

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35

Hassan, Thajudeen, M. N. Vinodkumar, and Neethu Vinod. "Influence of demographics on risky driving behaviour among powered two wheeler riders in Kerala, India." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 46 (April 2017): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.11.008.

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36

Kaparias, I., and P. Li. "Behaviour and perceptions of powered two-wheeler users in street designs with elements of shared space." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 80 (July 2021): 368–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.05.007.

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37

Talbot, Rachel, Laurie Brown, and Andrew Morris. "Why are powered two wheeler riders still fatally injured in road junction crashes? – A causation analysis." Journal of Safety Research 75 (December 2020): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.09.009.

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Forman, Jason L., Francisco J. Lopez-Valdes, Keshia Pollack, Rafael Heredero-Ordoyo, Aquilino Molinero, Alberto Mansilla, Brian Fildes, and Maria Segui-Gomez. "Injuries among powered two-wheeler users in eight European countries: A descriptive analysis of hospital discharge data." Accident Analysis & Prevention 49 (November 2012): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.020.

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Füssl, Elisabeth, Ioanna Spyropoulou, Vanessa Beanland, Geoff Underwood, Jose Carvalhais, Lars Leden, Lars Rößger, Michael G. Lenné, Manuel Oberlader, and Somya Joshi. "Methodological development of a specific tool for assessing acceptability of assistive systems of powered two-wheeler-riders." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2014.0026.

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Wang, Xinghua, Yong Peng, Tuo Xu, Qian Xu, Xianhui Wu, Guoliang Xiang, Shengen Yi, and Honggang Wang. "Autonomous driving testing scenario generation based on in-depth vehicle-to-powered two-wheeler crash data in China." Accident Analysis & Prevention 176 (October 2022): 106812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106812.

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41

Ragot-Court, Isabelle, Christophe Mundutéguy, and Jean-Yves Fournier. "Risk and threat factors in prior representations of driving situations among powered two-wheeler riders and car drivers." Accident Analysis & Prevention 49 (November 2012): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.09.011.

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42

Wang, Xinghua, Yong Peng, Shengen Yi, Honggang Wang, and Weifeng Yu. "Risky behaviors, psychological failures and kinematics in vehicle-to-powered two-wheeler accidents: Results from in-depth Chinese crash data." Accident Analysis & Prevention 156 (June 2021): 106150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106150.

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43

Theofilatos, Athanasios, George Yannis, Constantinos Antoniou, Antonis Chaziris, and Dimitris Sermpis. "Time series and support vector machines to predict powered-two-wheeler accident risk and accident type propensity: A combined approach." Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 10, no. 5 (April 24, 2017): 471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2017.1301611.

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44

Germeni, E., I. Matsoukis, and E. Petridou. "Potential for prevention of powered-two-wheeler fatalities in three European cities: an estimation in the context of European Safer Urban Motorcycling (ESUM) project." Injury Prevention 18, Suppl 1 (October 2012): A195.4—A196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040590s.21.

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Blaizot, Stéphanie, Francis Papon, Mohamed Mouloud Haddak, and Emmanuelle Amoros. "Injury incidence rates of cyclists compared to pedestrians, car occupants and powered two-wheeler riders, using a medical registry and mobility data, Rhône County, France." Accident Analysis & Prevention 58 (September 2013): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.04.018.

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46

Muggenthaler, Holger, Daniel Bismann, Angelina Autsch, Michael Hubig, Jayant Shanmugam Subramaniam, Gita Mall, and Daniel Wittschieber. "Stabbed by motorcycle? Reconstruction of an unusual traffic accident." International Journal of Legal Medicine, December 22, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-022-02941-8.

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Abstract The reconstruction of traffic accidents involving powered two-wheelers (PTWs) frequently proves to be a challenging task. A case in which a fatal head-on crash of a PTW with a small truck where only minor vehicles damage was observed but resulted in isolated fatal chest trauma is discussed here. External examination of the corpse revealed two lacerations on the back, at the first glance implying sharp trauma. Based on the accident traces, the technical expert assumed an emergency break of the PTW rider resulting in a rotation of the PTW in terms of a wheelie on the front wheel. The first contact between the PTW rider and the tail end of the small truck probably occurred with the upper side of the helmet, and then, the back handle of the PTW caused the stab-like injuries followed by compression of the rider between the small truck or asphalt and the PTW. Based on the few accident traces available, neither a reconstruction of the pre-impact velocity nor a detailed reconstruction of the PTW rider kinematics was possible. However, using an interdisciplinary approach, the principal collision position as well as the injury mechanisms could be reconstructed.

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Vogiatzis, Konstantinos, and Markus Petz. "Noise score rating models for Q-Zones and embedded parks." Noise Mapping 2, no. 1 (November 19, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/noise-2015-0004.

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Abstract CITYHUSH project supports city administrations in the implementation of noise action plans according to the EU directive 2002/49/EC. The action “Noise and vibration control at source – Acoustically green vehicles” validates noise score rating models in a case in the Athens area, including Q-Zones (Quiet zones) and embedded parks, identifying perceived benefits on noise. Annoyance for PTW (powered two-wheeler) is masked in general traffic annoyance. However, a PTW pass may become recognizable and clearly distinct within the traffic noise environment formed by the road traffic flow and synthesis. Several strategic noise mapping scenarios with high noise levels from PTWs, as well as low frequency noise annoyance events, were evaluated proving that the noise levels in a Q-Zone and embedded parks may be reduced with an increased park capacity. Measures with a special focus on the reduction of conventionally powered motorbikes and scooters (PTWs) were evaluated. PTW’s emission values were derived, from known values and past measurements, in the form of a correction function as a function of speed to perform simulation analysis for various analogies of conventionally versus electrically driven PTWs. Relevant noise difference maps indicate noise reductions, especially when additional measures are included, such as speed limits.

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Padinjare Venthuruthiyil, Suvin, Shivasai Samalla, and Mallikarjuna Chunchu. "Association of Crash Potential of Powered Two Wheelers (Ptw) with the State of Traffic Stream." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4175944.

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Dorocki, Sławomir. "Tourism on a motorcycle: an attempt to describe motorcycle tourism in Poland based on the results of an internet survey conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 35, no. 3 (September 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.353.20.

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Motorcycle tourism is a segment that has seen a substantial increase in interest in Poland and globally. Factors that encourage users of Powered Two-Wheelers (PTW) to set off on a journey, although largely convergent with other types of tourism, differ in terms of the method of travel and destination. The article attempts to describe domestic motorcycle tourism based on an internet survey. The text attempts to define the profile of a person engaged in such tourism and the destination of motorcycle tours in Poland and the world. An attempt is also made to clarify the concept of “motorcycle tourism”.

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Kumar, Sachin, and Durga Toshniwal. "Severity analysis of powered two wheeler traffic accidents in Uttarakhand, India." European Transport Research Review 9, no. 2 (May 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12544-017-0242-z.

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